276:
depend on government subsidies and external funding. A National
Sanitation Policy and a National Drinking Water Policy were passed in 2006 and 2009 respectively with the objective to improve water and sanitation coverage and quality. However, the level of annual investment (US$ 4/capita) still remains much below what would be necessary to achieve a significant increase in access and service quality. Pakistan is currently grappling with a critical water crisis, transitioning swiftly from a state of water "stressed" to water "scarce." The annual water availability per person has plummeted below 1,000 cubic meters, possibly surpassing this threshold already. To put it in perspective, this means that the yearly water allocation for each individual in Pakistan would not even fill half of an Olympic swimming pool.
457:. 87% of the impact is on health, 5% on increased costs of water supply and 8% are other impacts. The main health impacts are premature mortality and productivity losses, followed by treatment costs. Water supply costs include higher costs for the supply of piped water, higher expenses for bottled water and the cost of household water treatment. Other costs include the cost of increased time for open defecation and the use of shared toilets, and a relatively small cost of lost tourism revenues. Many intangible costs were not included in the estimate, such as the lack of privacy, security, status and dignity. The cost of environmental conditions stemming from poor sanitation was also not included in the estimate.
750:"public places", which together with the limited capacity of the plants suggests that the purified water is not to be used for network supply, but rather for distribution as bottled water. The much larger US$ 168 million Clean Drinking Water for All Programme aims at delivering one purification plant to each Pakistani Union Council. The plants are expected to be maintained through contracting out for three subsequent years. It is estimated that one purification plant will serve 2-20% of each Union Council's population, which on average have 20,000 inhabitants. Under the programme, the establishment of 6,035 purification plants with capacities of 500, 1,000 and 2,000 gallons per hour is planned.
3588:. The utilities range from small ones, which serve fewer than 125,000 people to large ones, serving more than 500,000. All regions and within countries, all income levels are included. In each of the five categories (NRW, labor productivity, service coverage, water prices and connection costs and continuity of service), at least 30 utilities from developing countries and 30 from developed countries are included. The best practice targets for developing countries are based on the performance of the top 25 utilities of developing country utilities. The study uses data from the World Bank's Water and Sanitation Utilities database and the Asian Development Bank; see:
1124:, Pakistan's investment in the water supply and sanitation sector is inadequate and provides for US$ 2 billion (120 billion rupee) or US$ 404 million per year for the sector from 2005 to 2010, half of which is to be paid by the federal and provincial governments, including the construction and rehabilitation of water supply schemes in urban and rural areas and wastewater treatment plants in provincial capitals. The other half is expected to be provided by the private sector and includes water supply systems, sewerage networks and wastewater treatment as part of new housing schemes in cities and towns.
285:
299:
479:
7275:
695:
the TMA level. However, the decentralization has not been implemented in all provinces. In 2008, it was reported that PHEDs were still active in water supply development, operation and maintenance, particularly in areas where the schemes spread across more than one tehsil. In those cases, the PHEDs usually develop supply-driven schemes with little or no participation of TMAs. In addition, the devolution took place differently from one province top another. According to a 2003 document, the PHED remains fully functional in the
671:
governments through their Public Health
Engineering Departments (PHEDs). This was initially done without much participation by local government and communities in decision-making. However, in 1992 the federal government launched a Social Action Plan, which emphasized user participation, hygiene promotion and the use low-cost technologies in water supply and sanitation. A shift of sector responsibility then took place under the 2001 Local Government Ordinance (LGO). Under the LGO, three tiers of local governments were created:
734:
provision and regulation. The right to water for drinking precedes all other uses, like industrial or agricultural water use. Women are recognized as main actors of domestic water supply, and their active participation in the sector is sought. In accordance with the LGO, the document highlights the responsibility of local governments to provide drinking water. The policy is expected to be reviewed and updated every five years to examine its implementation and efficacy and to adapt it to the changing situation in the country.
992:
Rawalpindi, labor productivity is indicated lower at 9.5 and 12.7 employees per 1,000 connections, respectively. At the 2005 workshop, between 6 and 27 employees per 1,000 connections in major cities were reported (see table 3). Tynan and
Kingdom propose a best practice target of 5 employees per 1,000 connections in developing countries. However it should be mentioned that equally to NRW, this target is a suggestion of the authors, which is not established as official best practice target among professionals.
874:
develops and constructs primary household sanitary latrines, underground sewers and neighborhood collector sewers. Those are connected to main sewers and treatment plants, which form the second component and are constructed with public funds. The OPP was very successful and about 100,000 households have developed their own sanitation systems in Orangi. The project was replicated by NGOs and CBOs in other
Pakistani cities. The component sharing model is encouraged under the 2006 National Sanitation Policy.
6573:
1091:
cities. According to this survey, the residential water tariff in
Karachi was US$ 0.09 per m for a consumption of 15 m per month. The tariff had been raised by 67% in September 2011, in order to pay for an increase of the electricity rates charged to the water utility. This made it the third-highest increase in water tariffs in the world in 2011. According to the Karachi Water and Sewer Board, the unmetered water tariff after the increase was 111
6583:
37:
799:
Policy and the
National Drinking Water Policy. The Ministry of Health is expected to set water quality standards and monitor drinking water quality in the country. Poor coordination between the ministry and other authorities have been reported. The Health Services Academy under the Ministry of Health published Quality Drinking Water Standards for Pakistan in May 2007. These standards were not officially implemented and monitored in 2008.
795:
provincial government, through its
Housing, Urban Development and Public Health Engineering Department drew up a roadmap for reforming its water utilities. The roadmap aimed at making the five largest utilities, called the WASAs, more professional and accountable through the appointment of new managing directors from the private sector and through the signing of performance contracts between the provincial government and the utilities.
914:
CLTS has spread rapidly in the whole country and became a main feature of the
National Sanitation Policy, which provides financial rewards for defined outcomes. Development agencies began to link their funding and incentives to theopen defecation free status. For example, the Khushal Pakistan Fund has allocated about US$ 200 million (12 billion Pakistani rupees) to community infrastructure projects in open defecation free communities.
815:
fulfillment of a condition of a loan by the Asian
Development Bank. WASAs also exist in Faisalabad, Lahore, Hyderabad, Islamabad and Multan. The WASA in Faisalabad had already been created in 1978. The WASA's are "wings" of the respective City Development Authorities. In Karachi, the Karachi Water and Sewerage Board (KWSB) was separated from the City Development Authority and is an autonomous utility established by law in 1996.
1335:. The main objectives of the project were to improve rural productivity and health and reduce poverty and deprivation. The components of the project included the construction and rehabilitation of water supply and sanitation schemes, institutional strengthening and training, latrine construction materials accompanied by health education and promotion, water resources and sanitation studies and private sector support.
1325:(KWSB). The project started in 1993 and provided for the construction of a canal to bring water from the Indus River, pumping stations, water and wastewater treatment facilities. In low income areas, small bore sewers were to be built. The operational efficiency of KWSB was expected to improve through technical assistance by the World Bank and increased cost reduction measures, e.g. reduction of water losses.
859:
1159:
4130:
429:
improved water source was 91%, almost identical to the 2010 figure estimated by the JMP. For sanitation, the survey estimates that 66% had a flush toilet, 15% a non-flush toilet and 18% had no toilet at all. If all toilets were considered to be a form of improved sanitation, access according to this estimate would be 81%, much higher than the JMP estimate of 48%.
976:. It is difficult to accurately measure NRW, because customer metering is uncommon. For example, in Punjab only 3 percent of connections of the five largest utilities have functioning meters and are being read. As indicated in table 3, officials from major Pakistani cities reported a share of NRW during a 2005 workshop, ranging from 40% to 50%.
620:. Newspapers reported that drinking water was provided without any treatment or disinfection, which facilitated the spread of the amoeba. As a reaction to the findings, a citizen of Karachi submitted a court petition asking the Karachi Water and Sewerage Board to fulfill its duty to provide clean water. In October 2012, the
782:
1276:
from the
Khanpur Dam. An ex-post evaluation of the project in 2002 judged that "the effect of the project was not necessarily high". The amount of water supplied was only 41% of what had been planned, and there were "various problems with the executing agency (the Capital Development Authority) such
1173:
with more than six million inhabitants. The loan, in the form of a multitranche financing facility (MFF), will also support urban sector reforms - such as the establishment of local government-owned urban services corporations - and capacity development. The first tranche of $ 38 million (2009–2012)
952:
as part of a regional project that also covered India and Bangladesh. Eight utilities participated, including five WASAs in Punjab as well as the utilities of Karachi, Peshawar and Islamabad. The benchmarking project found that data were not very reliable and that benchmarking was "largely externally
925:
Through CLTS more than 1,500 villages achieved "open defecation free status" by 2009. This figure is expected to reach 15,000 villages by June 2011, covering a third of the rural population of Pakistan. An assessment of CLTS pilots in nine villages showed that open defecation stopped, but communities
694:
The responsibility for water supply and sanitation was nominally devolved to Tehsil Municipal Administrations (TMAs), the second-lowest tier of local government in Pakistan. The PHED was supposed to be merged into the Provincial Local Government Department and its staff was supposed to be devolved at
991:
There are no updated and precise figures for labor productivity, measured in employees per 1,000 connections. However, the Ministry of Water and Power indicated a poor performance in the country's major cities. The ADB found an average of 5.6 employees per 1,000 connections in Karachi. In Lahore and
823:
Governments. However, as indicated above, challenges in the transition period were reported and provincial Public Health and Engineering Departments (PHEDs) in the four Pakistani Provinces continue to provide water services, especially in rural areas. In urban areas outside the largest cities, local
749:
plants of 2,000 gallons per hour in all Pakistani tehsils. The Ministry of Environment is to "provide the technical support to the provinces by installing various plants at selected places on turn key basis and then handing it over to local municipal administration." The plants would be installed in
1237:
in Punjab. Just as the project in Abbottabad, it aims at developing bulk water supply, in this case from a well field located near a Canal, the Jhang Branch Canal. A parallel project provides training and advice on institutional reforms. The project builds on a previous project to improve the water
598:
contamination was detected in drinking water in various localities in Pakistan, according to an official government document. Generally, water pressure is low in Pakistani supply systems. Together with leaky pipes, this leads to infiltration of contaminated water. A survey of drinking water samples
469:
is often insufficient in Pakistan. One document criticizes the MDG's methodology for only taking into account coverage figures, without giving attention to adequate service quality. Continuity of supply and water quality are two important elements of drinking water service quality. The treatment of
313:
In 2015, 91% of the population had access to an "improved" water supply. This was 94% of the population in urban areas and 90% of the population in rural areas. In 2015, there were still around 16 million people lacking access to "improved" water. As for sanitation, in 2015, 64% of the population
913:
in 2003 by UNICEF together with a local NGO IRSP (Integrated Regional Support Program). A main objective of the concept is to create open defecation free villages through behavioral change in the whole community, rather than to construct sanitation facilities for individual households. Since then,
873:
in 1980 in order to improve the poor sanitation conditions through a low-cost sanitation program with active user participation. A main feature of the project is the component sharing model. The first component is responsibility of the communities, which receive technical assistance. The community
798:
The federal government is only involved in policy development and the setting of guidelines, mostly through the Ministry of Climate Change (formerly called Ministry of Environment). A National Drinking Water and Sanitation Committee was established in 2009 to implement both the National Sanitation
275:
in 2006. Estimates indicate that each year, more than three million Pakistanis become infected with waterborne diseases. In addition, many service providers do not even cover the costs of operation and maintenance due to low tariffs and poor efficiency. Consequently, the service providers strongly
1090:
Because of low tariffs, poor collection efficiency and overstaffing, many urban utilities do not cover the costs for operation and maintenance. According to an international survey conducted in 2012, the water tariff in Karachi was among the 20 lowest water tariffs in the world in a sample of 310
818:
Since the 2001 Local Government Ordinance, water supply and sanitation services in other cities and towns are expected to be transferred from provincial governments to the roughly 500 newly created Tehsil Municipal Administrations (TMAs). Responsibilities for coordination and joint implementation
772:
The Programme generated criticism when it was learned that inadequate planning may threaten to halt the entire programme. Furthermore, there have been allegations of conflict of interest by certain persons who, although occupying highest government offices, had formed private companies to win the
715:
in communities with less than 1,000 inhabitants. In larger communities, the NSP promotes a "component sharing model", under which sewage and wastewater treatment facilities are provided by the communities in case that local government-developed disposal is not available. The objective is the safe
1208:
from 2003 until the end of 2007. As a result, about 2.5 million additional people in 778 villages were provided with water supply and sanitation facilities, according to the ADB "with full cost recovery". Community-based organizations maintain and operate the schemes and charge the users. Tehsil
436:
estimated that concerning urban and rural water supply as well as urban sanitation, the targets will be achieved prematurely, whereas rural sanitation progress was classified to be "on track". According to the 2010 figures of the JMP above, however, the water target had been reached at that time
886:
in 1999. The project follows a low cost, community owned rural sanitation model based on a participatory approach. In 2004, the Lodhran Pilot Project (LPP) received a US$ 1.1 million grant by the World Bank-administered Japan Social Development Fund (JSDF) to expand the model in 100 villages in
733:
In September 2009 the government approved the National Drinking Water Policy that aims at providing safe drinking water to the entire Pakistani population by 2040, including the poor and vulnerable, at an affordable cost. A main objective is a clearer separation between the functions of service
794:
Drinking water and sanitation policy is the constitutional responsibility of provincial governments. Municipal utilities are accountable to both the provincial and local governments, but there is little regulation of their performance. This has changed to some extent in Punjab in 2006 when the
428:
According to the Pakistan Social And Living Standards Measurement Survey of 2010–2012, the main source of drinking water was as follows: 32% tap water, 28% hand pump, 27% motor pump, 4% dug well and 9% others. Assuming that other sources are identical to unimproved water sources, access to an
670:
For the first decades of Pakistan's modern history, in the largest cities City Development Authorities and their Water and Sanitation Authorities (WASAs) were responsible for water supply and sanitation. In towns and villages water supply facilities were built and operated by the provincial
814:
in Pakistan, there are semi-autonomous utilities called Water and Sanitation Agencies (WASAs). Some WASAs were created in response to loan conditions imposed by foreign donors during the 1990s, such as the Belochistan WASA in Quetta in 1989 and the WASA in Rawalpindi in 1998, the latter in
1102:
In many cities and towns, especially smaller ones, municipalities subsidize water supply because tariff revenues are insufficient to recover costs. The National Drinking Water Policy of 2009 does not mention cost recovery, while a draft of the policy called for increased cost recovery.
627:
In Rawalpindi water quality improved after a new managing director of the local utility made it a priority in 2007 as part of a broader performance improvement strategy. Within a year the share of samples that showed that water was unfit for drinking declined from 64 to 26 percent.
1277:
as the scarcity of personnel, underdeveloped institutions, and the shortage of active efforts." A Japanese field survey in 2008 re-examined the situation and found that "no noticeable improvements have been made". The total amount spent was US$ 109 million (12,442 million
1155:(ADB) approved a loan for an unknown amount to support a "Punjab Cities Improvement Investment Program" that aims at "improved municipal environment and public health for an estimated 6 million residents across some 11 larger intermediate cities of Punjab Province".
724:
practices. The federal government provides incentives for the implementation of the NSP in the form of rewards for open defecation-free tehsils/towns, 100% sanitation coverage tehsils/towns, the cleanest tehsils/towns and the cleanest industrial estates or clusters.
921:
have integrated CLTS in their strategies and projects. CLTS projects were active in all four Pakistani regions in 2007. NGOs were implementing CLTS in about 20 districts in 2008. At the same time, more than 130 defecation free villages already existed in Pakistan.
1232:
in the Pashtun area through the development of surface water supply for the city that so far depended only on groundwater. The project has no sanitation component. In 2008 and 2010 it had approved two grants in the amount of 5.19 billion Yen for water supply in
773:
installation contract from the Government. Taking cognizance of this, the Government of the Punjab has expressed its serious reservations against the project and has even suggested that it be halted until proper planning and siting of plants can take place.
1106:
In Rawalpindi a new managing director appointed in 2006 regularized unauthorized connections, collected arrears and thus increased cost recovery from 53 to 86 percent. The utility is now able to pay all salaries and electricity bills from its own revenues.
1115:
The sector strongly depends on internal and external financing. The Ministry of Power and Water reported in 2002 that in recent years, 49% of the total new investments in the water sector had been financed by external loans and 43% by the government. The
1169:. In December 2008 the ADB approved a $ 300 million loan for the Sindh Cities Improvement Investment Program, which aims at improving water supply, wastewater, and solid waste management infrastructure in more than 20 secondary cities in the Province of
7263:
1293:
signed a Memorandum of Understanding with the "Ministry of Special Initiatives" to support the Clean Drinking Water for All Programme (see above) with US$ 17.9 million, anticipating that over 31 million Pakistanis in 40 districts will benefit from it.
1209:
municipal administrations were strengthened and received training. In addition, communities received training in health and hygiene practices and the construction of latrines. The project also established a link between the beneficiary communities and
656:, but it treats only 7 percent of the collected wastewater in the city. Multan, Rawalpindi and Gujranwala have no wastewater treatment plants at all. In rural areas, wastewater treatment is nonexistent, leading to pollution of surface and groundwater.
2218:
In the document, access is defined as the availability of 45 liters per person per day (L/p/d) in rural areas and 120 L/p/d in urban areas. In addition, the total time to reach a public water source and return must not be more than 30 minutes. See:
7325:
440:
According to the National Drinking Water Policy (NDWP) of 2009, Pakistan aims at providing universal access to drinking water in an equitable, efficient and sustainable manner by 2040. The National Sanitation Policy of 2006 aims to meet the
603:
maximum acceptable concentration of 10 parts per billion (ppb). The mean lead concentration was 146 ppb in untreated ground water and 77 ppb in treated tap water. In 2012, according to Rafiq Khanani, professor and pathology chairman at the
502:) per day. During a 2005 workshop, similar figures were reported except for Rawalpindi for which a shorter duration of only 8 hours was reported (see Table 3). Consequently, consumers use on-site storage mechanisms like ground or roof
943:
prepared a document, which includes data for the cities of Rawalpindi, Karachi and Lahore. Furthermore, data from six major cities were reported during a 2005 workshop in Karachi. Beginning in 2005, the first systematic performance
1305:. The World Bank contributed a loan of US$ 50 million to improve municipal services in Punjab. The project is implemented by the provincial government of Punjab, with about half the funds going to water supply and sanitation.
3005:
293:
221:
7638:
7730:
3442:
1076:
notes that "civil service staffing policies constrain utility managers from hiring the staff they require; they cannot incentivize them appropriately; and on-the-job training seems to be limited by most accounts."
7679:
953:
driven than internally motivated" and that the organizational culture of utilities was "often slow to accept performance measurement, accountability to customers and to government, and improved service outcomes."
3910:
2530:
1950:
1529:
7795:
827:
NGOs are particularly active in sanitation, and have reached some notable achievements. Under the National Drinking Water and Sanitation Policies, the participation of NGOs and the private sector is encouraged.
757:
signed a Memorandum of Understanding with the "Ministry of Special Initiatives" to support the programme with US$ 17.9 million, anticipating that over 31 million Pakistanis in 40 districts will benefit from it.
314:
had access to "improved" sanitation. This was 83% of the population in urban areas and 51% of the population in rural areas. There were still around 69 million people lacking access to "improved" sanitation.
3406:
Hasan, Arif (2005). "The Orangi Pilot Project: Research and Training Institute's Mapping Process and Its Repercussions". Karachi: Orangi Pilot Project, International Institute for Environment and Development.
7855:
7613:
7350:
7669:
7558:
7548:
7785:
7618:
7840:
7835:
7720:
7335:
7320:
7300:
807:
Service provision is, in principle, a responsibility of local government, although in practice provincial governments still play an important role in service provision, especially in rural areas.
7865:
7825:
7770:
7765:
7745:
7740:
7725:
7705:
7700:
7695:
7315:
7850:
7810:
7805:
7800:
7780:
7375:
4316:
1099:, corresponding to US$ 0.08 per m. For larger residences the flat tariff is much higher. The metered tariff, however, was 71 Rupees per 1,000 gallons, corresponding to about US$ 0.16 per m.
3680:
2896:
2459:
1851:
1435:
432:
The Millennium Development Goals aimed at halving the share of people without sustainable access to an improved water source and improved sanitation by 2015 compared to 1990. In 2006 the
3226:
1369:
1318:
1251:
3323:
640:
receives treatment. According to the Pakistan Water Situational Analysis, there are three wastewater treatment plants in Islamabad, of which only one is functional. Karachi has two
7227:
1731:
1321:, the World Bank contributed with US$ 92 million to increase water supply coverage and sanitation in Karachi and to improve operation, management and financial viability of the
1331:
The World Bank contributed with US$ 137 million to the Rural Water Supply & Sanitation Project, which was active from 1991 to 2000 in the self-governing Pakistani state of
3803:
3917:
2537:
1957:
1536:
869:
is a large informal low-income settlement located in Karachi and place of a user participation success story. The Orangi Pilot Project (OPP) was initiated by an NGO under
1281:). Among other things, water purification facilities with a capacity of 281,000 m³ per day, water supply facilities and water storage facilities had been constructed.
318:
233:
939:
There is little reliable quantitative information available concerning the performance of Pakistani water and sewer utilities, including on their efficiency. The
742:
The Clean Drinking Water for All Programme/Clean Drinking Water Initiative aim to improve the quality of drinking water by building water treatment facilities.
7820:
887:
Southern Punjab. Under the grant, TMAs receive technical assistance concerning public private partnerships, training and capacity building and communication.
583:
published in 2012, 88% of the functional water supply schemes in Pakistan provide water that is unsafe for drinking because of microbiological contamination.
7923:
7715:
7588:
1311:. In 2012 the World Bank approved another US$ 150 million loan for cities in Punjab, again with a significant share devoted to water supply and sanitation.
7220:
1250:. In 1994 the Japanese Bank for International Cooperation (JBIC), one of the predecessor agencies of today's JICA, approved a 10.3 billion Yen loan for a
6619:
4516:
836:
A number of innovative sanitation approaches have been piloted in Pakistan. These include participatory sanitation infrastructure projects - such as the
3591:
8029:
7041:
2827:
228:
from 85% in 1990 to 92% in 2010, although this does not necessarily mean that the water from these sources is safe to drink. The share with access to
224:
had access to the basic sanitation facilities. Despite high population growth the country has increased the share of the population with access to an
7870:
7258:
7248:
5314:
3087:
8060:
7968:
7875:
3271:
2631:
7880:
7213:
5930:
580:
1200:. The ADB also financed the Punjab Community Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project with US$ 50 million, which was active in rural areas in
7790:
7593:
3196:
4104:
3233:
2170:
6064:
4151:
7253:
5434:
4191:
2002:
453:
The economic impact of inadequate sanitation has been estimated at 344 billion Rupees (US$ 5.7 billion), equivalent to almost 4 percent of
7603:
7420:
7415:
7310:
5212:
1244:. Since 2006 JICA has provided grants in the amount of 2.44 billion Yen to improve sanitation and drainage in Lahore under two projects.
968:, water which is produced but not billed due to several reasons like leakage and illegal connections, varies between an estimated 25% in
665:
5711:
4243:
7928:
7674:
7471:
7425:
5443:
5359:
2504:
5991:
4271:
2788:
7913:
7481:
7476:
7390:
5369:
4440:
2945:
2290:
1355:
in Punjab leading to the provision of clean water for 2,500 slum residents. It also helped to include hygiene education in schools.
1268:
for a total of 18.268 billion Yen. The Khanpur project, implemented between 1994 and 2000, aimed at increasing bulk water supply to
8039:
7984:
7958:
7933:
7664:
7608:
7518:
7496:
6540:
6515:
5263:
5157:
5017:
4187:
3810:
3115:
3035:
2225:
1484:
510:
and rivers. Many privately operated lorry tankers are licensed by water utilities and benefit from the discontinuous water supply.
3216:
8019:
8004:
7943:
7885:
7815:
7633:
7573:
7486:
7455:
7435:
7340:
7075:
6612:
5598:
5081:
1162:
House in Shikarpur town, one of the cities where urban infrastructure was improved with financing from the Asian Development Bank
720:, the creation of an "open defecation free environment", safe disposal of liquid and solid waste and the promotion of health and
8034:
8009:
7989:
7948:
7755:
7735:
7710:
7643:
7568:
7508:
7440:
7410:
7400:
7395:
7385:
7365:
7360:
7290:
6954:
5785:
5706:
4862:
1756:
1739:
Beyond Construction. Use by All. A Collection of Case Studies from Sanitation and Hygiene Promotion Practitioners in South Asia
1374:
19:
2146:
2122:
8014:
7994:
7963:
7953:
7908:
7903:
7860:
7830:
7760:
7750:
7628:
7598:
7553:
7543:
7523:
7450:
7445:
7405:
7295:
7098:
7093:
6530:
6480:
5763:
5521:
5321:
5224:
5117:
3170:
1750:
1132:
The government receives substantial external support to improve drinking water supply and sanitation through loans from the
612:
have killed at least 10 people in Karachi in three months. The infection does not occur by drinking water infested with the
7999:
7938:
7845:
7775:
7648:
7623:
7538:
7513:
7501:
7491:
7430:
7370:
7355:
7345:
7330:
7305:
7002:
5461:
5309:
2177:
433:
8024:
7918:
7578:
7563:
7533:
7528:
7380:
5867:
5576:
5364:
4987:
4836:
617:
599:
in Karachi in 2007/08 found that, of 216 ground and surface water samples collected, 86% had lead levels higher than the
4085:"JICA signs agreements to improve drinking water supply system in Faisalabad and sewerage and drainage system in Lahore"
1260:. In 1989 JBIC had approved two loans to support two Metropolitan Water Supply Projects to transfer bulk water from the
6928:
6605:
5986:
5419:
5147:
3799:
3111:
3031:
2941:
2870:
2645:
2369:
The ADB abstracted the figures from unaudited data, collected from utilities for the SAWUN Benchmarking Database; see:
2286:
2221:
3857:
3747:
3627:
2704:
1897:
1343:
Foreign NGOs also provide support for the extension of drinking water supply and sanitation in Pakistan. For example,
6505:
6394:
5152:
3964:
3384:
3300:
2997:
2840:
2426:
2386:
1800:
1705:
1638:
1494:
711:
The National Sanitation Policy (NSP), approved by the federal government in 2006, promotes the grassroots concept of
605:
7085:
6449:
5603:
5564:
5246:
5241:
5197:
5132:
4905:
4255:
4152:"Ex-post monitoring for ODA loan project "Metropolitan Water Supply Project (Kanpur Water Supply Project Phase I)""
3484:
1364:
1322:
4917:
3324:"Alternate water supply arrangements in peri-urban localities: awami (people's) tanks in Orangi township, Karachi"
1379:
1254:. JICA also supported a Master Plan for water Supply and sewerage in Karachi, completed as a final draft in 2008.
7126:
7058:
7017:
7012:
6997:
6424:
5940:
5877:
5825:
5229:
5091:
5076:
4877:
4403:
3983:
3557:
1604:
645:
6759:
648:. Lahore has some screening and grit removal systems, but they are hardly functional. In Faisalabad, there is a
236:. There has also been considerable innovation at the grass-root level, in particular concerning sanitation. The
6992:
6680:
6645:
6485:
6374:
5917:
5768:
5748:
5738:
5701:
5608:
5122:
5012:
1383:
902:
896:
841:
712:
241:
926:
used unimproved and unhygienic latrines making any substantial effort to upgrade or replace damaged latrines.
7147:
7053:
6938:
6510:
6459:
6379:
6243:
6091:
5912:
5810:
5511:
5426:
5096:
4433:
3602:
3227:"Quality Drinking Water: Standards for Pakistan. Includes Legislating, Implementing and Monitoring Framework"
979:
There is no agreement on appropriate levels of NRW among professionals. However, Tynan and Kingdom propose a
2846:
745:
The US$ 8.2 million Clean Drinking Water Initiative, approved in 2004, provides for the construction of 445
7194:
6490:
6354:
6349:
6039:
6026:
5956:
5872:
5840:
5820:
5633:
5376:
5219:
5202:
5086:
4972:
4826:
4800:
4773:
2680:"Benchmarking for Performance Improvement in Urban Utilities - A Review in Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan"
2679:
2343:
1073:
949:
442:
5935:
4992:
1518:
Global Water Intelligence: Tariff rises outstripped by inflation, Vol. 13, Issue 9, September 2012, p. 38.
7070:
6896:
6775:
6525:
6520:
6464:
6439:
6384:
6344:
5976:
5778:
5593:
5588:
5549:
5488:
5142:
5007:
4977:
4967:
4962:
4831:
4408:
4064:""Improvement of Water Supply in Faisalabad II" and "The Extension of Water Supply System in Faisalabad""
3197:"inge watertechnologies to supply ultrafiltration technology for 1,600 drinking water plants in Pakistan"
1387:
4084:
2584:
1843:
6891:
6665:
6399:
6238:
6120:
5559:
5526:
5381:
5352:
5256:
5127:
5101:
4997:
4872:
4758:
4733:
4063:
4042:
3374:
3290:
2416:
2376:
1790:
1695:
1628:
811:
688:
636:
The Pakistani Ministry of Water and Power reported in 2002 that only 1% of the domestic and industrial
247:
However, the sector still faces major challenges. The quality of the services is poor, as evidenced by
4108:
2054:
2029:
6972:
6655:
6495:
6444:
6414:
6183:
5981:
5905:
5716:
5471:
5466:
4982:
4900:
4882:
4778:
4496:
3222:
2097:
2093:
1413:
1213:
institutions, which have disbursed about US$ 4 million to about 15,000 borrowers in 617 communities.
1140:, as well as grants from Japan and the United States. In addition, NGOs directly provide assistance.
766:
653:
322:
248:
4343:
4298:
4229:
4105:"Seminar on Draft Final Report of Master Plan Study on "Water Supply and Sewerage System in Karachi"
4027:
3948:
3895:
3841:
3785:
3711:
3665:
3424:
3264:
3153:
3073:
2983:
2927:
2742:
2568:
2490:
2328:
2263:
2205:
1988:
1935:
1882:
1732:"Mapping as a basis for sanitation implementation in Pakistan: the case of the Orangi Pilot Project"
1567:
1466:
7152:
6964:
6918:
6831:
6721:
6695:
6675:
6545:
6434:
6231:
6170:
6155:
6140:
6098:
5850:
5571:
5544:
5181:
4892:
4717:
4568:
4521:
4426:
956:
Two common indicators of the efficiency of utilities are non-revenue water and labor productivity.
6685:
310:
data 68% Pakistanis, 72% Indians, 54% Bangladeshi have access to the basic sanitation facilities.
7157:
6913:
6339:
6188:
6103:
5815:
5733:
5721:
5581:
5483:
4768:
4738:
840:
in urban slums in the 1980s and the Lodhran Pilot Project in rural areas since 1999 - as well as
4198:
7189:
7121:
7048:
6785:
6711:
6221:
6115:
6086:
5857:
5726:
5399:
5347:
5337:
5286:
5002:
4841:
4748:
4702:
4629:
4533:
3996:
3370:
3286:
3218:
2412:
2372:
1786:
1691:
1624:
1480:
1201:
1152:
1133:
940:
487:
284:
6500:
7184:
7142:
7036:
6746:
6660:
6334:
6324:
6193:
6071:
6059:
5773:
5625:
5613:
5516:
5506:
5478:
5453:
5304:
5251:
4944:
4712:
4682:
4614:
4558:
4481:
4330:
4285:
4216:
4014:
3935:
3882:
3828:
3772:
3698:
3652:
3411:
3251:
3140:
3060:
2970:
2914:
2729:
2625:
2555:
2477:
2315:
2250:
2192:
1975:
1922:
1869:
1554:
1453:
820:
676:
330:
225:
6853:
6535:
3908:
3517:
2528:
1948:
1527:
7174:
6810:
6780:
6754:
6716:
6690:
6404:
6277:
6272:
6253:
6145:
6110:
6076:
5835:
5802:
5498:
5164:
5137:
4821:
4816:
4707:
3585:
3335:
2799:
853:
837:
696:
466:
252:
237:
6826:
8:
7205:
7169:
7063:
6736:
6726:
6650:
6637:
6566:
6389:
6329:
6282:
6054:
6049:
6014:
5961:
5900:
5884:
5830:
5758:
5743:
5683:
5554:
5342:
5207:
5068:
5043:
4867:
4463:
4357:
3558:"Pakistan: Community Led Total Sanitation did not create demand for "improved sanitation"
2952:
2297:
1187:
334:
256:
229:
6836:
5234:
3339:
3122:
3042:
2582:
2232:
7164:
6454:
6298:
6248:
6226:
6178:
6134:
5862:
5845:
5660:
5655:
5411:
4795:
4543:
3515:
3351:
1830:
1183:
910:
870:
746:
1663:
1417:
294:
List of countries by proportion of the population using improved sanitation facilities
7113:
7027:
6863:
6731:
6582:
6576:
6366:
6319:
6267:
6205:
6160:
6081:
6044:
5174:
5169:
4788:
4783:
4763:
4609:
4511:
3984:
Asian Development Bank:Investment and Reforms for Cities in Pakistan's Sindh Province
3380:
3355:
3296:
2836:
2607:
2422:
2382:
1796:
1746:
1701:
1634:
1490:
1205:
965:
700:
609:
478:
298:
6597:
2456:
Reported by officials from the respective cities at a 2005 workshop in Karachi; see:
437:
already, while the sanitation target did not look as if it was going to be reached.
6923:
6903:
6150:
5971:
5648:
5048:
4753:
3855:
3745:
3625:
3343:
3174:
2702:
2599:
1895:
883:
649:
641:
621:
7274:
7179:
6670:
3681:"Managing Karachi's water supply and sanitation services: lessons from a workshop"
2897:"Managing Karachi's water supply and sanitation services: lessons from a workshop"
2829:
South Asian Conference on Sanitation 2003. Chapter 4: Country Papers on Sanitation
2460:"Managing Karachi's water supply and sanitation services: lessons from a workshop"
1852:"Managing Karachi's water supply and sanitation services: lessons from a workshop"
1436:"Managing Karachi's water supply and sanitation services: lessons from a workshop"
6586:
6429:
5922:
5536:
4639:
4528:
2825:
1608:
1092:
906:
6841:
6795:
6790:
6304:
6125:
4687:
4654:
4644:
4634:
4624:
4553:
3798:
3347:
3030:
2940:
2285:
2220:
486:
Intermittent water supply is common in urban areas. For Pakistani cities, the
8054:
6876:
6846:
5753:
5643:
5638:
4677:
4563:
4538:
4501:
4001:"Punjab Community Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project : Pakistan"
4000:
3911:"Medium Term Development Framework 2005-10. Section 10: Water and Sanitation"
2531:"Medium Term Development Framework 2005-10. Section 10: Water and Sanitation"
2123:"TABLE 4.7: PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLD BY SOURCE OF DRINKING WATER"
1951:"Medium Term Development Framework 2005-10. Section 10: Water and Sanitation"
1530:"Medium Term Development Framework 2005-10. Section 10: Water and Sanitation"
1210:
980:
3173:. Embassy of the United States in Pakistan. January 27, 2009. Archived from
2874:
2603:
2598:(11). Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal, Vol. 17, No. 11, 2011: 882–886.
948:
for water and sewer utilities in Pakistan was initiated by the World Bank's
769:
won contracts under the programme to install purification plants in Punjab.
6987:
5966:
5058:
4846:
4649:
4584:
4506:
3864:
3754:
3725:
3634:
2835:. Dhaka, Bangladesh: Water and Sanitation Program-South Asia. p. 160.
2711:
2611:
1904:
1332:
945:
616:, but if water enters the nose. The amoeba then attack the brain and cause
507:
104:
3516:
Masroor Ahmad; Water and Sanitation Program; the World Bank (2007-11-01).
2789:"Pakistan - Water and Sanitation Services in a Devolved Government System"
1664:"People using at least basic sanitation services (% of population) | Data"
445:
concerning sanitation by 2015 and to also reach universal access by 2040.
6933:
6886:
6881:
6871:
6034:
5033:
4887:
4743:
4697:
4604:
4599:
4594:
3628:"Pakistan Water Sector Strategy. Detailed Strategy Formulation. Volume 4"
3443:"NGO Gets A Million Dollar WB Administered Japanese Grant For Sanitation"
2171:"The Millennium Development Goals: Progress in Asia and the Pacific 2006"
1348:
1261:
1096:
4317:"Projects - Pakistan : Rural Water Supply & Sanitation Project"
4186:
255:. Poor drinking water quality and sanitation lead to major outbreaks of
7007:
6805:
6409:
6130:
5053:
5038:
4912:
4619:
4312:
4267:
3438:
2760:
2055:"WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation"
1352:
1273:
1234:
1229:
1198:
Punjab Community Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project (2003–2007)
1137:
973:
781:
637:
536:
531:
503:
495:
307:
260:
3854:
It is likely that in this case, the federal government is meant; see:
3584:
The study uses data from 246 water utilities, of which half are in 44
3561:
2585:"Drinking water: a major source of lead exposure in Karachi, Pakistan"
2003:"Making Every Drop Count: Pakistan's growing water scarcity challenge"
1601:
6982:
6977:
6908:
3909:
Government of Pakistan. Ministry of Planning and Development (2004).
2529:
Government of Pakistan. Ministry of Planning and Development (2004).
2083:
WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation
1949:
Government of Pakistan. Ministry of Planning and Development (2004).
1528:
Government of Pakistan. Ministry of Planning and Development (2004).
1486:
Water in Asian Cities - Utilities Performance and Civil Society Views
1269:
1265:
187:
Ministry of Climate Change (formerly called Ministry of Environment)
4418:
3856:
Government of Pakistan. Ministry of Water and Power (October 2002).
3746:
Government of Pakistan. Ministry of Water and Power (October 2002).
3626:
Government of Pakistan. Ministry of Water and Power (October 2002).
3592:"A Water Scorecard. Setting Performance Targets for Water Utilities"
2703:
Government of Pakistan. Ministry of Water and Power (October 2002).
2505:"79% water sources in Punjab supplying unsafe drinking water: PCRWR"
2152:. Pakistan Social And Living Standards Measurement Survey of 2010-11
2128:. Pakistan Social And Living Standards Measurement Survey of 2010-11
1896:
Government of Pakistan. Ministry of Water and Power (October 2002).
220:
is characterized by some achievements and many challenges. In 2020,
6629:
6259:
4589:
4548:
4491:
4449:
3368:
3284:
2410:
2370:
1784:
1742:
1689:
1622:
1344:
918:
624:
issued a notice to the Board asking it to comment on the petition.
595:
546:
470:
collected wastewater is one element of sanitation service quality.
302:
Pakistan is the fifteenth most water stressed country in the world.
272:
232:
increased from 27% to 38% during the same period, according to the
36:
6419:
4486:
4387:
Ministry of Climate Change (formerly the Ministry of Environment)
2583:
N. Ul-Haq, M.A. Arain, N. Badar, M. Rasheed and Z. Haque (2011).
2147:"TABLE 4.8: PERCENT DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE OF TOILET"
1191:
776:
762:
721:
717:
591:
587:
521:
516:
Table 2: Hours of water supply per day in major Pakistani cities
491:
264:
4391:
4272:"Pakistan - Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project (English)"
3858:"Pakistan Water Sector Strategy. Water Sector Profile. Volume 5"
3748:"Pakistan Water Sector Strategy. Water Sector Profile. Volume 5"
1898:"Pakistan Water Sector Strategy. Water Sector Profile. Volume 5"
6311:
2826:
Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh (June 2004).
1175:
969:
866:
858:
682:
613:
541:
526:
499:
326:
268:
3482:
1228:
approved a 3.644 billion Yen grant to improve water supply in
6800:
3537:
2705:"Pakistan Water Sector Strategy. Executive Summary. Volume 1"
1347:
from the UK has set up a rainwater collection project in the
1290:
1179:
1170:
754:
333:
increased from 85% in 1990 to 92% in 2010. In the same time,
3995:
3678:
3376:
Asian Water Development Outlook 2007. Country Paper Pakistan
3292:
Asian Water Development Outlook 2007. Country Paper Pakistan
3171:"U.S. And Pakistan Sign MOU To Support Clean Drinking Water"
2894:
2457:
2418:
Asian Water Development Outlook 2007. Country Paper Pakistan
2378:
Asian Water Development Outlook 2007. Country Paper Pakistan
1849:
1792:
Asian Water Development Outlook 2007. Country Paper Pakistan
1697:
Asian Water Development Outlook 2007. Country Paper Pakistan
1630:
Asian Water Development Outlook 2007. Country Paper Pakistan
1433:
1158:
998:
Table 3: Indicators of efficiency in major Pakistani cities
154:
43:
27:
6198:
4692:
2344:"The Economic Impacts of Inadequate Sanitation in Pakistan"
2092:
2062:
1412:
1225:
1117:
343:
Table 1: Access to water and sanitation in Pakistan (2020)
7235:
4386:
2873:. Ministry of Information and Broadcasting. Archived from
917:
In addition, several organizations like Plan Pakistan and
4413:
3463:
2101:
1745:, IRC International Water and Sanitation Centre: 95–110.
1303:
Punjab Municipal Services Improvement Project (2006–2012)
1278:
1149:
Punjab Cities Improvement Investment Program (since 2009)
1121:
737:
728:
600:
454:
1600:
Bangladesh had 152,061,300 inhabitants in 2004; source:
1329:
Rural Water Supply & Sanitation Project (1991–2000).
1167:
Sindh Cities Improvement Investment Program (since 2008)
890:
810:
In seven of the largest cities, which are among the ten
319:
Joint Monitoring Program for Water Supply and Sanitation
234:
Joint Monitoring Program for Water Supply and Sanitation
3962:
3503:
1 Pakistani Rupee = US$ 0.01631 (2007-12-31); source:
1588:
1 Pakistani Rupee = US$ 0.01684 (2004-12-31); source:
1479:
6627:
3321:
706:
4174:
1 Japanese Yen = US$ 0.008742 (2000-12-31); source:
4107:. JICA Pakistan Office. May 22, 2008. Archived from
1489:. Manila: Asian development bank (ADB). p. 47.
929:
824:
governments have formed public sector water boards.
244:
in rural areas are two examples of such innovation.
7264:
Responsibilities in Latin America and the Caribbean
4175:
3504:
3110:
2674:
2672:
2670:
2668:
2666:
2664:
2662:
2007:
International Institute for Sustainable Development
1589:
1309:
Punjab Cities Governance Improvement (2012 onwards)
506:, or they purchase water from lorry tankers or use
3589:
2758:
703:, and local government powers were recentralized.
659:
644:, where effluents generally receive screening and
448:
337:coverage increased from 27% to 48% (see table 1).
3461:
1338:
1258:Islamabad and Rawalpindi Water Supply (1989–2000)
8052:
3580:
3578:
2659:
882:Inspired by the OPP, a pilot project emerged in
218:Drinking water supply and sanitation in Pakistan
4192:"Metropolitan Water Supply Project (Khanpur I)"
4131:"Search results for water projects in Pakistan"
3800:Government of Pakistan. Ministry of Environment
3032:Government of Pakistan. Ministry of Environment
2942:Government of Pakistan. Ministry of Environment
2287:Government of Pakistan. Ministry of Environment
2222:Government of Pakistan. Ministry of Environment
1473:
581:Pakistan Council of Research in Water Resources
3965:"Punjab Cities Improvement Investment Program"
3518:"Sanitation Movement Gains Ground in Pakistan"
2998:"Cabinet okays National Drinking Water Policy"
777:Responsibility for water supply and sanitation
7221:
6613:
4434:
4244:Punjab Municipal Services Improvement Project
3575:
3483:Water Sanitation Hygiene Forum (2009-09-10).
3217:Health Services Academy, Ministry of Health,
2685:. Water and Sanitation Program. February 2010
2365:
2363:
1408:
1406:
1404:
490:indicates continuity rates of 1 to 10 hours (
80:No access to sanitation (Open Defecation): 7%
4149:
3679:Water and Sanitation Program (August 2004).
2895:Water and Sanitation Program (August 2004).
2630:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2458:Water and Sanitation Program (August 2004).
1850:Water and Sanitation Program (August 2004).
1584:
1582:
1580:
1578:
1434:Water and Sanitation Program (August 2004).
1085:
222:68% Pakistanis, 72% Indians, 54% Bangladeshi
3601:(242). The World Bank Group. Archived from
3590:Tynan, Nicola; Kingdom, Bill (2002-04-01).
2341:
2024:
2022:
1618:
1616:
1110:
905:was first introduced as a pilot project in
666:Sanitation of the Indus Valley Civilization
126:Scheduled: US$ 2.66 per capita (2005–2010)
7228:
7214:
6620:
6606:
4441:
4427:
4311:
4266:
3437:
2821:
2819:
2754:
2752:
2522:
2360:
1633:. Asian Development Bank. pp. 12–13.
1401:
1351:and influenced government in the city of
934:
687:about 5,000 local governments governed by
3270:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2761:"The Pakistan Water Situational Analysis"
2406:
2404:
2349:. Water and Sanitation Program, Islamabad
1889:
1685:
1683:
1575:
1521:
1143:
1095:(about US$ 1.17) for a residences of 100
574:
4188:Japan Bank for International Cooperation
4043:"Water Supply Improvement in Abbottabad"
3165:
3163:
2782:
2780:
2019:
1780:
1778:
1776:
1725:
1723:
1658:
1656:
1613:
1315:Second Karachi Water Supply (1993–2001).
1252:Karachi Water Supply Improvement Project
1157:
1120:recognizes that with 0.25% of its total
877:
857:
831:
789:
780:
477:
297:
283:
8061:Water supply and sanitation in Pakistan
6013:
3963:Asian Development Bank (30 June 2009).
3322:Ahmed, Noman; Sohail, Muhammad (2003).
3036:"National Drinking Water Policy. Draft"
3026:
3024:
3022:
2816:
2749:
2646:"KWSB told to supply chlorinated water"
1429:
1427:
1127:
983:target of 23% in developing countries.
847:
716:disposal of excreta through the use of
631:
579:According to a survey on behalf of the
473:
259:such as those that swept the cities of
207:
199:
191:
183:
175:
167:
159:
146:
138:
130:
122:
114:
102:
95:Average urban water use (L/person/day)
94:
86:
67:
48:
8053:
7236:Water supply and sanitation by country
6955:Caste system among South Asian Muslims
4409:Water and Sanitation Agency Rawalpindi
3379:. Asian Development Bank. p. 10.
2452:
2450:
2448:
2446:
2444:
2421:. Asian Development Bank. p. 12.
2401:
2381:. Asian Development Bank. p. 17.
2281:
2279:
2277:
2275:
2273:
1700:. Asian Development Bank. p. 11.
1680:
1375:Water resources management in Pakistan
738:Clean Drinking Water for All Programme
729:National Drinking Water Policy of 2009
168:National water and sanitation company
20:Water resources management in Pakistan
7209:
6601:
6012:
5681:
5284:
4942:
4461:
4448:
4422:
3405:
3295:. Asian Development Bank. p. 8.
3160:
3116:"Clean Drinking Water for All (CDWA)"
2786:
2777:
1795:. Asian Development Bank. p. 9.
1773:
1729:
1720:
1653:
1514:
1512:
1174:targets the northern Sindh cities of
986:
903:Community-led total sanitation (CLTS)
891:Community-led total sanitation (CLTS)
842:Community-led total sanitation (CLTS)
819:across TMAs were devolved to the 120
713:community-led total sanitation (CLTS)
131:Share of self-financing by utilities
5931:Securities & Exchange Commission
4256:Punjab Cities Governance Improvement
3019:
2592:Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal
2178:United Nations Development Programme
1424:
1222:Abbottabad water supply (since 2010)
1080:
959:
802:
434:United Nations Development Programme
2441:
2270:
2086:
1602:http://devdata.worldbank.org/query/
618:primary amoebic meningoencephalitis
160:Decentralization to municipalities
90:Mostly intermittent in urban areas
13:
6929:Violence against women in Pakistan
5599:Counter Terrorism Department (CTD)
4404:Lahore Water and Sanitation Agency
2796:31st WEDC International Conference
1509:
1238:distribution network in the city.
707:National Sanitation Policy of 2006
460:
208:Number of rural service providers
200:Number of urban service providers
184:Responsibility for policy setting
14:
8072:
4380:
4375:
3088:"Clean Drinking Water Initiative"
3008:from the original on May 21, 2010
1370:Karachi Bulk Water Supply Project
930:Karachi Bulk Water Supply Project
844:projects implemented since 2003.
606:Dow University of Health Sciences
443:Millennium Development Goal (MDG)
7326:Democratic Republic of the Congo
7273:
6581:
6572:
6571:
5604:Pakistani Intelligence community
4128:
4082:
4061:
4040:
3804:"National Drinking Water Policy"
2226:"National Drinking Water Policy"
1365:Karachi Water and Sewerage Board
1323:Karachi Water and Sewerage Board
1284:
35:
5992:Redundant Islamic economisation
4350:
4305:
4260:
4248:
4236:
4180:
4168:
4143:
4122:
4097:
4076:
4055:
4034:
3989:
3977:
3956:
3902:
3848:
3792:
3739:
3728:. Karachi Water and Sewer Board
3718:
3672:
3619:
3550:
3530:
3509:
3497:
3476:
3455:
3431:
3399:
3362:
3334:(2). SAGE Publications: 33–42.
3315:
3278:
3223:World Health Organization (WHO)
3210:
3189:
3104:
3080:
2990:
2934:
2888:
2863:
2787:Ahmad, Malick Zulfiqar (2005).
2696:
2638:
2576:
2497:
2335:
2212:
2163:
2139:
2115:
2077:
2047:
1995:
1942:
1815:
1730:Welle, Katherina (March 2008).
660:History and recent developments
652:, in which wastewater receives
449:Impact of inadequate sanitation
176:Water and sanitation regulator
6681:Pakistan Remittance Initiative
5285:
3199:. WaterWorld. February 8, 2010
3093:. Government of Pakistan. 2007
1594:
1339:Non-governmental organizations
1242:Lahore Sanitation (since 2006)
897:Community-led total sanitation
368:Safely Managed Drinking Water
317:In Pakistan, according to the
242:community-led total sanitation
29:Pakistan: Water and Sanitation
1:
7148:Domestic violence in Pakistan
4943:
4397:
1394:
1297:
3997:Asian Development Bank (ADB)
3371:Asian Development Bank (ADB)
3328:Environment and Urbanization
3287:Asian Development Bank (ADB)
2946:"National Sanitation Policy"
2413:Asian Development Bank (ADB)
2373:Asian Development Bank (ADB)
2291:"National Sanitation Policy"
1787:Asian Development Bank (ADB)
1692:Asian Development Bank (ADB)
1625:Asian Development Bank (ADB)
1319:Karachi Water Supply Project
1074:Water and sanitation program
1048:Staff per 1,000 connections
950:Water and sanitation program
941:Asian Development Bank (ADB)
911:North West Frontier Province
901:In Pakistan, the concept of
488:Asian Development Bank (ADB)
147:Share of external financing
115:Share of household metering
7:
7104:Water supply and sanitation
7042:List of terrorist incidents
6897:Balochistan honour killings
5791:Water supply and sanitation
5682:
4462:
3916:. Islamabad. Archived from
2536:. Islamabad. Archived from
1956:. Islamabad. Archived from
1535:. Islamabad. Archived from
1358:
329:, access in Pakistan to an
288:Hand pump in rural Pakistan
251:in urban areas and limited
10:
8077:
6939:Women's rights in Pakistan
6760:School corporal punishment
4150:Momota Kenji (July 2008).
3348:10.1177/095624780301500218
2098:"Joint Monitoring Program"
1418:"Joint Monitoring Program"
894:
851:
689:Union Councils of Pakistan
663:
650:wastewater treatment plant
306:In 2020, according to the
291:
210:
202:
194:
186:
178:
170:
162:
149:
141:
133:
125:
117:
109:
97:
89:
70:
51:
17:
7977:
7896:
7688:
7657:
7464:
7283:
7270:
7241:
7135:
7112:
7094:Effects of global warming
7084:
7026:
6973:Insurgency in Balochistan
6963:
6947:
6862:
6819:
6768:
6745:
6704:
6636:
6628:Socio-economic issues in
6562:
6473:
6365:
6291:
6214:
6169:
6025:
6021:
6008:
5987:Public-private partnering
5949:
5893:
5801:
5694:
5690:
5677:
5624:
5535:
5497:
5452:
5392:
5330:
5310:National Security Council
5297:
5293:
5280:
5190:
5110:
5067:
5026:
4955:
4951:
4938:
4855:
4809:
4726:
4670:
4663:
4577:
4474:
4470:
4457:
2798:. Kampala. Archived from
2094:World Health Organization
1414:World Health Organization
1086:Tariffs and cost recovery
997:
812:City District Governments
515:
395:
364:
347:
342:
323:World Health Organization
279:
249:intermittent water supply
123:Annual investment in WSS
87:Continuity of supply (%)
49:Access to drinking water
34:
7003:Religious discrimination
2759:Pakistan Water Gateway.
1216:
1111:Investment and financing
972:and an estimated 75% in
357:(63% of the population)
352:(37% of the population)
18:Not to be confused with
4739:Second Anglo-Afghan War
3953:, sections 10.3.; 10.7.
3462:Lodhran Pilot Project.
3112:Ministry of Environment
2871:"Districts of Pakistan"
2604:10.26719/2011.17.11.882
966:non-revenue water (NRW)
935:Efficiency of utilities
139:Share of tax-financing
77:Limited Sanitation: 25%
7716:Bosnia and Herzegovina
6998:Secessionist movements
6786:Sex-selective abortion
5972:Military economisation
5577:Enforced disappearance
5360:Provincial governments
4901:Balochistan insurgency
4759:Hindi–Urdu controversy
4749:Third Anglo-Afghan War
4703:First Anglo-Afghan War
4338:Cite journal requires
4293:Cite journal requires
4224:Cite journal requires
4022:Cite journal requires
3943:Cite journal requires
3890:Cite journal requires
3836:Cite journal requires
3780:Cite journal requires
3706:Cite journal requires
3660:Cite journal requires
3419:Cite journal requires
3259:Cite journal requires
3219:Government of Pakistan
3148:Cite journal requires
3068:Cite journal requires
3004:. September 29, 2009.
2978:Cite journal requires
2922:Cite journal requires
2737:Cite journal requires
2563:Cite journal requires
2485:Cite journal requires
2323:Cite journal requires
2258:Cite journal requires
2200:Cite journal requires
1983:Cite journal requires
1930:Cite journal requires
1877:Cite journal requires
1562:Cite journal requires
1481:Asian Development Bank
1461:Cite journal requires
1333:Azad Jammu and Kashmir
1163:
1153:Asian Development Bank
1144:Asian Development Bank
1134:Asian Development Bank
871:Dr. Akhtar Hameed Khan
863:
786:
575:Drinking water quality
498:) and 16 to 23 hours (
483:
303:
289:
6082:Gender discrimination
5479:Federal Shariat Court
5444:Provincial assemblies
4713:Second Anglo-Sikh War
4615:Muhammad ibn al-Qasim
4414:Lodhran Pilot Project
3863:: 105. Archived from
3753:: 245. Archived from
3633:: 118. Archived from
3599:Public Policy Journal
2231:: 3–4. Archived from
1903:: 105. Archived from
1161:
1072:A 2010 report by the
878:Lodhran Pilot Project
861:
832:Innovative approaches
790:Policy and regulation
784:
761:The German companies
482:Water tower in Lahore
481:
382:Basic Drinking Water
331:improved water source
301:
287:
226:improved water source
110:Karachi: 0.09 (2012)
74:Basic Sanitation: 68%
7639:United Arab Emirates
7086:Environmental issues
6811:Polygamy in Pakistan
6541:World Heritage Sites
6516:Mausolea and shrines
5962:Directive investment
5264:World Heritage Sites
5198:Archaeological sites
5133:Environmental issues
4822:Monarchy of Pakistan
4817:Dominion of Pakistan
4708:First Anglo-Sikh War
3999:(28 November 2002).
3586:developing countries
2951:: 10. Archived from
1224:. In September 2010
1128:External cooperation
854:Orangi Pilot Project
848:Orangi Pilot Project
838:Orangi Pilot Project
697:Balochistan Province
632:Wastewater treatment
474:Continuity of supply
253:wastewater treatment
238:Orangi Pilot Project
98:Karachi: 197 (2001)
68:Sanitation coverage
8030:Trinidad and Tobago
7821:Republic of Ireland
7180:Alcohol prohibition
7127:Internet censorship
7059:Illegal immigration
7018:Decline of Hinduism
7013:Freedom of religion
6686:Reverse brain drain
6015:Society and Culture
5941:Trading Corporation
5749:Planning Commission
5338:National government
3340:2003EnUrb..15...33A
2710:: 7. Archived from
2648:. The News, Karachi
1151:. In July 2009 the
494:), 11 to 15 hours (
413:Limited Sanitation
335:improved sanitation
257:waterborne diseases
230:improved sanitation
55:Safely managed: 36%
7924:Dominican Republic
7259:Sub-Saharan Africa
6993:Sectarian violence
6854:Child prostitution
6646:Standard of living
5769:Telecommunications
5661:Civil Armed Forces
5609:Capital punishment
5427:National Assembly
4842:Liaquat–Nehru Pact
4779:Jinnah's 14 Points
4683:East India Company
3802:(September 2009).
3485:"CLTS in Pakistan"
3034:(September 2009).
2944:(September 2006).
2289:(September 2006).
2224:(September 2009).
1823:Weekly Independent
1668:data.worldbank.org
1607:2008-05-03 at the
1164:
987:Labor productivity
864:
787:
747:water purification
484:
304:
290:
8048:
8047:
7876:England and Wales
7203:
7202:
7099:Natural disasters
7054:Human trafficking
6595:
6594:
6558:
6557:
6554:
6553:
6481:Botanical gardens
6430:Marathon (Lahore)
6004:
6003:
6000:
5999:
5967:Industrialisation
5950:Policy programmes
5764:Tallest buildings
5673:
5672:
5669:
5668:
5522:Political parties
5512:Foreign relations
5276:
5275:
5272:
5271:
5225:Natural disasters
5118:Botanical gardens
4934:
4933:
4930:
4929:
4926:
4925:
4789:Direct Action Day
4784:Lahore Resolution
4774:Two nation theory
4764:Pakistan Movement
4517:Hellenic Pakistan
4392:WaterAid Pakistan
4190:(February 2003).
3986:, 3 December 2008
2877:on March 28, 2009
2342:Mohammed Nishat.
1838:Missing or empty
1752:978-9937-2-0472-9
1317:Under the second
1081:Financial aspects
1070:
1069:
960:Non-revenue water
803:Service provision
654:primary treatment
642:trickling filters
610:Naegleria fowleri
572:
571:
426:
425:
399:Basic Sanitation
215:
214:
8068:
7881:Northern Ireland
7680:Papua New Guinea
7278:
7277:
7230:
7223:
7216:
7207:
7206:
7195:Police brutality
6904:Hudood Ordinance
6622:
6615:
6608:
6599:
6598:
6585:
6575:
6574:
6040:British heritage
6023:
6022:
6010:
6009:
5926:
5918:Investment board
5786:Water management
5692:
5691:
5679:
5678:
5430:
5415:
5407:
5377:Local government
5295:
5294:
5282:
5281:
5049:Pothohar Plateau
4953:
4952:
4940:
4939:
4827:Governor-General
4754:Aligarh Movement
4693:Sikh Confederacy
4668:
4667:
4585:Indo-Hephthalite
4525:
4472:
4471:
4459:
4458:
4443:
4436:
4429:
4420:
4419:
4369:
4368:
4366:
4365:
4354:
4348:
4347:
4341:
4336:
4334:
4326:
4324:
4323:
4309:
4303:
4302:
4296:
4291:
4289:
4281:
4279:
4278:
4264:
4258:
4252:
4246:
4240:
4234:
4233:
4227:
4222:
4220:
4212:
4210:
4209:
4203:
4197:. Archived from
4196:
4184:
4178:
4176:http://oanda.com
4172:
4166:
4165:
4163:
4162:
4156:
4147:
4141:
4140:
4138:
4137:
4126:
4120:
4119:
4117:
4116:
4101:
4095:
4094:
4092:
4091:
4080:
4074:
4073:
4071:
4070:
4059:
4053:
4052:
4050:
4049:
4038:
4032:
4031:
4025:
4020:
4018:
4010:
4008:
4007:
3993:
3987:
3981:
3975:
3974:
3972:
3971:
3960:
3954:
3952:
3946:
3941:
3939:
3931:
3929:
3928:
3922:
3915:
3906:
3900:
3899:
3893:
3888:
3886:
3878:
3876:
3875:
3869:
3862:
3852:
3846:
3845:
3839:
3834:
3832:
3824:
3822:
3821:
3815:
3809:. Archived from
3808:
3796:
3790:
3789:
3783:
3778:
3776:
3768:
3766:
3765:
3759:
3752:
3743:
3737:
3736:
3734:
3733:
3722:
3716:
3715:
3709:
3704:
3702:
3694:
3692:
3691:
3685:
3676:
3670:
3669:
3663:
3658:
3656:
3648:
3646:
3645:
3639:
3632:
3623:
3617:
3616:
3614:
3613:
3607:
3596:
3582:
3573:
3572:
3570:
3569:
3560:. Archived from
3554:
3548:
3547:
3545:
3544:
3534:
3528:
3527:
3525:
3524:
3513:
3507:
3505:http://oanda.com
3501:
3495:
3494:
3492:
3491:
3480:
3474:
3473:
3471:
3470:
3459:
3453:
3452:
3450:
3449:
3435:
3429:
3428:
3422:
3417:
3415:
3407:
3403:
3397:
3396:
3394:
3393:
3369:Bridges, Geoff;
3366:
3360:
3359:
3319:
3313:
3312:
3310:
3309:
3285:Bridges, Geoff;
3282:
3276:
3275:
3268:
3262:
3257:
3255:
3247:
3245:
3244:
3238:
3232:. Archived from
3231:
3214:
3208:
3207:
3205:
3204:
3193:
3187:
3186:
3184:
3182:
3177:on March 4, 2012
3167:
3158:
3157:
3151:
3146:
3144:
3136:
3134:
3133:
3127:
3121:. Archived from
3120:
3108:
3102:
3101:
3099:
3098:
3092:
3084:
3078:
3077:
3071:
3066:
3064:
3056:
3054:
3053:
3047:
3041:. Archived from
3040:
3028:
3017:
3016:
3014:
3013:
2994:
2988:
2987:
2981:
2976:
2974:
2966:
2964:
2963:
2957:
2950:
2938:
2932:
2931:
2925:
2920:
2918:
2910:
2908:
2907:
2901:
2892:
2886:
2885:
2883:
2882:
2867:
2861:
2860:
2858:
2857:
2851:
2845:. Archived from
2834:
2823:
2814:
2813:
2811:
2810:
2804:
2793:
2784:
2775:
2774:
2772:
2771:
2766:. pp. 22–23
2765:
2756:
2747:
2746:
2740:
2735:
2733:
2725:
2723:
2722:
2716:
2709:
2700:
2694:
2693:
2691:
2690:
2684:
2676:
2657:
2656:
2654:
2653:
2642:
2636:
2635:
2629:
2621:
2619:
2618:
2589:
2580:
2574:
2572:
2566:
2561:
2559:
2551:
2549:
2548:
2542:
2535:
2526:
2520:
2519:
2517:
2516:
2501:
2495:
2494:
2488:
2483:
2481:
2473:
2471:
2470:
2464:
2454:
2439:
2438:
2436:
2435:
2411:Bridges, Geoff;
2408:
2399:
2398:
2396:
2395:
2371:Bridges, Geoff;
2367:
2358:
2357:
2355:
2354:
2348:
2339:
2333:
2332:
2326:
2321:
2319:
2311:
2309:
2308:
2302:
2296:. Archived from
2295:
2283:
2268:
2267:
2261:
2256:
2254:
2246:
2244:
2243:
2237:
2230:
2216:
2210:
2209:
2203:
2198:
2196:
2188:
2186:
2185:
2175:
2167:
2161:
2160:
2158:
2157:
2151:
2143:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2133:
2127:
2119:
2113:
2112:
2110:
2109:
2100:. Archived from
2090:
2084:
2081:
2075:
2074:
2072:
2070:
2061:. Archived from
2051:
2045:
2044:
2042:
2040:
2026:
2017:
2016:
2014:
2013:
1999:
1993:
1992:
1986:
1981:
1979:
1971:
1969:
1968:
1962:
1955:
1946:
1940:
1939:
1933:
1928:
1926:
1918:
1916:
1915:
1909:
1902:
1893:
1887:
1886:
1880:
1875:
1873:
1865:
1863:
1862:
1856:
1847:
1841:
1836:
1834:
1826:
1819:
1813:
1812:
1810:
1809:
1785:Bridges, Geoff;
1782:
1771:
1770:
1768:
1767:
1761:
1755:. Archived from
1736:
1727:
1718:
1717:
1715:
1714:
1690:Bridges, Geoff;
1687:
1678:
1677:
1675:
1674:
1660:
1651:
1650:
1648:
1647:
1623:Bridges, Geoff;
1620:
1611:
1598:
1592:
1590:http://oanda.com
1586:
1573:
1571:
1565:
1560:
1558:
1550:
1548:
1547:
1541:
1534:
1525:
1519:
1516:
1507:
1506:
1504:
1503:
1483:(January 2004).
1477:
1471:
1470:
1464:
1459:
1457:
1449:
1447:
1446:
1440:
1431:
1422:
1421:
1410:
1289:In January 2009
1248:Karachi (1994-?)
1093:Pakistani Rupees
995:
994:
884:Lodhran District
753:In January 2009
622:Sindh High Court
513:
512:
340:
339:
163:Yes, since 2001
39:
25:
24:
8076:
8075:
8071:
8070:
8069:
8067:
8066:
8065:
8051:
8050:
8049:
8044:
7973:
7892:
7796:North Macedonia
7684:
7653:
7460:
7279:
7272:
7268:
7237:
7234:
7204:
7199:
7131:
7108:
7080:
7071:Organised crime
7064:Afghan refugees
7022:
6959:
6943:
6858:
6827:Street children
6815:
6776:Family planning
6764:
6741:
6700:
6632:
6626:
6596:
6591:
6550:
6469:
6361:
6345:Public holidays
6287:
6210:
6165:
6017:
5996:
5977:Nationalisation
5957:Corporatisation
5945:
5924:
5889:
5868:Pharmaceuticals
5797:
5739:Fuel extraction
5686:
5665:
5620:
5589:Law enforcement
5531:
5493:
5489:District Courts
5462:Supreme Council
5448:
5428:
5413:
5404:Majlis-e-Shoora
5401:
5388:
5370:Chief Ministers
5326:
5289:
5268:
5213:weather records
5186:
5143:Protected areas
5106:
5063:
5022:
4947:
4922:
4851:
4832:Princely states
4805:
4722:
4659:
4573:
4529:Seleucid Empire
4519:
4466:
4453:
4447:
4400:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4372:
4363:
4361:
4356:
4355:
4351:
4339:
4337:
4328:
4327:
4321:
4319:
4310:
4306:
4294:
4292:
4283:
4282:
4276:
4274:
4265:
4261:
4253:
4249:
4241:
4237:
4225:
4223:
4214:
4213:
4207:
4205:
4201:
4194:
4185:
4181:
4173:
4169:
4160:
4158:
4154:
4148:
4144:
4135:
4133:
4127:
4123:
4114:
4112:
4103:
4102:
4098:
4089:
4087:
4081:
4077:
4068:
4066:
4060:
4056:
4047:
4045:
4039:
4035:
4023:
4021:
4012:
4011:
4005:
4003:
3994:
3990:
3982:
3978:
3969:
3967:
3961:
3957:
3944:
3942:
3933:
3932:
3926:
3924:
3920:
3913:
3907:
3903:
3891:
3889:
3880:
3879:
3873:
3871:
3867:
3860:
3853:
3849:
3837:
3835:
3826:
3825:
3819:
3817:
3813:
3806:
3797:
3793:
3781:
3779:
3770:
3769:
3763:
3761:
3757:
3750:
3744:
3740:
3731:
3729:
3724:
3723:
3719:
3707:
3705:
3696:
3695:
3689:
3687:
3683:
3677:
3673:
3661:
3659:
3650:
3649:
3643:
3641:
3637:
3630:
3624:
3620:
3611:
3609:
3605:
3594:
3583:
3576:
3567:
3565:
3556:
3555:
3551:
3542:
3540:
3536:
3535:
3531:
3522:
3520:
3514:
3510:
3502:
3498:
3489:
3487:
3481:
3477:
3468:
3466:
3460:
3456:
3447:
3445:
3436:
3432:
3420:
3418:
3409:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3391:
3389:
3387:
3367:
3363:
3320:
3316:
3307:
3305:
3303:
3283:
3279:
3269:
3260:
3258:
3249:
3248:
3242:
3240:
3236:
3229:
3215:
3211:
3202:
3200:
3195:
3194:
3190:
3180:
3178:
3169:
3168:
3161:
3149:
3147:
3138:
3137:
3131:
3129:
3125:
3118:
3109:
3105:
3096:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3085:
3081:
3069:
3067:
3058:
3057:
3051:
3049:
3045:
3038:
3029:
3020:
3011:
3009:
2996:
2995:
2991:
2979:
2977:
2968:
2967:
2961:
2959:
2955:
2948:
2939:
2935:
2923:
2921:
2912:
2911:
2905:
2903:
2899:
2893:
2889:
2880:
2878:
2869:
2868:
2864:
2855:
2853:
2849:
2843:
2832:
2824:
2817:
2808:
2806:
2802:
2791:
2785:
2778:
2769:
2767:
2763:
2757:
2750:
2738:
2736:
2727:
2726:
2720:
2718:
2714:
2707:
2701:
2697:
2688:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2677:
2660:
2651:
2649:
2644:
2643:
2639:
2623:
2622:
2616:
2614:
2587:
2581:
2577:
2573:, section 10.3.
2564:
2562:
2553:
2552:
2546:
2544:
2540:
2533:
2527:
2523:
2514:
2512:
2503:
2502:
2498:
2486:
2484:
2475:
2474:
2468:
2466:
2462:
2455:
2442:
2433:
2431:
2429:
2409:
2402:
2393:
2391:
2389:
2368:
2361:
2352:
2350:
2346:
2340:
2336:
2324:
2322:
2313:
2312:
2306:
2304:
2300:
2293:
2284:
2271:
2259:
2257:
2248:
2247:
2241:
2239:
2235:
2228:
2217:
2213:
2201:
2199:
2190:
2189:
2183:
2181:
2173:
2169:
2168:
2164:
2155:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2144:
2140:
2131:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2120:
2116:
2107:
2105:
2091:
2087:
2082:
2078:
2068:
2066:
2065:on 12 July 2017
2053:
2052:
2048:
2038:
2036:
2028:
2027:
2020:
2011:
2009:
2001:
2000:
1996:
1984:
1982:
1973:
1972:
1966:
1964:
1960:
1953:
1947:
1943:
1931:
1929:
1920:
1919:
1913:
1911:
1907:
1900:
1894:
1890:
1878:
1876:
1867:
1866:
1860:
1858:
1854:
1839:
1837:
1828:
1827:
1821:
1820:
1816:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1783:
1774:
1765:
1763:
1759:
1753:
1734:
1728:
1721:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1688:
1681:
1672:
1670:
1662:
1661:
1654:
1645:
1643:
1641:
1621:
1614:
1609:Wayback Machine
1599:
1595:
1587:
1576:
1572:, section 10.7.
1563:
1561:
1552:
1551:
1545:
1543:
1539:
1532:
1526:
1522:
1517:
1510:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1478:
1474:
1462:
1460:
1451:
1450:
1444:
1442:
1438:
1432:
1425:
1411:
1402:
1397:
1361:
1341:
1300:
1287:
1219:
1206:Punjab province
1146:
1130:
1113:
1088:
1083:
989:
962:
937:
932:
907:Mardan District
899:
893:
880:
862:Slum in Karachi
856:
850:
834:
805:
792:
785:Map of Pakistan
779:
740:
731:
709:
701:Punjab Province
668:
662:
634:
577:
476:
467:service quality
463:
461:Service quality
451:
356:
351:
296:
282:
240:in Karachi and
30:
23:
12:
11:
5:
8074:
8064:
8063:
8046:
8045:
8043:
8042:
8037:
8032:
8027:
8022:
8017:
8012:
8007:
8002:
7997:
7992:
7987:
7981:
7979:
7975:
7974:
7972:
7971:
7966:
7961:
7956:
7951:
7946:
7941:
7936:
7931:
7926:
7921:
7916:
7911:
7906:
7900:
7898:
7894:
7893:
7891:
7890:
7889:
7888:
7883:
7878:
7871:United Kingdom
7868:
7863:
7858:
7853:
7848:
7843:
7838:
7833:
7828:
7823:
7818:
7813:
7808:
7803:
7798:
7793:
7788:
7783:
7778:
7773:
7768:
7763:
7758:
7753:
7748:
7743:
7738:
7733:
7731:Czech Republic
7728:
7723:
7718:
7713:
7708:
7703:
7698:
7692:
7690:
7686:
7685:
7683:
7682:
7677:
7672:
7667:
7661:
7659:
7655:
7654:
7652:
7651:
7646:
7641:
7636:
7631:
7626:
7621:
7616:
7611:
7606:
7601:
7596:
7591:
7586:
7581:
7576:
7571:
7566:
7561:
7556:
7551:
7546:
7541:
7536:
7531:
7526:
7521:
7516:
7511:
7506:
7505:
7504:
7499:
7489:
7484:
7479:
7474:
7468:
7466:
7462:
7461:
7459:
7458:
7453:
7448:
7443:
7438:
7433:
7428:
7423:
7418:
7413:
7408:
7403:
7398:
7393:
7388:
7383:
7378:
7373:
7368:
7363:
7358:
7353:
7348:
7343:
7338:
7333:
7328:
7323:
7318:
7313:
7308:
7303:
7298:
7293:
7287:
7285:
7281:
7280:
7271:
7269:
7267:
7266:
7261:
7256:
7251:
7249:European Union
7245:
7243:
7239:
7238:
7233:
7232:
7225:
7218:
7210:
7201:
7200:
7198:
7197:
7192:
7187:
7182:
7177:
7172:
7167:
7162:
7161:
7160:
7150:
7145:
7139:
7137:
7133:
7132:
7130:
7129:
7124:
7118:
7116:
7110:
7109:
7107:
7106:
7101:
7096:
7090:
7088:
7082:
7081:
7079:
7078:
7073:
7068:
7067:
7066:
7056:
7051:
7046:
7045:
7044:
7033:
7031:
7024:
7023:
7021:
7020:
7015:
7010:
7005:
7000:
6995:
6990:
6985:
6980:
6975:
6969:
6967:
6961:
6960:
6958:
6957:
6951:
6949:
6945:
6944:
6942:
6941:
6936:
6931:
6926:
6921:
6916:
6911:
6906:
6901:
6900:
6899:
6892:Honour killing
6889:
6884:
6879:
6874:
6868:
6866:
6860:
6859:
6857:
6856:
6851:
6850:
6849:
6844:
6837:Child marriage
6834:
6829:
6823:
6821:
6817:
6816:
6814:
6813:
6808:
6803:
6798:
6796:Nuclear family
6793:
6791:Complex family
6788:
6783:
6778:
6772:
6770:
6766:
6765:
6763:
6762:
6757:
6751:
6749:
6743:
6742:
6740:
6739:
6734:
6729:
6724:
6719:
6714:
6708:
6706:
6702:
6701:
6699:
6698:
6693:
6688:
6683:
6678:
6673:
6668:
6666:Communications
6663:
6658:
6653:
6648:
6642:
6640:
6634:
6633:
6625:
6624:
6617:
6610:
6602:
6593:
6592:
6590:
6589:
6579:
6569:
6563:
6560:
6559:
6556:
6555:
6552:
6551:
6549:
6548:
6543:
6538:
6533:
6528:
6523:
6518:
6513:
6508:
6503:
6498:
6493:
6488:
6483:
6477:
6475:
6471:
6470:
6468:
6467:
6462:
6457:
6452:
6447:
6442:
6437:
6432:
6427:
6422:
6417:
6412:
6407:
6402:
6397:
6392:
6387:
6382:
6377:
6371:
6369:
6363:
6362:
6360:
6359:
6358:
6357:
6352:
6347:
6342:
6332:
6327:
6322:
6317:
6316:
6315:
6308:
6305:Shalwar kameez
6295:
6293:
6289:
6288:
6286:
6285:
6280:
6275:
6270:
6265:
6264:
6263:
6251:
6246:
6241:
6236:
6235:
6234:
6224:
6218:
6216:
6212:
6211:
6209:
6208:
6203:
6202:
6201:
6191:
6186:
6181:
6175:
6173:
6167:
6166:
6164:
6163:
6158:
6153:
6148:
6143:
6138:
6128:
6123:
6118:
6113:
6108:
6107:
6106:
6096:
6095:
6094:
6084:
6079:
6074:
6069:
6068:
6067:
6057:
6052:
6047:
6042:
6037:
6031:
6029:
6019:
6018:
6006:
6005:
6002:
6001:
5998:
5997:
5995:
5994:
5989:
5984:
5979:
5974:
5969:
5964:
5959:
5953:
5951:
5947:
5946:
5944:
5943:
5938:
5933:
5928:
5920:
5915:
5910:
5909:
5908:
5897:
5895:
5891:
5890:
5888:
5887:
5882:
5881:
5880:
5870:
5865:
5860:
5855:
5854:
5853:
5843:
5838:
5833:
5828:
5823:
5818:
5813:
5807:
5805:
5799:
5798:
5796:
5795:
5794:
5793:
5783:
5782:
5781:
5774:Transportation
5771:
5766:
5761:
5756:
5751:
5746:
5741:
5736:
5731:
5730:
5729:
5724:
5719:
5714:
5709:
5698:
5696:
5695:Infrastructure
5688:
5687:
5675:
5674:
5671:
5670:
5667:
5666:
5664:
5663:
5658:
5653:
5652:
5651:
5641:
5636:
5630:
5628:
5622:
5621:
5619:
5618:
5617:
5616:
5611:
5606:
5601:
5596:
5586:
5585:
5584:
5579:
5569:
5568:
5567:
5562:
5557:
5552:
5541:
5539:
5533:
5532:
5530:
5529:
5524:
5519:
5514:
5509:
5503:
5501:
5495:
5494:
5492:
5491:
5486:
5481:
5476:
5475:
5474:
5464:
5458:
5456:
5450:
5449:
5447:
5446:
5441:
5440:
5439:
5438:
5437:
5424:
5423:
5422:
5396:
5394:
5390:
5389:
5387:
5386:
5385:
5384:
5382:Union councils
5374:
5373:
5372:
5367:
5357:
5356:
5355:
5353:Prime Minister
5350:
5345:
5334:
5332:
5328:
5327:
5325:
5324:
5319:
5318:
5317:
5307:
5301:
5299:
5291:
5290:
5278:
5277:
5274:
5273:
5270:
5269:
5267:
5266:
5261:
5260:
5259:
5254:
5249:
5239:
5238:
5237:
5232:
5222:
5217:
5216:
5215:
5205:
5200:
5194:
5192:
5188:
5187:
5185:
5184:
5179:
5178:
5177:
5172:
5162:
5161:
5160:
5155:
5150:
5148:national parks
5140:
5135:
5130:
5128:Climate change
5125:
5120:
5114:
5112:
5108:
5107:
5105:
5104:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5084:
5079:
5073:
5071:
5065:
5064:
5062:
5061:
5056:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5030:
5028:
5024:
5023:
5021:
5020:
5015:
5010:
5005:
5000:
4995:
4990:
4985:
4980:
4975:
4970:
4965:
4959:
4957:
4949:
4948:
4936:
4935:
4932:
4931:
4928:
4927:
4924:
4923:
4921:
4920:
4918:Liberalization
4915:
4910:
4909:
4908:
4906:KPK insurgency
4903:
4895:
4890:
4885:
4880:
4875:
4870:
4865:
4859:
4857:
4853:
4852:
4850:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4813:
4811:
4807:
4806:
4804:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4792:
4791:
4786:
4781:
4776:
4771:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4741:
4736:
4730:
4728:
4724:
4723:
4721:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4674:
4672:
4665:
4661:
4660:
4658:
4657:
4652:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4581:
4579:
4575:
4574:
4572:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4554:Indo-Scythians
4551:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4534:Greco-Bactrian
4531:
4526:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4478:
4476:
4468:
4467:
4455:
4454:
4446:
4445:
4438:
4431:
4423:
4417:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4399:
4396:
4395:
4394:
4389:
4382:
4381:National level
4379:
4377:
4376:External links
4374:
4371:
4370:
4349:
4340:|journal=
4315:(2001-01-30).
4304:
4295:|journal=
4270:(2001-01-30).
4259:
4247:
4235:
4226:|journal=
4179:
4167:
4142:
4121:
4096:
4075:
4054:
4033:
4024:|journal=
3988:
3976:
3955:
3945:|journal=
3901:
3892:|journal=
3847:
3838:|journal=
3791:
3782:|journal=
3738:
3726:"Water Tariff"
3717:
3708:|journal=
3671:
3662:|journal=
3618:
3574:
3549:
3529:
3508:
3496:
3475:
3454:
3441:(2004-11-10).
3430:
3421:|journal=
3398:
3385:
3361:
3314:
3301:
3277:
3261:|journal=
3209:
3188:
3159:
3150:|journal=
3103:
3079:
3070:|journal=
3018:
2989:
2980:|journal=
2933:
2924:|journal=
2887:
2862:
2841:
2815:
2776:
2748:
2739:|journal=
2695:
2658:
2637:
2575:
2565:|journal=
2521:
2496:
2487:|journal=
2440:
2427:
2400:
2387:
2359:
2334:
2325:|journal=
2269:
2260:|journal=
2211:
2202:|journal=
2162:
2138:
2114:
2085:
2076:
2046:
2018:
1994:
1985:|journal=
1941:
1932:|journal=
1888:
1879:|journal=
1814:
1801:
1772:
1751:
1719:
1706:
1679:
1652:
1639:
1612:
1593:
1574:
1564:|journal=
1520:
1508:
1495:
1472:
1463:|journal=
1423:
1399:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1392:
1391:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1360:
1357:
1340:
1337:
1299:
1296:
1286:
1283:
1218:
1215:
1178:, New Sukkur,
1145:
1142:
1136:(ADB) and the
1129:
1126:
1112:
1109:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1068:
1067:
1064:
1061:
1058:
1055:
1052:
1049:
1045:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1022:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1012:
1009:
1006:
1003:
1000:
999:
988:
985:
961:
958:
936:
933:
931:
928:
892:
889:
879:
876:
852:Main article:
849:
846:
833:
830:
804:
801:
791:
788:
778:
775:
739:
736:
730:
727:
708:
705:
692:
691:
685:
679:
661:
658:
633:
630:
608:, water-borne
576:
573:
570:
569:
566:
563:
560:
557:
554:
550:
549:
544:
539:
534:
529:
524:
518:
517:
475:
472:
462:
459:
450:
447:
424:
423:
420:
417:
414:
410:
409:
406:
403:
400:
397:
393:
392:
389:
386:
383:
379:
378:
375:
372:
369:
366:
362:
361:
358:
353:
348:
345:
344:
281:
278:
213:
212:
209:
205:
204:
201:
197:
196:
193:
189:
188:
185:
181:
180:
177:
173:
172:
169:
165:
164:
161:
157:
156:
152:
151:
148:
144:
143:
140:
136:
135:
132:
128:
127:
124:
120:
119:
116:
112:
111:
108:
103:Average urban
100:
99:
96:
92:
91:
88:
84:
83:
82:
81:
78:
75:
69:
65:
64:
63:
62:
59:
56:
50:
46:
45:
41:
40:
32:
31:
28:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8073:
8062:
8059:
8058:
8056:
8041:
8038:
8036:
8033:
8031:
8028:
8026:
8023:
8021:
8018:
8016:
8013:
8011:
8008:
8006:
8003:
8001:
7998:
7996:
7993:
7991:
7988:
7986:
7983:
7982:
7980:
7978:South America
7976:
7970:
7969:United States
7967:
7965:
7962:
7960:
7957:
7955:
7952:
7950:
7947:
7945:
7942:
7940:
7937:
7935:
7932:
7930:
7927:
7925:
7922:
7920:
7917:
7915:
7912:
7910:
7907:
7905:
7902:
7901:
7899:
7897:North America
7895:
7887:
7884:
7882:
7879:
7877:
7874:
7873:
7872:
7869:
7867:
7864:
7862:
7859:
7857:
7854:
7852:
7849:
7847:
7844:
7842:
7839:
7837:
7834:
7832:
7829:
7827:
7824:
7822:
7819:
7817:
7814:
7812:
7809:
7807:
7804:
7802:
7799:
7797:
7794:
7792:
7789:
7787:
7784:
7782:
7779:
7777:
7774:
7772:
7769:
7767:
7764:
7762:
7759:
7757:
7754:
7752:
7749:
7747:
7744:
7742:
7739:
7737:
7734:
7732:
7729:
7727:
7724:
7722:
7719:
7717:
7714:
7712:
7709:
7707:
7704:
7702:
7699:
7697:
7694:
7693:
7691:
7687:
7681:
7678:
7676:
7673:
7671:
7668:
7666:
7663:
7662:
7660:
7656:
7650:
7647:
7645:
7642:
7640:
7637:
7635:
7632:
7630:
7627:
7625:
7622:
7620:
7617:
7615:
7612:
7610:
7607:
7605:
7602:
7600:
7597:
7595:
7592:
7590:
7587:
7585:
7582:
7580:
7577:
7575:
7572:
7570:
7567:
7565:
7562:
7560:
7557:
7555:
7552:
7550:
7547:
7545:
7542:
7540:
7537:
7535:
7532:
7530:
7527:
7525:
7522:
7520:
7517:
7515:
7512:
7510:
7507:
7503:
7500:
7498:
7495:
7494:
7493:
7490:
7488:
7485:
7483:
7480:
7478:
7475:
7473:
7470:
7469:
7467:
7463:
7457:
7454:
7452:
7449:
7447:
7444:
7442:
7439:
7437:
7434:
7432:
7429:
7427:
7424:
7422:
7419:
7417:
7414:
7412:
7409:
7407:
7404:
7402:
7399:
7397:
7394:
7392:
7389:
7387:
7384:
7382:
7379:
7377:
7374:
7372:
7369:
7367:
7364:
7362:
7359:
7357:
7354:
7352:
7349:
7347:
7344:
7342:
7339:
7337:
7334:
7332:
7329:
7327:
7324:
7322:
7319:
7317:
7314:
7312:
7309:
7307:
7304:
7302:
7299:
7297:
7294:
7292:
7289:
7288:
7286:
7282:
7276:
7265:
7262:
7260:
7257:
7255:
7254:Latin America
7252:
7250:
7247:
7246:
7244:
7240:
7231:
7226:
7224:
7219:
7217:
7212:
7211:
7208:
7196:
7193:
7191:
7188:
7186:
7183:
7181:
7178:
7176:
7173:
7171:
7168:
7166:
7163:
7159:
7156:
7155:
7154:
7151:
7149:
7146:
7144:
7141:
7140:
7138:
7134:
7128:
7125:
7123:
7120:
7119:
7117:
7115:
7111:
7105:
7102:
7100:
7097:
7095:
7092:
7091:
7089:
7087:
7083:
7077:
7076:War on Terror
7074:
7072:
7069:
7065:
7062:
7061:
7060:
7057:
7055:
7052:
7050:
7047:
7043:
7040:
7039:
7038:
7035:
7034:
7032:
7030:and terrorism
7029:
7025:
7019:
7016:
7014:
7011:
7009:
7006:
7004:
7001:
6999:
6996:
6994:
6991:
6989:
6986:
6984:
6981:
6979:
6976:
6974:
6971:
6970:
6968:
6966:
6962:
6956:
6953:
6952:
6950:
6946:
6940:
6937:
6935:
6932:
6930:
6927:
6925:
6922:
6920:
6917:
6915:
6912:
6910:
6907:
6905:
6902:
6898:
6895:
6894:
6893:
6890:
6888:
6885:
6883:
6880:
6878:
6877:Bride burning
6875:
6873:
6870:
6869:
6867:
6865:
6861:
6855:
6852:
6848:
6845:
6843:
6840:
6839:
6838:
6835:
6833:
6830:
6828:
6825:
6824:
6822:
6818:
6812:
6809:
6807:
6804:
6802:
6799:
6797:
6794:
6792:
6789:
6787:
6784:
6782:
6779:
6777:
6774:
6773:
6771:
6767:
6761:
6758:
6756:
6753:
6752:
6750:
6748:
6744:
6738:
6735:
6733:
6730:
6728:
6725:
6723:
6720:
6718:
6715:
6713:
6710:
6709:
6707:
6703:
6697:
6694:
6692:
6689:
6687:
6684:
6682:
6679:
6677:
6674:
6672:
6669:
6667:
6664:
6662:
6659:
6657:
6654:
6652:
6649:
6647:
6644:
6643:
6641:
6639:
6635:
6631:
6623:
6618:
6616:
6611:
6609:
6604:
6603:
6600:
6588:
6584:
6580:
6578:
6570:
6568:
6565:
6564:
6561:
6547:
6544:
6542:
6539:
6537:
6534:
6532:
6529:
6527:
6524:
6522:
6519:
6517:
6514:
6512:
6509:
6507:
6506:Hindu temples
6504:
6502:
6499:
6497:
6494:
6492:
6489:
6487:
6484:
6482:
6479:
6478:
6476:
6472:
6466:
6463:
6461:
6458:
6456:
6453:
6451:
6448:
6446:
6443:
6441:
6438:
6436:
6433:
6431:
6428:
6426:
6423:
6421:
6418:
6416:
6413:
6411:
6408:
6406:
6403:
6401:
6398:
6396:
6393:
6391:
6388:
6386:
6383:
6381:
6378:
6376:
6373:
6372:
6370:
6368:
6364:
6356:
6353:
6351:
6348:
6346:
6343:
6341:
6338:
6337:
6336:
6333:
6331:
6328:
6326:
6323:
6321:
6318:
6314:
6313:
6309:
6307:
6306:
6302:
6301:
6300:
6297:
6296:
6294:
6290:
6284:
6281:
6279:
6276:
6274:
6271:
6269:
6266:
6262:
6261:
6257:
6256:
6255:
6252:
6250:
6247:
6245:
6242:
6240:
6237:
6233:
6230:
6229:
6228:
6225:
6223:
6220:
6219:
6217:
6213:
6207:
6204:
6200:
6197:
6196:
6195:
6192:
6190:
6187:
6185:
6182:
6180:
6177:
6176:
6174:
6172:
6168:
6162:
6159:
6157:
6154:
6152:
6149:
6147:
6144:
6142:
6139:
6136:
6132:
6129:
6127:
6124:
6122:
6119:
6117:
6114:
6112:
6109:
6105:
6102:
6101:
6100:
6097:
6093:
6090:
6089:
6088:
6085:
6083:
6080:
6078:
6075:
6073:
6070:
6066:
6063:
6062:
6061:
6058:
6056:
6053:
6051:
6048:
6046:
6043:
6041:
6038:
6036:
6033:
6032:
6030:
6028:
6024:
6020:
6016:
6011:
6007:
5993:
5990:
5988:
5985:
5983:
5982:Privatisation
5980:
5978:
5975:
5973:
5970:
5968:
5965:
5963:
5960:
5958:
5955:
5954:
5952:
5948:
5942:
5939:
5937:
5936:Stock markets
5934:
5932:
5929:
5927:
5921:
5919:
5916:
5914:
5911:
5907:
5904:
5903:
5902:
5899:
5898:
5896:
5892:
5886:
5883:
5879:
5876:
5875:
5874:
5871:
5869:
5866:
5864:
5861:
5859:
5856:
5852:
5849:
5848:
5847:
5844:
5842:
5839:
5837:
5834:
5832:
5829:
5827:
5824:
5822:
5819:
5817:
5814:
5812:
5809:
5808:
5806:
5804:
5800:
5792:
5789:
5788:
5787:
5784:
5780:
5777:
5776:
5775:
5772:
5770:
5767:
5765:
5762:
5760:
5757:
5755:
5752:
5750:
5747:
5745:
5742:
5740:
5737:
5735:
5732:
5728:
5725:
5723:
5720:
5718:
5715:
5713:
5710:
5708:
5705:
5704:
5703:
5700:
5699:
5697:
5693:
5689:
5685:
5680:
5676:
5662:
5659:
5657:
5654:
5650:
5647:
5646:
5645:
5642:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5632:
5631:
5629:
5627:
5623:
5615:
5612:
5610:
5607:
5605:
5602:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5591:
5590:
5587:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5574:
5573:
5570:
5566:
5563:
5561:
5558:
5556:
5553:
5551:
5548:
5547:
5546:
5543:
5542:
5540:
5538:
5534:
5528:
5525:
5523:
5520:
5518:
5515:
5513:
5510:
5508:
5505:
5504:
5502:
5500:
5496:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5473:
5472:Chief Justice
5470:
5469:
5468:
5467:Supreme Court
5465:
5463:
5460:
5459:
5457:
5455:
5451:
5445:
5442:
5436:
5433:
5432:
5431:
5429:(lower house)
5425:
5421:
5418:
5417:
5416:
5414:(upper house)
5410:
5409:
5408:
5405:
5398:
5397:
5395:
5391:
5383:
5380:
5379:
5378:
5375:
5371:
5368:
5366:
5363:
5362:
5361:
5358:
5354:
5351:
5349:
5346:
5344:
5341:
5340:
5339:
5336:
5335:
5333:
5329:
5323:
5320:
5316:
5313:
5312:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5303:
5302:
5300:
5296:
5292:
5288:
5283:
5279:
5265:
5262:
5258:
5255:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5244:
5243:
5240:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5228:
5227:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5218:
5214:
5211:
5210:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5195:
5193:
5189:
5183:
5180:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5167:
5166:
5163:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5153:game reserves
5151:
5149:
5146:
5145:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5115:
5113:
5109:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5074:
5072:
5070:
5066:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5031:
5029:
5025:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4960:
4958:
4954:
4950:
4946:
4941:
4937:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4898:
4897:Insurgencies
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4878:1971 Movement
4876:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4860:
4858:
4854:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4814:
4812:
4808:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4769:Muslim League
4767:
4766:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4731:
4729:
4725:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4675:
4673:
4669:
4666:
4662:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4582:
4580:
4576:
4570:
4569:Indo-Sassanid
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4559:Indo-Parthian
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4523:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4479:
4477:
4473:
4469:
4465:
4460:
4456:
4451:
4444:
4439:
4437:
4432:
4430:
4425:
4424:
4421:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4401:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4384:
4359:
4353:
4345:
4332:
4318:
4314:
4308:
4300:
4287:
4273:
4269:
4263:
4257:
4251:
4245:
4239:
4231:
4218:
4204:on 2008-09-12
4200:
4193:
4189:
4183:
4177:
4171:
4153:
4146:
4132:
4125:
4111:on 2011-09-28
4110:
4106:
4100:
4086:
4079:
4065:
4058:
4044:
4037:
4029:
4016:
4002:
3998:
3992:
3985:
3980:
3966:
3959:
3950:
3937:
3923:on 2009-03-04
3919:
3912:
3905:
3897:
3884:
3870:on 2006-12-31
3866:
3859:
3851:
3843:
3830:
3816:on 2012-07-22
3812:
3805:
3801:
3795:
3787:
3774:
3760:on 2006-12-31
3756:
3749:
3742:
3727:
3721:
3713:
3700:
3682:
3675:
3667:
3654:
3640:on 2006-12-31
3636:
3629:
3622:
3608:on 2009-03-04
3604:
3600:
3593:
3587:
3581:
3579:
3564:on 2013-05-21
3563:
3559:
3553:
3539:
3533:
3519:
3512:
3506:
3500:
3486:
3479:
3465:
3458:
3444:
3440:
3434:
3426:
3413:
3402:
3388:
3386:9789814136068
3382:
3378:
3377:
3372:
3365:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3318:
3304:
3302:9789814136068
3298:
3294:
3293:
3288:
3281:
3273:
3266:
3253:
3239:on 2008-09-12
3235:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3213:
3198:
3192:
3176:
3172:
3166:
3164:
3155:
3142:
3128:on 2008-09-12
3124:
3117:
3113:
3107:
3089:
3083:
3075:
3062:
3048:on 2013-05-10
3044:
3037:
3033:
3027:
3025:
3023:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2993:
2985:
2972:
2958:on 2008-12-09
2954:
2947:
2943:
2937:
2929:
2916:
2898:
2891:
2876:
2872:
2866:
2852:on 2008-09-12
2848:
2844:
2842:984-32-1500-1
2838:
2831:
2830:
2822:
2820:
2805:on 2008-07-28
2801:
2797:
2790:
2783:
2781:
2762:
2755:
2753:
2744:
2731:
2717:on 2006-12-31
2713:
2706:
2699:
2681:
2675:
2673:
2671:
2669:
2667:
2665:
2663:
2647:
2641:
2633:
2627:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2586:
2579:
2570:
2557:
2543:on 2009-03-04
2539:
2532:
2525:
2511:. 15 May 2012
2510:
2506:
2500:
2492:
2479:
2461:
2453:
2451:
2449:
2447:
2445:
2430:
2428:9789814136068
2424:
2420:
2419:
2414:
2407:
2405:
2390:
2388:9789814136068
2384:
2380:
2379:
2374:
2366:
2364:
2345:
2338:
2330:
2317:
2303:on 2012-09-13
2299:
2292:
2288:
2282:
2280:
2278:
2276:
2274:
2265:
2252:
2238:on 2013-05-10
2234:
2227:
2223:
2215:
2207:
2194:
2179:
2172:
2166:
2148:
2142:
2124:
2118:
2104:on 2008-02-16
2103:
2099:
2095:
2089:
2080:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2050:
2035:
2031:
2025:
2023:
2008:
2004:
1998:
1990:
1977:
1963:on 2009-03-04
1959:
1952:
1945:
1937:
1924:
1910:on 2006-12-31
1906:
1899:
1892:
1884:
1871:
1853:
1845:
1832:
1825:. 2005-03-17.
1824:
1818:
1804:
1802:9789814136068
1798:
1794:
1793:
1788:
1781:
1779:
1777:
1762:on 2008-09-12
1758:
1754:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1733:
1726:
1724:
1709:
1707:9789814136068
1703:
1699:
1698:
1693:
1686:
1684:
1669:
1665:
1659:
1657:
1642:
1640:9789814136068
1636:
1632:
1631:
1626:
1619:
1617:
1610:
1606:
1603:
1597:
1591:
1585:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1569:
1556:
1542:on 2009-03-04
1538:
1531:
1524:
1515:
1513:
1498:
1496:971-561-524-4
1492:
1488:
1487:
1482:
1476:
1468:
1455:
1437:
1430:
1428:
1419:
1415:
1409:
1407:
1405:
1400:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1362:
1356:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1336:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1310:
1306:
1304:
1295:
1292:
1285:United States
1282:
1280:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1243:
1239:
1236:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1214:
1212:
1211:micro finance
1207:
1203:
1202:all districts
1199:
1195:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1172:
1168:
1160:
1156:
1154:
1150:
1141:
1139:
1135:
1125:
1123:
1119:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1098:
1094:
1078:
1075:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1046:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1023:
1019:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1007:
1004:
1002:
1001:
996:
993:
984:
982:
981:best practice
977:
975:
971:
967:
964:The share of
957:
954:
951:
947:
942:
927:
923:
920:
915:
912:
908:
904:
898:
888:
885:
875:
872:
868:
860:
855:
845:
843:
839:
829:
825:
822:
816:
813:
808:
800:
796:
783:
774:
770:
768:
764:
759:
756:
751:
748:
743:
735:
726:
723:
719:
714:
704:
702:
698:
690:
686:
684:
680:
678:
674:
673:
672:
667:
657:
655:
651:
647:
646:sedimentation
643:
639:
629:
625:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
602:
597:
593:
589:
584:
582:
567:
564:
561:
558:
555:
552:
551:
548:
545:
543:
540:
538:
535:
533:
530:
528:
525:
523:
520:
519:
514:
511:
509:
508:shallow wells
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
480:
471:
468:
465:Water supply
458:
456:
446:
444:
438:
435:
430:
421:
418:
415:
412:
411:
407:
404:
401:
398:
394:
390:
387:
384:
381:
380:
376:
373:
370:
367:
363:
359:
354:
349:
346:
341:
338:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
315:
311:
309:
300:
295:
286:
277:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
245:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
206:
198:
190:
182:
174:
166:
158:
155:Institutions
153:
145:
137:
129:
121:
113:
106:
101:
93:
85:
79:
76:
73:
72:
66:
60:
57:
54:
53:
47:
42:
38:
33:
26:
21:
16:
7604:Saudi Arabia
7583:
7421:South Africa
7416:Sierra Leone
7311:Burkina Faso
7153:Human rights
7103:
6988:Pashtunistan
6948:Caste system
6919:Prostitution
6832:Child labour
6722:Malnutrition
6696:Urbanisation
6676:Labour force
6567:Basic topics
6400:Field hockey
6310:
6303:
6258:
6222:Architecture
6171:Demographics
6156:Urbanisation
6141:Prostitution
6099:Human rights
6065:Institutions
5790:
5572:Human rights
5545:Constitution
5403:
5242:Subdivisions
5191:Other topics
5059:Sistan Basin
4893:Islamisation
4868:Indus Treaty
4863:1947–present
4847:Baghdad Pact
4801:Independence
4671:Pre-colonial
4502:Indo-Iranics
4497:Indus Valley
4362:. Retrieved
4352:
4331:cite journal
4320:. Retrieved
4307:
4286:cite journal
4275:. Retrieved
4262:
4250:
4238:
4217:cite journal
4206:. Retrieved
4199:the original
4182:
4170:
4159:. Retrieved
4145:
4134:. Retrieved
4124:
4113:. Retrieved
4109:the original
4099:
4088:. Retrieved
4078:
4067:. Retrieved
4057:
4046:. Retrieved
4036:
4015:cite journal
4004:. Retrieved
3991:
3979:
3968:. Retrieved
3958:
3936:cite journal
3925:. Retrieved
3918:the original
3904:
3883:cite journal
3872:. Retrieved
3865:the original
3850:
3829:cite journal
3818:. Retrieved
3811:the original
3794:
3773:cite journal
3762:. Retrieved
3755:the original
3741:
3730:. Retrieved
3720:
3699:cite journal
3688:. Retrieved
3674:
3653:cite journal
3642:. Retrieved
3635:the original
3621:
3610:. Retrieved
3603:the original
3598:
3566:. Retrieved
3562:the original
3552:
3541:. Retrieved
3532:
3521:. Retrieved
3511:
3499:
3488:. Retrieved
3478:
3467:. Retrieved
3457:
3446:. Retrieved
3433:
3412:cite journal
3401:
3390:. Retrieved
3375:
3364:
3331:
3327:
3317:
3306:. Retrieved
3291:
3280:
3252:cite journal
3241:. Retrieved
3234:the original
3225:(May 2007).
3212:
3201:. Retrieved
3191:
3179:. Retrieved
3175:the original
3141:cite journal
3130:. Retrieved
3123:the original
3106:
3095:. Retrieved
3082:
3061:cite journal
3050:. Retrieved
3043:the original
3010:. Retrieved
3001:
2992:
2971:cite journal
2960:. Retrieved
2953:the original
2936:
2915:cite journal
2904:. Retrieved
2890:
2879:. Retrieved
2875:the original
2865:
2854:. Retrieved
2847:the original
2828:
2807:. Retrieved
2800:the original
2795:
2768:. Retrieved
2730:cite journal
2719:. Retrieved
2712:the original
2698:
2687:. Retrieved
2650:. Retrieved
2640:
2626:cite journal
2615:. Retrieved
2595:
2591:
2578:
2556:cite journal
2545:. Retrieved
2538:the original
2524:
2513:. Retrieved
2508:
2499:
2478:cite journal
2467:. Retrieved
2432:. Retrieved
2417:
2392:. Retrieved
2377:
2351:. Retrieved
2337:
2316:cite journal
2305:. Retrieved
2298:the original
2251:cite journal
2240:. Retrieved
2233:the original
2214:
2193:cite journal
2182:. Retrieved
2165:
2154:. Retrieved
2141:
2130:. Retrieved
2117:
2106:. Retrieved
2102:the original
2088:
2079:
2067:. Retrieved
2063:the original
2058:
2049:
2037:. Retrieved
2033:
2010:. Retrieved
2006:
1997:
1976:cite journal
1965:. Retrieved
1958:the original
1944:
1923:cite journal
1912:. Retrieved
1905:the original
1891:
1870:cite journal
1859:. Retrieved
1840:|title=
1822:
1817:
1806:. Retrieved
1791:
1764:. Retrieved
1757:the original
1738:
1711:. Retrieved
1696:
1671:. Retrieved
1667:
1644:. Retrieved
1629:
1596:
1555:cite journal
1544:. Retrieved
1537:the original
1523:
1500:. Retrieved
1485:
1475:
1454:cite journal
1443:. Retrieved
1342:
1328:
1327:
1314:
1313:
1308:
1307:
1302:
1301:
1288:
1257:
1256:
1247:
1246:
1241:
1240:
1221:
1220:
1197:
1196:
1166:
1165:
1148:
1147:
1131:
1114:
1105:
1101:
1089:
1071:
990:
978:
963:
955:
946:benchmarking
938:
924:
916:
900:
881:
865:
835:
826:
817:
809:
806:
797:
793:
771:
760:
752:
744:
741:
732:
710:
693:
669:
635:
626:
585:
578:
485:
464:
452:
439:
431:
427:
316:
312:
305:
246:
217:
216:
105:water tariff
15:
7929:El Salvador
7856:Switzerland
7791:Netherlands
7675:New Zealand
7658:Australasia
7614:South Korea
7594:Philippines
7472:Afghanistan
7426:South Sudan
7351:Ivory Coast
7158:LGBT rights
6965:Communalism
6934:Watta satta
6914:Pornography
6887:Eve teasing
6882:Dowry death
6872:Acid attack
6671:Brain drain
6440:Paralympics
6335:Nationalism
6330:Gun culture
6189:Immigration
6035:Aurat March
5816:Agriculture
5734:Foreign aid
5702:Electricity
5527:Martial law
5484:High Courts
5400:Parliament
5393:Legislative
5230:earthquakes
5158:sanctuaries
5111:Environment
5077:Coal fields
5044:Indus Plain
5034:Arabian Sea
4888:Project-706
4744:Durand Line
4734:British Raj
4698:Sikh Empire
4595:Rai dynasty
4520: [
4254:World Bank:
4242:World Bank:
4157:. p. 2
3538:"About IRC"
2509:The Tribune
1848:; cited in:
1390:of Pakistan
1384:water locks
1349:Thar Desert
1262:Khanpur Dam
1097:square yard
1014:Rawalpindi
1011:Faisalabad
699:and in the
396:Sanitation
192:Sector law
71:93% (2023)
61:Limited: 4%
52:94% (2020)
7914:Costa Rica
7670:East Timor
7559:Kyrgyzstan
7549:Kazakhstan
7482:Bangladesh
7477:Azerbaijan
7391:Mozambique
7190:Secularism
7122:Censorship
7049:Corruption
7008:Sindhudesh
6712:Healthcare
6486:Cemeteries
6425:Motorsport
6410:Gillidanda
6273:Philosophy
6254:Literature
6131:Pakistanis
6087:Healthcare
5925:(currency)
5826:Automotive
5348:Ministries
5331:Government
5287:Governance
5123:Ecoregions
5092:Oil fields
5082:Gas fields
5054:Salt Range
5039:Gwadar Bay
5013:Waterfalls
5003:Topography
4913:Kargil War
4544:Indo-Greek
4512:Achaemenid
4507:Indo-Aryan
4398:City level
4364:2013-10-09
4360:. WaterAid
4358:"Pakistan"
4322:2008-06-03
4313:World Bank
4277:2020-10-19
4268:World Bank
4208:2008-06-04
4161:2013-10-09
4136:2013-10-09
4115:2013-10-09
4090:2013-10-09
4069:2013-10-09
4048:2013-10-09
4006:2008-06-04
3970:2013-10-09
3927:2008-05-29
3874:2008-05-29
3820:2012-11-04
3764:2008-05-29
3732:2013-10-09
3690:2008-06-04
3644:2008-05-29
3612:2008-05-19
3568:2013-10-09
3543:2013-10-09
3523:2008-07-02
3490:2010-07-22
3469:2008-07-03
3448:2008-07-03
3439:World Bank
3392:2008-05-28
3308:2008-05-28
3243:2008-07-02
3203:2013-10-09
3181:October 9,
3132:2008-06-02
3097:2010-03-08
3052:2010-03-07
3012:2010-03-07
3002:The Nation
2962:2008-05-28
2906:2008-06-04
2881:2010-03-08
2856:2008-06-04
2809:2008-06-02
2770:2008-05-28
2721:2008-05-29
2689:2013-10-09
2652:2013-10-09
2617:2013-10-09
2547:2008-05-29
2515:2013-10-09
2469:2008-06-04
2434:2008-05-28
2394:2008-05-28
2353:2013-10-09
2307:2012-11-04
2242:2010-03-08
2184:2008-06-04
2156:2013-10-09
2132:2013-10-09
2108:2008-05-16
2096:; UNICEF.
2030:"Pakistan"
2012:2023-06-23
1967:2008-05-29
1914:2008-05-29
1861:2008-06-04
1808:2008-05-28
1766:2013-10-09
1741:. London:
1713:2008-05-28
1673:2022-05-08
1646:2008-05-28
1546:2008-05-29
1502:2008-06-05
1445:2008-06-04
1416:; UNICEF.
1395:References
1353:Gujranwala
1298:World Bank
1274:Rawalpindi
1235:Faisalabad
1230:Abbottabad
1138:World Bank
974:Gujranwala
895:See also:
681:about 500
664:See also:
638:wastewater
586:Increased
537:Rawalpindi
532:Faisalabad
496:Rawalpindi
308:World Bank
292:See also:
261:Faisalabad
107:(US$ /m³)
58:Basic: 54%
8040:Venezuela
7985:Argentina
7959:Nicaragua
7934:Guatemala
7786:Lithuania
7665:Australia
7619:Sri Lanka
7609:Singapore
7589:Palestine
7519:Indonesia
7497:Hong Kong
7242:By region
7185:Feudalism
7143:Democracy
7037:Terrorism
6983:Jinnahpur
6978:Hazarewal
6909:Karo-kari
6747:Education
6661:Transport
6511:Libraries
6501:Gurdwaras
6375:Athletics
6325:Etiquette
6292:Lifestyle
6244:Festivals
6194:Languages
6184:Ethnicity
6092:Hospitals
6072:Feudalism
6060:Education
5913:Companies
5841:Husbandry
5811:Aerospace
5656:Air force
5614:Terrorism
5517:Feudalism
5507:Elections
5365:Governors
5305:President
5252:districts
5247:provinces
5097:Volcanoes
4988:Mountains
4945:Geography
4796:Partition
4718:Rebellion
4620:Ghaznavid
4482:Stone age
3464:"Website"
3356:154039161
2034:WASHWatch
1831:cite news
1270:Islamabad
1266:Simly Dam
1188:Shikarpur
1020:Peshawar
8055:Category
8020:Paraguay
8005:Colombia
7944:Honduras
7886:Scotland
7841:Slovenia
7836:Slovakia
7816:Portugal
7721:Bulgaria
7634:Thailand
7584:Pakistan
7574:Malaysia
7487:Cambodia
7456:Zimbabwe
7436:Tanzania
7341:Ethiopia
7336:Eswatini
7321:Cameroon
7301:Botswana
7175:Gambling
6820:Children
6781:Abortion
6755:Literacy
6717:HIV/AIDS
6691:Pensions
6630:Pakistan
6577:Category
6536:Stadiums
6491:Churches
6460:Swimming
6435:Olympics
6405:Football
6380:Baseball
6299:Clothing
6278:Textiles
6260:Mushaira
6249:Folklore
6179:Diaspora
6146:Religion
6111:Marriage
6077:Feminism
5894:Commerce
5873:Textiles
5836:Forestry
5803:Industry
5626:Military
5499:Politics
5454:Judicial
5420:Chairman
5165:Wildlife
5087:Minerals
5018:Wetlands
4973:Glaciers
4956:Features
4883:1971 War
4873:1965 War
4856:Republic
4837:1947 War
4810:Dominion
4727:Colonial
4590:Kambojas
4578:Medieval
4549:Gandhara
4492:Mehrgarh
4452:articles
4450:Pakistan
3373:(2007).
3289:(2007).
3006:Archived
2612:22276499
2415:(2007).
2375:(2007).
2069:21 March
2039:21 March
1789:(2007).
1743:WaterAid
1694:(2007).
1627:(2007).
1605:Archived
1359:See also
1345:WaterAid
1264:and the
1184:Khairpur
1005:Karachi
919:WaterAid
821:District
718:latrines
677:District
596:fluoride
547:Peshawar
273:Peshawar
8035:Uruguay
8010:Ecuador
7990:Bolivia
7949:Jamaica
7866:Ukraine
7826:Romania
7771:Iceland
7766:Hungary
7756:Germany
7746:Finland
7741:Estonia
7736:Denmark
7726:Croatia
7711:Belgium
7706:Austria
7701:Armenia
7696:Albania
7644:Vietnam
7569:Lebanon
7509:Georgia
7441:Tunisia
7411:Senegal
7401:Nigeria
7396:Namibia
7386:Morocco
7366:Liberia
7361:Lesotho
7316:Burundi
7291:Algeria
7170:Suicide
6806:Divorce
6737:Smoking
6727:Obesity
6651:Poverty
6638:Economy
6526:Museums
6521:Mosques
6420:Kabaddi
6395:Cycling
6390:Cricket
6355:Symbols
6320:Cuisine
6283:Theatre
6055:Divorce
6050:Culture
6027:Society
5901:Banking
5885:Tourism
5831:Fishery
5821:Defence
5779:Bridges
5759:Poverty
5744:Housing
5717:Nuclear
5707:Thermal
5684:Economy
5649:Marines
5634:History
5435:Speaker
5412:Senate
5343:Cabinet
5220:Borders
5208:Climate
5203:Borders
5138:Forests
5069:Geology
5008:Valleys
4978:Islands
4968:Deserts
4963:Beaches
4688:Durrani
4655:Timurid
4640:Tughlaq
4610:Solanki
4487:Soanian
4475:Ancient
4464:History
3336:Bibcode
1204:of the
1192:Larkana
1017:Multan
1008:Lahore
909:in the
763:Siemens
722:hygiene
683:tehsils
592:nitrate
588:arsenic
522:Karachi
492:Karachi
321:of the
265:Karachi
8015:Guyana
7995:Brazil
7964:Panama
7954:Mexico
7909:Canada
7904:Belize
7861:Turkey
7851:Sweden
7831:Russia
7811:Poland
7806:Serbia
7801:Norway
7781:Latvia
7761:Greece
7751:France
7689:Europe
7629:Taiwan
7599:Russia
7554:Kuwait
7544:Jordan
7524:Israel
7451:Zambia
7446:Uganda
7406:Rwanda
7376:Malawi
7296:Angola
7284:Africa
6769:Family
6705:Health
6587:Portal
6474:Places
6465:Tennis
6455:Squash
6385:Boxing
6367:Sports
6312:Mehndi
6227:Cinema
6126:Naming
6121:Me Too
5923:Rupee
5863:Mining
5846:Labour
5594:Police
5257:cities
5235:floods
5102:Floods
4998:Rivers
4993:Passes
4678:Mughal
4664:Modern
4645:Sayyid
4635:Khalji
4630:Mamluk
4625:Ghurid
4564:Kushan
4539:Maurya
4522:simple
4129:JICA.
4083:JICA.
4062:JICA.
4041:JICA.
3383:
3354:
3299:
2839:
2610:
2465:: 4, 6
2425:
2385:
1799:
1749:
1704:
1637:
1493:
1388:canals
1176:Sukkur
970:Multan
867:Orangi
614:amoeba
542:Multan
527:Lahore
500:Lahore
365:Water
360:Total
327:UNICEF
280:Access
269:Lahore
8000:Chile
7939:Haiti
7846:Spain
7776:Italy
7649:Yemen
7624:Syria
7539:Japan
7514:India
7502:Macau
7492:China
7431:Sudan
7371:Libya
7356:Kenya
7346:Ghana
7331:Egypt
7306:Benin
7165:Hijra
7136:Other
7114:Media
7028:Crime
6864:Women
6842:Swara
6801:Dowry
6732:Polio
6656:Slums
6531:Parks
6496:Forts
6450:Rugby
6350:Songs
6340:Flags
6268:Music
6239:Dance
6232:Films
6206:Youth
6161:Women
6116:Media
6045:Crime
5906:Banks
5858:Media
5851:Child
5722:Solar
5712:Hydro
5298:State
5175:fauna
5170:flora
5027:Areas
4983:Lakes
4600:Shahi
4524:]
4202:(PDF)
4195:(PDF)
4155:(PDF)
3921:(PDF)
3914:(PDF)
3868:(PDF)
3861:(PDF)
3814:(PDF)
3807:(PDF)
3758:(PDF)
3751:(PDF)
3684:(PDF)
3638:(PDF)
3631:(PDF)
3606:(PDF)
3595:(PDF)
3352:S2CID
3237:(PDF)
3230:(PDF)
3126:(PDF)
3119:(PDF)
3091:(PDF)
3046:(PDF)
3039:(PDF)
2956:(PDF)
2949:(PDF)
2902:: 5–7
2900:(PDF)
2850:(PDF)
2833:(PDF)
2803:(PDF)
2792:(PDF)
2764:(PDF)
2715:(PDF)
2708:(PDF)
2683:(PDF)
2588:(PDF)
2541:(PDF)
2534:(PDF)
2463:(PDF)
2347:(PDF)
2301:(PDF)
2294:(PDF)
2236:(PDF)
2229:(PDF)
2174:(PDF)
2150:(PDF)
2126:(PDF)
1961:(PDF)
1954:(PDF)
1908:(PDF)
1901:(PDF)
1855:(PDF)
1760:(PDF)
1735:(PDF)
1540:(PDF)
1533:(PDF)
1439:(PDF)
1291:USAID
1217:Japan
1180:Rohri
1171:Sindh
755:USAID
504:tanks
355:Rural
350:Urban
325:and
195:None
179:None
171:None
134:Low
44:Data
8025:Peru
7919:Cuba
7579:Oman
7564:Laos
7534:Iraq
7529:Iran
7465:Asia
7381:Mali
6924:Rape
6847:Vani
6546:Zoos
6445:Polo
6415:Golf
6215:Arts
6199:Urdu
6151:Time
6135:list
6104:LGBT
5878:Silk
5754:Post
5727:Wind
5644:Navy
5639:Army
5582:LGBT
5182:Zoos
4650:Lodi
4605:Pala
4344:help
4299:help
4230:help
4028:help
3949:help
3896:help
3842:help
3786:help
3712:help
3666:help
3425:help
3381:ISBN
3297:ISBN
3272:link
3265:help
3183:2013
3154:help
3074:help
2984:help
2928:help
2837:ISBN
2743:help
2632:link
2608:PMID
2569:help
2491:help
2423:ISBN
2383:ISBN
2329:help
2264:help
2206:help
2071:2017
2041:2017
1989:help
1936:help
1883:help
1844:help
1797:ISBN
1747:ISBN
1702:ISBN
1635:ISBN
1568:help
1491:ISBN
1467:help
1386:and
1380:Dams
1272:and
1226:JICA
1190:and
1118:MTDF
1043:50%
1040:40%
1037:45%
1034:40%
1031:40%
1028:45%
1025:NRW
765:and
675:120
594:and
422:25%
419:28%
416:17%
408:68%
405:60%
402:82%
391:54%
388:55%
385:53%
377:36%
374:33%
371:40%
271:and
211:n/a
203:n/a
150:n/a
142:n/a
118:Low
5565:PCO
5560:WPB
5555:PPC
5550:LFO
5537:Law
5322:NCA
5315:CNS
3686:: 6
3344:doi
2600:doi
2180:: 4
2059:JMP
1857:: 3
1441:: 4
1279:Yen
1122:GDP
1066:14
1063:27
1060:11
1057:10
1054:12
767:KSB
601:WHO
556:17
455:GDP
8057::
4335::
4333:}}
4329:{{
4290::
4288:}}
4284:{{
4221::
4219:}}
4215:{{
4019::
4017:}}
4013:{{
3940::
3938:}}
3934:{{
3887::
3885:}}
3881:{{
3833::
3831:}}
3827:{{
3777::
3775:}}
3771:{{
3703::
3701:}}
3697:{{
3657::
3655:}}
3651:{{
3597:.
3577:^
3416::
3414:}}
3410:{{
3350:.
3342:.
3332:15
3330:.
3326:.
3256::
3254:}}
3250:{{
3221:;
3162:^
3145::
3143:}}
3139:{{
3114:.
3065::
3063:}}
3059:{{
3021:^
3000:.
2975::
2973:}}
2969:{{
2919::
2917:}}
2913:{{
2818:^
2794:.
2779:^
2751:^
2734::
2732:}}
2728:{{
2661:^
2628:}}
2624:{{
2606:.
2596:17
2594:.
2590:.
2560::
2558:}}
2554:{{
2507:.
2482::
2480:}}
2476:{{
2443:^
2403:^
2362:^
2320::
2318:}}
2314:{{
2272:^
2255::
2253:}}
2249:{{
2197::
2195:}}
2191:{{
2176:.
2057:.
2032:.
2021:^
2005:.
1980::
1978:}}
1974:{{
1927::
1925:}}
1921:{{
1874::
1872:}}
1868:{{
1835::
1833:}}
1829:{{
1775:^
1737:.
1722:^
1682:^
1666:.
1655:^
1615:^
1577:^
1559::
1557:}}
1553:{{
1511:^
1458::
1456:}}
1452:{{
1426:^
1403:^
1382:,
1194:.
1186:,
1182:,
1051:6
590:,
568:9
565:8
562:8
559:8
553:4
267:,
263:,
7229:e
7222:t
7215:v
6621:e
6614:t
6607:v
6137:)
6133:(
5406:)
5402:(
4442:e
4435:t
4428:v
4367:.
4346:)
4342:(
4325:.
4301:)
4297:(
4280:.
4232:)
4228:(
4211:.
4164:.
4139:.
4118:.
4093:.
4072:.
4051:.
4030:)
4026:(
4009:.
3973:.
3951:)
3947:(
3930:.
3898:)
3894:(
3877:.
3844:)
3840:(
3823:.
3788:)
3784:(
3767:.
3735:.
3714:)
3710:(
3693:.
3668:)
3664:(
3647:.
3615:.
3571:.
3546:.
3526:.
3493:.
3472:.
3451:.
3427:)
3423:(
3395:.
3358:.
3346::
3338::
3311:.
3274:)
3267:)
3263:(
3246:.
3206:.
3185:.
3156:)
3152:(
3135:.
3100:.
3076:)
3072:(
3055:.
3015:.
2986:)
2982:(
2965:.
2930:)
2926:(
2909:.
2884:.
2859:.
2812:.
2773:.
2745:)
2741:(
2724:.
2692:.
2655:.
2634:)
2620:.
2602::
2571:)
2567:(
2550:.
2518:.
2493:)
2489:(
2472:.
2437:.
2397:.
2356:.
2331:)
2327:(
2310:.
2266:)
2262:(
2245:.
2208:)
2204:(
2187:.
2159:.
2135:.
2111:.
2073:.
2043:.
2015:.
1991:)
1987:(
1970:.
1938:)
1934:(
1917:.
1885:)
1881:(
1864:.
1846:)
1842:(
1811:.
1769:.
1716:.
1676:.
1649:.
1570:)
1566:(
1549:.
1505:.
1469:)
1465:(
1448:.
1420:.
22:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.