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361:. Challenges inherent to waterjet technology revealed the inadequacies of traditional G-Code. The accuracy depends on varying the speed of the nozzle as it approaches corners and details. Creating motion control systems to incorporate those variables became a major innovation for leading waterjet manufacturers in the early 1990s, with John Olsen of OMAX Corporation developing systems to precisely position the waterjet nozzle while accurately specifying the speed at every point along the path, and also utilizing common PCs as a controller. The largest waterjet manufacturer, Flow International (a spinoff of Flow Industries), recognized the benefits of that system and licensed the OMAX software, with the result that the vast majority of waterjet cutting machines worldwide are simple to use, fast, and accurate.
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423:, or width, of the cut can be adjusted by swapping parts in the nozzle, as well as changing the type and size of the abrasive. Typical abrasive cuts have a kerf in the range of 0.04 to 0.05 in (1.0â1.3 mm), but can be as narrow as 0.02 inches (0.51 mm). Non-abrasive cuts are normally 0.007 to 0.013 in (0.18â0.33 mm), but can be as small as 0.003 inches (0.076 mm), which is approximately that of a human hair. These small jets can permit small details in a wide range of applications.
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cutting head's orifice size), and the water can be recycled using a closed-loop system. Waste water usually is clean enough to filter and dispose of down a drain. The garnet abrasive is a non-toxic material that can be mostly recycled for repeated use; otherwise, it can usually be disposed of in a landfill. Water jets also produce fewer airborne dust particles, smoke, fumes, and contaminants, reducing operator exposure to hazardous materials.
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385:. An intensifier pump creates pressure by using hydraulic oil to move a piston forcing the water through a tiny hole. The water then travels along the high-pressure tubing to the nozzle of the waterjet. In the nozzle, the water is focused into a thin beam by a jewel orifice. This beam of water is ejected from the nozzle, cutting through the material by spraying it with the jet of speed on the order of
140:, it was not until the 1930s that narrow jets of water started to appear as an industrial cutting device. In 1933, the Paper Patents Company in Wisconsin developed a paper metering, cutting, and reeling machine that used a diagonally moving waterjet nozzle to cut a horizontally moving sheet of continuous paper. These early applications were at low pressure and restricted to soft materials like paper.
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a part that will later be welded, or for taper compensation purposes where the kerf angle is transferred to the waste material â thus eliminating the taper commonly found on water jet-cut parts. A 5-axis head can cut parts where the Z-axis is also moving along with all the other axes. This full 5-axis cutting could be used for cutting contours on various surfaces of formed parts.
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the Mohs scale)". Examples of materials that cannot be cut with a water jet are tempered glass and diamonds. Water jets are capable of cutting up to 6 in (150 mm) of metals and 18 in (460 mm) of most materials, though in specialized coal mining applications, water jets are capable of cutting up to 100 ft (30 m) using a 1 in (25 mm) nozzle.
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and Norman Franz in the late 1960s focused on waterjet cutting of soft materials by dissolving long-chain polymers in the water to improve the cohesiveness of the jet stream. In the early 1970s, the desire to improve the durability of the waterjet nozzle led Ray
Chadwick, Michael Kurko, and Joseph Corriveau of the Bendix Corporation to come up with the idea of using
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which now consists of three components (water - abrasive - air). In the focusing tube, which is (should be) optimised in its length for this purpose, the abrasive is further accelerated (energy transfer from the water to the abrasive grain) and the AWIJ ideally leaves the focusing tube at the maximum possible abrasive grain speed.
241:, and his team continued to develop and improve the AWJ technology and its hardware for many applications. A critical development was creating a durable mixing tube that could withstand the power of the high-pressure AWJ, and it was Boride Products (now Kennametal) development of their ROCTEC line of ceramic
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Due to its relatively narrow kerf, water jet cutting can reduce the amount of scrap material produced, by allowing uncut parts to be nested more closely together than traditional cutting methods. Water jets use approximately 0.5 to 1 US gal (1.9â3.8 L) per minute (depending on the
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Working with
Ingersoll-Rand Waterjet Systems, Michael Dixon implemented the first production practical means of cutting titanium sheetsâan abrasive waterjet system very similar to those in widespread use today. By January 1989, that system was being run 24 hours a day producing titanium parts for the
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A 5-axis cutting head can be used to cut 4-axis parts, where the bottom surface geometries are shifted a certain amount to produce the appropriate angle and the Z-axis remains at one height. This can be useful for applications like weld preparation where a bevel angle needs to be cut on all sides of
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Edge quality for water jet cut parts is defined with the quality numbers Q1 through Q5. Lower numbers indicate rougher edge finish; higher numbers are smoother. For thin materials, the difference in cutting speed for Q1 could be as much as 3 times faster than the speed for Q5. For thicker materials,
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Materials commonly cut with a water jet include textiles, rubber, foam, plastics, leather, composites, stone, tile, glass, metals, food, paper and much more. "Most ceramics can also be cut on an abrasive water jet as long as the material is softer than the abrasive being used (between 7.5 and 8.5 on
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After contact with the abrasive material in the mixing chamber with the water jet, the individual abrasive grains are accelerated and entrained in the direction of the focusing tube. The air used as a carrier medium for transporting the abrasive into the mixing chamber also becomes part of the AWIJ,
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With recent advances in control and motion technology, 5-axis water jet cutting (abrasive and pure) has become a reality. Where the normal axes on a water jet are named Y (back/forth), X (left/right) and Z (up/down), a 5-axis system will typically add an A axis (angle from perpendicular) and C axis
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Since there are only 2 components (water and abrasive) in the AWSJ, the acceleration of the abrasive grains by the water takes place with a significantly increased efficiency compared to the AWIJ. The abrasive grains become faster with the WASS than with the WAIS for the same hydraulic power of the
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required a catalyst to be injected into the polyethylene. McCartney
Manufacturing Company in Baxter Springs, Kansas, began manufacturing these high-pressure pumps in 1960 for the polyethylene industry. Flow Industries in Kent, Washington set the groundwork for commercial viability of waterjets with
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crystal to form a waterjet orifice, while Norman Franz expanded on this and created a waterjet nozzle with an orifice as small as 0.002 inches (0.051 mm) that operated at pressures up to 70,000 psi (480 MPa). John Olsen, along with George
Hurlburt and Louis Kapcsandy at Flow Research
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explored using a pulsing waterjet at up to 50,000 psi (340 MPa) to cut metals, stone, and other materials. Research by S.J. Leach and G.L. Walker in the mid-1960s expanded on traditional coal waterjet cutting to determine the ideal nozzle shape for high-pressure waterjet cutting of stone,
622:(rotation around the Z-axis). Depending on the cutting head, the maximum cutting angle for the A axis can be anywhere from 55, 60, or in some cases even 90 degrees from vertical. As such, 5-axis cutting opens up a wide range of applications that can be machined on a water jet cutting machine.
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Specially designed water jet cutters are commonly used to remove excess bitumen from road surfaces that have become the subject of binder flushing. Flushing is a natural occurrence caused during hot weather where the aggregate becomes level with the bituminous binder layer creating a hazardously
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AWSJ cutting, in contrast to the AWIJ cutting process described below, can also be used for mobile cutting applications and cutting underwater, in addition to machining demanding materials. Examples include bomb disposal, as well as the dismantling of offshore installations or the dismantling of
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While cutting with water is possible for soft materials, adding an abrasive turned the water jet into a modern machining tool for all materials. This began in 1935 when the idea of adding an abrasive to the water stream was developed by Elmo Smith for liquid abrasive blasting. Smithâs design was
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in the 1982 BHR proceedings showing, for the first time, that waterjets with relatively small amounts of abrasives are capable of cutting hard materials such as steel and concrete. The March 1984 issue of the
Mechanical Engineering magazine showed more details and materials cut with AWJ such as
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High-pressure systems were further shaped by the aviation, automotive, and oil industries. Aircraft manufacturers such as Boeing developed seals for hydraulically boosted control systems in the 1940s, while automotive designers followed similar research for hydraulic suspension systems. Higher
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Waterjet technology evolved in the post-war era as researchers around the world searched for new methods of efficient cutting systems. In 1956, Carl
Johnson of Durox International in Luxembourg developed a method for cutting plastic shapes using a thin stream high-pressure water jet, but those
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The AWIJ is generated by a water jet that passes through a mixing chamber (a cavity) after exiting the water nozzle and enters a focusing tube at the exit of the mixing chamber. The interaction of the water jet in the mixing chamber with the air inside creates negative pressure, the water jet
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Commercial water jet cutting systems are available from manufacturers all over the world, in a range of sizes, and with water pumps capable of a range of pressures. Typical water jet cutting machines have a working envelope as small as a few square feet, or up to hundreds of square feet.
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The
Abrasive Water Suspension Jet (AWSJ) - often called âSlurry Jetâ or âWater Abrasive Suspension (WAS) jetâ - is a specific type of abrasive water jet, which is used for waterjet cutting. In contrast to the abrasive water injector jet (AWIJ), the abrasive water suspension jet (AWSJ) is
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High-pressure vessels and pumps became affordable and reliable with the advent of steam power. By the mid-1800s, steam locomotives were common and the first efficient steam-driven fire engine was operational. By the turn of the century, high-pressure reliability improved, with
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John Olsenâs development of the high-pressure fluid intensifier in 1973, a design that was further refined in 1976. Flow
Industries then combined the high-pressure pump research with their waterjet nozzle research and brought waterjet cutting into the manufacturing world.
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Because the nature of the cutting stream can be easily modified the water jet can be used in nearly every industry; there are many different materials that the water jet can cut. Some of them have unique characteristics that require special attention when cutting.
381:. There are two types of pumps used to create this high pressure; an intensifier pump and a direct drive or crankshaft pump. A direct drive pump works much like a car engine, forcing water through high-pressure tubing using plungers attached to a
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composite tubes that significantly increased the operational life of the AWJ nozzle. Current work on AWJ nozzles is on micro abrasive waterjets so that cutting with jets smaller than 0.015 inches (0.38 mm) in diameter can be commercialized.
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Waterjet cutting is often used during the fabrication of machine parts. It is the preferred method when the materials being cut are sensitive to the high temperatures generated by other methods; examples of such materials include plastic and
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materials, like paper, were soft materials. In 1958, Billie
Schwacha of North American Aviation developed a system using ultra-high-pressure liquid to cut hard materials. This system used a 100,000 psi (690 MPa) pump to deliver a
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Because of the angles that can be cut, part programs may need to have additional cuts to free the part from the sheet. Attempting to slide a complex part at a severe angle from a plate can be difficult without appropriate relief cuts.
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In 1987, Ingersoll-Rand
Waterjet Systems offered a 5-axis pure-water waterjet cutting system called the Robotic Waterjet System. The system was an overhead gantry design, similar in overall size to the HS-1000.
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characterised by the fact that the mixing of abrasive and water takes place before the nozzle. This has the effect that, in contrast to AWIJ, the jet consists of only two components: the water and the abrasive.
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Q1 could be 6 times faster than Q5. For example, 4 inches (100 mm) thick aluminium Q5 would be 0.72 in/min (18 mm/min) and Q1 would be 4.2 in/min (110 mm/min), 5.8 times faster.
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entrains air particles. This negative pressure is used for the pneumatic transport of the abrasive into the chamber (the abrasive is led to a lateral opening (bore) of the mixing chamber by means of a hose).
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Uses a high-velocity stream of ultra high-pressure water 30,000â90,000 psi (210â620 MPa) which is produced by a high-pressure pump with possible abrasive particles suspended in the stream.
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leading to a sixfold increase in boiler pressure, some reaching 1,600 psi (11 MPa). Most high-pressure pumps at this time, though, operated around 500â800 psi (3.4â5.5 MPa).
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As waterjet cutting moved into traditional manufacturing shops, controlling the cutter reliably and accurately was essential. Early waterjet cutting systems adapted traditional systems such as
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further refined by Leslie Tirrell of the Hydroblast Corporation in 1937, resulting in a nozzle design that created a mix of high-pressure water and abrasive for the purpose of wet blasting.
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All waterjets follow the same principle of using high-pressure water focused into a beam by a nozzle. Most machines accomplish this by first running the water through a high-pressure
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169:(later Flow Industries), further improved the commercial potential of the water jet by showing that treating the water beforehand could increase the operational life of the nozzle.
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ZeleĆĂĄk, M.; Foldyna, J.; Linde, M.; Pude, F.; Rentsch, T.; Fernolendt, J.; Poort, H.U. (2016-01-01), "Measurement and Analysis of Abrasive Particles Velocities in AWSJ",
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These advances in seal technology, plus the rise of plastics in the post-war years, led to the development of the first reliable high-pressure pump. The invention of
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Water jet cutters are also capable of producing intricate cuts in material. With specialized software and 3-D machining heads, complex shapes can be produced.
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Distance of the nozzle from the workpiece affects the size of the kerf and the removal rate of material. Typical distance is .125 in (3.2 mm).
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3, around 2,500 ft/s (760 m/s). The process is the same for abrasive waterjets until the water reaches the nozzle. Here abrasives such as
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While not effective for the XB-70 project, the concept was valid and further research continued to evolve waterjet cutting. In 1962, Philip Rice of
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Hereâs an in-depth educational piece detailing how a waterjet works, what it can cut, and how waterjets compare to other CNC cutting technologies.
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Produces a taper of less than 1° on most cuts, which can be reduced or eliminated entirely by slowing down the cut process or tilting the jet.
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titanium, aluminium, glass, and stone. Mohamed Hashish was awarded a patent on forming AWJ in 1987. Hashish, who also coined the new term
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refers specifically to the use of a mixture of water and an abrasive to cut hard materials such as metal, stone or glass, while the terms
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Water jets are capable of attaining accuracy down to 0.005 inches (0.13 mm) and repeatability down to 0.001 inches (0.025 mm).
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An important benefit of the water jet is the ability to cut material without interfering with its inherent structure, as there is no
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Ultra-high-pressure water pumps are available from as low as 40,000 psi (280 MPa) up to 100,000 psi (690 MPa).
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liquid jet that could cut high-strength alloys such as PH15-7-MO stainless steel. Used to cut honeycomb laminate for the Mach 3
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413:, or changing intrinsic properties. Sharp corners, bevels, pierce holes, and shapes with minimal inner radii are all possible.
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pressures in hydraulic systems in the oil industry also led to the development of advanced seals and packing to prevent leaks.
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refer to waterjet cutting without the use of added abrasives, often used for softer materials such as wood or rubber.
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1149:(in German). Ingenieur-Spiegel. Band 3-2019. Public Verlagsgesellschaft und Anzeigenagentur mbH, Bingen, S. 23â25.
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Is used for machining a large array of materials, including heat-sensitive, delicate, or very hard materials.
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Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences
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1204:"SpektakulÀrer Robotereinsatz: StÀublis Unterwasser-Roboter zerlegt radioaktive AKW-Bestandteile"
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Prof. Dr.-Ing.Michael Kaufeld, Prof. Dr.-Ing. Frank Pude, Dipl.-ing. Marco Linde (March 2019).
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Boride Corp develops abrasive waterjet cutting nozzles of ceramic tungsten carbide material.
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409:(HAZ). Minimizing the effects of heat allows metals to be cut without warping, affecting
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1656:"Waterjetting Technology â Pipe Straighteners | KMT Waterjet | KMT Waterjet"
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While using high-pressure water for erosion dates back as far as the mid-1800s with
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Leach, S.J. and G.L. Walker, The Application of High Speed Liquid Jets to Cutting,
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The first publications on modern abrasive waterjet (AWJ) cutting were published by
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1776:, A look inside the physics of achieving high pressure water for waterjet cutting.
1072:"Wasser-Abrasiv-Suspensions-Strahl-schneiden (WASS) â Institut fĂŒr Werkstoffkunde"
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system. Therefore, comparatively deeper or faster cuts can be made with the AWSJ.
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B-1B largely at Rockwell's North American Aviation facility in Newark, Ohio.
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573: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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1190:"Decommissioning Project Completed for Middle East Offshore Platform"
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Method and Apparatus for Forming a High Velocity Liquid Abrasive Jet
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Chadwick, Ray F Chadwick, Michael C Kurko, and Joseph A Corriveau,
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systems based on John Parsonsâ 1952 NC milling machine and running
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There are six main process characteristics of water jet cutting:
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Very High Velocity Fluid Jet Nozzles and Methods of Making Same
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reactor pressure vessel installations in nuclear power plants.
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at high speed, requiring changes to the manufacturing process.
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Olsen, John H., George H. Hurlburt, and Louis E. Kapcsandy,
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Today, there are two different types of Abrasive Waterjets:
99:. Waterjet cutting is used in various industries, including
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707:"Waterjet Cutting History - Origins of the Waterjet Cutter"
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Produces no heat damage to the workpiece surface or edges.
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2746:
2526:
1129:"Hochleistungsverfahren bezwingt Hochleistungswerkstoffe"
354:
1609:"Waterjet Cutting - Cut Metal, Stone, Paper, Composites"
1477:
Lorincz, Jim. Waterjets: Evolving from Macro to Micro,
1084:
785:, filed October 26, 1962, and issued October 19, 1965.
4520:
International Federation of Building and Wood Workers
1066:
1064:
919:, filed August 12, 1957, and issued October 17, 1961.
744:
Method for Cutting Up Plastic and Semi-Plastic Masses
1232:"Machining & CNC Manufacturing: A brief history"
1037:"ROCTEC Composite Carbide Abrasive Waterjet Nozzles"
824:, filed March 1, 1971, and issued September 4, 1973.
798:, Vol 260, No 1110, July 28, 1966, pp. 295â310.
1481:, Society of Manufacturing Engineers, November 2009
1304:, filed October 7, 1993, and issued April 16, 1996.
1026:, filed October 7, 1985, and issued March 10, 1987.
1010:, filed April 3, 1937, and issued October 17, 1939.
1061:
971:, filed January 12, 1973, and issued May 21, 1974.
850:, filed June 21, 1976, and issued August 12, 1980.
759:, filed October 13, 1958, and issued May 23, 1961.
746:, filed March 13, 1956, and issued April 14, 1959.
1703:
1515:Lorincz, Waterjets: Evolving from Macro to Micro.
1259:"What Really Determines the Time to Make a Part?"
1234:. Worcester Polytechnic Institute. Archived from
1176:"BombenentschÀrfungen: Neue Wasserstrahl-Technik"
984:, filed March 16, 1976, and issued June 14, 1977.
932:, filed March 26, 1956, and issued March 4, 1958.
893:, filed March 3, 1941, and issued March 23, 1943.
837:, filed July 16, 1971, and issued August 7, 1973.
811:, filed May 31, 1968, and issued August 18, 1970.
436:using waterjet technology eliminates the risk of
4662:
1682:"Waterjet Cutting History: Origins and Timeline"
1523:
1521:
1411:
1317:. Flow International Corporation. Archived from
1022:Hashish, Mohamed, Michael Kirby and Yih-Ho Pao,
906:, filed July 11, 1958, and issued July 18, 1961.
1291:, filed May 14, 1997, and issued April 6, 1999.
997:, filed June 10, 1935, and issued May 12, 1936.
783:Process for Cutting and Working Solid Materials
2504:
1786:Milestones in the History of Water Jet Cutting
1363:
1333:
1018:
1016:
943:"KMT McCartney Products for the LDPE Industry"
733:, filed May 22, 1933, and issued July 2, 1935.
2995:
2490:
1849:
1811:
1518:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1401:"2.972 How an Abrasive Waterjet Cutter Works"
770:Valkyrie: North American's Mach 3 Superbomber
224:The Evolution of the Abrasive Waterjet Nozzle
1441:
1159:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1126:
1089:(in German), vol. 149, pp. 77â86,
1042:. Kennametal Boride Abrasive Flow Products.
257:Abrasive Water Suspension Jet (AWSJ) cutting
1791:Fabric Cutting by Water Jet Cutting Machine
1631:"What is a Waterjet cutting machine ?"
1554:"What is a Waterjet cutting machine ?"
1013:
3002:
2988:
2497:
2483:
1856:
1842:
1818:
1804:
1502:
982:High Pressure Fluid Intensifier and Method
969:High Pressure Fluid Intensifier and Method
848:Method for Making High Velocity Liquid Jet
274:Abrasive Water Injector Jet (AWIJ) cutting
1289:Motion Control for Quality in Jet Cutting
1104:
1094:
589:Learn how and when to remove this message
324:Learn how and when to remove this message
4510:Building and Wood Workers' International
704:
608:
600:
465:smooth road surface during wet weather.
447:
368:Large water jet abrasive cutting machine
363:
219:
171:
118:
25:
1679:
768:Jenkins, Dennis R & Tony R Landis,
440:since the contact medium is discarded.
4663:
1863:
928:Hogan, John Paul and Robert L. Banks,
822:Nozzle for Producing Fluid Cutting Jet
2983:
2478:
1837:
1799:
1429:from the original on 26 February 2010
949:from the original on 24 December 2012
532:
4645:
1579:"What Materials Can a Waterjet Cut?"
1049:from the original on 6 December 2008
731:Paper Metering, Cutting, and Reeling
571:adding citations to reliable sources
542:
306:adding citations to reliable sources
277:
215:
4635:
4495:American Association of Woodturners
1780:What is a Waterjet cutting machine?
1680:Schlick, Jonathan (11 March 2023).
344:
13:
1742:"Waterjet Relationship Parameters"
1351:from the original on 6 August 2016
1302:Motion Control with Precomputation
152:, this cutting method resulted in
14:
4692:
4525:National Wood Carvers Association
1755:
1722:from the original on 22 July 2015
1709:
1381:from the original on 17 June 2016
1341:"Crankshaft vs. Intensifier pump"
1256:
4644:
4634:
4625:
4624:
4500:Architectural Woodwork Institute
1825:
1762:How Can Water Cut Through Steel?
1748:from the original on 2010-09-09.
1619:from the original on 2017-04-05.
1589:from the original on 2 June 2016
1498:from the original on 2017-09-21.
1459:from the original on 2 June 2016
772:, Specialty Press, 2004, p. 108.
660:Digital modeling and fabrication
547:
521:
452:A water jet cutting a metal tool
282:
182:
3009:
1774:Waterjet Cutting â How it Works
1734:
1673:
1662:from the original on 2017-05-05
1648:
1623:
1601:
1546:
1535:from the original on 2009-02-23
1484:
1471:
1393:
1307:
1294:
1281:
1269:from the original on 6 May 2012
1250:
1224:
1210:
1196:
1182:
1173:
1167:
1135:
1120:
1078:
1029:
1000:
987:
974:
961:
935:
930:Polymers and Production Thereof
922:
909:
896:
883:
865:British Made Steam Fire Engines
853:
840:
827:
814:
558:needs additional citations for
516:
468:
293:needs additional citations for
177:Waterjet cutting machine 5-axis
75:, or a mixture of water and an
30:A diagram of a water jet cutter
4505:British Woodworking Federation
801:
788:
775:
762:
749:
736:
723:
698:
671:
655:Electrical discharge machining
605:A 5-axis waterjet cutting head
495:Nozzles are typically made of
443:
1:
4515:Caricature Carvers of America
1782:, A definition of the process
1492:"Waterjet Cutting Advantages"
757:Liquid Cutting of Hard Metals
705:Guidorzi, Elia (2022-02-03).
665:
150:North American XB-70 Valkyrie
1127:Pressestelle (8 June 2023).
1096:10.1016/j.proeng.2016.06.641
372:
107:, for cutting, shaping, and
7:
1449:"How Does a Waterjet Work?"
1419:"Basic Waterjet Principles"
917:High Pressure Packing Means
729:Fourness, Charles A et al,
633:
400:
131:
10:
4697:
4676:Metalworking cutting tools
2201:Magnetic switchable device
945:. KMT McCartney Products.
536:
477:
209:Phillips Petroleum Company
114:
18:
4620:
4594:
4543:
4530:Society of Wood Engravers
4487:
4401:
4351:
4308:
4180:
4173:
4061:
3948:
3890:
3709:
3700:
3643:
3314:
3233:
3224:
3048:
3017:
2902:
2517:
2419:
2362:
2224:
2151:
2053:
2002:
1914:
1871:
1833:
1764:, HowStuffWorks.com video
1479:Manufacturing Engineering
34:high-pressure water inlet
2943:Machine and metalworking
1206:(in German). 2021-01-07.
809:High Velocity Liquid Jet
19:Not to be confused with
2953:Measuring and alignment
2259:Engineer's spirit level
1583:OMAX Abrasive Waterjets
1453:OMAX Abrasive Waterjets
902:Templeton, Herbert W.,
891:Piston Sealing Assembly
37:jewel (ruby or diamond)
4607:Frameless construction
3688:Wood-plastic composite
2682:Oxy-fuel cutting torch
1974:Oxy-fuel cutting torch
1718:. FMA Communications.
1425:. Olsen Software LLC.
1347:. Olsen Software LLC.
614:
613:A 5-axis waterjet part
606:
453:
369:
351:mechanical pantographs
225:
179:
128:
56:
2459:Tools and terminology
2226:Measuring instruments
755:Schwacha, Billie G.,
612:
604:
451:
367:
223:
175:
122:
79:substance. The term
29:
4681:Woodworking machines
4535:Timber Framers Guild
3389:Australian Blackwood
2918:Cutting and abrasive
1613:www.kmt-waterjet.com
1087:Procedia Engineering
1006:Tirrell, Leslie L.,
889:Berry, Mitchell M.,
742:Johnson, Carl Olof,
567:improve this article
302:improve this article
203:by Robert Banks and
4255:Hammer-headed tenon
3774:Janka hardness test
2552:Ceramic tile cutter
1321:on 12 December 2013
1106:20.500.11850/119156
904:Metering Valve Seal
539:Multiaxis machining
438:cross contamination
190:locomotive research
3116:Japanese carpentry
2349:Thread pitch gauge
2314:Optical comparator
2068:Combination square
1865:Metalworking tools
1637:. 30 November 2017
1560:. 30 November 2017
833:Franz, Norman C.,
807:Franz, Norman C.,
781:Rice, Phillip K.,
615:
607:
533:Multi-axis cutting
454:
407:heat-affected zone
370:
226:
180:
129:
89:water-only cutting
63:, also known as a
57:
4658:
4657:
4612:Green woodworking
4469:Wood preservation
4397:
4396:
4300:Tongue and groove
4280:Mortise and tenon
4169:
4168:
3867:Warrington hammer
3696:
3695:
3384:African Blackwood
3176:Segmented turning
2977:
2976:
2472:
2471:
2415:
2414:
1716:TheFabricator.com
915:Webb, Derrel D.,
599:
598:
591:
334:
333:
326:
239:abrasive waterjet
216:Abrasive waterjet
49:cutting water jet
40:abrasive (garnet)
4688:
4671:Cutting machines
4648:
4647:
4638:
4637:
4628:
4627:
4178:
4177:
3847:Thickness planer
3707:
3706:
3501:(lime, basswood)
3231:
3230:
3091:Chainsaw carving
3004:
2997:
2990:
2981:
2980:
2884:Water jet cutter
2849:Sharpening stone
2687:Pencil sharpener
2499:
2492:
2485:
2476:
2475:
2289:Machinist square
2098:Needlegun scaler
2093:Machinist square
1906:Water jet cutter
1873:Cutting machines
1858:
1851:
1844:
1835:
1834:
1820:
1813:
1806:
1797:
1796:
1750:
1749:
1738:
1732:
1731:
1729:
1727:
1707:
1701:
1700:
1695:
1693:
1677:
1671:
1670:
1668:
1667:
1652:
1646:
1645:
1643:
1642:
1627:
1621:
1620:
1605:
1599:
1598:
1596:
1594:
1575:
1569:
1568:
1566:
1565:
1550:
1544:
1543:
1541:
1540:
1525:
1516:
1513:
1500:
1499:
1488:
1482:
1475:
1469:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1445:
1439:
1438:
1436:
1434:
1415:
1409:
1408:
1397:
1391:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1371:"Types of Pumps"
1367:
1361:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1337:
1331:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1311:
1305:
1300:Olsen, John H.,
1298:
1292:
1287:Olsen, John H.,
1285:
1279:
1278:
1276:
1274:
1254:
1248:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1228:
1222:
1221:
1214:
1208:
1207:
1200:
1194:
1193:
1186:
1180:
1179:
1171:
1165:
1164:
1158:
1150:
1148:
1139:
1133:
1132:
1124:
1118:
1117:
1108:
1098:
1082:
1076:
1075:
1068:
1059:
1058:
1056:
1054:
1048:
1041:
1033:
1027:
1020:
1011:
1008:Sandblast Device
1004:
998:
993:Smith, Elmo V.,
991:
985:
980:Olsen, John H.,
978:
972:
967:Olsen, John H.,
965:
959:
958:
956:
954:
939:
933:
926:
920:
913:
907:
900:
894:
887:
881:
880:
878:
876:
871:on 28 March 2012
867:. Archived from
857:
851:
844:
838:
831:
825:
818:
812:
805:
799:
792:
786:
779:
773:
766:
760:
753:
747:
740:
734:
727:
721:
720:
718:
717:
702:
696:
695:
693:
692:
683:, archived from
675:
594:
587:
583:
580:
574:
551:
543:
525:
497:tungsten carbide
345:Waterjet control
329:
322:
318:
315:
309:
286:
278:
243:tungsten carbide
138:hydraulic mining
61:water jet cutter
4696:
4695:
4691:
4690:
4689:
4687:
4686:
4685:
4661:
4660:
4659:
4654:
4616:
4602:Frame and panel
4590:
4539:
4483:
4393:
4352:Surface piecing
4347:
4304:
4225:Crown of thorns
4165:
4151:Smoothing plane
4057:
3944:
3886:
3789:Milling machine
3692:
3653:Cross-laminated
3639:
3310:
3220:
3191:Spindle turning
3181:Shingle weaving
3151:Pallet crafting
3044:
3013:
3008:
2978:
2973:
2972:
2898:
2572:Diagonal pliers
2513:
2503:
2473:
2468:
2411:
2358:
2254:Engineer's blue
2220:
2153:Machine tooling
2147:
2049:
2025:Hydraulic press
1998:
1910:
1867:
1862:
1829:
1824:
1758:
1753:
1740:
1739:
1735:
1725:
1723:
1708:
1704:
1691:
1689:
1686:Techni Waterjet
1678:
1674:
1665:
1663:
1654:
1653:
1649:
1640:
1638:
1629:
1628:
1624:
1607:
1606:
1602:
1592:
1590:
1577:
1576:
1572:
1563:
1561:
1552:
1551:
1547:
1538:
1536:
1527:
1526:
1519:
1514:
1503:
1490:
1489:
1485:
1476:
1472:
1462:
1460:
1447:
1446:
1442:
1432:
1430:
1417:
1416:
1412:
1399:
1398:
1394:
1384:
1382:
1375:www.wardjet.com
1369:
1368:
1364:
1354:
1352:
1339:
1338:
1334:
1324:
1322:
1313:
1312:
1308:
1299:
1295:
1286:
1282:
1272:
1270:
1257:Olsen, John H.
1255:
1251:
1241:
1239:
1230:
1229:
1225:
1216:
1215:
1211:
1202:
1201:
1197:
1188:
1187:
1183:
1172:
1168:
1152:
1151:
1146:
1140:
1136:
1125:
1121:
1083:
1079:
1070:
1069:
1062:
1052:
1050:
1046:
1039:
1035:
1034:
1030:
1021:
1014:
1005:
1001:
995:Liquid Blasting
992:
988:
979:
975:
966:
962:
952:
950:
941:
940:
936:
927:
923:
914:
910:
901:
897:
888:
884:
874:
872:
861:"John Ericsson"
859:
858:
854:
845:
841:
832:
828:
819:
815:
806:
802:
793:
789:
780:
776:
767:
763:
754:
750:
741:
737:
728:
724:
715:
713:
703:
699:
690:
688:
680:About waterjets
677:
676:
672:
668:
636:
595:
584:
578:
575:
564:
552:
541:
535:
519:
480:
471:
446:
403:
395:aluminium oxide
375:
347:
330:
319:
313:
310:
299:
287:
276:
259:
234:Mohamed Hashish
218:
205:John Paul Hogan
185:
134:
127:cutting machine
117:
55:
24:
21:pressure washer
17:
16:Industrial tool
12:
11:
5:
4694:
4684:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4656:
4655:
4653:
4652:
4642:
4632:
4621:
4618:
4617:
4615:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4598:
4596:
4592:
4591:
4589:
4588:
4583:
4581:Quarter sawing
4578:
4573:
4571:Wood splitting
4568:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4547:
4545:
4541:
4540:
4538:
4537:
4532:
4527:
4522:
4517:
4512:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4491:
4489:
4485:
4484:
4482:
4481:
4479:Wood finishing
4476:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4439:Paint stripper
4436:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4405:
4403:
4399:
4398:
4395:
4394:
4392:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4355:
4353:
4349:
4348:
4346:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4314:
4312:
4306:
4305:
4303:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4186:
4184:
4175:
4171:
4170:
4167:
4166:
4164:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4146:Shoulder plane
4143:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4121:Moulding plane
4118:
4113:
4111:Japanese plane
4108:
4103:
4101:Grooving plane
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4067:
4065:
4059:
4058:
4056:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3954:
3952:
3946:
3945:
3943:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3915:Flooring clamp
3912:
3907:
3902:
3896:
3894:
3888:
3887:
3885:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3872:Winding sticks
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3852:Timber-framing
3849:
3844:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3710:
3704:
3698:
3697:
3694:
3693:
3691:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3678:Particle board
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3658:Glue laminated
3655:
3649:
3647:
3641:
3640:
3638:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3320:
3318:
3312:
3311:
3309:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3239:
3237:
3228:
3222:
3221:
3219:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3196:Timber framing
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3166:Relief carving
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3066:Bush carpentry
3063:
3058:
3052:
3050:
3046:
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2908:Types of tools
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2017:
2012:
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1756:External links
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1263:Dr Olsen's Lab
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711:TechniWaterjet
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650:Plasma cutting
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537:Main article:
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1238:on 2004-08-20
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1107:
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1038:
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701:
687:on 2010-02-26
686:
682:
681:
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670:
661:
658:
656:
653:
651:
648:
646:
645:Laser cutting
643:
641:
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637:
631:
627:
623:
619:
611:
603:
593:
590:
582:
572:
568:
562:
561:
556:This section
554:
550:
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291:This section
289:
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254:
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230:
222:
213:
210:
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197:
193:
191:
183:High pressure
178:
174:
170:
167:
162:
161:Union Carbide
157:
155:
151:
147:
141:
139:
126:
121:
112:
110:
106:
102:
98:
92:
90:
86:
85:pure waterjet
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
51:
48:
45:
42:
39:
36:
33:
32:
28:
22:
4419:Heat bending
4364:Edge banding
4136:Router plane
4131:Rebate plane
4091:Finger plane
3822:
3526:
3520:
3500:
3494:Lignum vitae
3252:
3246:
3211:Wood carving
3186:Shipbuilding
3171:Root carving
3131:Log building
3096:Chip carving
2883:
2772:Concrete saw
2767:Circular saw
2752:Abrasive saw
2712:Pocket knife
2697:Pizza cutter
2672:Nail clipper
2632:Honing steel
2617:Glass cutter
2582:Diamond tool
2567:Cutting tool
2397:Steam hammer
2344:Tape measure
2334:Straightedge
2319:Radius gauge
2294:Marking blue
2284:Height gauge
2264:Feeler gauge
2244:Center gauge
2211:Rotary table
2191:Lathe center
2103:Piercing saw
2088:Hand scraper
1959:Hand scraper
1905:
1827:Metalworking
1736:
1724:. Retrieved
1715:
1705:
1697:
1690:. Retrieved
1685:
1675:
1664:. Retrieved
1650:
1639:. Retrieved
1634:
1625:
1612:
1603:
1591:. Retrieved
1582:
1573:
1562:. Retrieved
1557:
1548:
1537:. Retrieved
1531:. Jet Edge.
1486:
1478:
1473:
1461:. Retrieved
1452:
1443:
1431:. Retrieved
1422:
1413:
1404:
1395:
1383:. Retrieved
1374:
1365:
1353:. Retrieved
1344:
1335:
1323:. Retrieved
1319:the original
1309:
1296:
1283:
1271:. Retrieved
1262:
1252:
1240:. Retrieved
1236:the original
1226:
1220:(in German).
1212:
1198:
1184:
1178:(in German).
1169:
1137:
1131:(in German).
1122:
1086:
1080:
1074:(in German).
1051:. Retrieved
1031:
1002:
989:
976:
963:
951:. Retrieved
937:
924:
911:
898:
885:
873:. Retrieved
869:the original
864:
855:
842:
829:
816:
803:
795:
790:
777:
769:
764:
751:
738:
725:
714:. Retrieved
710:
700:
689:, retrieved
685:the original
679:
673:
628:
624:
620:
616:
585:
576:
565:Please help
560:verification
557:
527:
520:
517:Edge quality
508:
481:
472:
469:Availability
463:
459:
455:
432:
428:
425:
418:
415:
406:
404:
376:
348:
339:
335:
320:
311:
300:Please help
295:verification
292:
268:
264:
260:
252:
248:
238:
231:
227:
198:
194:
186:
158:
154:delaminating
142:
135:
93:
88:
84:
81:abrasive jet
80:
68:
64:
60:
58:
52:cut material
4640:WikiProject
4586:Rift sawing
4576:Flat sawing
4464:Wood drying
4141:Scrub plane
4126:Razee plane
4076:Block plane
3930:Mitre clamp
3877:Wood scribe
3828:Combination
3570:Purpleheart
3266:Douglas fir
3216:Woodturning
3049:Occupations
3011:Woodworking
2968:Woodworking
2869:Switchblade
2732:Razor strop
2717:Putty knife
2657:Meat slicer
2602:Emery cloth
2587:Disc cutter
2562:Countersink
2537:Bolt cutter
2429:Fabrication
2407:Trip hammer
2402:Swage block
2387:Hardy tools
2304:Marking out
2274:Gauge block
2161:Angle plate
2123:Tap and die
2040:Screw press
2035:Punch press
1989:Tipped tool
1944:Countersink
1939:Counterbore
1405:web.mit.edu
444:Versatility
434:Meatcutting
43:mixing tube
4665:Categories
4595:Techniques
4544:Conversion
4474:Wood stain
4402:Treatments
4190:Birdsmouth
4156:Spokeshave
4106:Jack plane
4096:Fore plane
3935:Pipe clamp
3900:Band clamp
3824:Carpenters
3645:Engineered
3595:Rubberwood
3444:Eucalyptus
3248:Calocedrus
3161:Pyrography
3126:Kohlrosing
2889:Wire brush
2859:Steel wool
2777:Coping saw
2692:Pipecutter
2647:Lawn mower
2449:Metallurgy
2309:Micrometer
2234:Bore gauge
2055:Hand tools
1666:2017-09-18
1641:2019-10-14
1564:2020-11-10
1539:2009-06-11
716:2022-02-17
691:2010-02-13
666:References
383:crankshaft
146:hypersonic
4384:Parquetry
4379:Oystering
4374:Marquetry
4215:Butterfly
3882:Workbench
3814:Sandpaper
3794:Mitre box
3739:Drawknife
3729:Burnisher
3714:Abrasives
3663:Hardboard
3324:Afromosia
3206:Whittling
3156:Parquetry
3141:Marquetry
3086:Certosina
3081:Carpentry
3071:Cabinetry
3018:Overviews
2802:Miter saw
2742:Sandpaper
2662:Mezzaluna
2597:Drill bit
2592:Drawknife
2547:Burnisher
2444:Machining
2439:Jewellery
2138:Workbench
2073:Drift pin
1896:Miter saw
1529:"Company"
1115:1877-7058
373:Operation
123:Waterjet
105:aerospace
97:aluminium
65:water jet
4630:Category
4409:Adhesive
4389:Purfling
4369:Intarsia
4310:Profiles
4235:Dovetail
4174:Geometry
4013:Hand saw
3998:Crosscut
3983:Circular
3978:Chainsaw
3925:Holdfast
3590:Rosewood
3522:American
3517:Mahogany
3489:Jelutong
3459:Hornbeam
3424:Cocobolo
3419:Chestnut
3334:Andiroba
3146:Millwork
3111:Intarsia
3106:Fretwork
3101:ĂbĂ©niste
3030:Glossary
2923:Forestry
2913:Cleaning
2874:Tool bit
2823:Scraper
2819:Scissors
2807:Wire saw
2797:Hole saw
2792:Hand saw
2762:Chainsaw
2510:abrasive
2454:Smithing
2392:Pritchel
2329:Sine bar
1994:Tool bit
1949:End mill
1886:Cold saw
1746:Archived
1720:Archived
1692:15 April
1688:. Techni
1660:Archived
1617:Archived
1587:Archived
1533:Archived
1496:Archived
1457:Archived
1427:Archived
1379:Archived
1349:Archived
1267:Archived
1155:cite web
1044:Archived
947:Archived
634:See also
579:May 2023
401:Benefits
314:May 2023
166:corundum
132:Waterjet
77:abrasive
69:waterjet
4650:Commons
4566:Whipsaw
4561:Sawmill
4454:Varnish
4449:Thermal
4424:Lacquer
4359:Binding
4328:Chamfer
4195:Biscuit
4161:Surform
4053:Whipsaw
4023:Keyhole
4008:Fretsaw
3988:Compass
3973:Bucksaw
3963:Bandsaw
3958:Backsaw
3940:Sawbuck
3910:F-clamp
3905:C-clamp
3779:Jointer
3683:Plywood
3635:Zebrano
3575:Ovankol
3540:Meranti
3528:African
3499:Linden
3454:Hickory
3409:Cedrela
3404:Camphor
3399:Bubinga
3394:Boxwood
3374:Bilinga
3359:Avodire
3276:Juniper
3261:Cypress
3136:Luthier
3025:History
2948:Masonry
2938:Kitchen
2864:Surform
2814:Scalpel
2787:Hacksaw
2782:Fretsaw
2757:Bandsaw
2677:Nibbler
2652:Machete
2506:Cutting
2464:Welding
2434:Forming
2424:Casting
2239:Caliper
2216:Wiggler
2206:Mandrel
2176:Fixture
2118:Scriber
2078:Hacksaw
1969:Nibbler
1881:Bandsaw
1726:18 July
1635:Thibaut
1593:14 June
1558:Thibaut
1463:14 June
1433:14 June
1385:14 June
1355:14 June
1273:28 June
1242:25 June
953:10 June
875:10 June
640:CryoJet
511:coolant
478:Process
411:tempers
207:of the
115:History
109:reaming
4556:Hewing
4295:Splice
4250:Halved
4245:Groove
4240:Finger
4220:Coping
4205:Bridle
4182:Joints
4063:Planes
4048:Veneer
4038:Scroll
4033:Ripsaw
4018:Jigsaw
3993:Coping
3892:Clamps
3819:Square
3809:Shaper
3804:Router
3784:Mallet
3759:Gimlet
3734:Chisel
3630:Willow
3620:Walnut
3610:Totara
3600:Sapele
3565:Poplar
3550:Padauk
3512:Merbau
3484:Jarrah
3469:Imbuia
3464:Idigbo
3429:Cumaru
3414:Cherry
3339:Anigre
3301:Spruce
3254:Cedrus
3121:Khatam
3076:Caning
3039:lumber
2958:Mining
2928:Garden
2737:Reamer
2622:Grater
2557:Chisel
2542:Broach
2382:Fuller
2171:Collet
2143:Wrench
2108:Pliers
2083:Hammer
1984:Shears
1979:Reamer
1934:Chisel
1924:Broach
1901:Plasma
1325:1 July
1113:
1053:1 July
391:garnet
359:G-code
201:Marlex
101:mining
4434:Paint
4343:Ovolo
4338:Ogive
4323:Bevel
4290:Scarf
4275:Miter
4043:Table
4028:Miter
4003:Frame
3920:Gripe
3836:Speed
3832:Miter
3764:Gauge
3754:Float
3749:Fence
3744:Drill
3702:Tools
3625:Wenge
3615:Utile
3580:Ramin
3535:Maple
3507:Lovoa
3479:Iroko
3449:Hazel
3434:Ebony
3379:Birch
3369:Beech
3364:Balsa
3354:Aspen
3349:Apple
3329:Alder
3286:Kauri
3281:Larch
3243:Cedar
3226:Woods
3201:Treen
2963:Power
2854:Snips
2837:Paint
2727:Razor
2707:Plane
2642:Laser
2637:Knife
2532:Blade
2512:tools
2377:Forge
2372:Anvil
2324:Ruler
2269:Gauge
2166:Chuck
2128:Tongs
2113:Punch
2063:Clamp
2010:Brake
1891:Laser
1174:NDR.
1147:(PDF)
1047:(PDF)
1040:(PDF)
73:water
46:guard
4333:Ogee
4318:Bead
4260:Knee
4230:Dado
4210:Butt
3950:Saws
3862:Vise
3799:Rasp
3724:Adze
3605:Teak
3560:Plum
3555:Pear
3316:Hard
3296:Rimu
3291:Pine
3235:Soft
3035:Wood
2933:Hand
2832:Hand
2827:Card
2722:Rasp
2612:Froe
2607:File
2522:Adze
2508:and
2133:Vise
1954:File
1929:Burr
1728:2015
1694:2024
1595:2016
1465:2016
1435:2016
1387:2016
1357:2016
1327:2012
1275:2012
1244:2012
1161:link
1111:ISSN
1055:2012
955:2012
877:2012
421:kerf
419:The
393:and
387:Mach
379:pump
353:and
103:and
87:and
4459:Wax
4429:Oil
4265:Lap
4200:Box
3968:Bow
3840:Try
3719:Axe
3673:OSB
3668:MDF
3545:Oak
3474:IpĂȘ
3439:Elm
3344:Ash
3306:Yew
3271:Fir
2747:Saw
2527:Axe
2186:Jig
2015:Die
1101:hdl
1091:doi
569:by
355:CNC
304:by
125:CNC
67:or
4667::
3838:,
3834:,
3830:,
3826:,
3525:,
3251:,
1744:.
1714:.
1696:.
1684:.
1658:.
1633:.
1615:.
1611:.
1585:.
1581:.
1556:.
1520:^
1504:^
1494:.
1455:.
1451:.
1421:.
1403:.
1377:.
1373:.
1343:.
1265:.
1261:.
1157:}}
1153:{{
1109:,
1099:,
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1192:.
1163:)
1103::
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23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
