Water quality - Knowledge

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advance of the sampling event. One sample container is filled with water known from previous analysis to contain no detectable amount of the chemical of interest. This sample, called a "blank", is opened for exposure to the atmosphere when the sample of interest is collected, then resealed and transported to the laboratory with the sample for analysis to determine if sample collection or holding procedures introduced any measurable amount of the chemical of interest. The second artificial sample is collected with the sample of interest, but then "spiked" with a measured additional amount of the chemical of interest at the time of collection. The blank (

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quality. In the early 21st century, a variety of sensors and remote monitoring systems have been deployed for measuring water pH, turbidity, dissolved oxygen and other parameters. Some remote sensing systems have also been developed for monitoring ambient water quality in riverine, estuarine and coastal water bodies.

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whose common names are, respectively, mayfly, stonefly and caddisfly). EPT indexes will naturally vary from region to region, but generally, within a region, the greater the number of taxa from these orders, the better the water quality. Organisations in the United States, such as EPA. offer guidance

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is a general report on water quality, providing overall information about the number of miles of streams and rivers and their aggregate condition. The CWA requires states to adopt standards for each of the possible designated uses that they assign to their waters. Should evidence suggest or document

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and phase change, and analyzing the sample as soon as possible; but this merely minimizes the changes rather than preventing them. A useful procedure for determining influence of sample containers during delay between sample collection and analysis involves preparation for two artificial samples in

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to monitor the health of aquatic environments in both fresh water and the marine environments. Their population status or structure, physiology, behaviour or the level of contamination with elements or compounds can indicate the state of contamination status of the ecosystem. They are particularly

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Heavy rainfall can rapidly reduce the water quality in rivers and shallow groundwater. It can affect water quality in reservoirs even if these effects can be slow. Heavy rainfall also impacts groundwater in deeper, unfractured aquifers. But these impacts are less pronounced. Rainfall can increase

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can present a health hazard for non-drinking purposes such as irrigation, swimming, fishing, rafting, boating, and industrial uses. These conditions may also affect wildlife, which use the water for drinking or as a habitat. According to the EPA, water quality laws generally specify protection of

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The first problem is the extent to which the sample may be representative of the water source of interest. Water sources vary with time and with location. The measurement of interest may vary seasonally or from day to night or in response to some activity of man or natural populations of aquatic

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Weather and its related shocks can affect water quality in several ways. These depend on the local climate and context. Shocks that are linked to weather include water shortages, heavy rain and temperature extremes. They can damage water infrastructure through erosion under heavy rainfall and

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Although water quality is usually sampled and analyzed at laboratories, since the late 20th century there has been increasing public interest in the quality of drinking water provided by municipal systems. Many water utilities have developed systems to collect real-time data about source water

822:, as far as water quality testing is concerned, there are widespread views on the best course of action to take and a variety of methods can be employed. The key basic water quality parameters that need to be addressed in an emergency are bacteriological indicators of fecal contamination, free 345:

cations. For certain populations, hard water may be preferable to soft water because health problems have been associated with calcium deficiencies and with excess sodium. The necessity for additional calcium and magnesium in water depends on the population in question because people generally

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Milner, Alexander M.; Khamis, Kieran; Battin, Tom J.; Brittain, John E.; Barrand, Nicholas E.; Füreder, Leopold; Cauvy-Fraunié, Sophie; Gíslason, Gísli Már; Jacobsen, Dean; Hannah, David M.; Hodson, Andrew J.; Hood, Eran; Lencioni, Valeria; Ólafsson, Jón S.; Robinson, Christopher T. (2017).

1729:(ISO) published regulation of water quality in the section of ICS 13.060, ranging from water sampling, drinking water, industrial class water, sewage, and examination of water for chemical, physical or biological properties. ICS 91.140.60 covers the standards of water supply systems. 853:(IWMI) monitored the effects of saltwater and concluded that the wells recovered to pre-tsunami drinking water quality one and a half years after the event. IWMI developed protocols for cleaning wells contaminated by saltwater; these were subsequently officially endorsed by the 1812:

Water quality guidelines for South Africa are grouped according to potential user types (e.g. domestic, industrial) in the 1996 Water Quality Guidelines. Drinking water quality is subject to the South African National Standard (SANS) 241 Drinking Water Specification.

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require individual measurements over a range of times, locations or events. The sample collection procedure must assure correct weighting of individual sampling times and locations where averaging is appropriate. Where critical maximum or minimum values exist,

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Plastic is the most common type of marine debris found in oceans, and it is the most widespread problem affecting the marine environment. It also threatens ocean health, food safety and quality, human health, and coastal tourism, and it contributes to climate

1608:, agencies also make some reasonable estimate of pristine conditions. Natural water bodies will vary in response to a region's environmental conditions, whereby water composition is influenced by the surrounding geological features, sediments, and rock types, 1860:

that a stream, river or lake has failed to meet the water quality criteria for one or more of its designated uses, it is placed on a list of impaired waters. Once a state has placed a water body on this list, it must develop a management plan establishing

296:, dysentery, hepatitis A, typhoid, and polio. These communities are often in low-income areas, where human wastewater is discharged into a nearby drainage channel or surface water drain without sufficient treatment, or is used in agricultural irrigation. 291:

The burden of polluted drinking water disproportionally effects under-represented and vulnerable populations. Communities that lack these clean drinking-water services are at risk of contracting water-borne and pollution-related illnesses like Cholera,

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Many contamination events are sharply restricted in time, most commonly in association with rain events. For this reason "grab" samples are often inadequate for fully quantifying contaminant levels. Scientists gathering this type of data often employ

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of many freshwater bodies, returning to pristine conditions would be a significant challenge. In these cases, environmental scientists focus on achieving goals for maintaining healthy ecosystems and may concentrate on the protection of populations of

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There is some desire among the public to return water bodies to pristine, or pre-industrial conditions. Most current environmental laws focus on the designation of particular uses of a water body. In some countries these designations allow for some

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Individuals interested in monitoring water quality who cannot afford or manage lab scale analysis can also use biological indicators to get a general reading of water quality. One example is the IOWATER volunteer water monitoring program of

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Katner, A. L.; Brown, K; Pieper, K.; Edwards, M; Lambrinidou, Y; Subra, W. (2018). "America's Path to Drinking Water Infrastructure Inequality and Environmental Injustice: The Case of Flint, Michigan". In Brinkmann, R.; Garren, S. (eds.).

811:, there is an immediate response by the aid agencies as relief operations get underway to try and restore basic infrastructure and provide the basic fundamental items that are necessary for survival and subsequent recovery. The threat of 3230:

Kløve, Bjørn; Ala-Aho, Pertti; Bertrand, Guillaume; Gurdak, Jason J.; Kupfersberger, Hans; Kværner, Jens; Muotka, Timo; Mykrä, Heikki; Preda, Elena; Rossi, Pekka; Uvo, Cintia Bertacchi; Velasco, Elzie; Pulido-Velazquez, Manuel (2014).

269:. Drinking water, including bottled water, may reasonably be expected to contain at least small amounts of some contaminants. The presence of these contaminants does not necessarily indicate that the water poses a health risk. 2835:

Ejeian, Fatemeh; Etedali, Parisa; Mansouri-Tehrani, Hajar-Alsadat; Soozanipour, Asieh; Low, Ze-Xian; Asadnia, Mohsen; Taheri-Kafrani, Asghar; Razmjou, Amir (30 October 2018). "Biosensors for wastewater monitoring: A review".

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with substances to be measured; pre-cleaning of sample containers is important. The water sample may dissolve part of the sample container and any residue on that container, and chemicals dissolved in the water sample may

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Sampling of water for physical or chemical testing can be done by several methods, depending on the accuracy needed and the characteristics of the contaminant. Sampling methods include for example simple random sampling,

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The complexity of water quality as a subject is reflected in the many types of measurements of water quality indicators. Some measurements of water quality are most accurately made on-site, because water exists in

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Charles, Katrina J.; Howard, Guy; Villalobos Prats, Elena; Gruber, Joshua; Alam, Sadekul; Alamgir, A.S.M.; Baidya, Manish; Flora, Meerjady Sabrina; Haque, Farhana; Hassan, S.M. Quamrul; Islam, Saiful (2022).

2347:"Consensus of the Meeting: Nutrient minerals in drinking-water and the potential health consequences of long-term consumption of demineralized and remineralized and altered mineral content drinking-waters." 919:

oxygen and oxygen combined with other elements. The comparative simplicity of elemental analysis has produced a large amount of sample data and water quality criteria for elements sometimes identified as

784:) are carried with the sample of interest and analyzed by the same methods at the same times to determine any changes indicating gains or losses during the elapsed time between collection and analysis. 924:. Water analysis for heavy metals must consider soil particles suspended in the water sample. These suspended soil particles may contain measurable amounts of metal. Although the particles are not 1593:

Increased meltwater from glaciers may release contaminants. As glaciers shrink or disappear, the positive effect of seasonal meltwater on downstream water quality through dilution is disappearing.

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Johnson, D. L.; Ambrose, S. H.; Bassett, T. J.; Bowen, M. L.; Crummey, D. E.; Isaacson, J. S.; Johnson, D. N.; Lamb, P.; Saul, M.; Winter-Nelson, A. E. (1997). "Meanings of Environmental Terms".

434:. Water quality standards for surface waters vary significantly due to different environmental conditions, ecosystems, and intended human uses. Toxic substances and high populations of certain 3187:

Brookes, Justin D.; Antenucci, Jason; Hipsey, Matthew; Burch, Michael D.; Ashbolt, Nicholas J.; Ferguson, Christobel (1 July 2004). "Fate and transport of pathogens in lakes and reservoirs".

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Making these complex measurements can be expensive. Because direct measurements of water quality can be expensive, ongoing monitoring programs are typically conducted and results released by

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collects samples at time intervals, or proportionate to flow over a specified period. The data logger (white cabinet) records temperature, specific conductance, and dissolved oxygen levels.

962:. However, there are local volunteer programs and resources available for some general assessment. Tools available to the general public include on-site test kits, commonly used for home 5916: 2751: 1771: 6141: 6136: 1503:

tool has been refined over the past 30 years and is now on the fifth version (SASS5) which has been specifically modified in accordance with international standards, namely the

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Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

3941: 2657:"Bacterial contamination of drinking water and nutritional quality of diet in the areas of the western Solomon Islands devastated by the April 2, 2007 earthquake⁄tsunami" 699:, or intermediate devices used to transfer the water sample into the sample container. Water collected from depths below the surface will normally be held at the reduced 1847:

are defined by state agencies for various water bodies, guided by the desired uses for the water body (e.g., fish habitat, drinking water supply, recreational use). The

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of soil particles from the water sample before acid addition, however, may cause loss of dissolved metals onto the filter. The complexities of differentiating similar

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Caretta, M.A., A. Mukherji, M. Arfanuzzaman, R.A. Betts, A. Gelfan, Y. Hirabayashi, T.K. Lissner, J. Liu, E. Lopez Gunn, R. Morgan, S. Mwanga, and S. Supratid, 2022:

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The Southern African Scoring System (SASS) method is a biological water quality monitoring system based on the presence of benthic macroinvertebrates (EPT). The SASS

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on developing a monitoring program and identifying members of these and other aquatic insect orders. Many US wastewater dischargers (e.g., factories, power plants,

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metrics have been developed in many places, and one widely used family of measurements for freshwater is the presence and abundance of members of the insect orders

654:. The sampler must determine if a single time and location meets the needs of the investigation, or if the water use of interest can be satisfactorily assessed by 439:

fisheries and recreational use and require, as a minimum, retention of current quality standards. In some locations, desired water quality conditions include high

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work to interpret the parameters and environmental conditions that impact the water quality of a region, which in turn helps to identify the sources and fates of

1855:. EPA recommends that each state submit a single "Integrated Report" comprising its list of impaired waters and the status of all water bodies in the state. The 1834: 1554:

due to droughts. The pollution in rivers that feed groundwater becomes less diluted. As groundwater levels drop, rivers may lose direct contact with groundwater.

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onto the sample container and remain there when the water is poured out for analysis. Similar physical and chemical interactions may take place with any

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The understanding of the links between water quality and health continues to grow and highlight new potential health crises: from the chronic impacts of

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After major natural disasters, a considerable length of time might pass before water quality returns to pre-disaster levels. For example, following the

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based on the standards of its usage. It is most frequently used by reference to a set of standards against which compliance, generally achieved through

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of chemicals of interest. These problems are of special concern during measurement of chemicals assumed to be significant at very low concentrations.

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In the setting of standards, agencies make political and technical/scientific decisions based on how the water will be used. In the case of natural

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Miner, Kimberley R.; D'Andrilli, Juliana; Mackelprang, Rachel; Edwards, Arwyn; Malaska, Michael J.; Waldrop, Mark P.; Miller, Charles E. (2021).

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useful since they are sessile so that they are representative of the environment where they are sampled or placed. A typical project is the U.S.

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may affect the suitability of water for a range of industrial and domestic purposes. The most familiar of these is probably the presence of

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The parameters for water quality are determined by the intended use. Work in the area of water quality tends to be focused on water that is

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14th ed. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association & Water Pollution Control Federation.

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to a water sample to prevent loss of dissolved metals onto the sample container may dissolve more metals from suspended soil particles.

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Method 1680: Fecal Coliforms in Sewage Sludge (Biosolids) by Multiple-Tube Fermentation using Lauryl Tryptose Broth (LTB) and EC Medium

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increases hugely due to the large numbers of people living close together, often in squalid conditions, and without proper sanitation.

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in the water will collect at the top of the container. Atmospheric gas above the water may also dissolve into the water sample. Other

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In England and Wales acceptable levels for drinking water supply are listed in the "Water Supply (Water Quality) Regulations 2000."

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as a standard method for River Health Assessment, which feeds the national River Health Programme and the national Rivers Database.

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Yapiyev, Vadim; Wade, Andrew J.; Shahgedanova, Maria; Saidaliyeva, Zarina; Madibekov, Azamat; Severskiy, Igor (1 December 2021).

835: 3575: 2063:"When Water Quality Crises Drive Change: A Comparative Analysis of the Policy Processes Behind Major Water Contamination Events" 977:

have the potential for "high sensitivity, selectivity, reliability, simplicity, low-cost and real-time response". For instance,

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Adlish, John I.; Costa, Davide; Mainardi, Enrico; Neuhold, Piero; Surrente, Riccardo; Tagliapietra, Luca J. (31 October 2020).

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as long as the particular type of contamination is not harmful to the designated uses. Given the landscape changes (e.g.,

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or not. In fact, water quality is a complex subject, in part because water is a complex medium intrinsically tied to the

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of the water, can be assessed. The most common standards used to monitor and assess water quality convey the health of

6263: 6191: 5938: 5824: 5318: 5313: 4764: 3353:"Impact of Global Warming on Dissolved Oxygen and BOD Assimilative Capacity of the World's Rivers: Modeling Analysis" 2588: 2557: 2423: 2330: 2040: 771:

Sample preservation may partially resolve the second problem. A common procedure is keeping samples cold to slow the

512: 6118: 4388: 3735: 3556: 1707: 1111: 947: 95: 3170: 5864: 5601: 4991: 3841: 3753: 2233:"FDA Regulates the Safety of Bottled Water Beverages Including Flavored Water and Nutrient-Added Water Beverages" 1844: 1320: 3517:"The hydrochemistry and water quality of glacierized catchments in Central Asia: A review of the current status" 2983: 764: 6238: 1090: 3177:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, pp. 551–712, doi:10.1017/9781009325844.006. 2346: 529:. The cover of the 24-bottle autosampler (center) is partially raised, showing the sample bottles inside. The 161:

Regional and national contamination of drinking water by chemical type and population size at risk of exposure

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Methods for Measuring the Acute Toxicity of Effluents and Receiving Waters to Freshwater and Marine Organisms

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technology is used in municipal water systems to remove contaminants from the source water (surface water or

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U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Washington, D.C. "National Primary Drinking Water Regulations."

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Tango, Peter J.; Batiuk, Richard A. (4 September 2013). "Deriving Chesapeake Bay Water Quality Standards".

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Hodgson K, Manus L. A drinking water quality framework for South Africa. Water SA. 2006;32(5):673–678

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From 11–13 November 2003 meeting in Rome, Italy at the WHO European Centre for Environment and Health.

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Another general perception of water quality is that of a simple property that tells whether water is

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Distribution System Water Quality Monitoring: Sensor Technology Evaluation Methodology and Results

221:, as well as human uses such as sewage dispersion, industrial pollution, use of water bodies as a 6093: 5859: 5389: 4940: 4489: 4378: 1936: 1872: 1326: 1149: 921: 674:

The second problem occurs as the sample is removed from the water source and begins to establish

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must be applied to observed variation to determine an adequate number of samples to assess the

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Jung, Jaeyoung K.; Archuleta, Chloé M.; Alam, Khalid K.; Lucks, Julius B. (17 February 2022).

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with the intention that water is maintained at an appropriate quality for its identified use.

6258: 6022: 5854: 5730: 5638: 5328: 5221: 5021: 4689: 4684: 4479: 4420: 3680: 3037: 2603:. Handbook for Monitoring Industrial Wastewater (Report). EPA. August 1973. EPA 625/6-73/002. 2493: 1629: 1617: 1551: 1500: 646:. The measurement of interest may vary with distances from the water boundary with overlying 611: 543: 380: 3110:"Infrastructure alone cannot ensure resilience to weather events in drinking water supplies" 2378:"Polyethylene Identification in Ocean Water Samples by Means of 50 keV Energy Electron Beam" 711:

may change if the water sample changes temperature. Finely divided solid particles formerly

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Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality: Fourth edition incorporating the first addendum

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floods, cause loss of water sources in droughts, and make water quality deteriorate.

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Daniels, Mike; Scott, Thad; Haggard, Brian; Sharpley, Andrew; Daniel, Tommy (2009).

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Goldman, Charles R.; Horne, Alexander J. (1983). "6. Chemicals and Growth Factors".

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with its new surroundings – the sample container. Sample containers must be made of

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The Southern Africa Scoring System (SASS) version 5 rapid bioassessment for rivers

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Water Engineering Development Centre, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UK.

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greatly reduces the cost and the need of infrastructure on the sampling location.

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Hanaor, Dorian A. H.; Sorrell, Charles C. (2014). "Sand Supported Mixed-Phase TiO

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More information about water quality in the United States is available on EPA's

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and that has no treatment will be of uncertain quality in terms of potability.

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in children. In addition, there are many emerging water quality issues—such as

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plants) are required to conduct periodic whole effluent toxicity (WET) tests.

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The following is a list of indicators often measured by situational category:

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prescribe aesthetic qualities, those that affect taste, odor, or appearance.

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to be collected, preserved, transported, and analyzed at another location.

468: 464: 395: 273: 149:(of an environment/ecosystem, generally for health of human/aquatic life). 77: 3289:

Water Security & the Global Water Agenda - A UN-Water Analytical Brief

2617:. Denver, CO: USGS, Quality Systems Branch. 28 August 2009. Archived from 2350:

Rolling Revision of the WHO Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality (draft).

2239:. Silver Spring, MD: U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 22 September 2018. 907:) of water sample because oxygen (O) has 89% mass of the water molecule (H 5931: 5926: 5611: 5606: 5577: 5542: 5515: 5045: 4730: 4674: 4496: 4474: 4469: 4336: 4213: 4179: 4167: 4055: 3978: 3000:. Annapolis, MD: Maryland Department of Natural Resources. Chesapeake Bay 2815:. Rockville, MD: Montgomery County Department of Environmental Protection 2806:

An example of a local government-sponsored volunteer monitoring program:

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Republic of South Africa, Department of Water Affairs, Pretoria (1996).

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Chapra, Steven C.; Camacho, Luis A.; McBride, Graham B. (January 2021).

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in the water, they may be consumed by people drinking the water. Adding

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IOWATER (Iowa Department of Natural Resources). Iowa City, IA (2005).

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Over time, there has been increasing recognition of the importance of

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International Water Management Institute, Colombo, Sri Lanka (2010).

2219:"Secondary Drinking Water Standards: Guidance for Nuisance Chemicals" 1680: 1644: 1613: 1315: 1196: 1064: 1060: 1052: 974: 925: 876: 831: 704: 567: 327: 315: 304: 233: 222: 218: 198: 114: 3826: 2888:"DNA computer could tell you if your drinking water is contaminated" 2639: 1572:

Warmer water in lakes, oceans, reservoirs and rivers can cause more

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The process of water sampling introduces two significant problems:

293: 178: 174: 3514: 3394:"Emergent biogeochemical risks from Arctic permafrost degradation" 2752:"Helping restore the quality of drinking water after the tsunami." 2706: 2425:

Water Quality Standards Handbook Chapter 3: Water Quality Criteria

2363:"Supplemental Module: Human Health Ambient Water Quality Criteria" 5643: 5146: 5124: 5011: 5006: 4715: 4511: 4506: 4452: 4358: 4287: 4130: 3931: 1900: 1652: 1648: 1558: 1461: 1296: 1136: 1104: 1056: 1033: 812: 808: 655: 374: 323: 311: 285: 214: 49: 3804: 3657:"Water quality guidelines for South Africa: First Edition 1996." 3450:"Glacier shrinkage driving global changes in downstream systems" 3309:

Hoekstra, Arjen Y; Buurman, Joost; van Ginkel, Kees C H (2018).

3233:"Climate change impacts on groundwater and dependent ecosystems" 2795:

Representative Sampling of Ground Water for Hazardous Substances

2655:

Furusawa, Takuro; Maki, Norio; Suzuki, Shingo (1 January 2008).

759: 29:

is used for collecting water samples in deep water, such as the

6047: 6027: 5921: 5596: 5089: 4564: 4529: 4353: 4309: 4157: 3955: 3810: 2205:

Drinking Water Requirements for States and Public Water Systems

1774:(98/83/EC) of 3 November 1998 concerning potable water quality; 1700: 1672: 1633: 1532:

Climate change can reduce lower water quality in several ways:

1044: 896: 736: 696: 643: 342: 338: 334: 190: 65: 3736:"Overview of Listing Impaired Waters under CWA Section 303(d)" 3165: 3163: 788:

Testing in response to natural disasters and other emergencies

521:

An automated sampling station installed along the East Branch

113:

to new evidence on the harms from known contaminants, such as

6057: 5999: 5340: 5272: 5170: 5062: 4597: 4437: 4363: 4150: 3338:

Text was copied from this source, which is available under a

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Text was copied from this source, which is available under a

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may settle to the bottom of the sample container, or a solid

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Regulation and monitoring of pollution § Water pollution

431: 427: 170: 53: 4925: 2580:

Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater

1734:

National specifications for ambient water and drinking water

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Water security § Reduced water quality due to climate change

899:, as an example, would indicate a concentration of 890 g/L ( 865: 6032: 5153: 5141: 5057: 4542: 4398: 4393: 4373: 4247: 4198: 4042: 3573: 3186: 3160: 1692: 1557:

In coastal regions, more saltwater may mix into freshwater

1481: 1096: 929: 900: 692: 651: 586:, grab samples, semi-continuous monitoring and continuous, 423: 319: 307: 3446: 3229: 3095: 2375: 1981: 1580:. Higher temperatures cause problems for water bodies and 658:

values of sampling over time and location, or if critical

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JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association

2027:(Report). Geneva: World Health Organization (WHO). 2017. 251:

regulate substances that potentially affect human health;

3281: 2692:

Photocatalysts for Water Decontamination Applications".

2249: 1507:

protocol. The SASS5 method is used by the South African

943: 610:

devices that pump increments of water at either time or

225:, and overuse (which may lower the level of the water). 3813:– National Water Quality Assessment Program of the USGS 3302: 2640:

Natural Disasters and Severe Weather (13 August 2014).

1971:. Reston, VA: U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). FS-027-01. 1835:

Drinking water quality legislation of the United States

1310: 1027: 827: 748: 551: 265:(FDA) regulations establish limits for contaminants in 3611:

International Organization for Standardization (ISO).

3340:

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License

2911: 2126:

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License

1544:. Also pollutants can reach water bodies by increased 985:, that can detect levels of diverse water pollutants. 895:

without respect to their form. Elemental analysis for

369:, Ireland, describing water quality, giving levels of 3799:

U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

3754:"National Water Quality Inventory Report to Congress" 1540:

Floods after heavy rainfalls can mix floodwater with

3801:– Drinking water quality and testing (United States) 3681:"The Water Supply (Water Quality) Regulations 2000." 3350: 3066:. Ccma.nos.noaa.gov. 14 January 2014. Archived from 2793:

State of California Environmental Protection Agency

1882: 232:(EPA) limits the amounts of certain contaminants in 165:

Contaminants that may be in untreated water include

1857:

National Water Quality Inventory Report to Congress

1590:

thawing leads to an increased flux of contaminants.

747:. Changing carbon dioxide concentrations may alter 2654: 2152:"What is water quality? Eight key characteristics" 1867:Drinking water standards, which are applicable to 1928:, a graphical representation of chemical analyses 1745:Water supply and sanitation in the European Union 213:contaminants. Water quality depends on the local 6230: 2019: 2017: 2015: 2013: 1839:Water supply and sanitation in the United States 1565:and more intense storms. This process is called 731:within the water sample may biochemically alter 513:Environmental monitoring § Sampling methods 346:satisfy their recommended amounts through food. 318:(Mg) that interfere with the cleaning action of 244:authorizes EPA to issue two types of standards: 3454:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2320: 857:as part of its series of Emergency Guidelines. 3583:University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture 3092:"African Journal of Aquatic Science", 27:1–10. 3040:(Report). EPA. October 2002. EPA-821-R-02-012. 2972:(Report). EPA. October 2009. EPA 600/R-09/076. 2255:. London: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 79–97. 2195: 2193: 1727:International Organization for Standardization 796:Testing water in the Gulf of Mexico after the 617:More complex measurements are often made in a 349: 299: 4941: 3842: 2687: 2298:Babbitt, Harold E.; Doland, James J. (1949). 2297: 2010: 763:Filtering a manually collected water sample ( 230:United States Environmental Protection Agency 3788:Global Freshwater Quality Database (GEMStat) 2740:(Report). EPA. April 2010. EPA 821-R-10-003. 2547: 2321:Linsley, Ray K; Franzini, Joseph B. (1972). 2061:Khan, Nameerah; Charles, Katrina J. (2023). 1960: 145:for potability, industrial/domestic use, or 76:. Water quality has a significant impact on 3012: 2441: 2190: 2060: 1831:Drinking water quality in the United States 1808:Water supply and sanitation in South Africa 1780:(2000/60/EC) of 23 October 2000 concerning 1143: 842:. There are many decontamination methods. 483: 411:Freshwater environmental quality parameters 197:contaminants from industrial processes and 83: 4948: 4934: 3849: 3835: 2573: 2571: 2569: 2543: 2541: 1584:because warmer water contains less oxygen. 3532: 3491: 3473: 3368: 3326: 3264: 3145:1983/92cc5791-168b-457a-93c7-458890f1bf26 3143: 3133: 2945: 2705: 2672: 2403: 2393: 2104: 2086: 1514: 582:, systematic and grid sampling, adaptive 1762:Directive on Urban Waste Water Treatment 1599: 1346: 996: 966:, and biological assessment procedures. 942: 864: 851:International Water Management Institute 791: 758: 516: 156: 20: 6089:Pollutant release and transfer register 2615:"Definitions of Quality-Assurance Data" 2566: 2538: 2253:The Palgrave Handbook of Sustainability 1699:and discharge of treated and untreated 1484:, which includes an EPT indicator key. 988: 6231: 3709:U.S. Clean Water Act, Section 303(d), 3521:Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies 2775:"WHO technical notes for emergencies." 2302:. New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 388. 1251: 1162: 4929: 3856: 3830: 3627: 2435: 2004:10.2134/jeq1997.00472425002600030002x 1966: 1537:fecal contamination of water sources. 1496:, but today they are used worldwide. 1487:Bivalve molluscs are largely used as 80:and often determines supply options. 33:or oceans, for water quality testing. 6179: 5420:Electromagnetic radiation and health 3805:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 3790:– United Nations environment program 3604: 2056: 2054: 2052: 1797:(ICMR) Standards for Drinking Water. 1361: 1256: 1167: 860: 506: 152: 16:Assessment against standards for use 6195: 6187: 5278:Radium and radon in the environment 3807:– Water Data and Tools of the USEPA 3692:U.S. Clean Water Act, Section 303, 3557:"What Are Water Quality Standards?" 2496:. Washington, DC: US Forest Service 1552:Groundwater quality may deteriorate 911:O). The method selected to measure 723:may form from biological growth or 671:of exceeding those critical values. 13: 3794:Water policy in the European Union 3024:Clean Water Act Analytical Methods 1795:Indian Council of Medical Research 14: 6275: 3781: 3636:"91.140.60: Water supply systems" 3088:Dickens CWS and Graham PM. 2002. 3020:"Whole Effluent Toxicity Methods" 2325:. McGraw-Hill. pp. 454–456. 2287:. WHO. 21 March 2022. Fact sheet. 2049: 1816: 1738: 1095:Dissolved metals and metalloids ( 6213: 6203: 6194: 6186: 6178: 6166: 6165: 4910: 4909: 3333: 3311:"Urban water security: A review" 3114:Science of the Total Environment 3052:"Benthic Macroinvertebrate Key." 2119: 1984:Journal of Environmental Quality 1899: 1885: 1824: 1712: 1708:Drinking water quality standards 1576:. This results in more frequent 1520:This section is an excerpt from 1112:colored dissolved organic matter 948:Atomic fluorescence spectroscopy 564:oxygen reduction potential (ORP) 422:relates to water bodies such as 388: 358: 4992:Atmospheric dispersion modeling 3764: 3746: 3728: 3703: 3686: 3679:National Archives, London, UK. 3673: 3661: 3649: 3633: 3567: 3561:Standards for Water Body Health 3549: 3508: 3440: 3385: 3344: 3223: 3180: 3135:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151876 3082: 3056: 3044: 3030: 2990: 2976: 2962: 2905: 2880: 2838:Biosensors & Bioelectronics 2828: 2800: 2787: 2767: 2744: 2730: 2681: 2648: 2633: 2607: 2593: 2508: 2494:"Watershed Restoration Program" 2486: 2416: 2369: 2355: 2339: 2314: 2291: 2277: 2243: 2225: 2138:"Other Uses and Types of Water" 1801: 1753:is primarily codified in three 1321:Residual sodium carbonate index 3315:Environmental Research Letters 2694:Advanced Engineering Materials 2431:. EPA. 2017. EPA 823-B-17-001. 2211: 2169: 2144: 2130: 1975: 1871:, are issued by EPA under the 1091:Bacteriological water analysis 1: 5480:Electrical resistance heating 4955: 3257:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2013.06.037 1967:Cordy, Gail E. (March 2001). 1953: 1357:Index of biological integrity 1154:Wastewater quality indicators 1003:electrical conductivity meter 969: 915:should differentiate between 480:and protecting human health. 398:discharging to coastal waters 136: 109:on child development through 90:Drinking water § Quality 5132:Persistent organic pollutant 3875:Pollution / quality 3209:10.1016/j.envint.2003.11.006 2661:Tropical Medicine and Health 2201:"Drinking Water Regulations" 2177:Code of Federal Regulations, 1772:The Drinking Water Directive 1043:Dissolved metals and salts ( 981:reported the development of 709:chemical reaction equilibria 650:and underlying or confining 263:Food and Drug Administration 68:of human contact, extent of 7: 6142:Least polluted cities by PM 3824:– Professional association 3299:, United Nations University 2323:Water-Resources Engineering 2261:10.1007/978-3-319-71389-2_5 1969:"A Primer on Water Quality" 1878: 1509:Department of Water Affairs 940:are even more challenging. 798:Deepwater Horizon oil spill 490:Analysis of water chemistry 416:Environmental water quality 350:Environmental water quality 300:Industrial and domestic use 10: 6280: 6084:Pollution haven hypothesis 6007:Brain health and pollution 5245:Ecological light pollution 5075:Internal combustion engine 3683:2000 No. 3184. 2000-12-08. 3534:10.1016/j.ejrh.2021.100960 3418:10.1038/s41558-021-01162-y 2984:"Water Quality Monitoring" 2930:10.1038/s41589-021-00962-9 2850:10.1016/j.bios.2018.07.019 2601:"Chapter 8. Data Analysis" 2577:Franson, Mary Ann (1975). 2405:10.3390/instruments4040032 2088:10.1007/s12403-022-00505-0 1853:state environmental agency 1828: 1805: 1742: 1705: 1519: 1350: 1147: 773:rate of chemical reactions 703:of the atmosphere; so gas 510: 487: 471:in forested areas) in the 404: 87: 6163: 6117: 6066: 6015: 5982: 5887:Nonpoint source pollution 5815: 5807:War and environmental law 5754: 5716: 5698: 5498: 5433: 5370: 5296: 5265: 5230: 5214: 5179: 5166:Volatile organic compound 4972: 4963: 4905: 4846: 4711: 4704: 4585: 4446:Types / location 4445: 4436: 4246: 4041: 3954: 3924: 3873: 3864: 3740:Impaired Waters and TMDLs 3189:Environment International 2642:"Tsunamis: Water Quality" 2207:. EPA. 20 September 2022. 1862:Total Maximum Daily Loads 1778:Water Framework Directive 1720:World Health Organization 1268:Biochemical oxygen demand 855:World Health Organization 847:2004 Indian Ocean tsunami 628: 447:concentrations, and high 117:with growing evidence of 6264:Water quality indicators 5346:Marine mammals and sonar 5257:Radio spectrum pollution 3576:"What is Water Quality?" 3328:10.1088/1748-9326/aaba52 2780:12 February 2016 at the 2520:tunza.eco-generation.org 2300:Water Supply Engineering 2237:Food Facts for Consumers 2221:. EPA. 17 February 2022. 1788: 1749:The water policy of the 1657:anthropogenic activities 1618:Environmental scientists 1431:Paratrimastix pyriformis 1179:Specific conductance or 1144:Environmental indicators 1116:dissolved organic carbon 887:The simplest methods of 484:Sampling and measurement 407:Environmental monitoring 276:areas around the world, 131:antimicrobial resistance 127:perfluorinated compounds 84:Impacts on public health 6192:WikiProject Environment 6150:Most polluted countries 6094:Polluter pays principle 5825:Agricultural wastewater 3760:. EPA. 7 December 2021. 3613:"13.060: Water quality" 3475:10.1073/pnas.1619807114 2918:Nature Chemical Biology 2809:"Monitoring Our Waters" 2450:(5). Wiley: 1007–1024. 1937:Water quality modelling 1873:Safe Drinking Water Act 1845:Water Quality Standards 1683:) are a major cause of 1327:Sodium adsorption ratio 1150:Environmental indicator 1070:Microorganisms such as 954:and other heavy metals. 590:, remote surveillance, 242:Safe Drinking Water Act 6210:Environment portal 5443:Agricultural pollution 3811:U.S. Geological Survey 3742:. EPA. 31 August 2022. 2716:10.1002/adem.201300259 1843:In the United States, 1515:Climate change impacts 1494:Mussel Watch Programme 1274:Chemical oxygen demand 1211:Total dissolved solids 1187:Total suspended solids 1181:electrical conductance 1010: 1007:total dissolved solids 955: 884: 840:total dissolved solids 800: 780:) and spiked sample ( 768: 725:chemical precipitation 534: 498:Water sampling station 420:ambient water quality, 162: 96:drinking water quality 34: 6239:Environmental science 5865:Industrial wastewater 5731:Clutter (advertising) 5639:Municipal solid waste 5485:Soil guideline values 5329:Sustainable transport 5222:Information pollution 5022:Open burning of waste 3820:24 March 2018 at the 3563:. EPA. 14 April 2022. 3398:Nature Climate Change 3026:. EPA. 1 August 2020. 2813:Watershed Restoration 2797:(1994) pp. 23–24 1806:Further information: 1743:Further information: 1630:Environmental lawyers 1600:Standards and reports 1501:aquatic biomonitoring 1446:Biological monitoring 1347:Biological indicators 1000: 946: 868: 803:After events such as 795: 762: 598:. The use of passive 520: 381:Enterococcus faecalis 185:contaminants such as 160: 24: 6137:Most polluted cities 5830:Biological pollution 5741:Overhead power lines 4821:remnant natural area 4458:storage and recovery 4124:habitat conservation 3942:Deforestation (REDD) 3758:Water Data and Tools 3237:Journal of Hydrology 2365:. EPA. 28 June 2022. 1869:public water systems 1578:harmful algal blooms 1353:Biological integrity 1183:(EC) or conductivity 1110:Dissolved organics: 989:Real-time monitoring 979:bionanotechnologists 891:are those measuring 676:chemical equilibrium 494:analytical chemistry 443:concentrations, low 322:, and can form hard 238:public water systems 6200:WikiProject Ecology 5897:Ocean acidification 5802:Unexploded ordnance 5673:Post-consumer waste 5533:Foam food container 5511:Biodegradable waste 5085:Global distillation 4775:Earth Overshoot Day 4349:Marine conservation 4330:non-timber products 3772:"How's My Waterway" 3466:2017PNAS..114.9770M 3410:2021NatCC..11..809M 3249:2014JHyd..518..250K 3201:2004EnInt..30..741B 3126:2022ScTEn.81351876C 3070:on 7 September 2015 2674:10.2149/tmh.2007-63 2456:2013JAWRA..49.1007T 2079:2023ExpHe..15..519K 2067:Exposure and Health 1996:1997JEnvQ..26..581J 1622:aqueous geochemists 1567:saltwater intrusion 1472:, mines, municipal 1406:Pimephales promelas 1252:Chemical indicators 1163:Physical indicators 1005:is used to measure 960:government agencies 950:is used to measure 665:statistical methods 580:stratified sampling 527:New Fane, Wisconsin 457:water contamination 255:secondary standards 107:infectious diseases 52:characteristics of 6220:Ecology portal 6104:Waste minimisation 6079:Industrial ecology 6074:Cleaner production 5892:Nutrient pollution 5769:Herbicidal warfare 5563:Construction waste 5199:Introduced species 5070:Indoor air quality 4997:Chlorofluorocarbon 4760:Ecosystem services 3883:Ambient standards 3717:; Section 305(b), 3592:on 1 December 2020 2464:10.1111/jawr.12108 1921:Permanganate index 1916:Aquatic toxicology 1893:Environment portal 1582:aquatic ecosystems 1465:macroinvertebrates 1414:Americamysis bahia 1038:2-Methylisoborneol 1011: 956: 885: 871:gas chromatograph- 849:the Colombo-based 801: 769: 621:requiring a water 535: 478:endangered species 278:water purification 163: 98:and its impact on 35: 6226: 6225: 6099:Pollution control 5779:Nuclear holocaust 5688:Thermal treatment 5656:Plastic pollution 5573:Mercury poisoning 5526:Battery recycling 5425:Radioactive waste 5194:Genetic pollution 5189:Biological hazard 4987:Air quality index 4923: 4922: 4901: 4900: 4700: 4699: 4379:genetic resources 4315:genetic resources 3950: 3949: 3858:Natural resources 3460:(37): 9770–9778. 3370:10.3390/w13172408 3297:978-92-808-6038-2 2998:"Eyes on the Bay" 2763:10.5337/2011.0030 2270:978-3-319-71388-5 1667:activities (e.g. 1442: 1441: 1400:Coliform bacteria 1343: 1342: 1248: 1247: 938:organic molecules 893:chemical elements 889:chemical analysis 873:mass spectrometer 861:Chemical analysis 745:organic compounds 660:maxima and minima 507:Sample collection 249:primary standards 153:Human consumption 72:and condition of 6271: 6249:Water management 6218: 6217: 6216: 6208: 6207: 6198: 6197: 6190: 6189: 6182: 6181: 6169: 6168: 6043:Legacy pollution 5902:Oil exploitation 5764:Chemical warfare 5678:Waste management 5585:Industrial waste 5553:Biomedical waste 5521:Electronic waste 5506:Advertising mail 5490:Phytoremediation 5465:Land degradation 5250:Overillumination 5204:Invasive species 4950: 4943: 4936: 4927: 4926: 4913: 4912: 4864: 4811:Natural heritage 4770:overexploitation 4709: 4708: 4443: 4442: 4389:herbal medicines 4369:FAO Plant Treaty 3909: 3886: 3871: 3870: 3851: 3844: 3837: 3828: 3827: 3775: 3768: 3762: 3761: 3750: 3744: 3743: 3732: 3726: 3707: 3701: 3690: 3684: 3677: 3671: 3665: 3659: 3653: 3647: 3646: 3644: 3642: 3631: 3625: 3624: 3622: 3620: 3608: 3602: 3601: 3599: 3597: 3591: 3585:. Archived from 3580: 3571: 3565: 3564: 3553: 3547: 3546: 3536: 3512: 3506: 3505: 3495: 3477: 3444: 3438: 3437: 3389: 3383: 3382: 3372: 3348: 3342: 3337: 3332: 3330: 3306: 3300: 3287:UN-Water (2013) 3285: 3279: 3278: 3268: 3227: 3221: 3220: 3184: 3178: 3171:Chapter 4: Water 3167: 3158: 3157: 3147: 3137: 3104: 3093: 3086: 3080: 3079: 3077: 3075: 3060: 3054: 3048: 3042: 3041: 3034: 3028: 3027: 3016: 3010: 3009: 3007: 3005: 2994: 2988: 2987: 2980: 2974: 2973: 2966: 2960: 2959: 2949: 2909: 2903: 2902: 2900: 2898: 2884: 2878: 2877: 2832: 2826: 2824: 2822: 2820: 2804: 2798: 2791: 2785: 2771: 2765: 2755:Success Stories. 2748: 2742: 2741: 2734: 2728: 2727: 2709: 2685: 2679: 2678: 2676: 2652: 2646: 2645: 2637: 2631: 2630: 2628: 2626: 2611: 2605: 2604: 2597: 2591: 2575: 2564: 2563: 2545: 2536: 2535: 2533: 2531: 2522:. Archived from 2512: 2506: 2505: 2503: 2501: 2490: 2484: 2483: 2439: 2433: 2432: 2430: 2420: 2414: 2413: 2407: 2397: 2373: 2367: 2366: 2359: 2353: 2343: 2337: 2336: 2318: 2312: 2311: 2295: 2289: 2288: 2285:"Drinking-water" 2281: 2275: 2274: 2247: 2241: 2240: 2229: 2223: 2222: 2215: 2209: 2208: 2197: 2188: 2186: 2173: 2167: 2166: 2164: 2162: 2148: 2142: 2141: 2134: 2128: 2123: 2118: 2108: 2090: 2058: 2047: 2046: 2021: 2008: 2007: 1979: 1973: 1972: 1964: 1909: 1904: 1903: 1895: 1890: 1889: 1474:sewage treatment 1409:(fathead minnow) 1389:Escherichia coli 1362: 1280:Dissolved oxygen 1257: 1168: 1076:Escherichia coli 1032:Taste and odor ( 984: 913:dissolved oxygen 820:natural disaster 782:positive control 778:negative control 588:passive sampling 584:cluster sampling 556:dissolved oxygen 461:land development 441:dissolved oxygen 392: 362: 195:organic chemical 6279: 6278: 6274: 6273: 6272: 6270: 6269: 6268: 6254:Water pollution 6229: 6228: 6227: 6222: 6214: 6212: 6202: 6159: 6145: 6113: 6062: 6011: 5978: 5917:Pharmaceuticals 5907:Oil exploration 5811: 5783:Nuclear fallout 5750: 5712: 5694: 5668:Packaging waste 5622:Deep sea mining 5548:Hazardous waste 5494: 5475:Open defecation 5429: 5395:Nuclear fallout 5390:Nuclear fission 5366: 5292: 5261: 5232:Electromagnetic 5226: 5210: 5175: 5095:Ozone depletion 4968: 4959: 4954: 4924: 4919: 4897: 4862: 4842: 4828:Systems ecology 4794:Natural capital 4696: 4581: 4570:reclaimed water 4432: 4394:UPOV Convention 4242: 4037: 3946: 3920: 3916:Ozone depletion 3907: 3884: 3860: 3855: 3822:Wayback Machine 3784: 3779: 3778: 3769: 3765: 3752: 3751: 3747: 3734: 3733: 3729: 3708: 3704: 3691: 3687: 3678: 3674: 3666: 3662: 3654: 3650: 3640: 3638: 3632: 3628: 3618: 3616: 3609: 3605: 3595: 3593: 3589: 3578: 3572: 3568: 3555: 3554: 3550: 3513: 3509: 3445: 3441: 3404:(10): 809–819. 3390: 3386: 3349: 3345: 3307: 3303: 3286: 3282: 3228: 3224: 3185: 3181: 3168: 3161: 3105: 3096: 3087: 3083: 3073: 3071: 3062: 3061: 3057: 3049: 3045: 3036: 3035: 3031: 3018: 3017: 3013: 3003: 3001: 2996: 2995: 2991: 2982: 2981: 2977: 2968: 2967: 2963: 2910: 2906: 2896: 2894: 2886: 2885: 2881: 2833: 2829: 2818: 2816: 2807: 2805: 2801: 2792: 2788: 2782:Wayback Machine 2772: 2768: 2749: 2745: 2736: 2735: 2731: 2691: 2686: 2682: 2653: 2649: 2638: 2634: 2624: 2622: 2621:on 7 March 2023 2613: 2612: 2608: 2599: 2598: 2594: 2576: 2567: 2560: 2552:. McGraw-Hill. 2546: 2539: 2529: 2527: 2526:on 7 March 2023 2514: 2513: 2509: 2499: 2497: 2492: 2491: 2487: 2440: 2436: 2428: 2422: 2421: 2417: 2374: 2370: 2361: 2360: 2356: 2344: 2340: 2333: 2319: 2315: 2296: 2292: 2283: 2282: 2278: 2271: 2248: 2244: 2231: 2230: 2226: 2217: 2216: 2212: 2199: 2198: 2191: 2179: 2174: 2170: 2160: 2158: 2150: 2149: 2145: 2136: 2135: 2131: 2059: 2050: 2043: 2023: 2022: 2011: 1980: 1976: 1965: 1961: 1956: 1951: 1947:Water treatment 1905: 1898: 1891: 1884: 1881: 1849:Clean Water Act 1841: 1829:Main articles: 1827: 1819: 1810: 1804: 1791: 1782:water resources 1747: 1741: 1736: 1715: 1710: 1685:water pollution 1636:work to define 1616:, and climate. 1602: 1597: 1596: 1525: 1517: 1443: 1359: 1349: 1344: 1306:Orthophosphates 1254: 1249: 1227:Forel-Ule scale 1165: 1160: 1146: 1132:Pharmaceuticals 1084:Giardia lamblia 1080:Cryptosporidium 991: 972: 910: 872: 863: 790: 631: 523:Milwaukee River 515: 509: 504: 486: 413: 403: 402: 401: 400: 399: 393: 385: 384: 371:faecal coliform 363: 352: 302: 236:provided by US 155: 139: 92: 86: 70:water pollution 27:rosette sampler 17: 12: 11: 5: 6277: 6267: 6266: 6261: 6256: 6251: 6246: 6241: 6224: 6223: 6164: 6161: 6160: 6158: 6157: 6152: 6147: 6143: 6139: 6134: 6132:Law by country 6129: 6123: 6121: 6115: 6114: 6112: 6111: 6106: 6101: 6096: 6091: 6086: 6081: 6076: 6070: 6068: 6064: 6063: 6061: 6060: 6055: 6050: 6045: 6040: 6035: 6030: 6025: 6019: 6017: 6013: 6012: 6010: 6009: 6004: 6003: 6002: 5997: 5986: 5984: 5980: 5979: 5977: 5976: 5971: 5966: 5961: 5956: 5954:Surface runoff 5951: 5946: 5941: 5936: 5935: 5934: 5929: 5919: 5914: 5909: 5904: 5899: 5894: 5889: 5884: 5879: 5878: 5877: 5867: 5862: 5857: 5852: 5847: 5842: 5840:Eutrophication 5837: 5832: 5827: 5821: 5819: 5813: 5812: 5810: 5809: 5804: 5799: 5797:Scorched earth 5794: 5791:nuclear winter 5787:nuclear famine 5776: 5766: 5760: 5758: 5752: 5751: 5749: 5748: 5743: 5738: 5733: 5728: 5722: 5720: 5714: 5713: 5711: 5710: 5704: 5702: 5696: 5695: 5693: 5692: 5691: 5690: 5685: 5675: 5670: 5665: 5664: 5663: 5653: 5648: 5647: 5646: 5636: 5635: 5634: 5632:Uranium mining 5629: 5624: 5619: 5617:Surface mining 5614: 5609: 5599: 5594: 5593: 5592: 5582: 5581: 5580: 5575: 5570: 5568:Lead poisoning 5565: 5560: 5558:Chemical waste 5555: 5545: 5540: 5535: 5530: 5529: 5528: 5518: 5513: 5508: 5502: 5500: 5496: 5495: 5493: 5492: 5487: 5482: 5477: 5472: 5470:Bioremediation 5467: 5462: 5461: 5460: 5455: 5450: 5439: 5437: 5431: 5430: 5428: 5427: 5422: 5417: 5412: 5407: 5402: 5397: 5392: 5387: 5385:Bioremediation 5382: 5376: 5374: 5368: 5367: 5365: 5364: 5359: 5356: 5353: 5350: 5349: 5348: 5338: 5333: 5332: 5331: 5326: 5321: 5316: 5311: 5306:Transportation 5302: 5300: 5294: 5293: 5291: 5290: 5285: 5280: 5275: 5269: 5267: 5263: 5262: 5260: 5259: 5254: 5253: 5252: 5247: 5236: 5234: 5228: 5227: 5225: 5224: 5218: 5216: 5212: 5211: 5209: 5208: 5207: 5206: 5196: 5191: 5185: 5183: 5177: 5176: 5174: 5173: 5168: 5163: 5162: 5161: 5151: 5150: 5149: 5139: 5134: 5129: 5128: 5127: 5122: 5117: 5112: 5107: 5097: 5092: 5087: 5082: 5080:Global dimming 5077: 5072: 5067: 5066: 5065: 5055: 5054: 5053: 5051:Diesel exhaust 5043: 5038: 5037: 5036: 5026: 5025: 5024: 5019: 5014: 5009: 4999: 4994: 4989: 4984: 4978: 4976: 4970: 4969: 4964: 4961: 4960: 4953: 4952: 4945: 4938: 4930: 4921: 4920: 4918: 4917: 4906: 4903: 4902: 4899: 4898: 4896: 4895: 4886: 4881: 4876: 4871: 4866: 4863:(perpetuation) 4858: 4852: 4850: 4844: 4843: 4841: 4840: 4835: 4830: 4825: 4824: 4823: 4816:Nature reserve 4813: 4808: 4807: 4806: 4801: 4791: 4790: 4789: 4779: 4778: 4777: 4772: 4762: 4757: 4756: 4755: 4750: 4740: 4739: 4738: 4733: 4728: 4723: 4712: 4706: 4702: 4701: 4698: 4697: 4695: 4694: 4693: 4692: 4687: 4677: 4672: 4667: 4662: 4657: 4652: 4647: 4642: 4637: 4632: 4627: 4622: 4621: 4620: 4610: 4605: 4600: 4595: 4589: 4587: 4583: 4582: 4580: 4579: 4574: 4573: 4572: 4562: 4557: 4552: 4551: 4550: 4540: 4535: 4534: 4533: 4521: 4520: 4519: 4514: 4509: 4499: 4494: 4493: 4492: 4487: 4482: 4472: 4467: 4462: 4461: 4460: 4449: 4447: 4440: 4434: 4433: 4431: 4430: 4429: 4428: 4423: 4413: 4408: 4403: 4402: 4401: 4396: 4391: 4386: 4381: 4376: 4371: 4361: 4356: 4351: 4346: 4345: 4344: 4334: 4333: 4332: 4327: 4322: 4317: 4307: 4306: 4305: 4300: 4295: 4293:climate change 4285: 4280: 4275: 4270: 4269: 4268: 4261:Bioprospecting 4258: 4252: 4250: 4244: 4243: 4241: 4240: 4239: 4238: 4233: 4223: 4222: 4221: 4216: 4211: 4206: 4196: 4195: 4194: 4189: 4188: 4187: 4182: 4172: 4171: 4170: 4165: 4155: 4154: 4153: 4143: 4138: 4128: 4127: 4126: 4116: 4115: 4114: 4104: 4103: 4102: 4097: 4092: 4087: 4077: 4072: 4067: 4066: 4065: 4064: 4063: 4047: 4045: 4039: 4038: 4036: 4035: 4030: 4029: 4028: 4023: 4013: 4008: 4003: 3998: 3976: 3971: 3966: 3960: 3958: 3952: 3951: 3948: 3947: 3945: 3944: 3939: 3934: 3928: 3926: 3922: 3921: 3919: 3918: 3913: 3912: 3911: 3906:Clean Air Act 3898: 3893: 3888: 3879: 3877: 3868: 3862: 3861: 3854: 3853: 3846: 3839: 3831: 3815: 3814: 3808: 3802: 3796: 3791: 3783: 3782:External links 3780: 3777: 3776: 3763: 3745: 3727: 3723:§ 1315(b) 3719:33 U.S.C. 3711:33 U.S.C. 3702: 3694:33 U.S.C. 3685: 3672: 3660: 3648: 3626: 3603: 3566: 3548: 3507: 3439: 3384: 3343: 3301: 3280: 3222: 3195:(5): 741–759. 3179: 3159: 3094: 3081: 3055: 3043: 3029: 3011: 2989: 2975: 2961: 2924:(4): 385–393. 2904: 2879: 2827: 2799: 2786: 2766: 2743: 2729: 2700:(2): 248–254. 2689: 2680: 2647: 2632: 2606: 2592: 2565: 2558: 2537: 2507: 2485: 2434: 2415: 2368: 2354: 2338: 2331: 2313: 2290: 2276: 2269: 2242: 2224: 2210: 2189: 2168: 2143: 2129: 2073:(3): 519–537. 2048: 2041: 2009: 1990:(3): 581–589. 1974: 1958: 1957: 1955: 1952: 1950: 1949: 1944: 1939: 1934: 1929: 1923: 1918: 1912: 1911: 1910: 1896: 1880: 1877: 1826: 1823: 1818: 1817:United Kingdom 1815: 1803: 1800: 1799: 1798: 1790: 1787: 1786: 1785: 1775: 1769: 1751:European Union 1740: 1739:European Union 1737: 1735: 1732: 1731: 1730: 1723: 1714: 1711: 1601: 1598: 1595: 1594: 1591: 1585: 1574:eutrophication 1570: 1563:sea level rise 1555: 1549: 1546:surface runoff 1538: 1526: 1518: 1516: 1513: 1440: 1439: 1435: 1434: 1423: 1418: 1417:(Mysid shrimp) 1410: 1402: 1395: 1394: 1393: 1385: 1380: 1375: 1370: 1360: 1348: 1345: 1341: 1340: 1336: 1335: 1330: 1324: 1318: 1313: 1308: 1301: 1300: 1299: 1294: 1289: 1286:Total hardness 1283: 1277: 1271: 1265: 1255: 1253: 1250: 1246: 1245: 1241: 1240: 1234: 1223:Color of water 1220: 1214: 1206: 1205: 1204: 1199: 1190: 1184: 1177: 1166: 1164: 1161: 1145: 1142: 1141: 1140: 1134: 1129: 1124: 1119: 1108: 1093: 1072:fecal coliform 1068: 1041: 1030: 1025: 1023:Color of water 1020: 990: 987: 971: 968: 908: 862: 859: 789: 786: 767:) for analysis 757: 756: 741:carbon dioxide 733:concentrations 729:Microorganisms 672: 630: 627: 592:remote sensing 508: 505: 485: 482: 436:microorganisms 418:, also called 394: 387: 386: 364: 357: 356: 355: 354: 353: 351: 348: 301: 298: 259: 258: 252: 167:microorganisms 154: 151: 138: 135: 85: 82: 74:drinking water 40:refers to the 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6276: 6265: 6262: 6260: 6257: 6255: 6252: 6250: 6247: 6245: 6242: 6240: 6237: 6236: 6234: 6221: 6211: 6206: 6201: 6193: 6185: 6176: 6172: 6162: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6140: 6138: 6135: 6133: 6130: 6128: 6125: 6124: 6122: 6120: 6116: 6110: 6107: 6105: 6102: 6100: 6097: 6095: 6092: 6090: 6087: 6085: 6082: 6080: 6077: 6075: 6072: 6071: 6069: 6065: 6059: 6056: 6054: 6051: 6049: 6046: 6044: 6041: 6039: 6036: 6034: 6031: 6029: 6026: 6024: 6021: 6020: 6018: 6014: 6008: 6005: 6001: 5998: 5996: 5993: 5992: 5991: 5988: 5987: 5985: 5981: 5975: 5974:Water quality 5972: 5970: 5967: 5965: 5962: 5960: 5957: 5955: 5952: 5950: 5947: 5945: 5942: 5940: 5937: 5933: 5930: 5928: 5925: 5924: 5923: 5920: 5918: 5915: 5913: 5910: 5908: 5905: 5903: 5900: 5898: 5895: 5893: 5890: 5888: 5885: 5883: 5880: 5876: 5873: 5872: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5822: 5820: 5818: 5814: 5808: 5805: 5803: 5800: 5798: 5795: 5792: 5788: 5784: 5780: 5777: 5774: 5770: 5767: 5765: 5762: 5761: 5759: 5757: 5753: 5747: 5744: 5742: 5739: 5737: 5736:Traffic signs 5734: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5723: 5721: 5719: 5715: 5709: 5706: 5705: 5703: 5701: 5697: 5689: 5686: 5684: 5681: 5680: 5679: 5676: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5666: 5662: 5661:Microplastics 5659: 5658: 5657: 5654: 5652: 5651:Nanomaterials 5649: 5645: 5642: 5641: 5640: 5637: 5633: 5630: 5628: 5625: 5623: 5620: 5618: 5615: 5613: 5610: 5608: 5605: 5604: 5603: 5600: 5598: 5595: 5591: 5590:Lead smelting 5588: 5587: 5586: 5583: 5579: 5576: 5574: 5571: 5569: 5566: 5564: 5561: 5559: 5556: 5554: 5551: 5550: 5549: 5546: 5544: 5541: 5539: 5536: 5534: 5531: 5527: 5524: 5523: 5522: 5519: 5517: 5514: 5512: 5509: 5507: 5504: 5503: 5501: 5497: 5491: 5488: 5486: 5483: 5481: 5478: 5476: 5473: 5471: 5468: 5466: 5463: 5459: 5456: 5454: 5451: 5449: 5446: 5445: 5444: 5441: 5440: 5438: 5436: 5432: 5426: 5423: 5421: 5418: 5416: 5413: 5411: 5410:Radioactivity 5408: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5398: 5396: 5393: 5391: 5388: 5386: 5383: 5381: 5378: 5377: 5375: 5373: 5369: 5363: 5362:Noise control 5360: 5357: 5354: 5351: 5347: 5344: 5343: 5342: 5339: 5337: 5334: 5330: 5327: 5325: 5322: 5320: 5317: 5315: 5312: 5309: 5308: 5307: 5304: 5303: 5301: 5299: 5295: 5289: 5286: 5284: 5281: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5270: 5268: 5264: 5258: 5255: 5251: 5248: 5246: 5243: 5242: 5241: 5238: 5237: 5235: 5233: 5229: 5223: 5220: 5219: 5217: 5213: 5205: 5202: 5201: 5200: 5197: 5195: 5192: 5190: 5187: 5186: 5184: 5182: 5178: 5172: 5169: 5167: 5164: 5160: 5157: 5156: 5155: 5152: 5148: 5145: 5144: 5143: 5140: 5138: 5135: 5133: 5130: 5126: 5123: 5121: 5118: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5110:Metal working 5108: 5106: 5103: 5102: 5101: 5098: 5096: 5093: 5091: 5088: 5086: 5083: 5081: 5078: 5076: 5073: 5071: 5068: 5064: 5061: 5060: 5059: 5056: 5052: 5049: 5048: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5039: 5035: 5032: 5031: 5030: 5027: 5023: 5020: 5018: 5015: 5013: 5010: 5008: 5005: 5004: 5003: 5000: 4998: 4995: 4993: 4990: 4988: 4985: 4983: 4980: 4979: 4977: 4975: 4971: 4967: 4962: 4958: 4951: 4946: 4944: 4939: 4937: 4932: 4931: 4928: 4916: 4908: 4907: 4904: 4894: 4893:Non-renewable 4890: 4887: 4885: 4882: 4880: 4877: 4875: 4872: 4870: 4867: 4865: 4859: 4857: 4854: 4853: 4851: 4849: 4845: 4839: 4836: 4834: 4833:Urban ecology 4831: 4829: 4826: 4822: 4819: 4818: 4817: 4814: 4812: 4809: 4805: 4802: 4800: 4797: 4796: 4795: 4792: 4788: 4785: 4784: 4783: 4780: 4776: 4773: 4771: 4768: 4767: 4766: 4763: 4761: 4758: 4754: 4751: 4749: 4746: 4745: 4744: 4741: 4737: 4734: 4732: 4729: 4727: 4724: 4722: 4719: 4718: 4717: 4714: 4713: 4710: 4707: 4703: 4691: 4688: 4686: 4683: 4682: 4681: 4678: 4676: 4673: 4671: 4668: 4666: 4665:Privatization 4663: 4661: 4658: 4656: 4653: 4651: 4648: 4646: 4643: 4641: 4638: 4636: 4633: 4631: 4628: 4626: 4623: 4619: 4616: 4615: 4614: 4611: 4609: 4606: 4604: 4601: 4599: 4596: 4594: 4591: 4590: 4588: 4584: 4578: 4575: 4571: 4568: 4567: 4566: 4563: 4561: 4560:Surface water 4558: 4556: 4553: 4549: 4546: 4545: 4544: 4541: 4539: 4536: 4532: 4531: 4527: 4526: 4525: 4522: 4518: 4515: 4513: 4510: 4508: 4505: 4504: 4503: 4500: 4498: 4495: 4491: 4488: 4486: 4483: 4481: 4478: 4477: 4476: 4473: 4471: 4468: 4466: 4463: 4459: 4456: 4455: 4454: 4451: 4450: 4448: 4444: 4441: 4439: 4435: 4427: 4424: 4422: 4419: 4418: 4417: 4414: 4412: 4409: 4407: 4404: 4400: 4397: 4395: 4392: 4390: 4387: 4385: 4382: 4380: 4377: 4375: 4372: 4370: 4367: 4366: 4365: 4362: 4360: 4357: 4355: 4352: 4350: 4347: 4343: 4340: 4339: 4338: 4335: 4331: 4328: 4326: 4323: 4321: 4318: 4316: 4313: 4312: 4311: 4308: 4304: 4301: 4299: 4296: 4294: 4291: 4290: 4289: 4286: 4284: 4281: 4279: 4276: 4274: 4271: 4267: 4264: 4263: 4262: 4259: 4257: 4254: 4253: 4251: 4249: 4245: 4237: 4234: 4232: 4229: 4228: 4227: 4224: 4220: 4217: 4215: 4212: 4210: 4207: 4205: 4202: 4201: 4200: 4197: 4193: 4190: 4186: 4183: 4181: 4178: 4177: 4176: 4173: 4169: 4166: 4164: 4161: 4160: 4159: 4156: 4152: 4149: 4148: 4147: 4144: 4142: 4139: 4137: 4134: 4133: 4132: 4129: 4125: 4122: 4121: 4120: 4117: 4113: 4110: 4109: 4108: 4105: 4101: 4098: 4096: 4093: 4091: 4088: 4086: 4083: 4082: 4081: 4078: 4076: 4073: 4071: 4068: 4062: 4061:peak farmland 4059: 4058: 4057: 4054: 4053: 4052: 4049: 4048: 4046: 4044: 4040: 4034: 4031: 4027: 4024: 4022: 4019: 4018: 4017: 4014: 4012: 4009: 4007: 4004: 4002: 3999: 3996: 3992: 3988: 3984: 3980: 3977: 3975: 3972: 3970: 3967: 3965: 3962: 3961: 3959: 3957: 3953: 3943: 3940: 3938: 3935: 3933: 3930: 3929: 3927: 3923: 3917: 3914: 3910: 3904: 3903: 3902: 3899: 3897: 3894: 3892: 3889: 3887: 3881: 3880: 3878: 3876: 3872: 3869: 3867: 3863: 3859: 3852: 3847: 3845: 3840: 3838: 3833: 3832: 3829: 3825: 3823: 3819: 3812: 3809: 3806: 3803: 3800: 3797: 3795: 3792: 3789: 3786: 3785: 3773: 3767: 3759: 3755: 3749: 3741: 3737: 3731: 3724: 3720: 3716: 3712: 3706: 3699: 3695: 3689: 3682: 3676: 3669: 3664: 3658: 3652: 3637: 3630: 3614: 3607: 3588: 3584: 3577: 3570: 3562: 3558: 3552: 3544: 3540: 3535: 3530: 3526: 3522: 3518: 3511: 3503: 3499: 3494: 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2616: 2610: 2602: 2596: 2590: 2589:0-87553-078-8 2586: 2582: 2581: 2574: 2572: 2570: 2561: 2559:0-07-023651-8 2555: 2551: 2544: 2542: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2511: 2495: 2489: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2438: 2427: 2426: 2419: 2412: 2406: 2401: 2396: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2372: 2364: 2358: 2351: 2348: 2342: 2334: 2332:0-07-037959-9 2328: 2324: 2317: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2294: 2286: 2280: 2272: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2246: 2238: 2234: 2228: 2220: 2214: 2206: 2202: 2196: 2194: 2185: 2182: 2178: 2172: 2157: 2156:Water Rangers 2153: 2147: 2139: 2133: 2127: 2122: 2116: 2112: 2107: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2089: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2057: 2055: 2053: 2044: 2042:9789241549950 2038: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2020: 2018: 2016: 2014: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1978: 1970: 1963: 1959: 1948: 1945: 1943: 1942:Water testing 1940: 1938: 1935: 1933: 1932:Water clarity 1930: 1927: 1926:Stiff diagram 1924: 1922: 1919: 1917: 1914: 1913: 1908: 1902: 1897: 1894: 1888: 1883: 1876: 1874: 1870: 1865: 1863: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1825:United States 1822: 1814: 1809: 1796: 1793: 1792: 1783: 1779: 1776: 1773: 1770: 1767: 1763: 1760: 1759: 1758: 1756: 1752: 1746: 1728: 1724: 1721: 1717: 1716: 1713:International 1709: 1704: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1669:manufacturing 1666: 1662: 1659:of a region. 1658: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1641: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1592: 1589: 1586: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1553: 1550: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1534: 1533: 1530: 1523: 1512: 1510: 1506: 1505:ISO/IEC 17025 1502: 1497: 1495: 1490: 1489:bioindicators 1485: 1483: 1477: 1475: 1471: 1466: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1450:Ephemeroptera 1447: 1438: 1433: 1432: 1427: 1424: 1422: 1419: 1416: 1415: 1411: 1408: 1407: 1403: 1401: 1398: 1397: 1396: 1391: 1390: 1386: 1384: 1381: 1379: 1376: 1374: 1371: 1369: 1368:Ephemeroptera 1366: 1365: 1364: 1363: 1358: 1354: 1339: 1334: 1331: 1328: 1325: 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tanks 5773:Agent Orange 5627:Mining waste 5453:Manure waste 5283:Volcanic ash 5159:Black carbon 5115:Oil refining 5100:Particulates 5029:Construction 4891: / 4765:Exploitation 4669: 4650:Conservation 4593:Desalination 4528: 4421:conservation 4256:Biodiversity 4204:conservation 4051:Agricultural 3979:Fossil fuels 3816: 3766: 3757: 3748: 3739: 3730: 3705: 3688: 3675: 3663: 3651: 3639:. 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The 209:; and 191:metals 129:, and 66:safety 48:, and 6244:Water 6119:Lists 6058:Waste 6000:Paint 5817:Water 5700:Space 5341:Sonar 5336:Urban 5314:Water 5298:Noise 5273:Ozone 5240:Light 5171:Waste 5063:Smoke 4869:Curse 4675:Right 4517:polar 4507:bergs 4470:Fresh 4438:Water 4151:metal 4075:Field 4026:shade 4016:Solar 4006:Hydro 3891:Index 3634:ISO. 3590:(PDF) 3579:(PDF) 3539:S2CID 3430:S2CID 3357:Water 2870:S2CID 2720:S2CID 2702:arXiv 2476:S2CID 2429:(PDF) 2390:arXiv 1789:India 1691:from 1329:(SAR) 1323:(RSC) 1276:(COD) 1270:(BOD) 1237:Taste 1217:Odour 1213:(TDS) 1189:(TSS) 1122:Radon 1118:(DOC) 905:litre 901:grams 721:phase 693:pumps 424:lakes 201:use; 187:salts 54:water 6033:Dust 6016:Misc 5435:Soil 5324:Rail 5310:Land 5154:Soot 5142:Smog 5058:Haze 4804:good 4753:land 4731:land 4543:Rain 4399:wood 4374:food 4337:Game 4248:Life 4199:Soil 4175:peak 4168:sand 4043:Land 4033:Wind 3908:(US) 3885:(US) 3643:2011 3621:2011 3598:2020 3498:PMID 3480:ISSN 3422:ISSN 3375:ISSN 3293:ISBN 3271:ISSN 3213:PMID 3150:PMID 3076:2015 3006:2018 2952:PMID 2934:ISSN 2899:2022 2862:PMID 2854:ISSN 2821:2018 2627:2022 2585:ISBN 2554:ISBN 2532:2021 2502:2022 2468:ISSN 2327:ISBN 2304:ASIN 2265:ISBN 2163:2022 2111:PMID 2093:ISSN 2037:ISBN 1725:The 1718:The 1663:and 1632:and 1620:and 1482:Iowa 1456:and 1355:and 1288:(TH) 1282:(DO) 1097:lead 930:acid 903:per 807:and 689:sorb 652:soil 642:and 409:and 378:and 320:soap 308:ions 228:The 217:and 205:and 189:and 177:and 6144:2.5 5756:War 5319:Air 4974:Air 4603:Law 4502:Ice 4342:law 4320:law 4298:law 4226:Use 4163:law 4146:ore 4107:Law 3983:gas 3969:Law 3964:Bio 3901:Law 3866:Air 3529:doi 3488:PMC 3470:doi 3458:114 3414:doi 3365:doi 3323:doi 3261:hdl 3253:doi 3241:518 3205:doi 3140:hdl 3130:doi 3118:813 2942:PMC 2926:doi 2846:doi 2842:118 2759:doi 2712:doi 2669:doi 2460:doi 2400:doi 2257:doi 2184:141 2101:PMC 2083:doi 2029:hdl 2000:doi 1229:or 1195:or 1088:see 1078:), 1001:An 735:of 451:. 337:or 272:In 6235:: 6177:) 5789:- 5785:- 3993:, 3989:, 3985:, 3756:. 3738:. 3581:. 3559:. 3537:. 3525:38 3523:. 3519:. 3496:. 3486:. 3478:. 3468:. 3456:. 3452:. 3428:. 3420:. 3412:. 3402:11 3400:. 3396:. 3373:. 3361:13 3359:. 3355:. 3319:13 3317:. 3313:. 3291:, 3269:. 3259:. 3251:. 3235:. 3211:. 3203:. 3193:30 3191:. 3162:^ 3148:. 3138:. 3128:. 3116:. 3112:. 3097:^ 3022:. 2950:. 2940:. 2932:. 2922:18 2920:. 2916:. 2890:. 2868:. 2860:. 2852:. 2840:. 2811:. 2718:. 2710:. 2698:16 2696:. 2665:36 2663:. 2659:. 2568:^ 2540:^ 2518:. 2474:. 2466:. 2458:. 2448:49 2446:. 2408:. 2398:. 2384:. 2380:. 2263:. 2235:. 2203:. 2192:^ 2154:. 2109:. 2099:. 2091:. 2081:. 2071:15 2069:. 2065:. 2051:^ 2035:. 2012:^ 1998:. 1988:26 1986:. 1875:. 1833:, 1757:: 1703:. 1679:, 1675:, 1671:, 1651:, 1628:. 1612:, 1452:, 1311:pH 1152:, 1103:, 1099:, 1086:; 1063:, 1059:, 1055:, 1051:, 1047:, 1036:, 1028:pH 869:A 830:, 828:pH 749:pH 739:, 727:. 695:, 566:, 562:, 558:, 554:, 552:pH 550:, 525:, 496:, 492:, 467:, 463:, 426:, 193:; 181:; 173:, 133:. 125:, 64:, 44:, 25:A 6173:( 5793:) 5781:( 5775:) 5771:( 4949:e 4942:t 4935:v 3997:) 3850:e 3843:t 3836:v 3725:. 3700:. 3670:. 3645:. 3623:. 3600:. 3545:. 3531:: 3504:. 3472:: 3464:: 3436:. 3416:: 3408:: 3381:. 3367:: 3331:. 3325:: 3277:. 3263:: 3255:: 3247:: 3219:. 3207:: 3199:: 3156:. 3142:: 3132:: 3124:: 3078:. 3008:. 2958:. 2928:: 2901:. 2876:. 2848:: 2825:. 2823:. 2761:: 2726:. 2714:: 2704:: 2690:2 2677:. 2671:: 2629:. 2562:. 2534:. 2504:. 2482:. 2462:: 2454:: 2402:: 2392:: 2386:4 2335:. 2310:. 2273:. 2259:: 2187:. 2165:. 2117:. 2085:: 2077:: 2045:. 2031:: 2006:. 2002:: 1994:: 1768:; 1569:. 1548:. 1524:. 1233:) 1067:) 1009:. 909:2 838:/

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