1648:, along with the international community striving to achieve the targets of United Nations' Millennium Development Goals (MDG), has been campaigning to make a significant reduction in the number of people who still lack access to safe drinking water. Reliable water resources management, improvement of access to water supply in urban areas, reduction of non-revenue water (NRW), improvement of water/energy use, sustainable rural water supply, and promotion of improved sanitation in developing countries are the main issues that JICA prioritizes. In 2008, through the Development Bank of the Philippines, about $ 200 million was loaned to the Philippines to fund local governments and domestic private-sector companies for the development of water supply and sewerage facilities. Despite the establishment of funding, financing will only be granted to water utilities if the business management improves, hence JICA actively assists the water supply utilities' capacity development through practical cooperation with financial aid. JICA not only works to improve access to safe drinking water in urban areas of developing countries, but also aids water facilities with business planning and management.
653:. In the capital region, an initial tariff is to be paid for the first 10 m consumed, with increasing blocks for additional consumption. Furthermore, consumers connected to sewerage pay an additional charge of 50% and all users must pay a 10% environmental surcharge. For new consumers, a connection fee is charged, which was US$ 134 in April 2007 in the East Zone For new consumers, a connection fee is charged, which was US$ 134 in April 2007 in the East Zone According to the MWSS Regulatory Office, just before privatization, the average tariff per m in Metro Manila was US$ 0.26. After the concession contracts came into force in 1997, tariffs dropped to US$ 0.05 (East Zone) and US$ 0.12 (West Zone). In 2006, the average tariff rose to US$ 0.31 in the East Zone and US$ 0.43 in the West Zone (all figures converted into real 2006 prices). While the tariff was highest among private operators, the connection fee was higher within water districts.
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affect the physicochemical, biological, and bacteriological reactions and diffusions of pollutants in the water bodies, are declared as Water
Quality Management Areas. The management area is governed by a DENR representative as chair and board members composed of representatives from local government units (LGUs), relevant national government agencies, registered non-governmental organizations, water utility sectors, and the business sector. On the other hand, water bodies with specific pollutants that have exceeded the guidelines for water quality are identified as Non-attainment Areas. LGUs are tasked to prepare and implement contingency plans, such as relocations, for the protection of the health and welfare of the residents, while the government improves the affected quality of water within the potentially affected areas.
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costs of providing the service are usually met by local governments. The NWRB in its benchmarking project had about half of the average tariff of private operators and water districts. The cost of tariff in LGU-operated systems is, on average, lower than other management models. In order to introduce cost recovery tariffs and effective regulation, the NWRB issued a primer on tariff setting and regulation in March 2005. The document provides the basic guidelines of the tariff setting. The manual helps to determine future revenue requirements and to set annual base tariffs based on estimated consumption levels. The process of tariff approval as well as the guidelines to prepare the required annual report are described in detail. Furthermore, the document gives advice on tariff structures and water rate adjustments.
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adjacent to any surface water or overlying any groundwater, are to be declared as protected areas of the
Department of Environment and Natural Resources. These efforts ensure the quality of water defined by a standard set by the National Pollution Council Commission according to the different uses of water. Except for those functions under the Code that may fall under specific government agencies, the council is given the power to make all necessary decisions and determinations provided for in the said Code. The Council may provide accompanying penalties consisting of fines not exceeding one thousand pesos (P1,000.00) and/or the suspensions or revocation of water permits or any rights given to use water as well as enforce its decisions with the assistance of local and national police agencies.
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Water
Utilities Administration (LWUA), a specialized lending institution for provincial waterworks, from which it will receive technical assistance and financial support. The local government appoints the board members of the water districts. This system typically has better performance and higher cost recovery than water systems that are run directly by municipalities. The Philippine Association of Water Districts (PAWD), fosters the exchange of experiences between water districts and provides training to its members. In 2010, USAID and the ADB agreed to support PAWD in establishing a national Water Operators Partnerships (WOPs) program that promotes twinning partnerships among Water Districts.
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1553:, now GIZ) supported the sector through the rural water supply and sanitation program, designed to improve the living conditions of the poor in selected rural areas of the country. The program sought to overcome the institutional confusion and to strengthen governmental organizations at the national, provincial, and municipal levels. Its main partner was the Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG). In addition, the decentralization plan of the National Water Resources Board was supported. The program, which ran from 2006 to 2009, helped to introduce low-cost options for sanitation, such as
46:
647:. In water districts, tariffs increased notably since 1996. The tariff structure is similar to the model used in Metro Manila, with an average tariff for the first 10m and increasing tariffs for additional consumption. At the end of 2006, the national average tariff for 30 m was US$ 0.36 per m, which is more than double of 1996. The NWRB found an average tariff of US$ 0.41 within a sample of 18 water districts in 2004, which is the highest average tariff of all management models. The average connection fee was US$ 55, somewhat lower than among private operators.
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jurisdictions; the
Business and Industry Role in formulating incentives for the adoption of innovative equipment and processes that preserve and protect water bodies; and Linkage Mechanisms through partnerships with government agencies and departments such as the Philippine Coast Guard, DPWH, Department of Agriculture (DA), DOH, Department of Science and Technology (DOST), Department of Education (DepEd), Commission on Higher Education (CHED) and Department of the Interior and the Local Government (DILG).
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993:. The Bottom-Up Budgeting (BUB) Project was implemented by the administration, in its National Budget, to fund projects that would help the country attain its Millennium Development Goals of inclusive growth and poverty reduction. In promoting good governance in the local level by having local governments listen to their constituents in terms of budgeting processes, the National Budget was guided to respond to the urgent needs of the people as identified at the grassroots level.
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improvement of access, service quality and efficiency in Manila through two high-profile water concessions awarded in 1997. The challenges include limited access to sanitation services, high pollution of water resources, often poor drinking water quality and poor service quality, a fragmentation of executive functions at the national level among numerous agencies, and a fragmentation of service provision at the local level into many small service providers.
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participation where feasible, (ii) finance improved sanitation infrastructure, (iii) provide investment and assistance in micro-drainage infrastructure, and (iv) provide funds for the hiring of a construction supervision consultant and specialized consultants. The World Bank decided to contribute through a US$ 30 million loan to the project, while the remaining US$ 5.2 million are financed by local institutions. The project began in 2001 and ended in 2008.
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surrounding bays, (ii) reduce the health risks caused by human exposure to sewage in Metro Manila, and (iii) establish a gradual low-cost improvement of sewerage services in Metro Manila. From 1997 to 2005, the number of people with sewer connections increased from 721,000 to 1,101,000 and the population with regularly desludging septic tanks rose from only 1,600 to 288,000. The total cost of the project was US$ 48.06 million.
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intended solution to revise and consolidate regulations made on the ownership, appropriation, utilization, exploitation, development, conservation, and protection of water resources in the country. Founded on the principle that "All waters belong to the State," the
National Water Resources Council was then created and tasked to control and regulate the use and development of water resources on behalf of the government.
1775:, the major source of pollution in rural areas, contains pollutants resulting from agricultural and livestock activities like the maintenance of piggeries which usually do not have proper wastewater treatment facilities. Different industries also contribute largely to water pollution. Industrial activities such as slaughterhouses, and manufacturing of food, textile, and paper emit large amounts of organic waste.
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regulated by the newly created MWSS Regulatory Office, financed by the concessionaires. After the concession came into force, public opposition soon emerged due to repeated tariff increases. However, it is worth mentioning that tariffs decreased after privatization in 1997, and did not reach the pre-privatization level until 2001 or 2002. Private concessionaires suffered from a severe drought and the
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782:' International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade (1980–1989). The Integrated Water Supply Program (1980–2000) was initiated by the national government. Its main objective was to increase water coverage to 70% of the Filipino population by 1987 and 90% by 1992. Consequently, the development of the sector was supported with great effort: Between 1978 and 1990, more than
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the World Bank to LGUs, which engage private operators. Under the Design-Build-Lease contracts, valid for 15 years and renewable for an additional 15 years, a local private operator prepares, builds, and operates a new water supply system. A World Bank loan channeled through the DBP finances 90% of the construction cost, and the remainder is contributed through the LGU. The
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the majority of the participating utilities. All the loss-making providers were operated directly by LGUs and were mostly characterized by a high share of non-revenue water, poor service continuity, low tariffs, and low coverage within their respective service areas. The five best-performing service providers consisted of four water districts and one private operator.
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provided US$ 1.71 million. The joint-project sought to develop up to 3 water source projects for Metro Manila and to improve the financial management as well as the accounting and fiscal control systems of MWSS. In 2008, studies for two water source projects were completed emphasizing environmental and social impacts amidst water quality improvements.
999:. Another program of the administration, through the Department of the Interior and Local Government, is the Sagana at Ligtas na Tubig Para sa Lahat (SALINTUBIG) program that aims to provide clean and potable water supply to almost 455 waterless municipalities in the Philippines. As of 2014, 253 projects and 118 more are ongoing all over the country.
1624:, this project supports investments from the Manila Water Company, Inc. (MWCI) and Maynilad Water Services, Inc. in increasing collection and wastewater treatment primarily from households and establishments in the area. The project is divided into 2 components as MWCI takes charge of the east zone and Maynilad the west zone, of the metropolitan.
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its website, the LWUA set up 584 water districts with a combined service area of 691 cities and towns outside Metro Manila and helped build 1,431 water supply projects. It also extended loans to water districts totaling 17 billion pesos, of which 11 million pesos was availed leading to 12 million
Filipinos having improved water services.
167:. In a 1999 study by the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), the intensive use of water in the industry is critical in terms of the production of hazardous wastes. Thousands of tons of solvent wastes, heavy metals, lubricants, and intractable wastes are improperly disposed of annually in Metro Manila.
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another 15 years. Similar to the Design-Build-Operate contracts, 90% of the construction cost of the water system is financed with a World Bank loan channeled through the LBP. The water user groups are required to work under commercial rules. They have full administrative, accounting and financial autonomy.
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withdrawal, and the times during the year when water may be diverted or withdrawn. Instances may also arise where water permits are revoked on cases of non-use, violation of the conditions imposed by the council, unauthorized sale of water, pollution, and public acts detrimental to public health and safety.
1792:, a weather phenomenon occurring about every two to seven years when warm water in the western tropical Pacific Ocean shifts Eastward, causing ocean temperatures to rise, last developed in the country in late 2014. For the past several decades, it has been observed that its occurrence has increased due to
659:. Users who rely on other sources such as private small-scale operators mostly pay more for water. In the capital region, it is a common practice to buy water from MWSS and resell. In this case, small-scale operators pay a higher tariff than the residential one and pass the higher cost on to the end-user.
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Non-revenue water decreased in the East Zone of Metro Manila since privatization. In 1996, Manila had an NRW of 61%, while capital cities from other Asian countries ranged from having 35–38%. In 2002, NRW dropped to 53% in the East Zone. On the other hand, non-revenue water in the West Zone increased
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Presidential Decree 198, also known as the
Provincial Water Utilities Act of 1973, authorized the formation of autonomous water districts on a local option basis to develop local water supply systems and created the LWUA as a national-level agency addressing the needs of water districts. According to
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Wastewater charges are also established to provide a strong economic inducement for polluters to modify their production or management processes or to invest in pollution control technology in order to reduce the number of water pollutants generated in their discharge of wastewater into water bodies.
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Republic Act 9275 provides for a comprehensive water quality management policy amidst economic growth. The policy provides for the consistent protection, preservation, and revival of the quality of
Philippine waters with frameworks patterned through the pursuit of sustainable development. Importantly
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The
Philippines Clear Water Act was passed to improve water quality and prevent pollution through comprehensive and integrated water management. The act was the first attempt of the Philippine government in consolidating different laws concerning water resources management as well as water supply and
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According to the Medium-Term
Philippine Development Plan of 1983–1998, 80% of the rural population was provided with Level I water supply services at the end of Aquino's term of office in 1992. 61% had direct service connections in Metro Manila and 47% in other urban areas of the country were covered
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120 million was invested in 11 rural water supply projects. Nevertheless, toward the end of the decade, only 4,400 functioning rural water systems, about 5% of the 96,200 potential systems, existed in the country. Many of the recently constructed systems failed shortly after completion, partly due to
732:
until 1955, most water supply systems were operated by local authorities. From 1955 to 1971, control of urban water supply was passed to the national government. In order to improve service delivery, the sector has been repeatedly subjected to extensive reforms which created numerous institutions and
580:
This is a percentage of the basic charge which accounts for fluctuations of the Philippine Peso against other countries' currencies subject to periodic review and adjustment. The FCDA for the second quarter of 2015 is 0.18% of the Basic Charge. In 2018, the Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System
483:
In 2015, 92% of the total population had access to "at least basic water", or 94% in urban areas and 90% in rural areas. In 2015, there were still 8 million people without access to "at least basic water". The term "at least basic water" is a new term since 2016, and is related to the previously used
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Most households in the Philippines are provided water by their Local Government Units (LGUs), either directly through a city or municipal engineering department or through community-based organizations (CBOs). CBOs involved in water supply include 200 cooperatives, 3,100 Barangay Water and Sanitation
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The NWRB Philippines Towns Water Utilities 2004 Data Book found an average of 7 employees per 1,000 connections in 2004. On average, private utilities performed best and systems directly managed by LGUs performed worst. Not surprisingly, providers with more than 10,000 connections need significantly
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The number of staff was reduced at the Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System (MWSS) after privatization. On average, 10 employees were responsible for 1,000 connections in 1996. Fast forward to 2002, only about 4 employees were left, reflecting a decrease of around 58%. According to LWUA, only
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According to the National Water Resources Board (NWRB), the average share of NRW among participating service providers was 27.5% in 2004. The particularly high NRW of Manila's West Zone was confirmed to have a record with 68%. Generally, the smaller utilities performed better concerning NRW than the
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Long-Term Operation and Maintenance contracts are used in LGUs which recruit a private company to construct a new water supply system and later engage water associations or user cooperatives to operate the system under the contracts, which are awarded for 15 years with the possibility of renewal for
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The Philippine Society of Sanitary Engineers, Inc. (PSSE) is the only professional organization of Sanitary Engineers in the Philippines accredited by the Professional Regulation Commission by virtue of PRC Board Resolution No. 2009-497 & Certificate of Accreditation No. 26. The PSSE is also the
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Because of the rapid currency devaluation, MWSS' dollar-denominated debt service doubled. Consequently, tariffs continued to rise, and targets concerning coverage and NRW were adjusted downward with the agreement of the regulatory agency. Maynilad went bankrupt in 2003 and was turned over to MWSS in
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was awarded the East Zone of Metro Manila. The concession contracts, which are expected to last for 25 years, included targets concerning coverage, service quality, and economic efficiency. The objective was to increase water coverage in Metro Manila to 96% by 2006. The companies were expected to be
872:
The plan to privatize Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System (MWSS) emerged from the inability of the public utility to expand coverage to the growing population. By 1996, MWSS only provided the water supply for an average of 16 hours each day to two-thirds of its coverage population. According
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According to the World Bank, investment in water supply and sanitation from 1983 to 2003 has been far below the required levels to maintain assets, to expand access and to improve service quality. Total investment has fluctuated at around ₱3–4 billion a year, while the cost of implementing the Clean
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LGU-operated systems In LGUs, tariff levels, and structures vary widely. Since most connections are not metered, it is difficult to charge tariffs depending on consumption. Where LGUs provide Level I or II services, they usually charge no or very low tariffs, although connection fees are common. The
523:
In 2005, only 5% of the total population was connected to a sewer network. The vast majority used flush toilets connected to septic tanks. Since sludge treatment and disposal facilities were rare, most effluents were discharged without treatment. Within the entire country, septic tanks are the most
479:
Access to water is universal, affordable, efficient and of high quality. The creation of financially sustainable water service providers ("water districts") in small and medium towns with the continuous long-term support of a national agency (the "Local Water Utilities Administration" LWUA); and the
175:
According to a 1996 study by David and Inocencio, the medium of water provision is dependent on the income class of a certain household. Higher-income brackets usually rely on private waterworks as a source of water, while lower-income brackets usually consume less by depending on vended water (sold
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which increases the risk of saltwater intrusion. According to a joint study by MWSS and JICA in 1991, most groundwater samples from Metro Manila's coastal areas were salinized. However, compared to the early 1980s, the saline intrusion was found to have improved conditions because of the conversion
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that absorb rainwater and channel it into streams, rivers, and eventually dams were many human communities (especially Metro Manila) source their freshwater. Despite the role of the forest in the replenishment and maintenance of both ground and surface water, the Philippines is considered to be one
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as a result of global warming. Its negative impacts may either be heavy rainfall or drought. El Niño greatly impacts the power supply, water supply, and agricultural sectors of the country. The reduced rainfall leading to drought causes a shortage in water supply, leading to water rationing in some
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With about 2 million cubic meters of wastewater generated daily, and only 17% of them getting treated before disposal to water bodies around the metro, water pollution has destroyed most of Manila Bay and the nearby Laguna de Bay. Manila Water and Maynilad have both conceptualized a 25-year program
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reality for all. The Philippine Sustainable Sanitation Roadmap and Plan (PSSR), included in the report, served as a guide for water sanitation efforts as it presented the vision, goals, outcomes, outputs, activities, and inputs needed to achieve an improved water quality nationwide. Approved by the
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In 2013, ADB made preparations of loans for financing (i) the Water District Development Sector Project, (ii) the Urban Water and Sanitation Sector Project, (iii) the Angat Water Transmission Improvement Project, and (iv) future technical assistance and other lending activities to be discussed with
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The Asian Development Bank (ADB) has assisted the government in increasing sanitized water supply to different sectors in the Philippines. Through the MWSS New Water Source Development Project, approved in 2003 and ended in October 2008, ADB has contributed a total of US$ 3.26 million, whereas MWSS
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Water Quality Management Systems involve area designations by the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR), national sewage and septage management programs, and allocation of special funds to support and maintain water quality. Areas that have similar hydrogeological conditions, which
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The uses of water for industrial purposes include the "utilization of water in factories, industrial plants and mines, and the use of water as an ingredient of a finished product." Water-intensive industries are involved in the manufacturing of food and dairy, pulp and chemical products, as well as
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The World Bank supports private sector participation through Design-Build-Lease contracts and Long-Term Operation and Maintenance contracts between LGUs and private operators. Therefore, the Development Bank of the Philippines (DBP) and the Land Bank of the Philippines (LBP) channel financing from
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Outside the privatized services in Metro Manila, one source of finance for water supply is government grants channeled through the Local Water Utilities Administration (LWUA) and the Municipal Development Funds Office (MDFO). But these are far from sufficient to meet investment needs, which is why
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In December, an 84%-stake in Maynilad was competitively awarded by MWSS to an all-Filipino partnership with a construction company DM Consunji Holdings, Inc. (DMCI) and a telecommunications/real estate company Metro Pacific Investments Corporation (MPIC) for a sales price of US$ 503.9 million. The
705:
where O is the operation cost, C is the total annual cost, and R is the annual revenue. An operation ratio under 1 means that revenues cover the costs of operation and maintenance. In a study last 2004, only 5 out of 45 had an operating ratio of more than 1, reflecting a poor operation ratio among
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report in March 2012, 43% of the Philippines had access to Level III private water service providers in 2010. Access to an improved water source increased from 84% in 1990 to 92% in 2012. However, there is a wide inconsistency between the access to water of urban areas (61%) and rural areas (25%).
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With rapid increases in population, urbanization, and industrialization, the quality of Philippine's waters has been reduced, especially in densely populated areas and regions of industrial and agricultural activities. According to data from the DENR and PEM, domestic, agricultural and industrial
1598:
This project aimed to reach approximately 40 LGU-operated water systems, which were given technical assistance and financial support. The four components of the project were: to (i) finance civil works, equipment, and supervision for improved water supply systems in LGUs, including private sector
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In 2007, the World Bank approved an investment loan of US$ 5 million. The project aimed to (i) assist the Philippine government in reforming institutions in order to attract private investment in the wastewater sector, (ii) improve the coordination of institutions responsible for preventing water
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The Local Water Utilities Administration took over the work of Rural Waterworks Development Corporation (RWDS) which had been created only seven years earlier. The Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Master Plan of 1988 provided for the installation of 81,900 rural water supply systems by 1991. The
286:
A water district is a utility that is legally and financially separate from the municipality. In urban areas outside of Metro Manila, water districts served around 15.3 million people from 861 municipalities in 2011. To form a water district, the local government needs confirmation from the Local
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was appointed chairman of the board of the Local Waterworks and Utilities Administration (LWUA), replacing acting chair Proceso Domingo. At the same time its domestic and foreign borrowing authority was proposed to be extended to $ 900 million, upon the approval of Department of Finance and the
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A new management model for urban water supply was introduced: LGUs were encouraged to form utilities called Water Districts which would operate with a certain degree of autonomy from LGUs. They would receive technical assistance and financial support from the newly created Local Water Utilities
332:
A significant share of the population in urban areas receive services from small-scale independent providers. It was estimated that before privatization in the late 1990s, 30% of the population of Metro Manila depended on them, majority buying water in bulk from water providers to sell it on to
145:
Agricultural water management in the Philippines is primarily focused on irrigation. The country has 3.126 million hectares of irrigable land, 50% (1.567 million hectares) of which already has irrigation facilities. 50% of irrigated areas are developed and operated by the government through the
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In declared flood control areas, rules and regulations are administered to prohibit and control activities that may damage and cause deterioration of the lakes and dikes, changes in the natural flow of the river, and increases in flood losses or intensified floods. Watersheds, or areas of land
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Regarded as Presidential Decree No. 1067, dated December 31, 1976, the 1976 National Water Code was an effort of then-President Ferdinand E. Marcos that aimed to strengthen water legislations in the face of the increasing scarcity of water and its changing water patterns. The Water Code was an
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General policies concerning the water and sanitation sector are formulated by the National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA) in its MTPDP. Since the 1990s, private sector participation and decentralization are the main objectives of water policies. The MTPDP of 2004 up to 2010 aimed at
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The project followed the Manila Second Sewerage Project, which was carried out from 1996 to 2005. After the privatization of MWSS, it was restructured in order to adapt it to the new institutional framework. The objectives were to (i) reduce the pollution of waterways in Metro Manila and its
1080:
Regulations were made through the acquisition of water permits, given to persons not limited to government-owned and controlled corporations, for water appropriation and usage. Specifications were included on the maximum amount of water diverted or withdrawn, the maximum rate of diversion or
753:
NAWASA was transformed into the Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System (MWSS) under the government of Ferdinand Marcos. MWSS was made responsible for service provision in Metro Manila, whereas other municipal and provincial water and sewerage systems in about 1,500 cities and towns were
1112:
Funds administered by the DENR, and other concerned agencies, are on special accounts in the National Treasury to be utilized in financing containment and clean-up operations in water pollution cases; restorations of ecosystems and rehabilitation of affected areas; research, enforcement and
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One-third of Philippine river systems are considered suitable for public water supply. It is estimated that in 2025, water availability will be marginal in most major cities and in 8 of the 19 major river basins. Besides severe health concerns, water pollution also leads to problems in the
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is defined as the difference between the amount of water put into the distribution system and the amount of water billed to consumers. It is usually used as an indicator for water utility performance. High levels of non-revenue water usually indicate low-quality water utility. It has three
1021:. At the same time, a health station was constructed that is posed to benefit 2,375 households through the BUB project by the Department of Health. With a budget of P410 Million, for BUB projects in Davao Oriental, government projects are geared towards a safer and healthier future for all.
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individual users. There are also some cases of cooperation by concessionaires and independent providers. In August 2007, 250 small-scale providers formed the National Water and Sanitation Association of the Philippines (NAWASA) as a gathering avenue for small-scale water service providers.
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With a budget of $ 193.4 million, investments by Manila Water include: (i) a sewage treatment plant, and the necessary sewage lines, covering North and South Pasig, (ii) the carrying out of other wastewater management investment sub-projects agreed upon by the government, Land Bank of the
315:
In Metro Manila, water service has been carried out by two private concessionaires since 1997: The Manila Water Company in the East Zone, and Maynilad Water Services, Inc. in the West Zone. Although national government has supported private service providers since the 1990s, there are few
1120:
Institutional Mechanisms emphasized the collaborative efforts made in the hopes of having cleaner and better quality water through the Lead Agency (DENR); the Roles of Local Government Units in sharing the responsibility of maintaining and improving water quality within their territorial
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National Irrigation System (NIS). 36% is developed by the government and operated by irrigators' associations through the Communal Irrigation System, while the remaining 14% is developed and operated by an individual or small groups of farmers through a Private Irrigation System (PIS).
73:, discharges approximately 53,943 million cubic meters of water annually. Its groundwater reserves are 47,895 million cubic meters replenished by rainfall and seepage from rivers and lakes. The lakes are utilized mainly for fish cultivation. The four major groundwater reservoirs are in
1200:
Concerning local government-managed systems, the Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG) define and enforces quality and performance standards. However, in both cases, local governments retain the responsibilities for planning, financing, and regulating water supply.
184:
In 2000, the average water production was 175 liters per day per capita (L/d/c). According to the National Water Resources Board (NWRB), the average consumption of water was 118 L/d/c in 2004. The highest consumption was recorded in the East Zone of Metro Manila as 232 L/d/c.
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that ensures 100% wastewater collection and treatment for Metro Manila. With the MWMP, their efforts would be supported and would not only aid in improving the current state of the surrounding environment but also contribute a boost in recreational and tourism opportunities.
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and specialized lending institution that promotes and manages the development of provincial water management facilities. It is also entrusted with setting water quality and service standards for water districts and provides technical and institutional development assistance.
1113:
monitoring activities; technical assistance to implementing agencies; grants as rewards and incentives; and other disbursements made solely for the prevention, control of water pollution and administration of the management areas in the amounts authorized by the Department.
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subcommittee on Water Resources in 2010, the Department of Health (DOH) has agreed to spearhead the agenda by preparing a national sustainable sanitation plan based on the PSSR. The DILG has also aligned its water and sanitation strategy with the requirements of the PSSR.
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With a budget of $ 178.3 million, investments by Maynilad include: (i) sewage treatment plants and associated wastewater conveyance systems in Quezon City, Pasay, Alabang, Muntinlupa, Valenzuela, and (ii) a septage treatment plant in the southern part of Metro Manila.
193:
According to a 2005 World Bank study, approximately 5,000 service providers exist in the Philippines. Most of them only provide water, since sanitation is expected to be a private responsibility. The water infrastructure provided is classified into three levels:
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wastewater are the three main sources of water pollution. These are also known as "point sources" that emanate toxic substances into "non-point sources" or certain bodies of water. Domestic wastewater consists of sewage containing organic waste, solids, and
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with households. It leads the Philippines water sanitation and health (WASH) coalition of non-profit organizations and local governments. It was created in 1990 under the name of International Training Network (ITN) and adopted its current name in 1998.
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1725:
about 7 employees per 1,000 connections worked in water districts in 2002. In contrast to water districts, LGUs have an average of 21 employees per 1,000 connections in 2002. However, small LGUs still suffer from their low number of total connections.
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ADB was also able to release a report on the assessments of current conditions and constraints to developing water supply and sanitation in the country, strategies to be implemented to counter and solve these constraints, and road maps and plans on a
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in which the concessionaires were assigned the task of operating and managing the facilities while MWSS preserved the ownership of the infrastructure. In order to facilitate benchmark comparisons, the service area of Metro Manila was divided into two
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National Water Resources Board (NWRB); Local Water Utilities Administration (LWUA); Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG) Water and Sanitation Program (WSP) World Bank. "Philippines Towns Water Utilities 2004 Data Book": 12–13, 32,
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Last 2012, the World Bank was able to approve a budget of $ 275 million for a project aimed at improving wastewater collection and treatment practices in several catchment areas of Metro Manila as well as Manila Bay's water quality. Also called the
809:
should receive at least one additional potable water source. In addition, the Department of Local Government and Community Development (DLGCD) was given the task of training local water user associations in the operation and maintenance of water
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136:
28.52 billion m of water were withdrawn from various sources in the Philippines in 2000: 74% (21.10 billion m) was used for agricultural purposes, 9% (2.57 billion m) for industrial processes, and 17% (4.85 billion m) for domestic consumption.
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National Water Resources Board (NWRB); Local Water Utilities Administration (LWUA); Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG) Water and Sanitation Program (WSP) World Bank. "Philippines Towns Water Utilities 2004 Data Book": 12,
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Metro Manila is one of the areas in most risk of saltwater intrusion. Since the late 1960s, saline water intrusion has been evident along with the coastal areas of Metro Manila, stretching from Las Pinas to Malabon. The shallow water table
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was established to bring and administer water supply in areas with less than 20,000 as population. RWDC works together with LWUA in determining areas under their jurisdiction. The RWDC was abolished in 1987 through Executive Order 124-A.
573:
This covers the cost of operating, maintaining, improving and expanding the distribution network, as well as the facilities responsible for bringing potable water to the end-user. The Basic Charge is based on the latest approved tariff
3129:
National Water Resources Board (NWRB); Local Water Utilities Administration (LWUA); Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG) Water and Sanitation Program (WSP) World Bank. "Philippines Towns Water Utilities 2004 Data
2881:
National Water Resources Board (NWRB); Local Water Utilities Administration (LWUA); Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG) Water and Sanitation Program (WSP) World Bank. "Philippines Towns Water Utilities 2004 Data
2033:
National Water Resources Board (NWRB); Local Water Utilities Administration (LWUA); Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG) Water and Sanitation Program (WSP) World Bank. "Philippines Towns Water Utilities 2004 Data
773:
The Rural Waterworks Development Corporation (RWDC) was founded. It is responsible for water supply in areas where neither MWSS nor LWUA carries out the service or assists the LGUs, respectively. The RWDC was expected to create
1586:
pollution, and (iii) promote innovative wastewater treatment techniques. The project, which ran from 2007 to 2012, provided technical assistance as well as support for institutional coordination and private sector involvement.
270:(NGOs). In many cases, the CBOs later convert Level I and II facilities into Level III supply systems. Typically, all LGU-operated arrangements do not recover their full costs and rely heavily on local government subsidies.
5782:
5874:
599:
This covers the maintenance of the water meter. The charge changes depending on the size of the water meter. For customers of Manila Water in Metro Manila, the minimum charge is 1.50 Philippine pesos for a 13mm-sized
1712:
as the primary waterwork utility encountered severe financial problems. According to Manila Water, one of the private concessionaires, the share of NRW continued to fall until the end of 2010 where it reached 11%.
5823:
5939:
5001:
4867:
3709:
Wu, Xun; Malaluan, Nepomuceno A. (2008). "A Tale of Two Concessionaires: A Natural Experiment of Water Privatisation in Metro Manila". Urban Studies 45 (1): 207–229. doi:10.1177/0042098007085108. , p. 212–217
3128:
2880:
2032:
913:
administration's main objectives concerning water were to (i) create an independent regulatory agency, (ii) develop a pricing mechanism that considers cost recovery, (iii) strengthen the implementation of
5999:
5757:
5494:
1210:
37:. Government agencies, local institutions, non-government organizations, and other corporations are primarily in charge of the operation and administration of water supply and sanitation in the country.
5813:
5702:
5692:
5929:
5762:
1182:
5984:
5979:
5864:
5479:
5464:
5444:
593:
0% of the Basic Charge is added for Residential and Semi-Business customers with a sewer line connection. 20% of Basic Charge, on the other hand, is charged for Commercial and Industrial customers.
4637:
4566:
6009:
5969:
5914:
5909:
5889:
5884:
5869:
5849:
5844:
5839:
5459:
5994:
5954:
5949:
5944:
5924:
5519:
1038:
provides technical assistance in rural water supply systems. National standards for drinking water quality, as well as standards concerning sanitation and sewerage collection, are set by the
5123:
2007:
David, Cristina C. and Arlene B. Inocencio. "Understanding Household Demand and Supply of Water." Paper presented at the Pulong-Saliksikan sa PIDS on Water Policies, September 24, 1996.
778:
water supply associations in order to construct, operate, and maintain their own water supply systems in communities with fewer than 20,000 inhabitants. It was also the beginning of the
637:
structures and levels according to the respective management model. The connection fees, which are charged in most of the cases, often impede new connections for poverty-stricken areas.
1057:
The responsibilities are defined by the 1976 National Water Code and the 2004 Clean Water Act, which consolidated laws on water supply and sanitation and water resources management.
3445:"Report and Recommendation of the President to the Board of Directors on Proposed Loans to the Republic of the Philippines for the Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project"
1169:
is the forefront government agency that handles the Philippines' water sectors' policies, regulations, and quasi-judicial functions. It acts accordingly with the principles of the
941:
in the sector. Furthermore, her MTPDP for this period called for the creation of a single regulatory agency for all water supply and sanitation systems. After this attempt failed,
5371:
176:
by those with access to private waterworks). Lower-income households pay much higher water prices than higher-income households due to lack of access to water service providers.
4422:"Engaging local private operators in water supply and sanitation services. Initial lessons from emerging experience in Cambodia, Colombia, Paraguay, the Philippines, and Uganda"
266:
Associations (BWSAs) and 500 Rural Water Supply Associations (RWSAs). CBOs usually operate Level I or Level II water supply systems with support from the national government or
4421:
1846:
of water source from groundwater to surface water upon the completion of the Manila Water Supply Project II in 1987. Aside from excessive withdrawal of groundwater, seepage of
1661:
625:
This pertains to charges billed prior to the billing period. This should be settled immediately together with the current charges to avoid the disconnection of water service.
539:, which has been used to resettle families that lived along the coast in informal settlements and had no access to safe water supply and sanitation facilities. In March 2008,
4589:"Implementation completion report on a loan in the amount of US$ 48 million equivalent to Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System for a Manila Second Sewerage Project"
2762:
1716:
larger ones. However, many NRW data are based on estimates, given the fact that only 15 of the 45 service providers had 100% production and consumption metering coverage.
1031:
extending the coverage of potable water to 92%–96% by 2010 through public and private investments, with priority given to 400 barangays with poor water supply coverage.
497:
492:
242:
4948:
4191:
2474:
1577:
supports the Philippine water supply and sanitation sector through various projects, often in collaboration with the government and the Land Bank of the Philippines.
877:(NRW), water which is not billed (e.g., due to leakage and illegal connections), was over 60% --- an extremely high percentage compared to other developing countries.
854:
The planning, preparation, and implementation of the privatization of the Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System (MWSS) occurred under the Ramos administration.
581:(MWSS) removed the FCDA in water bills of customers in Metro Manila when the Revised Concession Agreements (RCA) of Manila's water service providers took into effect.
4686:
4588:
701:
4711:
496:
Although overall spending remained low, the national government has begun increasing investments in sectors outside Metro Manila. In 2015, it was reported by the
6204:
1695:, which consist of leakage from the system caused by poor operations and maintenance, the lack of active leakage control, and poor quality of underground assets.
3516:
2168:
5964:
587:
This is for the mitigation of environmental impacts in the course of water and wastewater operation. It is 20% of the Basic Charge applicable to all customers.
4344:
3396:
Phillips, Mark (August 2007). "Household water in rural Asia: a case study of the construction of a piped water system in Bangui, Ilocos Norte, Philippines".
1550:
6067:
5859:
5732:
1213:(PCWS) provides technical assistance to local governments, communities, and non-profits on low-cost water supply and sanitation options. It also engages in
5364:
4496:
4479:
3028:
2981:
2652:
767:
The National Water Resources Board (NWRB) was created through the National Water Code of the Philippines to coordinate policies concerning water resources.
1181:
Executive Order No. 577 which was passed last January 12, 1980, aims to provide full coverage of water supply services in the country. In line with this,
1763:
industries. The national government recognized the problem and, since 2004, has sought to introduce sustainable water resources development management.
805:
Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH) was expected to construct and rehabilitate Level I water wells, rainwater collectors, and springs. Every
6173:
4031:
3874:
729:
741:
The Manila Waterworks Authority, founded in 1878, became part of the National Waterworks and Sewerage Authority (NAWASA) when it was founded in 1955.
6014:
5402:
5392:
6112:
6019:
2401:
6024:
5357:
1247:
External development agencies that work on water supply and sanitation in the Philippines include the ADB, GTZ, JICA, USAID, and the World Bank.
1195:
1043:
1006:
965:
concession was hailed by the financial industry, receiving AsiaMoney's Country Deal of the Year 2007 and CFO Asia's one of 10 best deals in Asia.
5934:
4902:
4270:
4057:
214:
Stand-alone water points (e.g. handpumps, shallow wells, rainwater collectors) serving an average of 15 households within a 250-meter distance
861:
The Water Crisis Act was passed, providing the legal framework for the privatization of MWSS. Private participation was implemented through a
609:
The value-added tax (VAT) is charged by the government and accounts for 12% of the sum of the items included in current charges before tax.
5397:
1166:
1160:
1051:
667:
The operation ratio (O) of a certain water service provider reflects its cost-recovery situation. It is computed by the following formula:
4836:
5747:
5564:
5559:
5454:
3676:
1828:
of the most severely deforested countries in the tropics as it has lost more than 97% of its original forest cover in the last 50 years.
1143:
6072:
5818:
5615:
5569:
3751:
Wu, Xun; Malaluan, Nepomuceno A. (2008). "A Tale of Two Concessionaires: A Natural Experiment of Water Privatisation in Metro Manila".
222:
Piped water with a communal water point (e.g. borewell, spring system) serving an average of 4–6 households within a 25-meter distance
1978:
6057:
5625:
5620:
5534:
230:
Piped water supply with a private water point (e.g. house connection) based on daily water demand of more than 100 liters per person
3981:
6183:
6128:
6102:
6077:
5808:
5752:
5662:
5640:
1657:
17:
6163:
6148:
6087:
6029:
5959:
5777:
5727:
5717:
5630:
5599:
5579:
5484:
4376:
1864:
1676:
remain to be a severe public health concern in the country. About 4,200 people die each year due to contaminated drinking water.
1035:
5219:
2766:
2581:, July 4, 2008, quoting Asian Development Bank: Water Champion:Elsa Mejia Small Private Providers at the Water Front, June 2008
6178:
6153:
6133:
6092:
5899:
5879:
5854:
5787:
5712:
5652:
5584:
5554:
5544:
5539:
5529:
5509:
5504:
5434:
1645:
6158:
6138:
6107:
6097:
6052:
6047:
6004:
5974:
5904:
5894:
5772:
5742:
5697:
5687:
5667:
5594:
5589:
5549:
5439:
5194:
2676:
1170:
1707:, which includes water used by a specific utility for operational purposes (e.g. firefighting and specific consumer groups).
927:
2005. On the other hand, Manila Water had begun to make profits by 1999 and performed well financially and in reducing NRW.
6143:
6082:
5989:
5919:
5792:
5767:
5682:
5657:
5645:
5635:
5574:
5514:
5499:
5489:
5474:
5449:
4955:
2481:
1672:
Water quality usually does not meet the standards set by the national government, especially in urban areas. As a result,
617:
These are special miscellaneous charges such as connection fees, unscheduled desludging of septic tank service fees, etc.
6168:
6062:
5722:
5707:
5677:
5672:
5524:
4658:
3719:
National Economic Development Authority (NEDA) (1998). "Medium Term Philippine Development Plan: 1998–2004". Philippines.
3444:
1995:
1237:
1047:
849:
4846:
2653:
http://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/institutional-document/33810/files/philippines-water-supply-sector-assessment.pdf
6209:
2820:
1946:
1039:
5244:
5095:
4811:
4741:
4166:
3849:
3686:
3523:
3180:
2175:
1922:
1784:
821:
54:
4354:
3939:
1818:
58:
4006:
1173:
as it ensures the efficiency, conservation, utilization, development, and protection of the state's water supply.
1117:
Owners, or operators of facilities, that discharge regulated waste are then required to secure discharge permits.
516:, or 78% in urban areas and 71% in rural areas. In 2015, there were still 27 million without access to "improved"
4796:
1607:
must cover expenses for operation and maintenance, as well as a lease fee and a return for the private operator.
3032:
2985:
4349:
3928:
Country Water Action: Philippines.A Second Chance for an Ailing Utility—The Maynilad Experience, ADB, June 2008
4797:"Shifting The Boundary of the State: The Privatization and Regulation of Water Service in Metropolitan Manila"
3517:"Identifying Elements of Sustainability – Lessons Learned from Rural Water Supply Projects in the Philippines"
2169:"Identifying Elements of Sustainability – Lessons Learned from Rural Water Supply Projects in the Philippines"
4106:
3315:
3167:
3083:
2922:
2699:
2532:
2427:
2334:
2284:
2229:
2121:
2071:
1805:
267:
3881:
2578:
4767:
4296:
1859:
1241:
825:
791:(ADB) found that insufficient community participation may have led to inadequate operation and maintenance.
5039:
1244:, and also from corporations in other countries, such as the World Bank, and JICA from Japan (see below).
1850:
along the Pasig River is another cause of saltwater intrusion because of seawater movement during tides.
977:
86:
4516:
2579:
Small-scale providers: success story highlights the need for cheap and accessible financing, Philippines
5085:
4156:
3839:
1912:
1554:
4949:"Management Models for Small Towns Water Supply. Lessons learned from case studies in the Philippines"
3211:"Management Models for Small Towns Water Supply. Lessons learned from case studies in the Philippines"
108:(also known as Angat-Ipo-La Mesa water system). Well-known and larger dams in the rural areas include
4318:
3260:
3210:
1883:
1841:
is in direct contact with the sea in these coastal areas. The over-pumping of groundwater results to
1656:
Access to water is recognized as a basic human right in the Philippines, according to the Philippine
829:
105:
89:
and reservoirs are mainly used for water storage, water supply, irrigation, regulation of flood, and
5154:
5067:
5021:
4987:
4921:
4887:
4619:
4548:
4262:
4212:
4137:
4076:
3913:
3817:
3737:
3555:
3465:
3346:
3291:
3241:
3148:
3114:
3014:
2953:
2900:
2730:
2563:
2513:
2458:
2365:
2315:
2260:
2207:
2152:
2102:
2052:
4946:
4237:
3872:
3514:
3258:
3208:
2472:
2166:
1979:
http://www.greenpeace.org/seasia/ph/Global/seasia/report/2007/10/the-state-of-water-in-the-phil.pdf
324:. These private water service providers provide Level III services together with water districts.
5169:
4192:"Sustaining water for all in a changing climate: World Bank Group Implementation Progress Report"
3054:
1772:
1771:
produced by domestic activities such as laundry, bathing, cooking, and other kitchen activities.
934:
884:
733:
responsibilities. However, comprehensive water resources management was only introduced in 2004.
304:
34:
2851:
5081:
5035:
4454:
4152:
3927:
3835:
3440:
1947:"Agricultural Water Management Systems in the Philippines: Current Status and Policy Direction"
1908:
1537:
897:
788:
278:
5141:
5054:
5008:
4974:
4874:
4606:
4535:
4124:
3900:
3804:
3724:
3542:
3452:
3333:
3278:
3228:
3135:
3101:
3001:
2940:
2887:
2748:
2717:
2550:
2500:
2445:
2352:
2302:
2247:
2194:
2139:
2089:
2039:
1823:
The supply of water from most freshwater bodies usually comes from watersheds --- patches of
888:
485:
254:
1105:
provided for by this act are Water Quality Management Systems and Institutional Mechanisms.
955:
783:
672:
544:
45:
3873:
World Bank Water and Sanitation Program – East Asia and the Pacific (September 27, 2007).
2607:
8:
5349:
4841:
2751:– Case study of sustainable sanitation projects. Sustainable Sanitation Alliance (SuSanA)
1673:
1558:
942:
909:
According to the Medium-Term Philippine Development Plan (MTPDP) of 1998 up to 2004, the
862:
816:
Under the Local Government Code, certain infrastructure functions were devolved to LGUs.
532:
513:
501:
3515:
World Bank Water and Sanitation Program – East Asia and the Pacific (February 5, 2007).
2794:
2167:
World Bank Water and Sanitation Program – East Asia and the Pacific (February 5, 2007).
5273:
4687:"World Bank Approves US$ 275M Financing for Better Sanitation Services in Metro Manila"
3768:
3421:
2473:
World Bank Water and Sanitation Program – East Asia and the Pacific (January 1, 2004).
1842:
1227:
only PRC accredited Continuing Professional Education Provider for Sanitary Engineers.
938:
128:). The Philippines is working hard to ensure everyone has fair access to clean water.
125:
1996:
http://www.unido.org/fileadmin/import/userfiles/timminsk/rio10-ind-philippines-eng.pdf
5091:
4913:
4807:
4162:
4068:
3845:
3772:
3682:
3425:
3413:
3261:"Urban Sewerage and Sanitation. Lessons learned from case studies in the Philippines"
3176:
2763:"Manila Water Company: Manila Water to build P105-M sewage treatment plant in Taguig"
2672:
1918:
1789:
1768:
1684:
874:
4947:
World Bank Water and Sanitation Program – East Asia and the Pacific (June 6, 2003).
3209:
World Bank Water and Sanitation Program – East Asia and the Pacific (June 6, 2003).
528:. In Metro Manila alone, about 75 local companies provide tank-desludging services.
4380:
4032:"Roxas highlights the success of Bottom-up Budgeting projects in Mati City | GOVPH"
3788:
3760:
3405:
2649:
Philippines: Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Assessment, Strategy, and Road Map.
2475:"The Experience of Small-Scale Water Providers in Serving the Poor in Metro Manila"
2402:"Philippines Water Association Adopts National Water Operator Partnerships Program"
1701:, caused by under-registration of water meters, errors in data handling, and theft.
1046:(DENR) is the lead ministry for implementing water sector legislation, whereas the
918:
rules, and (iv) encourage private participation in water resources administration.
525:
117:
5418:
4900:
4498:
Philippines: Water supply and sanitation sector assessment, strategy, and road map
4055:
3960:
3641:
3606:
3571:
3481:
3362:
2008:
1236:
loan financing is necessary. Some LGUs obtain loans from public banks such as the
3259:
World Bank Water and Sanitation Program – East Asia and the Pacific (June 2003).
2666:
1214:
972:
832:
were authorized to finance, operate, and maintain their own water supply systems.
317:
5320:
Maynilad Water Services, Inc. (Concessionaire of the West Zone of Metro Manila)
2668:
Progress on Sanitation and Drinking Water : 2015 Update and MDG Assessment
1847:
1793:
1018:
915:
910:
779:
343:
5080:
4151:
3834:
3786:
3718:
3409:
1907:
535:, serving about 700 households, was completed in 2006 in a peri-urban area of
49:
The Ambuklao Dam and Hydroelectric Power Plant in Bokod, Benguet, Philippines.
6198:
4917:
4659:"Projects : Metro Manila Wastewater Management Project | The World Bank"
4458:
4072:
3764:
3417:
2380:
1734:
fewer employees per connection than those with fewer than 10,000 connections.
164:
78:
70:
1664:, which guarantees the right to water under international human rights law.
2749:
Constructed wetland for a peri-urban housing area Bayawan City, Philippines
1824:
1604:
892:
540:
339:
308:
300:
295:
156:
109:
62:
30:
5245:"Turning the Tide: Improving Water Resource Management in the Philippines"
3642:"Infrastructure Development: Experience and Policy Options for the Future"
3607:"Infrastructure Development: Experience and Policy Options for the Future"
3572:"Infrastructure Development: Experience and Policy Options for the Future"
3482:"Infrastructure Development: Experience and Policy Options for the Future"
3363:"Infrastructure Development: Experience and Policy Options for the Future"
2636:
Progress on sanitation and drinking water – 2015 update and MDG assessment
1808:
is the only remaining rainforest of its size in Metro Manila, Philippines.
1742:
1013:, was able to build a potable water system supporting 385 households in
954:
sanitation. The main objective of the act was to improve sanitation and
197:
5119:
4633:
4562:
4417:
4401:
4102:
3311:
3163:
3079:
2918:
2695:
2528:
2423:
2330:
2280:
2225:
2117:
2067:
1574:
1264:
ADB Assistance to Water Supply and Sanitation Sector in the Philippines
937:
continued to support private participation schemes and began to pursue
517:
160:
113:
96:
The water in the metropolitan area of Manila is mostly supplied by the
90:
5315:
Manila Water Company (Concessionaire of the East Zone of Metro Manila)
2968:
2021:
1050:
takes the lead in financing water policies at the national level. The
4794:
4638:"Projects – Philippines: LGU Urban Water and Sanitation Project APL2"
4514:
2635:
1054:(NWRB) under the DENR is responsible for water resources management.
1014:
1010:
321:
121:
97:
66:
2594:
Pasig City: National Economic and Development Authority, 2010. p. 8.
1800:
1614:
5319:
2788:
2786:
2784:
1544:
817:
806:
82:
1994:
Vienna: United Nations Industrial Development Organization, 1999.
1189:
1176:
715:
Water Act of 2004 has been estimated at up to P35 billion a year.
1838:
1760:
1756:
1562:
1221:
536:
101:
74:
4292:
2781:
1259:
The following report shows information about past performances:
504:, and that "good progress" had been made between 1990 and 2015.
243:
Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) for Water Supply and Sanitation
5087:
Country Paper Philippines. Asian Water Development Outlook 2007
4158:
Country Paper Philippines. Asian Water Development Outlook 2007
3961:"PHILIPPINE ENVIRONMENT LAWS – CHAN ROBLES VIRTUAL LAW LIBRARY"
3841:
Country Paper Philippines. Asian Water Development Outlook 2007
3655:(26). Philippines: Philippine Institute for Development Studies
3620:(26). Philippines: Philippine Institute for Development Studies
3585:(26). Philippines: Philippine Institute for Development Studies
3495:(26). Philippines: Philippine Institute for Development Studies
3376:(26). Philippines: Philippine Institute for Development Studies
1914:
Country Paper Philippines. Asian Water Development Outlook 2007
1662:
International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights
1088:
634:
548:
246:
5314:
4567:"Projects – Philippines: PH-GEF-Manila Third Sewerage Project"
1129:
460:
Local Waterworks and Utilities Administration (LWUA), Tariffs
316:
arrangements outside of Metro Manila. Joint ventures exist in
5335:
Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System Regulatory Office
5220:"Bulacan deforestation 'drying up' Metro Manila water supply"
3982:"Bottom-up Budgeting summit shows program's progress | GOVPH"
1204:
775:
155:
textile materials. These industries are usually found in the
5334:
5034:
3439:
2967:
GDP-Deflator source: World Development Indicators database:
2638:, Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation
2020:
The Philippines had 75,766,140 inhabitants in 2000; source:
5339:
4901:
National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA) (2004).
4712:"JICA's Assistance Strategy on Water Supply and Sanitation"
4056:
National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA) (2004).
3678:
Second Water Utilities Data Book – Asian and Pacific Region
2845:
2843:
2841:
1737:
5379:
5329:
5324:
5309:
4322:
1593:
498:
Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation
5344:
4504:. Mandaluyong, Philippines: Asian Development Bank. 2013.
3750:
3674:
2849:
2821:"FCDA removal to hike Maynilad, lower Manila Water rates"
2760:
2664:
1992:
Industrial Policy and the Environment in the Philippines.
1639:
250:
4515:
DILG-GTZ Water and Sanitation Program (September 2007).
4377:"LWUA: Thirty years of service to a once-thirsty nation"
2838:
1154:
4834:
3787:
National Economic Development Authority (NEDA) (2001).
3675:
McIntosh, Arthur C.; Yñiguez, Cesar E. (October 1997).
1124:
4453:
4379:. Local Water Utilities Administration. Archived from
4321:. Local Water Utilities Administration. Archived from
1549:
The German Corporation for International Cooperation (
1797:
situations, as well as hydropower and food shortage.
1230:
1060:
904:
675:
201:
The handpump is an example of a Level I water system.
5274:"Metro Manila and Metro Cebu Groundwater Assessment"
4795:
Centre on Regulation and Competition. (March 2006).
3875:"Philippines Sanitation Sourcebook and Decision Aid"
3789:"Medium Term Philippine Development Plan: 2001–2004"
984:
921:
795:
744:
327:
5408:
Responsibilities in Latin America and the Caribbean
4903:"Medium-Term Philippine Development Plan 2004–2010"
4402:
Philippine Center for Water and Sanitation:about us
4350:
Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines
4058:"Medium-Term Philippine Development Plan 2004–2010"
4036:
Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines
4011:
Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines
3986:
Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines
1745:
in Manila, one of the world's most polluted rivers.
1561:, treating wastewater from about 700 households in
945:
for LGUs and water districts were assigned to NWRB.
843:
512:In 2015, 74% of the total population had access to
5310:Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System (MWSS)
5195:"How El Niño could affect the Philippines in 2015"
4517:"Program Brief. Rural water supply and sanitation"
695:
1622:Metro Manila Wastewater Management Program (MWMP)
1615:Metro Manila Wastewater Management Project (MWMP)
1441:Island Provinces Rural Areas Water Supply Sector
85:. There are 438 major dams and 423 smaller dams.
6196:
5040:"Country Environmental Analysis for Philippines"
4107:"Philippines: Meeting Infrastructure Challenges"
3316:"Philippines: Meeting Infrastructure Challenges"
3084:"Philippines: Meeting Infrastructure Challenges"
2979:
2923:"Philippines: Meeting Infrastructure Challenges"
2876:
2874:
2872:
2700:"Philippines: Meeting Infrastructure Challenges"
2658:
2651:Mandaluyong City: Asian Development Bank, 2013.
2533:"Philippines: Meeting Infrastructure Challenges"
2428:"Philippines: Meeting Infrastructure Challenges"
2335:"Philippines: Meeting Infrastructure Challenges"
2285:"Philippines: Meeting Infrastructure Challenges"
2230:"Philippines: Meeting Infrastructure Challenges"
2122:"Philippines: Meeting Infrastructure Challenges"
2072:"Philippines: Meeting Infrastructure Challenges"
1975:The state of water resources in the Philippines.
1580:
1545:German Corporation for International Cooperation
1005:. The BUB project proved to be a success as the
290:
282:Local Water Utilities Administration (LWUA) Seal
120:source of Baguio and some regions in Luzon) and
3940:"Pichay appointed as head of waterworks agency"
2009:http://dirp4.pids.gov.ph/ris/pdf/pidspn9604.pdf
1196:Department of the Interior and Local Government
1190:Department of the Interior and Local Government
1177:Rural Waterworks Development Corporation (RWDC)
1044:Department of Environment and Natural Resources
1007:Department of the Interior and Local Government
6205:Water supply and sanitation in the Philippines
4837:"Manila Water reports system loss down to 11%"
4412:
4410:
3169:Philippines: Meeting Infrastructure Challenges
1222:Philippine Society of Sanitary Engineers, Inc.
124:(irrigation and hydroelectric power source in
5365:
5252:Policy Brief: Senate Economic Planning Office
2869:
2665:World Health Organization (October 2, 2015).
2590:National Economic and Development Authority.
1812:
1778:
1646:Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA)
1140:Local Waterworks and Utilities Administration
578:Foreign currency different adjustment (FCDA):
564:
33:system dates back to 1946, after the country
5281:Philippine Institute for Development Studies
4766:Ala, Joanne; Gil, Emerlynne (May 12, 2019).
2761:Manila Water Company Ltd. (March 18, 2008).
1161:National Water Resources Board (Philippines)
1089:Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004 (RA 9275)
736:
4480:"Philippine Water Supply Sector Assessment"
4429:Water Supply & Sanitation Working Notes
4407:
3398:Environment, Development and Sustainability
1749:
1532:the specific government agencies involved.
1507:Second Island Provinces Rural Water Supply
1171:Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM)
1144:government-owned and controlled corporation
1130:Local Water Utilities Administration (LWUA)
257:increased from 85% in 1990 to 92% in 2010.
206:Levels of water systems in the Philippines
53:The Philippines' main sources of water are
5372:
5358:
5118:
4768:"[Opinion] Water is a human right"
4632:
4586:
4561:
4416:
4101:
4007:"Bulacan town no longer waterless | GOVPH"
3473:
3310:
3306:
3304:
3302:
3162:
3078:
2917:
2913:
2911:
2743:
2741:
2694:
2690:
2688:
2630:
2628:
2527:
2422:
2329:
2279:
2275:
2273:
2271:
2224:
2220:
2218:
2116:
2066:
1463:Second Manila Water Supply Rehabilitation
1211:Philippine Center for Water and Sanitation
1205:Philippine Center for Water and Sanitation
446:National Water and Resources Board (NWRB)
443:National Water and Resources Board (NWRB)
188:
5325:Philippine Association of Water Districts
4790:
4788:
3830:
3828:
2961:
2671:. World Health Organization. p. 68.
1667:
1660:. The Philippines is also a party to the
1250:
1238:Development Bank of the Philippines (DBP)
620:
559:
500:that 74% of the population had access to
426:Tariff (Philippine peso per cubic meter)
260:
4742:"Access to water is a human right — CHR"
4295:. Local Water Utilities Administration.
3395:
3204:
3202:
3200:
2792:
1799:
1736:
1183:Rural Waterworks Development Corporation
507:
398:Consumption (liters per capita per day)
294:
277:
196:
44:
4910:Medium-Term Philippine Development Plan
4835:Philippine Star website (May 3, 2011).
4065:Medium-Term Philippine Development Plan
3299:
2908:
2738:
2685:
2625:
2592:Philippine Water Sector Supply Roadmap.
2268:
2215:
2014:
1865:Environmental issues in the Philippines
1594:Urban Water and Sanitation Project APL2
1036:Department of Public Works and Highways
633:The fragmented sector led to different
14:
6197:
5380:Water supply and sanitation by country
5303:
5124:"Philippines Environment Monitor 2003"
4785:
4765:
4719:Japan International Cooperation Agency
4681:
4679:
4345:"Presidential Decree No. 198, s. 1973"
3825:
3639:
3604:
3569:
3479:
3360:
3254:
3252:
3031:. Manila Water Company. Archived from
2110:
1831:
1640:Japan International Cooperation Agency
891:contract for the West Zone, while the
754:transferred back to local governments.
5353:
5340:National Water Resources Board (NWRB)
5028:
4739:
4273:from the original on October 15, 2012
3640:Llanto, Gilberto M. (December 2002).
3605:Llanto, Gilberto M. (December 2002).
3570:Llanto, Gilberto M. (December 2002).
3480:Llanto, Gilberto M. (December 2002).
3361:Llanto, Gilberto M. (December 2002).
3197:
2602:
2600:
2060:
1969:
1967:
1719:
1155:National Water Resources Board (NWRB)
5330:Local Water Utilities Administration
3404:(3). Springer Netherlands: 241–261.
2818:
1901:
1679:
1136:Local Water Utilities Administration
1125:Government agencies and institutions
718:
236:
179:
5084:; Asia-Pacific Water Forum (2007).
4676:
4183:
4155:; Asia-Pacific Water Forum (2007).
4145:
4095:
4049:
3953:
3932:
3921:
3866:
3838:; Asia-Pacific Water Forum (2007).
3780:
3744:
3712:
3668:
3633:
3598:
3563:
3508:
3433:
3389:
3354:
3249:
3156:
3122:
3072:
2973:
2969:http://devdata.worldbank.org/query/
2754:
2022:http://devdata.worldbank.org/query/
1911:; Asia-Pacific Water Forum (2007).
1728:
1419:Manila Water Supply Rehabilitation
850:Water privatization in Metro Manila
787:poor construction and service. The
554:
491:In earlier years, according to the
40:
24:
2747:Lipkow, U., von Münch, E. (2010).
2641:
2597:
2571:
2521:
2466:
2416:
2394:
2373:
2323:
1964:
1628:Philippines, World Bank and MWCI.
1242:Land Bank of the Philippines (LBP)
1231:Financing and external cooperation
1061:1976 National Water Code (PD 1067)
905:Estrada Administration (1998–2001)
839:by Level II and III water systems.
604:
273:
25:
6221:
5298:
4299:from the original on July 1, 2023
4189:The World Bank, 2010. pgs. 82–87
1876:
1785:Climate change in the Philippines
985:Aquino Administration (2010–2016)
922:Arroyo Administration (2001-2010)
796:Aquino Administration (1986-1992)
745:Marcos Administration (1965–1986)
328:Small-scale independent providers
69:. The longest and largest river,
5470:Democratic Republic of the Congo
5417:
5266:
5237:
5212:
5187:
4740:Mateo, Janvic (March 15, 2019).
3175:. Asian Development Bank (ADB).
1819:Deforestation in the Philippines
1485:Angat Water Supply Organization
844:Ramos Administration (1992-1998)
662:
612:
5162:
5112:
5074:
4995:
4940:
4894:
4861:
4828:
4759:
4733:
4704:
4651:
4626:
4580:
4555:
4508:
4489:
4472:
4447:
4395:
4369:
4337:
4311:
4285:
4255:
4230:
4205:
4024:
3999:
3974:
3703:
3047:
3021:
2812:
2584:
2160:
1977:Quezon City: Greenpeace, 2007.
1705:Unbilled authorized consumption
1331:Provincial Cities Water Supply
547:plant was to be constructed in
474:
140:
4404:, retrieved on August 28, 2011
4353:. May 25, 1973. Archived from
2850:Maynilad Water Services, Inc.
2026:
2001:
1984:
1939:
1167:National Water Resources Board
1052:National Water Resources Board
493:Joint Monitoring Program (JMP)
268:non-governmental organizations
112:(developed for flood control,
13:
1:
5170:"State of water: Philippines"
4319:"Safe water for the Filipino"
2852:"How to Read your Water Bill"
2608:"WASHwatch.org – Philippines"
1870:
1581:Manila Third Sewerage Project
1568:
885:Maynilad Water Services, Inc.
709:
384:Availability (hours per day)
291:Large-scale private operators
149:
5345:Philippine Water Partnership
5036:Asian Development Bank (ADB)
4804:Working Paper Series No. 123
4459:"30551: 35379: MWSS TA Loan"
3441:Asian Development Bank (ADB)
2404:. WaterLinks. March 12, 2010
1998:(accessed October 29, 2015).
1860:Pollution of the Pasig River
412:Staff (per 100 connections)
354:Local Government Units (LGU)
7:
4587:World Bank (May 16, 2006).
2011:(accessed October 3, 2015).
1981:(accessed October 3, 2015).
1973:Greenpeace Southeast Asia.
1853:
1557:, and the first Philippine
1555:urine-diverting dry toilets
1353:Second Manila Water Supply
1009:, spearheaded by Secretary
978:Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas
597:Maintenance service charge:
170:
10:
6226:
5090:. Asian Development Bank.
4161:. Asian Development Bank.
3844:. Asian Development Bank.
3681:. Asian Development Bank.
1917:. Asian Development Bank.
1816:
1813:Denudation of forest cover
1782:
1779:El Niño and global warming
1658:Commission on Human Rights
1193:
1158:
893:Manila Water Company, Inc.
847:
723:
628:
565:Current charges before tax
6210:Health in the Philippines
6121:
6040:
5832:
5801:
5608:
5427:
5414:
5385:
3410:10.1007/s10668-005-9021-4
1651:
1295:
1269:
1138:, sometimes known as the
1025:
873:to the ADB, the share of
737:Pre-Marcos Administration
469:
338:
3765:10.1177/0042098007085108
3060:. MWSS Regulatory Office
3029:"Official website: FAQs"
2982:"Official website: FAQs"
2647:Asian Development Bank.
1750:Population and pollution
131:
18:Water in the Philippines
3649:Discussion Paper Series
3614:Discussion Paper Series
3579:Discussion Paper Series
3489:Discussion Paper Series
3370:Discussion Paper Series
1773:Agricultural wastewater
1685:Non-revenue water (NRW)
189:Levels of water systems
157:National Capital Region
5860:Bosnia and Herzegovina
5149:Cite journal requires
5082:Asian Development Bank
5062:Cite journal requires
5016:Cite journal requires
4982:Cite journal requires
4882:Cite journal requires
4614:Cite journal requires
4543:Cite journal requires
4455:Asian Development Bank
4153:Asian Development Bank
4132:Cite journal requires
3908:Cite journal requires
3836:Asian Development Bank
3812:Cite journal requires
3732:Cite journal requires
3550:Cite journal requires
3460:Cite journal requires
3341:Cite journal requires
3286:Cite journal requires
3236:Cite journal requires
3143:Cite journal requires
3109:Cite journal requires
3009:Cite journal requires
2980:Manila Water Company.
2948:Cite journal requires
2895:Cite journal requires
2725:Cite journal requires
2558:Cite journal requires
2508:Cite journal requires
2453:Cite journal requires
2360:Cite journal requires
2310:Cite journal requires
2255:Cite journal requires
2202:Cite journal requires
2147:Cite journal requires
2097:Cite journal requires
2047:Cite journal requires
1909:Asian Development Bank
1809:
1746:
1668:Drinking water quality
1538:sustainable sanitation
1251:Asian Development Bank
898:Asian financial crisis
789:Asian Development Bank
761:Administration (LWUA).
728:From the Philippines'
697:
621:Previous unpaid amount
560:Water bill information
457:Public, NGOs, Tariffs
449:According to contract
312:
283:
261:Local government units
202:
50:
2819:Miraflor, Madelaine.
2795:"Billing Information"
1817:Further information:
1803:
1783:Further information:
1740:
1048:Department of Finance
848:Further information:
698:
696:{\displaystyle O=C/R}
585:Environmental charge:
531:The first Philippine
514:"improved" sanitation
508:Sewage and Sanitation
486:improved water source
373:Level I, II, and III
298:
281:
255:improved water source
200:
48:
35:declared independence
5783:United Arab Emirates
4357:on November 26, 2022
1397:Water Supply Sector
1309:Manila Water Supply
1040:Department of Health
956:wastewater treatment
730:independence in 1946
673:
545:wastewater treatment
440:Economic Regulation
6174:Trinidad and Tobago
5965:Republic of Ireland
4961:on October 27, 2007
4849:on November 6, 2007
4842:The Philippine STAR
4267:The Lawphil Project
3887:on October 24, 2007
3822:, part 1, chapter 6
3529:on October 24, 2007
3035:on November 8, 2007
2988:on November 8, 2007
2487:on October 27, 2007
2181:on October 24, 2007
1843:cones of depression
1832:Saltwater intrusion
1674:waterborne diseases
1559:constructed wetland
1266:
943:Economic regulation
863:concession contract
533:constructed wetland
502:improved sanitation
207:
118:hydroelectric power
6068:Dominican Republic
5403:Sub-Saharan Africa
4927:on January 6, 2007
2655:(October 3, 2015).
2634:WHO/UNICEF (2015)
1951:www.fftc.agnet.org
1810:
1747:
1720:Labor productivity
1512:November 20, 1990
1490:November 14, 1989
1402:November 25, 1981
1358:September 7, 1978
1336:December 16, 1975
1262:
976:Central Bank, the
939:Economies of scale
693:
313:
284:
205:
203:
65:, and groundwater
51:
6192:
6191:
6020:England and Wales
5304:Service providers
5122:(December 2003).
4691:www.worldbank.org
4663:www.worldbank.org
4636:(June 12, 2007).
4565:(June 12, 2007).
4420:(December 2006).
4325:on March 22, 2016
4263:"G.R. No. 179217"
4105:(December 2005).
3314:(December 2005).
3166:(December 2005).
3082:(December 2005).
2921:(December 2005).
2698:(December 2005).
2678:978-92-4-150914-5
2531:(December 2005).
2426:(December 2005).
2333:(December 2005).
2283:(December 2005).
2228:(December 2005).
2120:(December 2005).
2070:(December 2005).
1884:"WATER RESOURCES"
1806:La Mesa Watershed
1699:Commercial losses
1680:Non-revenue water
1522:
1521:
1468:January 24, 1989
1446:December 4, 1986
1424:October 23, 1983
1042:. The Philippine
875:non-revenue water
719:Political aspects
543:announced that a
524:common method of
467:
466:
370:Level of Service
364:Private Operators
241:According to the
237:Service providers
234:
233:
180:Service provision
29:The Philippines'
16:(Redirected from
6217:
6025:Northern Ireland
5824:Papua New Guinea
5422:
5421:
5374:
5367:
5360:
5351:
5350:
5293:
5292:
5290:
5288:
5278:
5270:
5264:
5263:
5261:
5259:
5249:
5241:
5235:
5234:
5232:
5230:
5216:
5210:
5209:
5207:
5205:
5191:
5185:
5184:
5182:
5180:
5166:
5160:
5158:
5152:
5147:
5145:
5137:
5135:
5133:
5128:
5116:
5110:
5108:
5106:
5104:
5078:
5072:
5071:
5065:
5060:
5058:
5050:
5048:
5046:
5032:
5026:
5025:
5019:
5014:
5012:
5004:
4999:
4993:
4991:
4985:
4980:
4978:
4970:
4968:
4966:
4960:
4954:. Archived from
4953:
4944:
4938:
4936:
4934:
4932:
4926:
4920:. Archived from
4907:
4898:
4892:
4891:
4885:
4880:
4878:
4870:
4865:
4859:
4858:
4856:
4854:
4845:. Archived from
4832:
4826:
4824:
4822:
4820:
4801:
4792:
4783:
4782:
4780:
4778:
4763:
4757:
4756:
4754:
4752:
4737:
4731:
4730:
4728:
4726:
4716:
4708:
4702:
4701:
4699:
4697:
4683:
4674:
4673:
4671:
4669:
4655:
4649:
4648:
4646:
4644:
4630:
4624:
4623:
4617:
4612:
4610:
4602:
4600:
4598:
4593:
4584:
4578:
4577:
4575:
4573:
4559:
4553:
4552:
4546:
4541:
4539:
4531:
4529:
4527:
4521:
4512:
4506:
4505:
4503:
4493:
4487:
4486:
4484:
4476:
4470:
4469:
4467:
4465:
4457:(July 5, 2006).
4451:
4445:
4443:
4441:
4439:
4426:
4414:
4405:
4399:
4393:
4392:
4390:
4388:
4383:on June 26, 2008
4373:
4367:
4366:
4364:
4362:
4341:
4335:
4334:
4332:
4330:
4315:
4309:
4308:
4306:
4304:
4289:
4283:
4282:
4280:
4278:
4259:
4253:
4252:
4250:
4248:
4234:
4228:
4227:
4225:
4223:
4209:
4203:
4202:
4200:
4198:
4187:
4181:
4179:
4177:
4175:
4149:
4143:
4141:
4135:
4130:
4128:
4120:
4118:
4116:
4111:
4099:
4093:
4091:
4089:
4087:
4081:
4075:. Archived from
4062:
4053:
4047:
4046:
4044:
4042:
4028:
4022:
4021:
4019:
4017:
4003:
3997:
3996:
3994:
3992:
3978:
3972:
3971:
3969:
3967:
3957:
3951:
3950:
3948:
3946:
3936:
3930:
3925:
3919:
3917:
3911:
3906:
3904:
3896:
3894:
3892:
3886:
3880:. Archived from
3879:
3870:
3864:
3862:
3860:
3858:
3832:
3823:
3821:
3815:
3810:
3808:
3800:
3798:
3796:
3784:
3778:
3776:
3748:
3742:
3741:
3735:
3730:
3728:
3720:
3716:
3710:
3707:
3701:
3699:
3697:
3695:
3672:
3666:
3664:
3662:
3660:
3646:
3637:
3631:
3629:
3627:
3625:
3611:
3602:
3596:
3594:
3592:
3590:
3576:
3567:
3561:
3559:
3553:
3548:
3546:
3538:
3536:
3534:
3528:
3522:. Archived from
3521:
3512:
3506:
3504:
3502:
3500:
3486:
3477:
3471:
3469:
3463:
3458:
3456:
3448:
3437:
3431:
3429:
3393:
3387:
3385:
3383:
3381:
3367:
3358:
3352:
3350:
3344:
3339:
3337:
3329:
3327:
3325:
3320:
3308:
3297:
3295:
3289:
3284:
3282:
3274:
3272:
3270:
3265:
3256:
3247:
3245:
3239:
3234:
3232:
3224:
3222:
3220:
3215:
3206:
3195:
3193:
3191:
3189:
3174:
3160:
3154:
3153:, p. 6; 9–11; 36
3152:
3146:
3141:
3139:
3131:
3126:
3120:
3118:
3112:
3107:
3105:
3097:
3095:
3093:
3088:
3076:
3070:
3069:
3067:
3065:
3059:
3051:
3045:
3044:
3042:
3040:
3025:
3019:
3018:
3012:
3007:
3005:
2997:
2995:
2993:
2984:. Archived from
2977:
2971:
2965:
2959:
2957:
2951:
2946:
2944:
2936:
2934:
2932:
2927:
2915:
2906:
2904:
2898:
2893:
2891:
2883:
2878:
2867:
2866:
2864:
2862:
2847:
2836:
2835:
2833:
2831:
2816:
2810:
2809:
2807:
2805:
2790:
2779:
2778:
2776:
2774:
2769:on April 9, 2008
2765:. Archived from
2758:
2752:
2745:
2736:
2734:
2728:
2723:
2721:
2713:
2711:
2709:
2704:
2692:
2683:
2682:
2662:
2656:
2645:
2639:
2632:
2623:
2622:
2620:
2618:
2604:
2595:
2588:
2582:
2575:
2569:
2567:
2561:
2556:
2554:
2546:
2544:
2542:
2537:
2525:
2519:
2517:
2511:
2506:
2504:
2496:
2494:
2492:
2486:
2480:. Archived from
2479:
2470:
2464:
2462:
2456:
2451:
2449:
2441:
2439:
2437:
2432:
2420:
2414:
2413:
2411:
2409:
2398:
2392:
2391:
2389:
2387:
2377:
2371:
2369:
2363:
2358:
2356:
2348:
2346:
2344:
2339:
2327:
2321:
2319:
2313:
2308:
2306:
2298:
2296:
2294:
2289:
2277:
2266:
2264:
2258:
2253:
2251:
2243:
2241:
2239:
2234:
2222:
2213:
2211:
2205:
2200:
2198:
2190:
2188:
2186:
2180:
2174:. Archived from
2173:
2164:
2158:
2156:
2150:
2145:
2143:
2135:
2133:
2131:
2126:
2114:
2108:
2106:
2100:
2095:
2093:
2085:
2083:
2081:
2076:
2064:
2058:
2056:
2050:
2045:
2043:
2035:
2030:
2024:
2018:
2012:
2005:
1999:
1990:Luken, Ralph A.
1988:
1982:
1971:
1962:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1943:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1931:
1905:
1899:
1898:
1896:
1894:
1880:
1729:Other challenges
1375:Manila Sewerage
1314:August 28, 1974
1267:
1261:
1101:
1100:
1096:
1073:
1072:
1068:
887:was awarded the
702:
700:
699:
694:
689:
555:Economic Aspects
526:sewage treatment
336:
335:
208:
204:
41:Sources of water
21:
6225:
6224:
6220:
6219:
6218:
6216:
6215:
6214:
6195:
6194:
6193:
6188:
6117:
6036:
5940:North Macedonia
5828:
5797:
5604:
5423:
5416:
5412:
5381:
5378:
5306:
5301:
5296:
5286:
5284:
5283:. February 2001
5276:
5272:
5271:
5267:
5257:
5255:
5247:
5243:
5242:
5238:
5228:
5226:
5218:
5217:
5213:
5203:
5201:
5193:
5192:
5188:
5178:
5176:
5174:www.wepa-db.net
5168:
5167:
5163:
5150:
5148:
5139:
5138:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5117:
5113:
5102:
5100:
5098:
5079:
5075:
5063:
5061:
5052:
5051:
5044:
5042:
5038:(August 2009).
5033:
5029:
5017:
5015:
5006:
5005:
5000:
4996:
4983:
4981:
4972:
4971:
4964:
4962:
4958:
4951:
4945:
4941:
4930:
4928:
4924:
4912:. Philippines.
4905:
4899:
4895:
4883:
4881:
4872:
4871:
4866:
4862:
4852:
4850:
4833:
4829:
4818:
4816:
4814:
4799:
4793:
4786:
4776:
4774:
4764:
4760:
4750:
4748:
4746:Philippine Star
4738:
4734:
4724:
4722:
4714:
4710:
4709:
4705:
4695:
4693:
4685:
4684:
4677:
4667:
4665:
4657:
4656:
4652:
4642:
4640:
4631:
4627:
4615:
4613:
4604:
4603:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4585:
4581:
4571:
4569:
4560:
4556:
4544:
4542:
4533:
4532:
4525:
4523:
4519:
4513:
4509:
4501:
4495:
4494:
4490:
4482:
4478:
4477:
4473:
4463:
4461:
4452:
4448:
4437:
4435:
4424:
4415:
4408:
4400:
4396:
4386:
4384:
4375:
4374:
4370:
4360:
4358:
4343:
4342:
4338:
4328:
4326:
4317:
4316:
4312:
4302:
4300:
4291:
4290:
4286:
4276:
4274:
4261:
4260:
4256:
4246:
4244:
4242:www.lawphil.net
4236:
4235:
4231:
4221:
4219:
4217:www.lawphil.net
4213:"P.D. No. 1067"
4211:
4210:
4206:
4196:
4194:
4190:
4188:
4184:
4173:
4171:
4169:
4150:
4146:
4133:
4131:
4122:
4121:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4100:
4096:
4085:
4083:
4082:on May 30, 2008
4079:
4067:. Philippines.
4060:
4054:
4050:
4040:
4038:
4030:
4029:
4025:
4015:
4013:
4005:
4004:
4000:
3990:
3988:
3980:
3979:
3975:
3965:
3963:
3959:
3958:
3954:
3944:
3942:
3938:
3937:
3933:
3926:
3922:
3909:
3907:
3898:
3897:
3890:
3888:
3884:
3877:
3871:
3867:
3856:
3854:
3852:
3833:
3826:
3813:
3811:
3802:
3801:
3794:
3792:
3785:
3781:
3749:
3745:
3733:
3731:
3722:
3721:
3717:
3713:
3708:
3704:
3693:
3691:
3689:
3673:
3669:
3658:
3656:
3644:
3638:
3634:
3623:
3621:
3609:
3603:
3599:
3588:
3586:
3574:
3568:
3564:
3551:
3549:
3540:
3539:
3532:
3530:
3526:
3519:
3513:
3509:
3498:
3496:
3484:
3478:
3474:
3461:
3459:
3450:
3449:
3438:
3434:
3394:
3390:
3379:
3377:
3365:
3359:
3355:
3342:
3340:
3331:
3330:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3309:
3300:
3287:
3285:
3276:
3275:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3257:
3250:
3237:
3235:
3226:
3225:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3207:
3198:
3187:
3185:
3183:
3172:
3161:
3157:
3144:
3142:
3133:
3132:
3127:
3123:
3110:
3108:
3099:
3098:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3077:
3073:
3063:
3061:
3057:
3055:"Tariff matrix"
3053:
3052:
3048:
3038:
3036:
3027:
3026:
3022:
3010:
3008:
2999:
2998:
2991:
2989:
2978:
2974:
2966:
2962:
2949:
2947:
2938:
2937:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2916:
2909:
2896:
2894:
2885:
2884:
2879:
2870:
2860:
2858:
2848:
2839:
2829:
2827:
2825:Manila Bulletin
2817:
2813:
2803:
2801:
2791:
2782:
2772:
2770:
2759:
2755:
2746:
2739:
2726:
2724:
2715:
2714:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2693:
2686:
2679:
2663:
2659:
2646:
2642:
2633:
2626:
2616:
2614:
2606:
2605:
2598:
2589:
2585:
2576:
2572:
2559:
2557:
2548:
2547:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2526:
2522:
2509:
2507:
2498:
2497:
2490:
2488:
2484:
2477:
2471:
2467:
2454:
2452:
2443:
2442:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2421:
2417:
2407:
2405:
2400:
2399:
2395:
2385:
2383:
2381:"What is PAWD?"
2379:
2378:
2374:
2361:
2359:
2350:
2349:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2328:
2324:
2311:
2309:
2300:
2299:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2278:
2269:
2256:
2254:
2245:
2244:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2223:
2216:
2203:
2201:
2192:
2191:
2184:
2182:
2178:
2171:
2165:
2161:
2148:
2146:
2137:
2136:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2115:
2111:
2098:
2096:
2087:
2086:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2065:
2061:
2048:
2046:
2037:
2036:
2031:
2027:
2019:
2015:
2006:
2002:
1989:
1985:
1972:
1965:
1955:
1953:
1945:
1944:
1940:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1906:
1902:
1892:
1890:
1888:www.denr.gov.ph
1882:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1856:
1834:
1821:
1815:
1787:
1781:
1752:
1731:
1722:
1693:Physical losses
1682:
1670:
1654:
1642:
1617:
1596:
1583:
1571:
1547:
1529:
1253:
1233:
1224:
1215:action research
1207:
1198:
1192:
1179:
1163:
1157:
1132:
1127:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1092:
1091:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1064:
1063:
1028:
987:
973:Prospero Pichay
958:in the country.
924:
907:
852:
846:
798:
747:
739:
726:
721:
712:
685:
674:
671:
670:
665:
645:Water districts
631:
623:
615:
607:
605:Value added tax
567:
562:
557:
510:
477:
472:
359:Water Districts
330:
318:Tagbilaran City
293:
276:
274:Water districts
263:
253:, access to an
239:
191:
182:
173:
152:
143:
134:
43:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6223:
6213:
6212:
6207:
6190:
6189:
6187:
6186:
6181:
6176:
6171:
6166:
6161:
6156:
6151:
6146:
6141:
6136:
6131:
6125:
6123:
6119:
6118:
6116:
6115:
6110:
6105:
6100:
6095:
6090:
6085:
6080:
6075:
6070:
6065:
6060:
6055:
6050:
6044:
6042:
6038:
6037:
6035:
6034:
6033:
6032:
6027:
6022:
6015:United Kingdom
6012:
6007:
6002:
5997:
5992:
5987:
5982:
5977:
5972:
5967:
5962:
5957:
5952:
5947:
5942:
5937:
5932:
5927:
5922:
5917:
5912:
5907:
5902:
5897:
5892:
5887:
5882:
5877:
5875:Czech Republic
5872:
5867:
5862:
5857:
5852:
5847:
5842:
5836:
5834:
5830:
5829:
5827:
5826:
5821:
5816:
5811:
5805:
5803:
5799:
5798:
5796:
5795:
5790:
5785:
5780:
5775:
5770:
5765:
5760:
5755:
5750:
5745:
5740:
5735:
5730:
5725:
5720:
5715:
5710:
5705:
5700:
5695:
5690:
5685:
5680:
5675:
5670:
5665:
5660:
5655:
5650:
5649:
5648:
5643:
5633:
5628:
5623:
5618:
5612:
5610:
5606:
5605:
5603:
5602:
5597:
5592:
5587:
5582:
5577:
5572:
5567:
5562:
5557:
5552:
5547:
5542:
5537:
5532:
5527:
5522:
5517:
5512:
5507:
5502:
5497:
5492:
5487:
5482:
5477:
5472:
5467:
5462:
5457:
5452:
5447:
5442:
5437:
5431:
5429:
5425:
5424:
5415:
5413:
5411:
5410:
5405:
5400:
5395:
5393:European Union
5389:
5387:
5383:
5382:
5377:
5376:
5369:
5362:
5354:
5348:
5347:
5342:
5337:
5332:
5327:
5322:
5317:
5312:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5299:External links
5297:
5295:
5294:
5265:
5236:
5211:
5186:
5161:
5151:|journal=
5111:
5096:
5073:
5064:|journal=
5027:
5018:|journal=
4994:
4984:|journal=
4939:
4893:
4884:|journal=
4860:
4827:
4812:
4784:
4758:
4732:
4703:
4675:
4650:
4625:
4616:|journal=
4579:
4554:
4545:|journal=
4507:
4488:
4471:
4446:
4406:
4394:
4368:
4336:
4310:
4284:
4254:
4229:
4204:
4182:
4167:
4144:
4134:|journal=
4094:
4048:
4023:
3998:
3973:
3952:
3931:
3920:
3910:|journal=
3865:
3850:
3824:
3814:|journal=
3779:
3759:(1): 207–229.
3743:
3734:|journal=
3711:
3702:
3687:
3667:
3632:
3597:
3562:
3552:|journal=
3507:
3472:
3462:|journal=
3432:
3388:
3353:
3343:|journal=
3298:
3288:|journal=
3248:
3238:|journal=
3196:
3181:
3155:
3145:|journal=
3121:
3111:|journal=
3071:
3046:
3020:
3011:|journal=
2972:
2960:
2950:|journal=
2907:
2897:|journal=
2868:
2837:
2811:
2793:Manila Water.
2780:
2753:
2737:
2727:|journal=
2684:
2677:
2657:
2640:
2624:
2596:
2583:
2570:
2560:|journal=
2520:
2510:|journal=
2465:
2455:|journal=
2415:
2393:
2372:
2362:|journal=
2322:
2312:|journal=
2267:
2257:|journal=
2214:
2204:|journal=
2159:
2149:|journal=
2109:
2099:|journal=
2059:
2049:|journal=
2025:
2013:
2000:
1983:
1963:
1938:
1923:
1900:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1868:
1867:
1862:
1855:
1852:
1848:brackish water
1833:
1830:
1814:
1811:
1794:climate change
1780:
1777:
1751:
1748:
1730:
1727:
1721:
1718:
1709:
1708:
1702:
1696:
1681:
1678:
1669:
1666:
1653:
1650:
1641:
1638:
1616:
1613:
1595:
1592:
1582:
1579:
1570:
1567:
1546:
1543:
1520:
1519:
1516:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1502:
1498:
1497:
1494:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1480:
1476:
1475:
1472:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1458:
1454:
1453:
1450:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1436:
1432:
1431:
1428:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1414:
1410:
1409:
1406:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1392:
1388:
1387:
1384:
1381:
1380:June 24, 1980
1378:
1376:
1373:
1370:
1366:
1365:
1362:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1348:
1344:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1326:
1322:
1321:
1318:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1304:
1300:
1299:
1293:
1292:
1289:
1287:($ millions)
1283:
1277:
1274:
1271:
1252:
1249:
1232:
1229:
1223:
1220:
1206:
1203:
1194:Main article:
1191:
1188:
1178:
1175:
1159:Main article:
1156:
1153:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1090:
1087:
1062:
1059:
1027:
1024:
1023:
1022:
1019:Davao Oriental
1000:
994:
986:
983:
982:
981:
971:On August 27,
966:
959:
947:
946:
923:
920:
906:
903:
902:
901:
878:
867:
845:
842:
841:
840:
833:
822:municipalities
811:
797:
794:
793:
792:
780:United Nations
768:
762:
755:
746:
743:
738:
735:
725:
722:
720:
717:
711:
708:
692:
688:
684:
681:
678:
664:
661:
630:
627:
622:
619:
614:
611:
606:
603:
602:
601:
594:
588:
582:
575:
566:
563:
561:
558:
556:
553:
509:
506:
476:
473:
471:
468:
465:
464:
461:
458:
455:
451:
450:
447:
444:
441:
437:
436:
433:
430:
427:
423:
422:
419:
416:
413:
409:
408:
405:
402:
399:
395:
394:
391:
388:
385:
381:
380:
377:
374:
371:
367:
366:
361:
356:
351:
348:
347:
329:
326:
305:Maynilad Water
292:
289:
275:
272:
262:
259:
238:
235:
232:
231:
228:
224:
223:
220:
216:
215:
212:
190:
187:
181:
178:
172:
169:
151:
148:
142:
139:
133:
130:
81:, Agusan, and
42:
39:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6222:
6211:
6208:
6206:
6203:
6202:
6200:
6185:
6182:
6180:
6177:
6175:
6172:
6170:
6167:
6165:
6162:
6160:
6157:
6155:
6152:
6150:
6147:
6145:
6142:
6140:
6137:
6135:
6132:
6130:
6127:
6126:
6124:
6122:South America
6120:
6114:
6113:United States
6111:
6109:
6106:
6104:
6101:
6099:
6096:
6094:
6091:
6089:
6086:
6084:
6081:
6079:
6076:
6074:
6071:
6069:
6066:
6064:
6061:
6059:
6056:
6054:
6051:
6049:
6046:
6045:
6043:
6041:North America
6039:
6031:
6028:
6026:
6023:
6021:
6018:
6017:
6016:
6013:
6011:
6008:
6006:
6003:
6001:
5998:
5996:
5993:
5991:
5988:
5986:
5983:
5981:
5978:
5976:
5973:
5971:
5968:
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5398:Latin America
5396:
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5318:
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5308:
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5282:
5275:
5269:
5254:. August 2011
5253:
5246:
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5225:
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5215:
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5196:
5190:
5175:
5171:
5165:
5156:
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5115:
5099:
5097:9789814136068
5093:
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4813:1-905381-22-0
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4590:
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4568:
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4558:
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4522:. Philippines
4518:
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3851:9789814136068
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3819:
3806:
3791:. Philippines
3790:
3783:
3774:
3770:
3766:
3762:
3758:
3754:
3753:Urban Studies
3747:
3739:
3726:
3715:
3706:
3690:
3688:971-561-125-7
3684:
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3184:
3182:971-561-524-4
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2613:
2612:washwatch.org
2609:
2603:
2601:
2593:
2587:
2580:
2574:
2568:, p. 114, 116
2565:
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2113:
2104:
2091:
2073:
2069:
2063:
2054:
2041:
2029:
2023:
2017:
2010:
2004:
1997:
1993:
1987:
1980:
1976:
1970:
1968:
1952:
1948:
1942:
1926:
1924:9789814136068
1920:
1916:
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1910:
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1889:
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749:
748:
742:
734:
731:
716:
707:
703:
690:
686:
682:
679:
676:
668:
663:Cost-recovery
660:
658:
654:
652:
648:
646:
642:
638:
636:
626:
618:
613:Other charges
610:
598:
595:
592:
591:Sewer charge:
589:
586:
583:
579:
576:
572:
571:Basic charge:
569:
568:
552:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
529:
527:
521:
519:
515:
505:
503:
499:
494:
489:
487:
481:
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459:
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448:
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389:
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383:
382:
378:
375:
372:
369:
368:
365:
362:
360:
357:
355:
352:
350:
349:
345:
344:water utility
341:
337:
334:
325:
323:
319:
310:
306:
303:allocated to
302:
299:The zones of
297:
288:
280:
271:
269:
258:
256:
252:
248:
244:
229:
226:
225:
221:
218:
217:
213:
210:
209:
199:
195:
186:
177:
168:
166:
162:
158:
147:
138:
129:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
94:
92:
88:
84:
80:
79:Central Luzon
76:
72:
71:Cagayan River
68:
64:
60:
56:
47:
38:
36:
32:
27:
19:
5748:Saudi Arabia
5737:
5565:South Africa
5560:Sierra Leone
5455:Burkina Faso
5285:. Retrieved
5280:
5268:
5256:. Retrieved
5251:
5239:
5227:. Retrieved
5223:
5214:
5204:November 10,
5202:. Retrieved
5198:
5189:
5177:. Retrieved
5173:
5164:
5142:cite journal
5130:. Retrieved
5114:
5101:. Retrieved
5086:
5076:
5055:cite journal
5043:. Retrieved
5030:
5009:cite journal
4997:
4975:cite journal
4963:. Retrieved
4956:the original
4942:
4929:. Retrieved
4922:the original
4909:
4896:
4875:cite journal
4863:
4851:. Retrieved
4847:the original
4840:
4830:
4817:. Retrieved
4803:
4775:. Retrieved
4771:
4761:
4749:. Retrieved
4745:
4735:
4723:. Retrieved
4718:
4706:
4694:. Retrieved
4690:
4666:. Retrieved
4662:
4653:
4641:. Retrieved
4628:
4607:cite journal
4595:. Retrieved
4582:
4570:. Retrieved
4557:
4536:cite journal
4524:. Retrieved
4510:
4497:
4491:
4474:
4462:. Retrieved
4449:
4436:. Retrieved
4432:
4428:
4397:
4385:. Retrieved
4381:the original
4371:
4359:. Retrieved
4355:the original
4348:
4339:
4327:. Retrieved
4323:the original
4313:
4301:. Retrieved
4287:
4275:. Retrieved
4266:
4257:
4245:. Retrieved
4241:
4232:
4220:. Retrieved
4216:
4207:
4195:. Retrieved
4185:
4172:. Retrieved
4157:
4147:
4125:cite journal
4113:. Retrieved
4097:
4092:, p. 53, 162
4084:. Retrieved
4077:the original
4064:
4051:
4039:. Retrieved
4035:
4026:
4014:. Retrieved
4010:
4001:
3989:. Retrieved
3985:
3976:
3964:. Retrieved
3955:
3943:. Retrieved
3934:
3923:
3901:cite journal
3889:. Retrieved
3882:the original
3868:
3855:. Retrieved
3840:
3805:cite journal
3793:. Retrieved
3782:
3777:, p. 212–217
3756:
3752:
3746:
3725:cite journal
3714:
3705:
3692:. Retrieved
3677:
3670:
3657:. Retrieved
3652:
3648:
3635:
3622:. Retrieved
3617:
3613:
3600:
3587:. Retrieved
3582:
3578:
3565:
3543:cite journal
3531:. Retrieved
3524:the original
3510:
3497:. Retrieved
3492:
3488:
3475:
3453:cite journal
3435:
3401:
3397:
3391:
3378:. Retrieved
3373:
3369:
3356:
3334:cite journal
3322:. Retrieved
3279:cite journal
3267:. Retrieved
3229:cite journal
3217:. Retrieved
3194:, p. 116–118
3186:. Retrieved
3168:
3158:
3136:cite journal
3124:
3102:cite journal
3090:. Retrieved
3074:
3062:. Retrieved
3049:
3037:. Retrieved
3033:the original
3023:
3002:cite journal
2990:. Retrieved
2986:the original
2975:
2963:
2941:cite journal
2929:. Retrieved
2888:cite journal
2859:. Retrieved
2855:
2828:. Retrieved
2824:
2814:
2802:. Retrieved
2799:Manila Water
2798:
2771:. Retrieved
2767:the original
2756:
2718:cite journal
2706:. Retrieved
2667:
2660:
2648:
2643:
2615:. Retrieved
2611:
2591:
2586:
2573:
2551:cite journal
2539:. Retrieved
2523:
2501:cite journal
2489:. Retrieved
2482:the original
2468:
2446:cite journal
2434:. Retrieved
2418:
2406:. Retrieved
2396:
2384:. Retrieved
2375:
2370:, p. 112–113
2353:cite journal
2341:. Retrieved
2325:
2303:cite journal
2291:. Retrieved
2248:cite journal
2236:. Retrieved
2195:cite journal
2183:. Retrieved
2176:the original
2162:
2140:cite journal
2128:. Retrieved
2112:
2090:cite journal
2078:. Retrieved
2062:
2040:cite journal
2028:
2016:
2003:
1991:
1986:
1974:
1954:. Retrieved
1950:
1941:
1928:. Retrieved
1913:
1903:
1891:. Retrieved
1887:
1878:
1835:
1825:forest cover
1822:
1788:
1765:
1753:
1732:
1723:
1714:
1710:
1704:
1698:
1692:
1688:components:
1683:
1671:
1655:
1643:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1621:
1618:
1609:
1605:water tariff
1601:
1597:
1588:
1584:
1572:
1548:
1534:
1528:
1527:
1524:
1523:
1296:
1286:
1280:
1263:
1258:
1254:
1246:
1234:
1225:
1208:
1199:
1180:
1164:
1149:
1139:
1135:
1133:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1056:
1033:
1029:
1002:
996:
990:
968:
961:
950:
931:
925:
908:
880:
869:
858:
853:
835:
813:
801:
770:
764:
757:
750:
740:
727:
713:
704:
669:
666:
656:
655:
651:Metro Manila
650:
649:
644:
643:
639:
632:
624:
616:
608:
596:
590:
584:
577:
570:
541:Manila Water
530:
522:
511:
490:
482:
478:
475:Water supply
363:
358:
353:
340:Benchmarking
331:
314:
309:Manila Water
301:Metro Manila
285:
264:
240:
192:
183:
174:
153:
144:
141:Agricultural
135:
110:Ambuklao Dam
95:
63:river basins
52:
31:water supply
28:
26:
6073:El Salvador
6000:Switzerland
5935:Netherlands
5819:New Zealand
5802:Australasia
5758:South Korea
5738:Philippines
5616:Afghanistan
5570:South Sudan
5495:Ivory Coast
5229:November 9,
5179:November 9,
4696:November 9,
4668:November 9,
4247:October 29,
4238:"R.A. 9275"
4222:October 29,
4197:October 24,
4041:November 9,
4016:November 9,
3991:November 9,
2861:November 7,
2830:November 7,
2804:November 7,
2057:, p. 12; 36
1956:October 29,
1893:October 29,
1743:Pasig River
810:facilities.
106:La Mesa Dam
6199:Categories
6058:Costa Rica
5814:East Timor
5703:Kyrgyzstan
5693:Kazakhstan
5626:Bangladesh
5621:Azerbaijan
5535:Mozambique
5287:October 2,
5258:October 3,
5159:, p. 18–19
5120:World Bank
4725:October 3,
4721:. May 2012
4634:World Bank
4563:World Bank
4418:World Bank
4387:August 27,
4293:"About Us"
4103:World Bank
3595:, p. 33–34
3312:World Bank
3164:World Bank
3080:World Bank
2919:World Bank
2696:World Bank
2529:World Bank
2424:World Bank
2408:January 4,
2386:January 4,
2331:World Bank
2281:World Bank
2226:World Bank
2118:World Bank
2068:World Bank
1871:References
1575:World Bank
1569:World Bank
932:2001-2004.
889:concession
710:Investment
518:sanitation
454:Financing
379:Level III
376:Level III
307:(red) and
227:Level III
165:Region III
161:Calabarzon
150:Industrial
114:irrigation
91:hydropower
67:reservoirs
6184:Venezuela
6129:Argentina
6103:Nicaragua
6078:Guatemala
5930:Lithuania
5809:Australia
5763:Sri Lanka
5753:Singapore
5733:Palestine
5663:Indonesia
5641:Hong Kong
5386:By region
5132:April 16,
5103:April 14,
5045:April 16,
4931:April 10,
4918:0119-3880
4853:April 14,
4819:April 14,
4643:April 14,
4597:April 19,
4572:April 14,
4526:April 14,
4464:April 14,
4438:April 21,
4174:April 14,
4086:April 10,
4073:0119-3880
3857:April 14,
3795:April 15,
3773:221015268
3694:April 25,
3426:154296550
3418:1387-585X
3064:April 11,
3039:April 11,
2992:April 11,
2773:April 14,
2491:April 15,
1930:April 14,
1769:coliforms
1279:Approval
1015:Mati City
1011:Mar Roxas
916:watershed
826:provinces
818:Barangays
574:schedule.
322:Subic Bay
219:Level II
122:Magat Dam
98:Angat Dam
6164:Paraguay
6149:Colombia
6088:Honduras
6030:Scotland
5985:Slovenia
5980:Slovakia
5960:Portugal
5865:Bulgaria
5778:Thailand
5728:Pakistan
5718:Malaysia
5631:Cambodia
5600:Zimbabwe
5580:Tanzania
5485:Ethiopia
5480:Eswatini
5465:Cameroon
5445:Botswana
4965:April 8,
4937:, p. 122
4777:March 5,
4751:March 5,
4444:, p. 7–8
4361:July 14,
4329:June 19,
4303:July 14,
4297:Archived
4277:July 14,
4271:Archived
4142:, p. 209
4115:April 9,
3966:June 19,
3945:June 19,
3891:April 9,
3700:, p. 4-7
3659:April 8,
3624:April 8,
3589:April 8,
3533:April 9,
3499:April 8,
3470:, pp. 73
3443:(2006).
3430:, p. 244
3380:April 8,
3351:, p. 109
3324:April 9,
3269:April 8,
3219:April 8,
3188:April 9,
3119:, p. 123
3092:April 9,
2958:, p. 122
2931:April 9,
2856:Maynilad
2735:, p. 107
2708:April 9,
2541:April 9,
2463:, p. 113
2436:April 9,
2343:April 9,
2320:, p. 110
2293:April 9,
2265:, p. 116
2238:April 9,
2185:April 9,
2157:, p. 116
2130:April 9,
2107:, p. 110
2080:April 9,
1854:See also
1240:and the
900:of 1997.
807:barangay
463:Tariffs
211:Level I
171:Domestic
83:Cotabato
6179:Uruguay
6154:Ecuador
6134:Bolivia
6093:Jamaica
6010:Ukraine
5970:Romania
5915:Iceland
5910:Hungary
5900:Germany
5890:Finland
5885:Estonia
5880:Denmark
5870:Croatia
5855:Belgium
5850:Austria
5845:Armenia
5840:Albania
5788:Vietnam
5713:Lebanon
5653:Georgia
5585:Tunisia
5555:Senegal
5545:Nigeria
5540:Namibia
5530:Morocco
5510:Liberia
5505:Lesotho
5460:Burundi
5435:Algeria
5224:Rappler
5199:Rappler
4992:, p. 10
4772:Rappler
3918:, p. iv
3665:, p. 36
3630:, p. 34
3505:, p. 33
3386:, p. 32
2905:, p. 16
1839:aquifer
1790:El Niño
1761:Tourism
1757:Fishing
1563:Bayawan
1493:130.00
1297:A Loans
1285:Amount
1270:Number
1142:, is a
911:Estrada
724:History
629:Tariffs
537:Bayawan
346:models
320:and in
311:(blue).
126:Isabela
102:Ipo Dam
75:Cagayan
6159:Guyana
6139:Brazil
6108:Panama
6098:Mexico
6053:Canada
6048:Belize
6005:Turkey
5995:Sweden
5975:Russia
5955:Poland
5950:Serbia
5945:Norway
5925:Latvia
5905:Greece
5895:France
5833:Europe
5773:Taiwan
5743:Russia
5698:Kuwait
5688:Jordan
5668:Israel
5595:Zambia
5590:Uganda
5550:Rwanda
5520:Malawi
5440:Angola
5428:Africa
5109:, p. 8
5094:
4916:
4869:39–40.
4825:, p. 5
4810:
4180:, p. 3
4165:
4071:
3863:, p. 6
3848:
3771:
3685:
3560:, p. 2
3424:
3416:
3296:, p. 5
3179:
3130:Book".
2882:Book".
2675:
2617:May 9,
2518:, p. 1
2212:, p. 4
2034:Book".
1936:, p. 5
1921:
1652:Issues
1515:24.00
1471:26.40
1449:24.00
1427:39.30
1405:46.00
1383:42.80
1361:49.00
1339:16.80
1317:51.30
1273:Title
1093:": -->
1065:": -->
1026:Policy
935:Arroyo
866:zones.
830:cities
828:, and
657:Others
635:tariff
600:meter.
549:Taguig
470:Access
435:15.37
432:17.82
247:UNICEF
163:, and
116:, and
104:, and
55:rivers
6144:Chile
6083:Haiti
5990:Spain
5920:Italy
5793:Yemen
5768:Syria
5683:Japan
5658:India
5646:Macau
5636:China
5575:Sudan
5515:Libya
5500:Kenya
5490:Ghana
5475:Egypt
5450:Benin
5277:(PDF)
5248:(PDF)
5127:(PDF)
4959:(PDF)
4952:(PDF)
4925:(PDF)
4906:(PDF)
4800:(PDF)
4715:(PDF)
4592:(PDF)
4520:(PDF)
4502:(PDF)
4483:(PDF)
4425:(PDF)
4110:(PDF)
4080:(PDF)
4061:(PDF)
3885:(PDF)
3878:(PDF)
3769:S2CID
3645:(PDF)
3610:(PDF)
3575:(PDF)
3527:(PDF)
3520:(PDF)
3485:(PDF)
3422:S2CID
3366:(PDF)
3319:(PDF)
3264:(PDF)
3214:(PDF)
3173:(PDF)
3087:(PDF)
3058:(PDF)
2926:(PDF)
2703:(PDF)
2536:(PDF)
2485:(PDF)
2478:(PDF)
2431:(PDF)
2338:(PDF)
2288:(PDF)
2233:(PDF)
2179:(PDF)
2172:(PDF)
2125:(PDF)
2075:(PDF)
1518:DPWH
1504:1052
1496:MWSS
1474:MWSS
1452:DPWH
1430:MWSS
1408:LWUA
1386:MWSS
1364:MWSS
1342:LWUA
1320:MWSS
1281:Date
1276:Type
969:2008.
962:2006.
951:2004.
881:1997.
870:1996.
859:1995.
836:1992.
814:1991.
802:1987.
776:rural
771:1980.
765:1976.
758:1973.
751:1971.
429:7.60
132:Usage
59:lakes
6169:Peru
6063:Cuba
5723:Oman
5708:Laos
5678:Iraq
5673:Iran
5609:Asia
5525:Mali
5289:2015
5260:2015
5231:2015
5206:2015
5181:2015
5155:help
5134:2008
5105:2008
5092:ISBN
5068:help
5047:2008
5022:help
4988:help
4967:2008
4933:2008
4914:ISSN
4888:help
4855:2008
4821:2008
4808:ISBN
4779:2024
4753:2024
4727:2015
4698:2015
4670:2015
4645:2008
4620:help
4599:2008
4574:2008
4549:help
4528:2008
4466:2008
4440:2008
4389:2008
4363:2023
4331:2016
4305:2023
4279:2023
4249:2015
4224:2015
4199:2011
4176:2008
4163:ISBN
4138:help
4117:2008
4088:2008
4069:ISSN
4043:2015
4018:2015
3993:2015
3968:2016
3947:2016
3914:help
3893:2008
3859:2008
3846:ISBN
3818:help
3797:2008
3738:help
3696:2008
3683:ISBN
3661:2008
3653:2002
3626:2008
3618:2002
3591:2008
3583:2002
3556:help
3535:2008
3501:2008
3493:2002
3466:help
3414:ISSN
3382:2008
3374:2002
3347:help
3326:2008
3292:help
3271:2008
3246:p. 5
3242:help
3221:2008
3190:2008
3177:ISBN
3149:help
3115:help
3094:2008
3066:2008
3041:2008
3015:help
2994:2008
2954:help
2933:2008
2901:help
2863:2022
2832:2022
2806:2022
2775:2008
2731:help
2710:2008
2673:ISBN
2619:2017
2577:IRC:
2564:help
2543:2008
2514:help
2493:2008
2459:help
2438:2008
2410:2013
2388:2013
2366:help
2345:2008
2316:help
2295:2008
2261:help
2240:2008
2208:help
2187:2008
2153:help
2132:2008
2103:help
2082:2008
2053:help
1958:2015
1932:2008
1919:ISBN
1895:2015
1804:The
1759:and
1741:The
1644:The
1573:The
1482:986
1460:947
1438:812
1416:645
1394:545
1372:457
1350:351
1328:251
1306:190
1209:The
1165:The
1134:The
1095:edit
1067:edit
1034:The
1003:2015
997:2014
991:2013
883:The
784:US$
407:144
404:120
401:112
249:and
87:Dams
5003:16.
3761:doi
3406:doi
1551:GTZ
1501:10
1291:EA
488:".
393:22
390:23
387:19
342:of
251:WHO
245:of
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