20:
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413:'s theory of the particulate pathogen finally established a causal relationship between microorganisms and disease. Filtration as a method of water purification was established in the 18th century, and the first municipal water treatment plant was built in Scotland in 1832. However, the aesthetic value of water was important at the time, and effective water quality standards did not exist until the late 19th century.
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is generally acknowledged as the first city to receive filtered water for an entire town. The
Paisley filter began operation in 1804 and was an early type of slow sand filter. Throughout the 1800s, hundreds of slow sand filters were constructed in the UK and on the European continent. An intermittent
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devised the first drinking water standards. Hindus heated dirty water by boiling it and exposing it to sunlight or dipping it seven times in hot pieces of copper, then filtering it through earthen vessels and cooling it. This was an enlightened procedure to obtain sterilized drinking water as well as
316:
Ceramic filters represent low-cost solutions to water filtration and are widely adhered to despite being one of the oldest methods of filtration. These filters are found not only inside the homes of families but also used in industrial engineering (as high-temperature filters) for several processes.
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pads, just as a chemical engineer can use the term to refer to the removal of magnetic resins from a solution by passing the solution over a bed of magnetic particulate. In this sense, water polishing is simply another term for whole house water filtration systems. Polishing is also done on a large
269:
Water filters are used by hikers, aid organizations during humanitarian emergencies, and the military. These filters are usually small, portable and lightweight (1–2 lb (0.45–0.91 kg) or less). These usually filter water by working a mechanical hand pump, although some use a
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prior to the filtration process. The filtration rate for mechanical filtration was typically more than 60 times faster than slow sand filters, thus requiring significantly less land area. The first modern mechanical filtration plant in the U.S. was built at
332:
The term water polishing can refer to any process that removes small (usually microscopic) particulate material, or removes very low concentrations of dissolved material from water. The process and its meaning vary from setting to setting: a manufacturer of
19:
404:
Until the invention of the microscope, the existence of microscopic life was undiscovered. More than 200 years passed before the microscope was invented and the relationship between microorganisms and disease became clear. In the mid-19th century,
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drip system to force water through, while others are built into water bottles. Dirty water is pumped via a screen-filtered flexible silicon tube through a specialized filter, ending up in a container. These filters work to remove
892:
374:. Both minerals are used in modern water filtration. "The filters would have removed harmful microbes, nitrogen-rich compounds, heavy metals such as mercury and other toxins from the water".
287:
that can cause disease. Filters may have fine meshes that must be replaced or cleaned, and ceramic water filters must have its outside abraded when they have become clogged with impurities.
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membranes. Some filters use more than one filtration method. An example of this is a multi-barrier system. Jug filters can be used for small quantities of drinking water. Some
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The
Egyptians first discovered the principle of coagulation in water treatment after 1500 BC. They adapted a chemical called alum for the settling of suspended particles.
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54:
using a fine physical barrier, a chemical process, or a biological process. Filters cleanse water to different extents, for purposes such as: providing agricultural
948:"The millennium old hydrogeology textbook The Extraction of Hidden Waters by the Persian mathematician and engineer Abubakr Mohammad Karaji (c. 953–c. 1029)"
469:
developed a fixed grid backwash assist system, which consisted of pipes with nozzles that injected jets of water into the filter material during expansion.
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treatment, where, typically, boiled water is poured through a piece of cloth to trap undesired residuals. Additionally, the use of machinery to work on
132:
These three methods are particularly relevant, as they trace back centuries and are the base for many of the modern methods of filtration used today.
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to keep it aesthetically pleasing. This method was directed at individuals and households rather than for use as a community water source.
558:
104:, a filter can potentially remove particles much smaller than the holes through which its water passes, such as nitrates or germs like
588:
424:(also called mechanical filters and American filters). While there were many small-scale water filtration systems prior to 1800,
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epidemics caused by sewage contamination of the water supply. The first continuously operating slow sand filter was designed by
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Fuller, George W. (1902). "The
Filtration Works of the East Jersey Water Company, at Little Falls, New Jersey."
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The conventional ceramic filters used for day-to-day water consumption, known as candle-type filters, work with
1076:
1016:
The Quest for Pure Water: the
History of Water Purification from the Earliest Records to the Twentieth Century.
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These water filters should not be confused with devices or tablets that disinfect water, which remove or kill
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is used. This technique is aimed at the filtration of water on bigger scales, such as serving entire cities.
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During the 19th and 20th centuries, water filters for domestic water production were generally divided into
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554:"Choosing Home Water Filters & Other Water Treatment Systems | Drinking Water | Healthy Water"
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designed and supervised the construction of the plant which went into operation in 1902. In 1924,
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filters may claim that its filters perform water polishing by capturing "micro particles" within
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In the 1800s, mechanical filtration was an industrial process that depended on the addition of
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790:"Performance and technical valuation of candle-type ceramic filter for water purification"
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Hiking the West Coast of
Vancouver Island: An Updated and Comprehensive Trail Guide
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and purification of water through the transposal of it into multiple-filtration
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and other processes to remove unwanted substances from water. Unlike a sieve or
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Types of water filters for municipal and other large treatment systems include
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59:
1053:
Baylis, John R. (1959). "Review of Filter Bed Design and
Methods of Washing."
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was proven to be transmitted by contaminated water. In the late 19th century,
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in 1897. The most comprehensive history of water filtration was published by
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and a central candle, which makes the filtration process significantly long.
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Suribabu, C. R.; Sudarsan, J. S.; Nithiyanantham, S. (28 October 2019).
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827:"Multi-objective optimization model of high-temperature ceramic filter"
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International
Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials (IAPMO)
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1981:
1976:
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2nd
Edition. Vol. 1. Denver: American Water Works Association, 64-80.
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796:. International Journal of Energy and Water Resources (2020) 4.
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Ataie-Ashtiani, Behzad; Simmons, Craig T. (15 August 2019).
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Among the methods of filtration, notable examples are
945:
825:
Longfei Liu; Zhongli Ji; Xin Luan (9 December 2019).
882:"Algal Turf Scrubber Systems for Pollution Control"
794:
International
Journal of Energy and Water Resources
589:"A brief history of water filtration/sedimentation"
366:drinking water filtration systems used crystalline
429:slow sand filter was constructed and operated at
2254:
918:"Ancient Maya built sophisticated water filters"
140:
50:removes impurities by lowering contamination of
952:Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions
725:Crittenden, John C.; et al., eds. (2005).
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642:. Larry W. Mays. Dordrecht: Springer. 2010.
871:(Patent description.) Retrieved 2009-11-26.
251:have built-in filters, primarily to reduce
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208:Water purifier attached to a sink faucet
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1029:Jour. American Water Works Association.
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16:Device that removes impurities in water
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831:Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering
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727:Water Treatment: Principles and Design
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461:, for the East Jersey Water Company.
2110:Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing
916:Miller, Michael (October 22, 2020).
729:(2nd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
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354:4000 years ago, in India and China,
346:scale in water reclamation plants.
13:
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14:
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1430:Push-to-pull compression fittings
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701:Mountain Empire Community College
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494:Kinetic degradation fluxion media
186:, and biological filters such as
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66:, and the safe use of ponds and
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1021:
994:from the original on 2022-12-04
939:
928:from the original on 2020-11-29
909:
898:from the original on 2015-09-24
874:
833:. Korean J. Chem. Eng., 37(5).
770:from the original on 2023-11-09
664:from the original on 2023-09-30
619:from the original on 2022-11-12
566:from the original on 2022-11-12
449:in 1948 and reprinted in 1981.
399:The Extraction of Hidden Waters
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587:Mays, Larry W. (2013-05-01).
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141:Water treatment plant filters
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1721:Reduced pressure zone device
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504:Point of use water treatment
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2165:Uniform Plumbing Code (UPC)
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1686:Piping and plumbing fitting
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265:Portable water purification
233:microporous ceramic filters
10:
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1511:Backflow prevention device
1496:Atmospheric vacuum breaker
862:"Water Polishing Process."
806:10.1007/s42108-019-00043-7
750:Leadem, Tim (2015-04-20).
639:Ancient water technologies
433:in 1893 due to continuing
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23:Water filters produced in
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984:"Water Treatment History"
843:10.1007/s11814-019-0461-1
499:Point of use water filter
217:granular-activated carbon
200:Point of use water filter
1501:Automatic bleeding valve
1140:Compatibility (chemical)
1044:29 (February)): 153-202.
1014:Baker, Moses N. (1981).
529:Swimming pool sanitation
459:Little Falls, New Jersey
135:
1706:Pressure-balanced valve
1701:Pressure vacuum breaker
1410:Pipe (fluid conveyance)
1352:Drain-waste-vent system
1332:Chemical drain cleaners
1027:"Allen Hazen." (1930).
431:Lawrence, Massachusetts
2227:Template:Public health
1899:water recycling shower
1869:Hot water storage tank
1200:Onsite sewage facility
681:: CS1 maint: others (
259:Portable water filters
229:metallic alloy filters
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1921:Tankless water heater
1864:Garbage disposal unit
1849:Electric water boiler
1321:British Standard Pipe
961:10.5194/hess-2019-407
514:Reverse osmosis plant
306:Ceramic water filters
215:for home use include
207:
176:slow sand filter beds
154:
74:Methods of filtration
62:, public and private
37:
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1911:Storage water heater
1480:Water heat recycling
1388:National Pipe Thread
1290:Water supply network
1079:at Wikimedia Commons
312:Ceramic water filter
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194:Point-of-use filters
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2100:Hydrostatic testing
1741:Rooftop water tower
1337:Compression fitting
756:. Greystone Books.
605:10.2166/ws.2013.102
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867:2020-04-27 at the
697:"Types of Filters"
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155:Illustration of a
147:Water purification
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1255:Thermal expansion
1075:Media related to
763:978-1-77164-147-0
649:978-90-481-8632-7
454:aluminium sulfate
426:Paisley, Scotland
418:slow sand filters
362:2,000 years ago,
219:filters used for
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2237:Template:Toilets
2002:Flare-nut wrench
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463:George W. Fuller
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467:John R. Baylis
447:Moses N. Baker
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310:Main article:
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263:Main article:
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198:Main article:
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168:screen filters
145:Main article:
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123:desalinization
78:Main article:
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68:swimming pools
60:drinking water
38:A large-scale
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164:media filters
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115:sedimentation
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94:ion exchanges
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58:, accessible
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41:
36:
30:
26:
21:
2115:Pipe marking
2088:and services
2084:Professions,
2032:Strap wrench
1972:Basin wrench
1951:Water heater
1946:Water filter
1945:
1859:Flush toilet
1834:Dehumidifier
1776:Trench drain
1756:Street elbow
1746:Safety valve
1731:Relief valve
1671:Needle valve
1656:Grinder pump
1626:Flow limiter
1611:Float switch
1546:Chopper pump
1526:Booster pump
1475:Tube bending
1420:Pipe support
1285:Water hammer
1265:Thermosiphon
1195:Neutral axis
1054:
1049:
1041:
1036:
1028:
1023:
1015:
996:. Retrieved
987:
978:
951:
941:
930:. Retrieved
921:
911:
900:. Retrieved
888:
876:
857:
846:. Retrieved
834:
830:
820:
809:. Retrieved
797:
793:
783:
772:. Retrieved
752:
745:
726:
720:
709:. Retrieved
705:the original
691:
666:. Retrieved
638:
632:
621:. Retrieved
596:
593:Water Supply
592:
568:. Retrieved
557:
548:
489:Distillation
451:
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403:
398:
379:
376:
361:
353:
331:
319:
315:
289:
268:
225:depth filter
211:
172:disk filters
161:
131:
112:
105:
84:Filters use
83:
48:water filter
47:
45:
42:water filter
40:flocculation
25:Toledo, Ohio
2060:Flow sensor
2048:and control
2046:Measurement
2037:Tap and die
2012:Pipe wrench
1997:Driving cap
1889:Laundry tub
1766:Tap (valve)
1751:Sewage pump
1736:Riser clamp
1681:Pinch valve
1651:Grease trap
1646:Globe valve
1636:Flushometer
1621:Floor drain
1616:Float valve
1536:Check valve
1521:Bleed screw
1295:Water table
1235:Storm sewer
1121:Fundamental
889:Hydromentia
439:Allen Hazen
395: 1029
296:hepatitis A
127:water tanks
2268:Irrigation
2257:Categories
2120:Pipefitter
2007:Pipecutter
1987:Core drill
1874:Humidifier
1839:Dishwasher
1801:Zone valve
1796:Water tank
1641:Gate valve
1516:Ball valve
1489:Components
1309:Technology
1280:Wastewater
1240:Stormwater
998:2022-12-04
932:2020-12-03
902:2016-06-30
848:2022-12-04
811:2022-12-04
774:2020-11-04
711:2008-10-01
668:2023-03-20
623:2022-11-12
570:2022-11-12
540:References
393: – c.
391: 953
255:build-up.
90:adsorption
80:Filtration
56:irrigation
29:terracotta
2139:Industry
2125:Pipelayer
1982:Borescope
1977:Blowtorch
1916:Sump pump
1450:Soldering
1415:Pipe dope
1378:Hydronics
1250:Tap water
1215:Sewer gas
1180:Heat trap
1175:Greywater
1145:Corrosion
970:1027-5606
800:: 37–45.
677:cite book
658:654396308
613:1606-9749
384:Al-Karaji
343:polyester
300:rotavirus
253:limescale
64:aquariums
2205:See also
2191:Scalding
1879:Icemaker
1666:Manifold
1225:Sewerage
1205:Pressure
1160:Fuel gas
1135:Backflow
1123:concepts
1114:Plumbing
992:Archived
954:: 1–19.
926:Archived
922:Phys.org
893:Archived
865:Archived
768:Archived
662:Archived
617:Archived
564:Archived
473:See also
335:aquarium
294:such as
281:protozoa
277:bacteria
98:biofilms
2130:Plumber
2086:trades,
2027:Plunger
1936:Washlet
1824:Bathtub
1726:Reducer
1556:Cistern
1460:Swaging
1440:Sealant
1316:Brazing
407:cholera
372:zeolite
350:History
322:gravity
292:viruses
249:kettles
86:sieving
2217:Piping
1926:Urinal
1894:Shower
1400:O-ring
1373:Gasket
1230:Siphon
1220:Sewage
968:
760:
733:
656:
646:
611:
368:quartz
356:Hindus
272:siphon
102:screen
1829:Bidet
1791:Valve
1435:Putty
1405:Oakum
1396:(NPS)
1390:(NPT)
1369:(GHT)
1323:(BSP)
896:(PDF)
885:(PDF)
364:Mayan
339:nylon
237:resin
136:Types
52:water
1906:Sink
1711:Pump
1300:Well
1190:Leak
966:ISSN
758:ISBN
731:ISBN
683:link
654:OCLC
644:ISBN
609:ISSN
420:and
370:and
298:and
283:and
243:and
956:doi
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601:doi
341:or
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