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pipeline's safety precautions reflects a broader misunderstanding of
Indigenous peoples' relationships with their lands and waters.Within the NoDAPL movement, the Water Protectors were not only opposing a construction project, but were also defending their ancestral lands, cultural heritage, and the water sources essential to their livelihoods. However, the media's portrayal often reduced the movement to a dispute over land ownership and economic interests, overlooking the spiritual and cultural significance of the land and water to Indigenous communities. Anticolonial scholar Jaskiran Dhillon elaborates on the community building efforts at Standing Rock, noting that they focused on meeting everyone’s needs, including food, water, warmth, rest, and spiritual community, recognizing that only if these needs were met would people be able to participate in the resistance. She explains that Water Protectors value youth leadership building within their resistance, especially leadership building for female youth, as young Native women face intersectional gendered and racialized violence and oppression.
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export. The proposed expansion of the pipeline aims to nearly triple its capacity, allowing for a significant increase in the transportation of oil. This expansion poses large environmental risks, including the potential for oil spills that could contaminate land and waterways, as well as contributing to global climate change by facilitating the extraction and export of vast quantities of carbon-filled oil. Scholar
Michael e. Jonasson and his colleagues elaborate on the potential dangers of pipeline expansion: “With the proposed sevenfold increase in tanker traffic through TWN (and other Indigenous territories), the failure of the EIA process to seriously investigate the impact of the Trans Mountain Pipeline Expansion on the subsistence and spiritual practices of the Tsleil-Waututh First Nation (or other Indigenous nations along the pipeline), along with the many health concerns, is consistent with this observation.”
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combining resistance against destructive infrastructure projects with advocacy for renewable energy solutions, L’eau Est La Vie presents a holistic approach to environmental activism that addresses both the immediate threats posed by fossil fuel projects and the long-term need for a just transition to a renewable energy economy. Their advocacy resonates with a growing global movement that recognizes the interconnectedness of environmental protection, Indigenous rights, and climate justice, shifting the dominant perspective of resource extraction, and promoting alternative pathways towards a more equitable and sustainable future. Scholar Mariya
Strauss explains Water Protectors' use of direct action–echoing Standing Rock resistance–including community organizing and solidarity building, unifying under Indigenous self-determination and the rights of land and water.
120:"Water is life" is an expression that is connected to water protectors. The expression arises from the relationships that Indigenous communities have with water and other forms of life that they view as vital for their survival. "Water is Life" reflects the long lasting relationships that Indigenous communities have with water and what water protectors are fighting for. "Water is Life" does not just represent the need for Indigenous peoples access to clean water, but represents how water is used in ceremony and the important role water plays in their belief systems. As Potawatomi philosopher Kyle Powys Whyte explains, the idea that "water is life" is based in "Indigenous governance systems that support cultural integrity, economic vitality, and political self-determination and the capacity to shift and adjust to the dynamics of ecosystems."
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protecting water resources and
Indigenous rights. Public defender Sebastien Jongbloets explains that critical infrastructure statutes often serve to suppress speech and dissent, making it challenging for communities to voice their concerns about the environmental and social impacts of such projects. Despite these legal constraints, the activists at L’eau Est La Vie have consistently challenged the Bayou Bridge Pipeline, drawing attention to its potential to harm local waterways, wetlands, and communities. Their resistance underscores the broader Indigenous-led water protective movements across North America that advocate for environmental justice and the protection of sacred lands and waters.
101:, but are distinguished from other environmental activists by this philosophy and approach that is rooted in an indigenous cultural perspective that sees water and the land as sacred. This relationship with water moves beyond simply having access to clean drinking water, and comes from the beliefs that water is necessary for life and that water is a relative and therefore it must be treated with respect. As such, the reasons for protection of water are older, more holistic, and integrated into a larger cultural and spiritual whole than in most modern forms of environmental activism, which may be more based in seeing water and other extractive resources as commodities.
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Indigenous peoples' connections to their ancestral lands and waters, which are threatened by the project's potential environmental impacts. Water protectors and land defenders have engaged in a variety of tactics to challenge the pipeline, from direct actions and blockades to legal challenges and advocacy campaigns. Estes writes, “Indigenous resistance is not a one-time event. It continually asks: What proliferates in the absence of empire? Thus, it defines freedom not as the absence of settler colonialism, but as the amplified presence of
Indigenous life and just relations with human and nonhuman relatives, and with the earth.”
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encroachment of the pipeline, which threatens their physical territories, and spiritual and cultural ties to the land. This disruption is not only environmental but extends to the economic and social fabric of
Indigenous communities. Scholar Paarth Mittal underscores this point, stating, “Such economic transformations, pursued by the state and corporations for accumulating resource wealth, have disrupted Indigenous peoples’ physical and spiritual connections to their land and natural environment, while also subjugating Indigenous ways of economic organization to those favored by the settler-colonial state” (Mittal 123).
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flooding completely altered the entire local ecology and even reversed the flow of some rivers, Innu hunting families noted the drowning of wildlife, losses of caribou calving grounds and waterfowl, and methylmercury poisoning triggered from decomposing trees and organic matter," (Samson 12). The project has had profound environmental and cultural impacts on the Innu community, emphasizing the prioritization of industrial development and commodification of land at the expense of
Indigenous rights and ecological sustainability.
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such as the
Standing Rock Sioux Tribe's opposition to the Dakota Access Pipeline. The Wet’suwet’en resistance highlights the ongoing challenges faced by Indigenous communities in asserting their rights to self-determination and sovereignty over their lands. Despite facing legal challenges, police interventions, and corporate pressures, the Wet’suwet’en people continue to resist, drawing strength from their deep-rooted connection to the land and a shared commitment to protecting their cultural heritage for future generations.
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territories. Usually part of these encampments, when led by
Indigenous people, is a strengthening of cultural ties and traditions, with inclusion of activities like language revitalization. They also take actions outside of protesting that are rooted in ceremony. These actions include singing songs to water, offering tobacco to water, and praying to the water. Such actions reflect the importance that water holds to these communities.
162:. As the women walked, they sang and prayed, strengthening the deep ties between their communities and the Great Lakes, along with their personal connections to the water and the land. These walks and related events raised awareness and brought many Native women into a stronger relationship with the water. Although Mandamin died in February 2019, her water walks have inspired many other water walks to continue in her memory.
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436:, on the street outside the Wells Fargo and Co. headquarters in San Francisco to protest the DAPL development in what the SFWeekly termed a "guerrilla mural project." Murdoch and Belcourt have made the images produced through their Onaman Collective, including Thunderbird Woman and other images of water protectors, free for download for use at protests.
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advocacy to challenge the
Muskrat Falls megadam, demanding meaningful consultation, consent, and recognition of their inherent rights to land and resources. Water and Land Protectors blockaded the dam site’s entrance, which caused a temporary shutdown of all dam construction. Their resistance underscores the connections between economic development,
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with water and protect it. Since women are seen as life-givers in Indigenous communities, they are often the ones who are responsible for protecting the water. Oceti Sakowin historian Nick Estes provides context to the “Water Is Life” movement, framing it in the context of Indigenous resistance from perpetual colonialist destruction.
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2012, “when the community’s water table was contaminated by digging at the nearby Nova Scotia Sand and Gravel pit." This contamination not only disrupted the daily lives of the affected communities but also posed significant health risks, emphasizing the connection between environmental degradation, water health, and public health.
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mainstream media often portrays water protectors as protesters or troublemakers, overlooking the depth of their legal and moral claims to protect water resources and Indigenous territories. Such misrepresentations distort the public's understanding of the issues at hand, and undermine the legitimacy of Indigenous-led movements.
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In 2016, Native communities protested the 1,172 mile long Dakota Access Pipeline. The protest was due to the fact that the pipeline was supposed to be built on the land of Indigenous communities, and was putting water sources that those communities depend on in danger. Water protectors were
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cultures, women are seen to have a strong connection to water, the moon, and the cycles of the tide as they are able to become pregnant and give birth. Because they give life, Indigenous women hold important roles and are highly valued in their communities. Thus, women are also responsible for taking
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hydro dam project in Labrador. The Innu people have been at the forefront of resistance against the Newfoundland government-sponsored Lower Churchill hydroelectric project, particularly the Muskrat Falls megadam. Sociologist Colin Samson notes, "As the dam, the new infrastructure, and the subsequent
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Thus, in many Indigenous communities water is seen as something that brings life to other beings around it, and it is seen as a member of society that must be protected. Since water is held in such high regard, people offer gifts to the water, pray and sing to water in order to create a relationship
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pipeline. Estes provides critical insights into the Trans Mountain Pipeline and the Indigenous and water protector resistance. The Trans Mountain Pipeline, owned by the Canadian government, is an existing pipeline system that transports oil from Alberta's tar sands to the British Columbia coast for
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notes the image of "Thunderbird woman" is "an iconic image that has been seen at Standing Rock and all around the world. People have embraced that image as a symbol of strength and resiliency." On November 6, 2017, a large version of "Thunderbird woman" was painted by Murdoch in collaboration with
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Indigenous communities, particularly those along the pipeline route, have been vocal opponents of the Trans Mountain Pipeline expansion, asserting that it violates their inherent rights to land, water, and self-determination. Estes emphasizes that the resistance to the pipeline is deeply rooted in
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The resistance to the Lower Churchill hydroelectric project by the Innu people is rooted in a broader context of historical and ongoing colonization, dispossession, and marginalization of Indigenous communities in Canada. Innu activists and community members engaged in various forms of protest and
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Scholar Ingrid Waldron has shown that the Alton Gas resistance in Nova Scotia is emblematic of broader issues concerning environmental racism, health inequality, and the impacts of climate change on water quality and Indigenous land. Waldron notes that the community had access to clean water until
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The resistance at Wet’suwet’en also reflects a broader Indigenous critique of colonial land dispossession and state power. The struggle against the Coastal GasLink pipeline is part of a long history of Indigenous resistance to forced displacement and resource extraction, echoing similar movements
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The resistance against Alton Gas has manifested through various forms of activism, including protests, legal challenges, and community mobilization efforts. Water protectors have been at the forefront of these actions, raising awareness about the environmental and health risks associated with the
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The podcast episode from UC Berkeley School of Law titled "Defending Water Protectors and Indigenous Rights," explains the misrepresentation of water protectors in the media and underscores their legal standing in defending Indigenous rights and environmental justice. The episode highlights that
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from 2017 until its completion in 2019 through direct action and legal battles causing significant delays and added cost to the project. The L’eau Est La Vie Camp's resistance against the construction of the Bayou Bridge Pipeline in Louisiana serves as an example of grassroots activism aimed at
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The resistance of the Wet’suwet’en Nation to the Coastal GasLink pipeline is emblematic of broader struggles faced by Indigenous peoples against state-sanctioned resource extraction projects. Rooted in a deep-seated connection to their ancestral lands, the Wet’suwet’en people have resisted the
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Water protectors operate within a robust legal framework that recognizes Indigenous rights to land, water, and self-determination. The podcast emphasizes that Indigenous peoples have legal standing based on treaties, land rights, and international law to challenge projects that threaten their
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Actions have involved traditional direct actions like blockades on reserve lands and traditional territories to block corporations from engaging in resource extraction. Water and land protectors have also created resistance camps as a way to re-occupy and refuse to give away their traditional
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L’eau Est La Vie advocates for a transition towards renewable energy sources as a sustainable alternative to fossil fuels. The camp's activism is reactive and proactive, envisioning a future where energy production aligns with ecological sustainability and respects Indigenous sovereignty. By
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Citizen Potawatomi philosopher Kyle Powys Whyte's analysis of the Water Protectors' campaign against the Dakota Access Pipeline offers complexities of the movement and further explains how Water Protectors’ goals were misconstrued by the media. Whyte shows that critics' emphasis on the
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was released by Bullfrog films in 2017. It documents the water protectors efforts near the Standing Rock reservation to stop the development of the Dakota Access Pipeline (DAPL). It has been called the most acclaimed of the documentaries produced in the wake of the Standing Rock action.
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403:, as well as a Kirkus prize finalist and Kirkus best book of 2020. The story is "inspired by the many Indigenous-led movements across North America." The story gives information about the role of water protectors in communities and the importance of water protection.
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The National Film Board of Canada featured a story and curated set of films on water protectors on their blog in 2016. The post traces the history of pipeline resistance against the backdrop of the Standing Rock resistance, and features photos and the film selection
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contamination of the water supply. They have organized community meetings, engaged in peaceful demonstrations, and collaborated with environmental organizations to amplify their concerns and push for stricter regulations and oversight of industrial activities.
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ancestral lands and waterways. Water protectors leverage these legal avenues to advocate for their communities and the environment, utilizing both domestic and international legal mechanisms to hold corporations and governments accountable for their actions.
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was produced and directed by Eliza Knockwood and premiered in May 2018. The film documents the work of the Mi'kmaq Water Protectors to protect the Sipekne'katik River from the brine being dumped into it by Alton Gas.
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for a natural gas project; the project was disrupting the natural balance between freshwater and seawater in the tidal region, and threatening the drinking water, fish and other water life of the region.
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was an Anishinaabe elder and activist who initiated Mother Earth Walks, also known as Mother Earth Water Walks (MEWW). She and other women began to walk, carrying copper buckets of water, around the
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is a picture book written and illustrated by Joanne Robertson and tells the story or Josephine Mandamin and her love of nibi (water), her water walks, and the importance of protecting water.
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Water protectors have been involved in actions against construction of multiple pipelines, as well as other projects by the fossil fuel industries, and resource extraction activities such as
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LeQuesne, Theo (2019-04-03). "Petro-hegemony and the matrix of resistance: What can Standing Rock's Water Protectors teach us about organizing for climate justice in the United States?".
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One of the most iconic images of water protection and other environmental protests is the "Water is Life" screen print created by Anishinaabe artist and activist Isaac Murdoch. Artist
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The movement gained media attention quickly, and is viewed as one of the biggest Native led resistance movements in decades. However, during this protest, some media outlets such as
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ran a misinformation campaign against Water Protectors. This false information created a narrative that was harmful to water protectors and Native communities as a whole.
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Jonasson, Michael E.; Spiegel, Samuel J.; Thomas, Sarah; Yassi, Annalee; Wittman, Hannah; Takaro, Tim; Afshari, Reza; Markwick, Michael; Spiegel, Jerry M. (2019-09-23).
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281:, and Indigenous sovereignty. They highlighted the need for more inclusive and equitable approaches to resource management and energy production in Canada.
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Bell, F.; Dennis, Mary Kate; Brar, Glory (2022). ""Doing Hope": Ecofeminist Spirituality Provides Emotional Sustenance to Confront the Climate Crisis".
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the frontline of this protest, dedicating their time to protecting the water source and upholding their treaties. As Potawatomi ecologist and botanist
624:"Grandmother Josephine Mandamin, a 69 Year Old Who Walked Around the Great Lakes, Talks About the Water Docs International Festival - Shedoesthecity"
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387:, Hunkpapa Lakota - Cochiti Pueblo. Holding protest sign with image of Thunderbir woman created by Isaac Murdoch, Serpent River First Nation.
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841:"Our History is the Future: Standing Rock versus the Dakota Access Pipeline, and the Long Tradition of Indigenous Resistance by Nick Estes"
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explain, "it is possible to love land and water so fiercely you will live in a tent in a North Dakota winter to protect them."
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Members of the "Light Brigade" asserting their role as "Protectors" of the waters, during the Dakota Access Pipeline protests
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Estes, Nick; Dhillon, Jaskiran (2019). "Introduction: The Black Snake, #NODAPL, and the Rise of a People's Movement".
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culture, for example, women perform ceremonies to honour water and water is considered to be alive and have a spirit.
2018:
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1338:"Narratives of Struggle and Resistance in the Fight against Environmental Racism in African Nova Scotian Communities"
1586:"Race, Culture, and Resistance at Standing Rock: an Analysis of Racialized Dispossession and Indigenous Resistance"
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Valandra, Edward (2019). "8 Mini Wiconi: Water is (More than) Life". In Estes, Nick; Dhillon, Jaskiran (eds.).
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1707:"Extraction, Indigenous Dispossession and State Power: Lessons from Standing Rock and Wet'suwet'en Resistance"
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Historically, water protectors have been led by or composed of women; in this way, it is comparable to the
1560:"Camp Cloud eviction deadline comes and goes as assistant fire chief pledges support for water protectors"
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74:, organizers, and cultural workers focused on the defense of the world's water and water systems. The
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care of water, and the water will return the favor by giving life to the surrounding environment. In
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1437:"Muskrat Falls Ecological Grief: Resistance became a "profound, unstoppable force," says researcher"
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along a new route. Over 800 water protectors were arrested between August 2020 and September 2021.
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1090:"'It's really very crucial right now': Great Lakes Water Walk focuses on protecting 'lifeblood'"
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Films and documentaries have been produced featuring the roles and actions of water protectors.
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1344:, 2455 Teller Road, Thousand Oaks California 91320: SAGE Publications, Inc., pp. 250–268,
1189:"Land protectors face criminal charges for defending water, food, culture – TheIndependent.ca"
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Whyte, Kyle Powys (2013). "Justice Forward: Tribes, Climate Adaptation and Responsibility".
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399:, written by Carole Lindstrom and illustrated by Michaela Goad, was the winner of the 2021
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Lessons in Environmental Justice: From Civil Rights to Black Lives Matter and Idle No More
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1469:, Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2020.: Routledge, pp. 26–38,
882:"Mi'kmaq water protectors blocking fossil fuel infrastructure in Nova Scotia | rabble.ca"
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1633:"Oil pipelines and food sovereignty: threat to health equity for Indigenous communities"
1036:"Meet Josephine Mandamin (Anishinaabekwe), The "Water Walker" | Mother Earth Water Walk"
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1767:"Building Resilience from the Top Down? The Role of International Law and Institutions"
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1748:"Over 800 Water Protectors Have Been Arrested Since Line 3 Pipeline Was Approved"
1250:"The Dakota Access Pipeline, Environmental Injustice, and US Settler Colonialism"
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785:"The Dakota Access Pipeline Environmental Injustice, and US Settler Colonialism"
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1065:"Canadian teen tells UN to 'warrior up,' give water same protections as people"
592:"Water is Life- an Indigenous Perspective from a Standing Rock Water Protector"
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1412:"3 Labrador water protectors in St. John's jail over Muskrat Falls protest"
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533:"Standing Rock activists: Don't call us protesters. We're water protectors"
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1994:"Christi Belcourt and Isaac Murdoch create mural for MacEwan University"
1394:"Court Fight Over Access to Alton Gas Site Focuses on Indigenous Rights"
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1225:"The White Horse and the Humvees—Standing Rock Is Offering Us a Choice"
1165:"Muskrat Falls protester Marjorie Flowers no longer under house arrest"
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In Burnaby Mountain, thousands have staged demonstrations opposing the
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protests are an ongoing series of demonstrations in the U.S. state of
700:"Indigenous Women, Water Protectors, and Reciprocal Responsibilities"
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Several children's books have been published about water protectors.
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2043:"ISAAC MURDOCH & CHRISTI BELCOURT BANNERS | Onaman Collective"
912:"Lessons From the Frontlines of Anti-Colonial Pipeline Resistance"
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974:(University Honors thesis). University of California, Riverside.
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Truthdig: Expert Reporting, Current News, Provocative Columnists
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and the heavily militarized RCMP, in Northern British Columbia.
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Resilience in Energy, Infrastructure, and Natural Resources Law
1012:"How art and spirituality are defining the 'water protectors'"
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Standing with Standing Rock: Voices from the #NoDAPL Movement
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blocked the Alton Gas company from extracting water from the
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Many water protectors are women. In many Native American and
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Standing with Standing Rock:Voices from the #NoDAPL Movement
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Standing with Standing Rock:Voices fro the #NODAPL Movement
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The Water Protectors' Journey Along the Sipekne'katik River
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Tribal College Journal of American Indian Higher Education
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1463:"Grassroots Megadam resistance at Muskrat Falls, Labrador"
1945:"Water Protectors | From Fort Good Hope to Standing Rock"
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Dennis, Mary Kate; Bell, Finn McLafferty (2021-02-16).
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Environmental activists from an Indigenous perspective
2019:"Activists Paint Anti-DAPL Mural Outside Wells Fargo"
1773:, Oxford University PressOxford, pp. 32–C3.N91,
1809:"Pipeline Resistance Confronts Big Oil in the Bayou"
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558:"What Environmental Justice Means in Indian Country"
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peoples have ongoing of resistance camps, including
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Action has also been taken across Canada, including
1293:Estes, Nick; Dhillon, Jaskiran, eds. (2019-08-27).
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2063:"Defending Water Protectors and Indigenous Rights"
1256:, University Press of Colorado, pp. 320–337,
1590:Perspectives on Global Development and Technology
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823:. University of Minnesota Press. pp. 71–89.
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78:name, analysis and style of activism arose from
1970:"PEI Premiere of The Water Protectors' Journey"
1525:, Memorial University Press, pp. 318–320,
1213:. University of Minnesota Press. pp. 1–10.
1139:"Autumn Peltier up for Nobel children's prize"
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463:"LaDonna Brave Bull Allard 'changed history'"
375:Water protectors in popular culture and media
354:L'eau Est La Vie camp (Bayou Bridge Pipeline)
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136:that can lead to the contamination of water.
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590:Jewett, Chas; Garavan, Mark (2018-12-20).
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165:Other well-known water protectors include
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1682:"We can all learn from Wet'suwet'en laws"
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314:and action against the construction of a
1875:WE ARE WATER PROTECTORS | Kirkus Reviews
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1114:"Teen who scolded Trudeau to address UN"
986:"Women Warrior Water Protectors of DAPL"
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1088:Johnson, Rhiannon (23 September 2017).
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461:Today, Indian Country (12 April 2021).
80:Indigenous communities in North America
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2093:Indigenous peoples and the environment
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358:Water protectors at L'eau Est La Vie (
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1467:Climate Justice and Community Renewal
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968:Little, Joshua Thunder (2017-05-25).
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2017:Bishari, Nuala Sawyer (2017-11-07).
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46:Water protectors marching in Seattle
1918:"Awake: A Dream from Standing Rock"
1248:Whyte, Kyle Powys (February 2019),
556:Gilio-Whitaker, Dina (2017-03-06).
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1779:10.1093/oso/9780192864574.003.0003
1765:Redgwell, Catherine (2022-03-04),
1746:Frassier, Ella (August 28, 2021).
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1010:Monkman, Lenard (19 August 2017).
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1299:. University of Minnesota Press.
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408:Awake: A Dream from Standing Rock
330:Enbridge Line 3 resistance camps
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97:Water protectors are similar to
34:Oceti Sakowin encampment at the
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207:Dakota Access Pipeline protests
84:Dakota Access Pipeline protests
36:Dakota Access Pipeline protests
1916:Shreve, Bradley (2019-08-11).
1807:Strauss, Mariya (2018-04-02).
939:"The Water Protector Movement"
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216:and environmental philosopher
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2113:Indigenous politics in Canada
1705:Mittal, Paarth (2021-10-26).
1680:Wong, Rita (8 January 2019).
1461:Lathem, Alexis (2020-03-31),
596:Community Development Journal
508:10.1080/23251042.2018.1541953
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383:No Spiritual Surrender" with
302:WetĘĽsuwetĘĽen resistance camps
1163:Breen, Katie (29 Aug 2017).
1040:www.motherearthwaterwalk.com
910:Rowe, James K (2017-10-09).
888:. 2018-03-20. Archived from
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7:
2108:Indigenous rights activists
1584:LĂłpez, Edwin (2019-01-18).
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1650:10.1057/s41271-019-00186-1
1517:Allen, Vick (2017-12-31),
1262:10.5876/9781607328483.c015
783:Whyte, Kyle Powys (2017).
537:Public Radio International
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201:The Dakota Access Pipeline
1890:"We Are Water Protectors"
1602:10.1163/15691497-12341508
1531:10.1515/9781894725439-086
1350:10.4135/9781544321974.n16
971:Protectors not Protesters
670:10.1007/s10584-013-0743-2
342:against the expansion of
179:LaDonna Brave Bull Allard
92:LaDonna Brave Bull Allard
88:Standing Rock Reservation
1825:10.1177/1095796018765148
1724:10.18357/tar121202120191
1502:: CS1 maint: location (
1377:: CS1 maint: location (
1336:Waldron, Ingrid (2021),
759:10.1177/0886109920987242
316:Coastal GasLink pipeline
171:Wikwemikong First Nation
94:'s land in April, 2016.
1475:10.4324/9780429277146-2
488:Environmental Sociology
417:Citizens vs. oil giants
397:We Are Water Protectors
285:Trans Mountain Pipeline
1523:The Democracy Cookbook
990:IndianCountryToday.com
839:Cothran, Boyd (2020).
794:: 1–26. Archived from
388:
64:
47:
39:
2118:Environmental justice
857:10.1353/llt.2020.0057
432:other groups such as
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364:Bayou Bridge Pipeline
279:environmental justice
173:); Marjorie Flowers (
62:
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38:camps in North Dakota
33:
2123:Environmental racism
467:Indian Country Today
362:) camp resisted the
1519:"71. Muskrat Falls"
1323:10.5749/j.ctvr695pq
1305:10.5749/j.ctvr695pq
992:. 13 September 2018
845:Labour / Le Travail
662:2013ClCh..120..517W
500:2019EnvSo...5..188L
348:Line 3 oil pipeline
218:Kathleen Dean Moore
214:Robin Wall Kimmerer
191:Faith Spotted Eagle
2103:Water and politics
1998:University Affairs
1851:Second Story Press
1847:"The Water Walker"
1711:The Arbutus Review
1254:The Nature of Hope
945:. 17 November 2016
716:10.1093/sw/swaa033
609:10.1093/cdj/bsy062
389:
249:Shubenacadie River
156:Josephine Mandamin
65:
48:
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1788:978-0-19-286457-4
1686:National Observer
1540:978-1-894725-43-9
1484:978-0-429-27714-6
1359:978-1-5443-2195-0
1314:978-1-4529-6003-6
1271:978-1-60732-848-3
1145:. 10 October 2017
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2067:Berkeley Law
2066:
2057:
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2037:
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2022:
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2001:. Retrieved
1997:
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1977:. Retrieved
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1951:. 2016-11-17
1948:
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1921:
1897:. Retrieved
1893:
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1874:
1854:. Retrieved
1850:
1841:
1819:(2): 93–97.
1816:
1812:
1802:
1792:, retrieved
1770:
1760:
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1440:
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1228:
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1193:. Retrieved
1191:. 2017-03-18
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1147:. Retrieved
1142:
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1122:. Retrieved
1120:. 2017-12-31
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1093:
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1068:
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1039:
1030:
1019:. Retrieved
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989:
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796:the original
791:
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632:. Retrieved
630:. 2013-03-22
627:
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561:
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481:
470:. Retrieved
466:
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434:Idle No More
426:
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238:
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704:Social Work
336:Stop Line 3
245:Nova Scotia
243:peoples in
160:Great Lakes
150:Anishinaabe
106:ecofeminist
82:during the
2087:Categories
2072:2024-05-02
2048:2021-11-02
2028:2021-11-02
2003:2021-11-02
1979:2021-11-02
1955:2021-11-02
1927:2021-11-02
1899:2021-11-02
1856:2021-11-02
1794:2024-05-02
1691:2019-01-10
1570:2019-01-10
1546:2024-05-02
1490:2024-05-02
1447:2019-01-10
1422:2019-01-10
1365:2024-05-02
1277:2024-05-02
1234:2021-12-10
1195:2019-01-10
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1149:2019-01-10
1124:2019-01-10
1099:2019-01-10
1074:2019-01-10
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1021:2019-01-10
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924:2019-01-10
896:2019-01-10
805:2021-12-09
634:2017-10-18
567:2021-12-10
542:2019-01-10
472:2021-04-15
448:References
114:Mni Wiconi
108:movement.
2023:SF Weekly
1894:Macmillan
1833:1095-7960
1733:1923-1334
1659:0197-5897
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225:The Blaze
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1752:Truthout
1667:31548588
1498:citation
1398:CBC News
1373:citation
1169:CBC News
1118:BBC News
1094:CBC News
1069:CBC News
1016:CBC News
732:33020844
344:Enbridge
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