1244:
Although each tributary has its own source, international practice is to take the source farthest from the river mouth as the source of the entire river system, from which the most extended length of the river measured as the starting point is taken as the length of the whole river system, and that furthest starting point is conventionally taken as the source of the whole river system. For example, the origin of the Nile River is the confluence of the White Nile and the Blue Nile, but the source of the whole river system is in its upper reaches. If there is no specific designation, "length of the Nile" refers to the "river length of the Nile system", rather than to the length of the Nile river from the point where it is formed by a confluence of tributaries. The Nile's source is often cited as Lake
Victoria, but the lake has significant feeder rivers. The Kagera River, which flows into Lake Victoria near Bukoba's Tanzanian town, is the longest feeder, though sources do not agree on which is the Kagera's longest tributary and therefore the Nile's most remote source itself.
81:
294:
1364:
57:
1223:
which eventually enters streams. Most precipitated water is partially bottled up by evaporation or freezing in snow fields and glaciers. The majority of the water flows as a runoff from the ground; the proportion of this varies depending on several factors, such as climate, temperature, vegetation, types of rock, and relief. This runoff begins as a thin layer called sheet wash, combined with a network of tiny rills, which together form the sheet runoff; when this water is focused in a channel, a stream is born. Some rivers and streams may begin from lakes or ponds.
1212:
1509:
69:
1168:
1208:, to be released later by evaporation or melting. The rest of the water flows off the land as runoff, the proportion of which varies according to many factors, such as wind, humidity, vegetation, rock types, and relief. This runoff starts as a thin film called sheet wash, combined with a network of tiny rills, together constituting sheet runoff; when this water is concentrated in a channel, a stream has its birth. Some creeks may start from ponds or lakes.
1382:
49:
231:
1180:
267:
282:
252:
1500:
1477:. There is no clear demarcation between surface runoff and an ephemeral stream, and some ephemeral streams can be classed as intermittent—flow all but disappearing in the normal course of seasons but ample flow (backups) restoring stream presence — such circumstances are documented when stream beds have opened up a path into mines or other underground chambers.
172:). The surface and subterranean water are highly variable between periods of rainfall. Groundwater, on the other hand, has a relatively constant input and is controlled more by long-term patterns of precipitation. The stream encompasses surface, subsurface and groundwater fluxes that respond to geological, geomorphological, hydrological and biotic controls.
234:
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Well defined river beds composed of riffles, pools, runs, gravel bars, a bed armor layer, and other depositional features, plus well defined banks due to bank erosion, are good identifiers when assessing for perennial streams. Particle size will help identify a perennial stream. Perennial streams cut
1234:
As an essential symbol of the river formation environment, the river source needs an objective and straightforward and effective method of judging. A calculation model of river source catchment area based on critical support flow (CSD) proposed, and the relationship between CSA and CSD with a minimum
1239:
is 0.0028 m/s. At the same time, the white water curvature is 0.0085 m/s. Besides, the critical support flow can vary with hydrologic climate conditions, and the vital support flow Qc in wet areas (white water) is larger than in semi-arid regions (heap slot). The proposed critical support flow (CSD)
1191:
A stream's source depends on the surrounding landscape and its function within larger river networks. While perennial and intermittent streams are typically supplied by smaller upstream waters and groundwater, headwater and ephemeral streams often derive most of their water from precipitation in the
238:
1294:
In geological terms, the stream will erode down through its bed to achieve the base level of erosion throughout its course. If this base level is low, then the stream will rapidly cut through underlying strata and have a steep gradient, and if the base level is relatively high, then the stream will
1226:
Freshwater's primary sources are precipitation and mountain snowmelt. However, rivers typically originate in the highlands, and are slowly created by the erosion of mountain snowmelt into lakes or rivers. Rivers usually flow from their source topographically, and erode as they pass until they reach
1798:
Streams, headwaters, and streams flowing only part of the year provide many benefits upstream and downstream. They defend against floods, remove contaminants, recycle nutrients that are potentially dangerous as well as provide food and habitat for many forms of fish. Such streams also play a vital
1789:
does not occur in perennial streams since such material is continuously flushed. In the adjacent overbank of a perennial stream, fine sediment may cling to riparian plant stems and tree trunks. Organic debris drift lines or piles may be found within the active overbank area after recent high flow.
1780:
A perennial stream can be identified 48 hours after a storm. Direct storm runoff usually has ceased at this point. If a stream is still flowing and contributing inflow is not observed above the channel, the observed water is likely baseflow. Another perennial stream indication is an abundance of
1742:
are secondary indicators in assessment of a perennial stream because some fish and amphibians can inhabit areas without persistent water regime. When assessing for fish, all available habitat should be assessed: pools, riffles, root clumps and other obstructions. Fish will seek cover if alerted to
1641:
streams have an almost random drainage often forming dendritic patterns. These are typically tributaries and have developed by a headward erosion on a horizontally stratified belt or on homogeneous rocks. These streams follow courses that apparently were not controlled by the original slope of the
1320:
are looping changes of direction of a stream caused by the erosion and deposition of bank materials. These are typically serpentine in form. Typically, over time the meanders gradually migrate downstream. If some resistant material slows or stops the downstream movement of a meander, a stream may
1267:
is a stream which does not have any other recurring or perennial stream feeding into it. When two first-order streams come together, they form a second-order stream. When two second-order streams come together, they form a third-order stream. Streams of lower order joining a higher order stream do
1243:
The source of a river or stream (its point of origin) can consist of lakes, swamps, springs, or glaciers. A typical river has several tributaries; each of these may be made up of several other smaller tributaries, so that together this stream and all its tributaries are called a drainage network.
1309:, beginning with steep gradients, no flood plain, and little shifting of channels, eventually evolving into streams with low gradients, wide flood plains, and extensive meanders. The initial stage is sometimes termed a "young" or "immature" stream, and the later state a "mature" or "old" stream.
1222:
The streams typically derive most of their water from rain and snow precipitation. Most of this water re-enters the atmosphere either by evaporation from soil and water bodies, or by plant evapotranspiration. By infiltration some of the water sinks into the earth and becomes groundwater, much of
1834:
in North
America divides the mainly easterly-draining Atlantic Ocean and Arctic Ocean basins from the largely westerly-flowing Pacific Ocean basin. The Atlantic Ocean basin, however, may be further subdivided into the Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico drainages. (This delineation is termed the
1412:
The word "perennial" from the 1640s, meaning "evergreen," is established in Latin perennis, keeping the meaning as "everlasting all year round," per "over" plus annus "year." This has been proved since the 1670s by the "living years" in the sense of botany. The metaphorical sense of "enduring,
236:
1628:
streams are streams whose course follows the original relief, but at a lower level than the original slope (e.g., flows down a course determined by the underlying strata in the same direction). These streams develop later and are generally a tributary to a subsequent
1759:. These amphibians can be found in stream channels, along stream banks, and even under rocks. Frogs and tadpoles usually inhabit shallow and slow moving waters near the sides of stream banks. Frogs will typically jump into water when alerted to human presence.
3050:[The Determination of the Source of the Typical River in Tibet Based on the Critical Support Flow and the Analysis of the River Network Analysis-Journal of Sichuan University (Engineering Science Edition) 2014-06-Find dissertations and theses].
1485:. An ephemeral stream does not have the biological, hydrological, and physical characteristics of a continuous or intermittent stream. The same non-perennial channel might change characteristics from intermittent to ephemeral over its course.
1290:
of erosion. The base level of erosion is the point at which the stream either enters the ocean, a lake or pond, or enters a stretch in which it has a much lower gradient, and may be specifically applied to any particular stretch of a stream.
1480:
According to official U.S. definitions, the channels of intermittent streams are well-defined, as opposed to ephemeral streams, which may or may not have a defined channel, and rely mainly on storm runoff, as their aquatic bed is above the
1114:
The channel followed by a stream (a flowing body of water) or the stream itself. In the UK, some aspects of criminal law, such as the Rivers (Prevention of
Pollution) Act 1951, specify that a watercourse includes those rivers which are
3259:'Black Creek is an ephemeral stream. It used to drain an area between Turtle Creek and the Susquehanna River, but now loses its flow to underground mines via broken bedrock. Its channel is also disrupted by strip mines and rock piles.'
1878:, or any other thing which might restrict the flow of the stream in ordinary or flood conditions. Any structure over or in a stream which results in limitations on the movement of fish or other ecological elements may be an issue.
1240:
concept and model method can be used to determine the hydrographic indicators of river sources in complex geographical areas, and it can also reflect the impact of hydrologic climate change on river recharge in different regions.
1829:
The extent of land basin drained by a stream is termed its drainage basin (also known in North
America as the watershed and, in British English, as a catchment). A basin may also be composed of smaller basins. For instance, the
1404:
is one which flows continuously all year. Some perennial streams may only have continuous flow in segments of its stream bed year round during years of normal rainfall. Blue-line streams are perennial streams and are marked on
1621:
along weak strata. These streams have generally developed after the original stream. Subsequent streams developed independently of the original relief of the land and generally follow paths determined by the weak rock
1503:
Australian creek, low in the dry season, carrying little water. The energetic flow of the stream had, in flood, moved finer sediment further downstream. There is a pool to lower right and a riffle to upper left of the
1345:
is defined as the solid matter carried by a stream. Streams can carry sediment, or alluvium. The amount of load it can carry (capacity) as well as the largest object it can carry (competence) are both dependent on the
1768:
through the soil profile, which removes fine and small particles. By assessing areas for relatively coarse material left behind in the stream bed and finer sediments along the side of the stream or within the
1565:). In full flood the stream may or may not be "torrential" in the dramatic sense of the word, but there will be one or more seasons in which the flow is reduced to a trickle or less. Typically torrents have
235:
1694:, larger than 0.5 mm, found in stream and river bottoms. Macroinvertebrates are larval stages of most aquatic insects and their presence is a good indicator that the stream is perennial. Larvae of
1230:
The scientists have offered a way based on data to define the origin of the lake. A classified sample was the one measured by the
Chinese researchers from the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences.
2550:
Steigerwalt, Nancy M.; Cichra, Charles E.; Baker, Shirley M. (2008). "Composition and
Distribution of Aquatic Invertebrate Communities on Snags in a North Central Florida, USA, Spring-Run Stream".
1607:
streams are streams whose course is a direct consequence of the original slope of the surface upon which it developed, i.e., streams that follow slope of the land over which they originally formed.
1119:. In some jurisdictions, owners of land over which the water flows may have the legal right to use or retain some or much of that water. This right may extend to estuaries, rivers, streams,
1785:
are present, indicating persistent expression of oxygen-depleted ground water. In a forested area, leaf and needle litter in the stream channel is an additional indicator. Accumulation of
1263:
To qualify as a stream, a body of water must be either recurring or perennial. Recurring (intermittent) streams have water in the channel for at least part of the year. A stream of the
1235:
catchment area established. Using the model for comparison in two basins in Tibet (Helongqu and Niyang River White Water), the results show that the critical support flow (Qc) of the
1592:(this last one from arabic origin) in Spain and Latin America. In Australia, an intermittent stream is usually called a creek and marked on topographic maps with a solid blue line.
3099:
3402:
3448:"Technical guidance for Identification of Perennial Stream For the Purpose of Jurisdictional Determinations Under 10 VSA Section 1021(a) and 1002(10) January 16, 2018"
3512:
Li, Zhouyuan; Liu, Xuehua; Niu, Tianlin; Kejia, De; Zhou, Qingping; et al. Environmental science & technology Vol. 49, Iss. 10, (May 19, 2015): 5897–5904.
1136:
The fall of water where the stream goes over a sudden drop called a knickpoint; some knickpoints are formed by erosion when water flows over an especially resistant
122:. Depending on its location or certain characteristics, a stream may be referred to by a variety of local or regional names. Long, large streams are usually called
1573:
sources, and in the summer they are fed by little precipitation and no melting snow. In this case the maximum discharge will be during the spring and autumn.
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2482:
462:
486:
3426:
3235:
3447:
3237:
Technical
Guidance for Identification of Perennial Stream For the Purpose of Jurisdictional Determinations Under 10 VSA Section 1021(a) and 1002(10)
403:, a (narrow) stream that is smaller than a river; a minor tributary of a river; a brook. Sometimes navigable by water craft and may be intermittent.
1455:
There are high channels of permeability, especially stratospheric, boundary conditions; while stratospheric groundwater also decreases on occasion.
1799:
role in preserving our drinking water quality and supply, ensuring a steady flow of water to surface waters and helping to restore deep aquifers.
3376:
2782:
662:
is also used to name streams in
Maryland, for streams/rivers which have waterfalls on them, even if such falls only have a small vertical drop.
1321:
erode through the neck between two legs of a meander to become temporarily straighter, leaving behind an arc-shaped body of water termed an
3509:
Cheng
Haining, Liu Shaoyuan. Discussion on criteria for the determination of sources of large rivers . Qinghai Land Survey 2009, 06:24–28.
3107:
3254:
1204:
and becomes groundwater, much of which eventually enters streams. Some precipitated water is temporarily locked up in snow fields and
1068:
or through caves. A stream can, especially with caves, flow aboveground for part of its course, and underground for part of its course.
941:
The point at which the two streams merge. If the two tributaries are of approximately equal size, the confluence may be called a fork.
3549:
2251:
3787:
2394:
2119:
4155:
2086:
2049:
3487:
913:
A shoal that develops in a stream as sediment is deposited as the current slows or is impeded by wave action at the confluence.
494:
3190:
2463:
978:
The part of a stream or river proximate to its source. The word is most commonly used in the plural where there is no single
1987:
Alexander, L. C., Autrey, B., DeMeester, J., Fritz, K. M., Golden, H. E., Goodrich, D. C., ... & McManus, M. G. (2015).
1959:
1743:
human presence, but should be easily observed in perennial streams. Amphibians also indicate a perennial stream and include
3542:
466:
2665:
2621:
1108:
The river's longitudinal section, or the line joining the deepest point in the channel at each stage from source to mouth.
3171:
3141:
2293:
2003:
1465:
Absence of such characteristics supports classifying a stream as intermittent, "showing interruptions in time or space".
3309:. North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Division of Water Quality. 28 February 2005. p. 2
3066:
2428:
1831:
1532:
is one that only flows for part of the year and is marked on topographic maps with a line of blue dashes and dots. A
1426:
Riverbed forms, for example, riffles, pools, runs, gravel bars, other depositional characteristics, bed armor layer.
461:
is a small creek; this is seen in proper names in eastern North
America from the Mid-Atlantic states (for instance,
4781:
3506:
Telegraph. Archived from the original on 3 May 2012. Retrieved 6 September 2012. Journey to the source of the Nile.
4312:
1902:
4776:
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As shown by bank leakage, spring, or other indicators, grass-roots flow mainly supports groundwater recharge.
1363:
80:
3518:"A Citizen's Primer on Stream Ecology, Water Quality, Hydrology, and Fluvial Geomorphology-Volume II" (PDF).
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4428:
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2490:
953:
in the United States) The area of land where water flows into a stream. A large drainage basin such as the
753:
513:
is a large natural stream that is much wider and deeper than a creek and not easily fordable, and may be a
490:
17:
1989:
Connectivity of streams and wetlands to downstream waters: review and synthesis of the scientific evidence
582:, is a stream that branches off and flows away from a main stream channel, and the phenomenon is known as
4756:
3029:
1367:
2344:
4812:
3982:
3503:
Nile Basin Initiative. 2011. Archived from the original on 2 September 2010. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
1897:
1836:
1547:
1420:
Direct observation or compelling evidence suggests that there is no interruption in the flow at ground.
619:
2528:
4766:
4718:
4601:
3377:"A Citizen's Primer on Stream Ecology, Water Quality, Hydrology, and Fluvial Geomorphology-Volume II"
2846:
2779:
2503:
2107:
British...especially an inlet...(whereas) NZ, North American, Australian...stream or minor tributary.
901:
2938:
2896:
1730:
also indicate the stream is perennial. These require a persistent aquatic environment for survival.
4807:
4751:
4468:
4433:
4275:
3047:
2872:
2709:
2211:
1413:
eternal" originates from 1750. They are related to "perennial." See biennial for shifts in vowels.
1201:
749:
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4453:
4218:
2731:
2057:
1887:
1782:
42:
2687:
2643:
2599:
2181:
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of a stream is a critical factor in determining its character and is entirely determined by its
293:
4817:
4802:
4703:
4561:
4112:
3997:
3271:
1922:
731:
698:
word meaning "riverbed" or "water channel", and can also be used for the UK meaning of 'creek'.
298:
88:
3464:
3005:
2453:
1661:: A stream or reach of a stream which shows a net loss of water to groundwater or evaporation.
1446:
regression on the VHD data layer-oriented application on the probability of intermittent flow.
4541:
4388:
4350:
3799:
3738:
3328:
1927:
1577:
1258:
1172:
803:
200:
158:
1516:
Washes can fill up quickly during rains, and there may be a sudden torrent of water after a
1100:
A site along the route of a stream or river, used for reference marking or water monitoring.
4771:
4493:
4317:
4077:
3934:
3884:
3678:
2950:
2939:"Recognition of the Sedimentary Architecture of Dryland Anabranching (Anastomosing) Rivers"
2216:
1809:
1781:
red rust material in a slow-moving wetted channel or stagnant area. This is evidence that
674:
286:
219:
180:
8:
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4662:
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3703:
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3303:
Identification Methods for the Origins of Intermittent and Perennial streams, Version 3.1
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2248:
1184:
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192:
119:
56:
31:
3403:"Methodology for Identification of Intermittent and Perennial Streams and Their Origins"
2954:
2127:
1974:
1673:: refers to the loss or isolation flow separated from the groundwater in the air zone.
1473:
Generally, streams that flow only during and immediately after precipitation are termed
532:
on a shoreline beach or river floodplain, or between a bar and the shore. Also called a
445:
from the mainland). In these cases, the "stream" is the tidal stream, the course of the
4822:
4693:
4606:
4571:
4423:
3939:
3844:
3748:
3640:
3573:
3352:
3211:
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2186:
1892:
1871:
1667:: The water flow or channel shall not supply or remove water from the saturated region.
1566:
1494:
1197:
1116:
1059:
862:
830:
774:
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is a contributory stream to a larger stream, or a stream which does not reach a static
318:
169:
161:
127:
4413:
2318:
1064:
The point at which a stream emerges from an underground course through unconsolidated
4672:
4511:
4503:
4443:
4403:
4292:
4107:
3869:
3859:
3645:
3479:
2459:
2434:
2424:
2094:
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1907:
1840:
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The existence of one or more specific features of the perennial streams, including:
1305:
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form of rain and snow. Most of this precipitated water re-enters the atmosphere by
1147:
716:, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Virginia, or West Virginia can be the name of a stream.
679:
533:
363:
340:
322:
115:
107:
3301:
1951:
1847:
basin. Continuing in this vein, a component of the Mississippi River basin is the
1461:
The surrounding topography exhibits features of being formed by fluvial processes.
564:
but joins another river (a parent river). Sometimes also called a branch or fork.
4827:
4591:
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4546:
4150:
4037:
4032:
3816:
3753:
3723:
3688:
3683:
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2786:
2486:
2480:"Olympic Experimental State Forest Synthesis of Riparian Research and Monitoring"
2255:
2007:
1912:
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streams are streams flowing in the opposite direction of the consequent drainage.
1406:
1277:
1264:
991:
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498:
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326:
271:
2802:
Shannonhouse, Royal G. (1961). "Some Principles of Water Law in the Southeast".
2369:
2268:
2140:
North American, Australian, NZ...A stream, brook, or minor tributary of a river.
4652:
4536:
4516:
4398:
4383:
4270:
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4250:
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4102:
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1534:
1141:
944:
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407:
146:
84:
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3127:
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Existence of native aquatic organisms which require undisturbed survival flow.
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4728:
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4327:
4287:
4282:
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3630:
3030:"Developments in Water Science | Book series | ScienceDirect.com"
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574:
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The existence of aquatic organisms that require uninterrupted circulation.
1211:
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with a larger stream. Common terms for individual river distributaries in
4632:
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4223:
4170:
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Economic importance in fishing, hunting, manufacturing and agriculture.
1769:
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1085:
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1035:
1023:
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in Delaware, and other streams) down into the Caribbean (for instance,
430:
111:
437:, or between enclosed and drained former salt marshes or swamps (e.g.
48:
4708:
4657:
4627:
4596:
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4195:
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1130:
1120:
854:
545:
514:
388:
259:
244:
214:
154:
73:
2199:
US, Canadian, Australian and New Zealand a small stream or tributary
1179:
285:
Stream with low gradient surrounded by natural riparian vegetation (
4378:
4345:
4022:
3864:
3831:
3272:"2. EVALUATING THE BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF INTERMITTENT STREAMS"
3167:
3137:
1711:
1375:
1347:
1333:. A flood may also cause a meander to be cut through in this way.
1065:
1047:
811:
of southern England for ephemeral rivers. When permanent, they are
808:
713:
709:
687:
517:
446:
415:
302:
266:
208:
35:
2984:
1617:
streams are streams whose course has been determined by selective
726:
is the name given to streams coming out of small natural springs.
493:, in Jamaica (Sandy Gut, Bens Gut River, White Gut River), and in
317:
is a stream smaller than a creek, especially one that is fed by a
4688:
4637:
4165:
4160:
4122:
4027:
3899:
3836:
2791:
Stream Corridor Restoration: Principles, Processes, and Practices
1744:
1723:
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1103:
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790:
723:
478:
184:
2871:
Lewis, Roy; Hilton, John Buxton; Fallon, Jennifer (2022-04-05).
1710:
require a continuous aquatic habitat until they reach maturity.
1512:
A small, narrow stream flowing down a tiny dell in Pennsylvania.
1200:
of plants. Some of the water proceeds to sink into the earth by
183:, and corridors for fish and wildlife migration. The biological
4483:
4355:
4180:
4175:
4127:
4117:
4087:
4012:
3767:
3698:
1839:.) Similarly, the Gulf of Mexico basin may be divided into the
1699:
1585:
1543:
1371:
1152:
The line on which the stream's surface meets the channel walls.
1029:
1017:
850:
591:
392:
281:
275:
1006:
or delta, into a static body of water such as a lake or ocean.
793:
in areas which were once occupied by the Danes and Norwegians.
349:
251:
4581:
4566:
4521:
4265:
4238:
4185:
4052:
4047:
4017:
4002:
3811:
3581:
3565:
3484:
Manual of Hydrology: Part 1. General Surface-Water Techniques
3300:"Stream Identification Method and Rating Form: Definitions".
1956:
Manual of Hydrology: Part 1. General Surface-Water Techniques
1719:
1416:
Perennial streams have one or more of these characteristics:
1394:
1390:
1329:
1124:
1041:
966:
908:
670:
are actually rivers named in this manner, unique to Maryland.
656:
is common throughout the United States, as well as Australia.
607:
595:
561:
529:
510:
426:
411:
123:
1499:
1082:
Stream, its floodplains, and the transitional upland fringe.
4611:
4576:
4132:
4092:
4057:
3162:. Washington, DC: US Geological Survey (USGS). p. 57.
2169:
U.S., Canada , and Australia…a stream smaller than a river.
1867:
1756:
1748:
1727:
1581:
1570:
1443:
1440:
The catchment area exceeds .25 square miles (0.65 km).
846:
705:
603:
553:
423:
61:
1002:
The point at which the stream discharges, possibly via an
4531:
3972:
3427:"Perennial Stream Field Identification Protocol May 2003"
3048:"基于临界支撑流量的西藏典型河流源头位置确定及河网解析研究-四川大学学报(工程科学版)2014年06期-手机知网"
990:
The point on a stream's profile where a sudden change in
614:, or where a tributary stream bifurcates as it nears its
557:
372:
2864:
1432:
Indications of waterborne debris and sediment transport.
3212:"perennial stream | Search Online Etymology Dictionary"
2010:
U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). Atlanta, GA. 2009-05-13.
2549:
1014:
A segment where the water is deeper and slower moving.
3255:
Black Creek (Susquehanna River)#Hydrology and climate
1772:
will be a good indicator of persistent water regime.
1655:: A stream or path to receive water from groundwater.
375:
366:
352:
343:
145:
The flow of a stream is controlled by three inputs –
2814:
2769:. United States Geological Survey. 26 November 2018.
1646:
369:
346:
3159:
Outline of ground-water hydrology, with definitions
3129:
Outline of ground-water hydrology, with definitions
2930:
1680:
638:There are a number of regional names for a stream.
1488:
1056:A somewhat smoothly flowing segment of the stream.
528:The linear channel between the parallel ridges or
187:in the immediate vicinity of a stream is called a
2918:Jones, J.G. (1965). "Water Rights in Louisiana".
2870:
1303:Typically, streams are said to have a particular
965:Lands adjacent to the stream that are subject to
730:is used for streams from larger springs like the
650:is used to name streams in Maryland and Virginia.
4794:
3467:. United States Environmental Protection Agency.
2761:
2759:
2757:
2755:
2753:
2751:
2749:
2001:"What is hydrology and what do hydrologists do?"
3564:
3486:(Water Supply Paper 1541-A). Reston, VA: USGS.
3179:
3121:
3119:
3117:
1958:(Water Supply Paper 1541-A). Reston, VA: USGS.
1034:A segment where the flow is shallower and more
329:. A brook is characterised by its shallowness.
3100:"Next on Egypt's to-do: Ethiopia and the Nile"
2851:definition in the Cambridge English Dictionary
1843:basin and several smaller basins, such as the
1140:, followed by one less so. The stream expends
3550:
3477:
2746:
1972:
1949:
1945:
1943:
1685:
1553:In Italy, an intermittent stream is termed a
3114:
2801:
1576:An intermittent stream can also be called a
1268:not change the order of the higher stream.
1026:, fast-flowing stretch of a stream or river.
30:"Rivulet" redirects here. For the moth, see
27:Body of surface water flowing down a channel
3478:Langbein, W.B.; Iseri, Kathleen T. (1995).
3064:
2897:"Rivers (Prevention of Pollution) Act 1951"
2423:(3rd ed.). San Diego: Academic Press.
2387:
1950:Langbein, W.B.; Iseri, Kathleen T. (1995).
1642:surface, its structure or the type of rock.
3557:
3543:
2523:
2521:
2323:Geographic Names Information System (GNIS)
1940:
1775:
1690:"Macroinvertebrate" refers to easily seen
1090:The water moving through a stream channel.
126:, while smaller, less voluminous and more
3006:"Streams | Rivers & Streams | US EPA"
2126:. Oxford University Press. Archived from
2093:. Oxford University Press. Archived from
2074:Northern, North Midland, and Western U.S.
1550:, which flows after sufficient rainfall.
861:and appears to have been an invention of
175:Streams are important as conduits in the
3295:
3293:
3291:
2362:
2286:
1762:
1600:There are five generic classifications:
1507:
1498:
1380:
1362:
1210:
1178:
1166:
1144:in "trying" to eliminate the knickpoint.
586:. Distributaries are common features of
292:
280:
265:
250:
229:
79:
67:
55:
47:
4156:International scale of river difficulty
3264:
3155:
3125:
3067:"The Truth About the Source of R. Nile"
2518:
2247:Spruce Creek Association. Kittery, ME.
1595:
1046:A large natural stream, which may be a
14:
4795:
3457:
3187:"OSM – COALEX State Inquiry Report 97"
2767:"USGS Water Science Glossary of Terms"
2418:
2337:
1435:Defined river or stream bed and banks.
1196:from soil and water bodies, or by the
957:contains many smaller drainage basins.
895:
3538:
3421:
3419:
3397:
3395:
3393:
3288:
2936:
2917:
2451:
1524:conditions. In the United States, an
857:. The variant "ghyll" is used in the
2873:"Watercourse definition and meaning"
2734:. Oxford University Press. June 2017
2712:. Oxford University Press. June 2017
2690:. Oxford University Press. June 2017
2668:. Oxford University Press. June 2017
2646:. Oxford University Press. June 2017
2624:. Oxford University Press. June 2017
2602:. Oxford University Press. June 2017
2580:. Oxford University Press. June 2017
2506:. Oxford University Press. June 2017
2478:Bisson, Peter and Wondzell, Steven.
2421:Limnology: Lake and river ecosystems
2311:
1930:, a stream that flows only in winter
1429:Riverbank erosion and/or polishment.
845:is seen in the north of England and
3480:"Hydrologic Definitions: Watershed"
2249:"About the Spruce Creek Watershed."
1542:is normally a dry streambed in the
1468:
1358:
900:For a more comprehensive list, see
641:
24:
3497:
3416:
3390:
3245:Characteristic of perennial stream
3097:
2472:
2261:
2124:English Oxford Living Dictionaries
2054:English Oxford Living Dictionaries
1851:basin, which in turn includes the
1824:
1247:
969:when a stream overflows its banks.
891:and Cumbria for a seasonal stream.
191:. Given the status of the ongoing
25:
4839:
3522:
2325:. United States Geological Survey
1973:Basic Biology (16 January 2016).
1866:are where streams are crossed by
1647:According to the water underneath
1353:
929:A depression created by constant
764:
610:. They can also occur inland, on
325:. It is usually small and easily
3529:Glossary of stream-related terms
3490:from the original on 2012-05-09.
3174:from the original on 2017-07-09.
3144:from the original on 2017-07-09.
1962:from the original on 2012-05-09.
1952:"Hydrologic Definitions: Stream"
1681:Indicators of a perennial stream
1520:begins upstream, such as during
1370:a small perennial stream in the
1295:form a flood plain and meander.
921:A fork into two or more streams.
362:
339:
4313:Flooded grasslands and savannas
3471:
3440:
3369:
3345:
3321:
3248:
3228:
3204:
3193:from the original on 2012-04-15
3149:
3091:
3058:
3040:
3022:
2998:
2969:
2943:Journal of Sedimentary Research
2911:
2889:
2795:
2773:
2724:
2702:
2680:
2658:
2636:
2614:
2592:
2570:
2543:
2496:
2445:
2412:
2241:
2235:
2204:
2174:
1588:-speaking world or torrente or
1489:Intermittent or seasonal stream
933:that carries the stream's flow.
567:
2529:"Derek Watkin's USGS Analysis"
2458:. Greenwood Publishing Group.
2145:
2112:
2079:
2042:
2013:
1994:
1981:
1966:
1733:
1336:
633:
590:, and are often found where a
13:
1:
1934:
1793:
453:channel at low and high tide.
4479:Universal Soil Loss Equation
4429:Hydrological transport model
4323:Storm Water Management Model
2491:United States Forest Service
1858:
1806:Flood and erosion protection
539:
491:United States Virgin Islands
195:, streams play an important
7:
3065:McLeay, Cam (2 July 2006).
2822:"Definition of WATERCOURSE"
2780:"Stream Corridor Structure"
2493:, p. 15 (December 1, 2009).
2455:The Basics of Earth Science
2395:"White Gut River (Jamaica)"
1881:
1271:
1227:the base stage of erosion.
207:. The study of streams and
60:Frozen stream in Enäjärvi,
10:
4844:
3983:Antecedent drainage stream
3465:"The importance of stream"
3156:Meinzer, Oscar E. (1923).
3126:Meinzer, Oscar E. (1923).
2877:Collins English Dictionary
2419:Wetzel, Robert G. (2001).
2273:Merriam-Webster Dictionary
1898:Fluvial sediment processes
1837:Eastern Continental Divide
1686:Benthic macroinvertebrates
1492:
1312:
1298:
1275:
1256:
1252:
1160:
1156:
899:
620:English-speaking countries
40:
29:
4747:
4719:River valley civilization
4681:
4620:
4602:Riparian-zone restoration
4502:
4364:
4336:
4237:
4209:
4141:
3963:
3830:
3747:
3669:
3580:
3353:"Definition of RESEQUENT"
2452:Krebs, Robert E. (2003).
2220:. Springer Nature Limited
1991:(Vol. 475). EPA/600/R-14.
902:List of fluvial landforms
877:is a term encountered in
785:is used in areas between
523:
218:and is a core element of
4782:Countries without rivers
4757:Rivers by discharge rate
4469:Runoff model (reservoir)
4434:Infiltration (hydrology)
3132:. Washington, DC: USGS.
2937:North, Colin P. (2007).
1409:with a solid blue line.
1171:Small tributary stream,
1117:dry for part of the year
829:is used in Scotland and
504:
487:other rivers and streams
332:
308:
225:
34:. For the musician, see
4454:River Continuum Concept
4219:Agricultural wastewater
3357:www.merriam-webster.com
3176:Water Supply Paper 494.
3146:Water Supply Paper 494.
2319:"Feature Query Results"
2058:Oxford University Press
1888:Aqueduct (water supply)
1783:iron-oxidizing bacteria
1776:Hydrological indicators
1076:The bottom of a stream.
495:many streams and creeks
243:Creek babbling through
220:environmental geography
211:in general is known as
203:and thus in conserving
76:in south-eastern France
43:Stream (disambiguation)
4777:River name etymologies
4704:Hydraulic civilization
4562:Floodplain restoration
4338:Point source pollution
4113:Sedimentary structures
2710:"OED Online – Rivulet"
2091:oxforddictionaries.com
1923:Tidal stream generator
1562:
1540:desert wash, or arroyo
1513:
1505:
1397:
1378:
1219:
1188:
1176:
664:Little Gunpowder Falls
305:
297:A low level stream in
290:
278:
263:
248:
92:
89:North Rhine-Westphalia
77:
65:
53:
4389:Discharge (hydrology)
4351:Industrial wastewater
3832:Sedimentary processes
3514:DOI:10.1021/es505985q
3034:www.sciencedirect.com
2600:"OED Online – Bourne"
2159:. Dictionary.com, LLC
2130:on September 24, 2016
2097:on September 24, 2016
2027:. Dictionary.com, LLC
1855:basin, and so forth.
1763:Geological indicators
1726:(clams), and aquatic
1511:
1502:
1384:
1366:
1259:Strahler Stream Order
1214:
1182:
1170:
807:is used in the chalk
296:
284:
269:
254:
242:
130:streams are known as
83:
71:
59:
52:Rocky stream in Italy
51:
4494:Volumetric flow rate
4078:Riffle-pool sequence
3434:www.deq.virginia.gov
3110:on December 9, 2013.
2963:10.2110/jsr.2007.089
2920:Louisiana Law Review
2899:. legislation.gov.uk
2622:"OED Online – Brook"
2504:"OED Online -Branch"
2345:"Sandy Gut, Jamaica"
2258:Accessed 2010-10-02.
2217:Macmillan Dictionary
1810:Groundwater recharge
1803:Clean drinking water
1596:Consequential or not
580:distributary channel
287:Rhineland-Palatinate
181:groundwater recharge
41:For other uses, see
4668:Whitewater kayaking
4663:Whitewater canoeing
4464:Runoff curve number
4308:Flood pulse concept
3329:"consequent stream"
2955:2007JSedR..77..925N
2732:"OED Online – Sike"
2688:"OED Online – Nant"
2666:"OED Online – Gill"
2644:"OED Online – Burn"
2578:"OED Online – Beck"
1814:Pollution reduction
1237:housing dragon song
1185:Perisher Ski Resort
896:Related terminology
754:Mid-Atlantic states
594:stream enters wide
201:fragmented habitats
199:role in connecting
193:Holocene extinction
4694:Aquatic toxicology
4607:Stream restoration
4572:Infiltration basin
4424:Hydrological model
3940:Sediment transport
3763:Estavelle/Inversac
3641:Subterranean river
3216:www.etymonline.com
2785:2015-04-02 at the
2485:2022-08-13 at the
2269:"Gut (definition)"
2254:2008-07-03 at the
2187:Collins Dictionary
2006:2014-02-22 at the
1893:Environmental flow
1832:Continental Divide
1548:American Southwest
1514:
1506:
1495:Intermittent river
1398:
1379:
1220:
1198:evapotranspiration
1189:
1177:
863:William Wordsworth
831:North East England
775:Scottish Highlands
598:or approaches the
306:
291:
279:
270:A small stream in
264:
249:
162:subterranean water
93:
78:
66:
54:
4813:Fluvial landforms
4790:
4789:
4767:Whitewater rivers
4673:Whitewater slalom
4504:River engineering
4404:Groundwater model
4365:River measurement
4293:Flood forecasting
4108:Sedimentary basin
3965:Fluvial landforms
3870:Bed material load
3646:River bifurcation
3260:
3104:www.aljazeera.com
2804:Mercer Law Review
2552:Florida Scientist
2465:978-0-313-31930-3
1841:Mississippi River
1306:elevation profile
949:(also known as a
889:Scottish Lowlands
871:is used in Wales.
750:Midwestern states
584:river bifurcation
465:in Pennsylvania,
439:Portsbridge Creek
429:, typically in a
245:Benvoulin, Canada
240:
179:, instruments in
16:(Redirected from
4835:
4752:Rivers by length
4587:River morphology
4489:Wetted perimeter
4394:Drainage density
3905:Headward erosion
3734:Perennial stream
3606:Blackwater river
3559:
3552:
3545:
3536:
3535:
3492:
3491:
3475:
3469:
3468:
3461:
3455:
3454:
3452:
3444:
3438:
3437:
3431:
3423:
3414:
3413:
3407:
3399:
3388:
3387:
3381:
3373:
3367:
3366:
3364:
3363:
3349:
3343:
3342:
3340:
3339:
3325:
3319:
3318:
3316:
3314:
3308:
3297:
3286:
3285:
3283:
3282:
3268:
3262:
3258:
3252:
3246:
3244:
3242:
3232:
3226:
3225:
3223:
3222:
3208:
3202:
3201:
3199:
3198:
3183:
3177:
3175:
3153:
3147:
3145:
3123:
3112:
3111:
3106:. Archived from
3095:
3089:
3088:
3086:
3084:
3075:. Archived from
3062:
3056:
3055:
3044:
3038:
3037:
3026:
3020:
3019:
3017:
3016:
3002:
2996:
2995:
2993:
2992:
2983:. Archived from
2973:
2967:
2966:
2934:
2928:
2927:
2915:
2909:
2908:
2906:
2904:
2893:
2887:
2886:
2884:
2883:
2868:
2862:
2861:
2859:
2858:
2843:
2837:
2836:
2834:
2833:
2818:
2812:
2811:
2799:
2793:
2777:
2771:
2770:
2763:
2744:
2743:
2741:
2739:
2728:
2722:
2721:
2719:
2717:
2706:
2700:
2699:
2697:
2695:
2684:
2678:
2677:
2675:
2673:
2662:
2656:
2655:
2653:
2651:
2640:
2634:
2633:
2631:
2629:
2618:
2612:
2611:
2609:
2607:
2596:
2590:
2589:
2587:
2585:
2574:
2568:
2567:
2547:
2541:
2540:
2538:
2536:
2525:
2516:
2515:
2513:
2511:
2500:
2494:
2476:
2470:
2469:
2449:
2443:
2442:
2416:
2410:
2409:
2407:
2405:
2391:
2385:
2384:
2382:
2380:
2370:"Bens Gut River"
2366:
2360:
2359:
2357:
2355:
2341:
2335:
2334:
2332:
2330:
2315:
2309:
2308:
2306:
2304:
2298:Anyplace America
2290:
2284:
2283:
2281:
2279:
2265:
2259:
2245:
2239:
2233:
2232:
2227:
2225:
2208:
2202:
2201:
2196:
2194:
2178:
2172:
2171:
2166:
2164:
2149:
2143:
2142:
2137:
2135:
2116:
2110:
2109:
2104:
2102:
2083:
2077:
2076:
2071:
2069:
2060:. Archived from
2046:
2040:
2039:
2034:
2032:
2017:
2011:
1998:
1992:
1985:
1979:
1978:
1970:
1964:
1963:
1947:
1864:Stream crossings
1817:Wildlife habitat
1619:headward erosion
1469:Ephemeral stream
1407:topographic maps
1402:perennial stream
1359:Perennial or not
1238:
1148:Wetted perimeter
642:Northern America
457:In hydrography,
382:
381:
378:
377:
374:
371:
368:
359:
358:
355:
354:
351:
348:
345:
241:
99:is a continuous
21:
4843:
4842:
4838:
4837:
4836:
4834:
4833:
4832:
4808:Bodies of water
4793:
4792:
4791:
4786:
4762:Drainage basins
4743:
4677:
4616:
4592:Retention basin
4552:Erosion control
4547:Detention basin
4498:
4414:Hjulström curve
4366:
4360:
4332:
4276:Non-water flood
4233:
4205:
4151:Helicoidal flow
4137:
4038:Fluvial terrace
4033:Floating island
3959:
3834:
3826:
3817:Rhythmic spring
3751:
3743:
3724:Stream gradient
3665:
3651:River ecosystem
3616:Channel pattern
3584:
3576:
3563:
3525:
3500:
3498:Further reading
3495:
3476:
3472:
3463:
3462:
3458:
3450:
3446:
3445:
3441:
3429:
3425:
3424:
3417:
3405:
3401:
3400:
3391:
3379:
3375:
3374:
3370:
3361:
3359:
3351:
3350:
3346:
3337:
3335:
3327:
3326:
3322:
3312:
3310:
3306:
3299:
3298:
3289:
3280:
3278:
3270:
3269:
3265:
3253:
3249:
3240:
3234:
3233:
3229:
3220:
3218:
3210:
3209:
3205:
3196:
3194:
3185:
3184:
3180:
3154:
3150:
3124:
3115:
3098:Malone, Barry.
3096:
3092:
3082:
3080:
3079:on 9 April 2011
3063:
3059:
3046:
3045:
3041:
3028:
3027:
3023:
3014:
3012:
3010:archive.epa.gov
3004:
3003:
2999:
2990:
2988:
2975:
2974:
2970:
2949:(11): 925–938.
2935:
2931:
2916:
2912:
2902:
2900:
2895:
2894:
2890:
2881:
2879:
2869:
2865:
2856:
2854:
2845:
2844:
2840:
2831:
2829:
2826:Merriam-Webster
2820:
2819:
2815:
2800:
2796:
2787:Wayback Machine
2778:
2774:
2765:
2764:
2747:
2737:
2735:
2730:
2729:
2725:
2715:
2713:
2708:
2707:
2703:
2693:
2691:
2686:
2685:
2681:
2671:
2669:
2664:
2663:
2659:
2649:
2647:
2642:
2641:
2637:
2627:
2625:
2620:
2619:
2615:
2605:
2603:
2598:
2597:
2593:
2583:
2581:
2576:
2575:
2571:
2548:
2544:
2534:
2532:
2527:
2526:
2519:
2509:
2507:
2502:
2501:
2497:
2487:Wayback Machine
2477:
2473:
2466:
2450:
2446:
2431:
2417:
2413:
2403:
2401:
2399:Gazettering.com
2393:
2392:
2388:
2378:
2376:
2368:
2367:
2363:
2353:
2351:
2343:
2342:
2338:
2328:
2326:
2317:
2316:
2312:
2302:
2300:
2292:
2291:
2287:
2277:
2275:
2267:
2266:
2262:
2256:Wayback Machine
2246:
2242:
2236:
2230:a narrow stream
2223:
2221:
2210:
2209:
2205:
2192:
2190:
2180:
2179:
2175:
2162:
2160:
2151:
2150:
2146:
2133:
2131:
2118:
2117:
2113:
2100:
2098:
2085:
2084:
2080:
2067:
2065:
2064:on May 18, 2019
2048:
2047:
2043:
2030:
2028:
2019:
2018:
2014:
2008:Wayback Machine
1999:
1995:
1986:
1982:
1971:
1967:
1948:
1941:
1937:
1913:River ecosystem
1884:
1861:
1845:Tombigbee River
1827:
1825:Drainage basins
1796:
1778:
1765:
1736:
1688:
1683:
1649:
1598:
1530:seasonal stream
1497:
1491:
1471:
1361:
1356:
1350:of the stream.
1339:
1315:
1301:
1280:
1278:Stream gradient
1274:
1261:
1255:
1250:
1248:Characteristics
1236:
1165:
1159:
1079:Stream corridor
992:stream gradient
905:
898:
887:is used in the
773:is used in the
767:
644:
636:
570:
542:
526:
507:
499:Dutch Caribbean
414:, and parts of
365:
361:
342:
338:
335:
311:
272:Lake Parramatta
230:
228:
164:, and surfaced
46:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4841:
4831:
4830:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4810:
4805:
4788:
4787:
4785:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4748:
4745:
4744:
4742:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4685:
4683:
4679:
4678:
4676:
4675:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4653:Stone skipping
4650:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4624:
4622:
4618:
4617:
4615:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4537:Drop structure
4534:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4517:Balancing lake
4514:
4508:
4506:
4500:
4499:
4497:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4444:Playfair's law
4441:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4399:Exner equation
4396:
4391:
4386:
4384:Bradshaw model
4381:
4376:
4370:
4368:
4362:
4361:
4359:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4342:
4340:
4334:
4333:
4331:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4279:
4278:
4273:
4271:Urban flooding
4263:
4258:
4256:Crevasse splay
4253:
4251:100-year flood
4247:
4245:
4235:
4234:
4232:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4215:
4213:
4211:Surface runoff
4207:
4206:
4204:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4191:Stream capture
4188:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4147:
4145:
4139:
4138:
4136:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4103:Rock-cut basin
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3969:
3967:
3961:
3960:
3958:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3945:Suspended load
3942:
3937:
3935:Secondary flow
3932:
3927:
3925:Retrogradation
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3890:Dissolved load
3887:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3841:
3839:
3828:
3827:
3825:
3824:
3822:Spring horizon
3819:
3814:
3809:
3807:Mineral spring
3804:
3803:
3802:
3792:
3791:
3790:
3788:list in the US
3785:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3759:
3757:
3745:
3744:
3742:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3714:Stream channel
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3675:
3673:
3667:
3666:
3664:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3636:Drainage basin
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3596:Alluvial river
3592:
3590:
3578:
3577:
3562:
3561:
3554:
3547:
3539:
3533:
3532:
3524:
3523:External links
3521:
3520:
3519:
3516:
3510:
3507:
3504:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3493:
3470:
3456:
3439:
3415:
3389:
3368:
3344:
3333:Dictionary.com
3320:
3287:
3263:
3261:, 14 Nov 2016.
3247:
3227:
3203:
3178:
3168:10.3133/wsp494
3148:
3138:10.3133/wsp494
3113:
3090:
3057:
3039:
3021:
2997:
2968:
2929:
2910:
2888:
2863:
2838:
2813:
2794:
2772:
2745:
2723:
2701:
2679:
2657:
2635:
2613:
2591:
2569:
2558:(3): 273–286.
2542:
2531:. 25 July 2011
2517:
2495:
2471:
2464:
2444:
2430:978-0127447605
2429:
2411:
2386:
2361:
2336:
2310:
2285:
2260:
2240:
2234:
2203:
2173:
2157:Dictionary.com
2144:
2111:
2078:
2041:
2025:dictionary.com
2012:
1993:
1980:
1965:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1932:
1931:
1925:
1920:
1918:Rock-cut basin
1915:
1910:
1908:Playfair's Law
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1883:
1880:
1860:
1857:
1853:Kentucky River
1826:
1823:
1822:
1821:
1818:
1815:
1812:
1807:
1804:
1795:
1792:
1777:
1774:
1764:
1761:
1735:
1732:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1678:
1677:
1675:Classification
1668:
1662:
1656:
1648:
1645:
1644:
1643:
1636:
1630:
1623:
1609:
1608:
1597:
1594:
1580:in Britain, a
1490:
1487:
1470:
1467:
1463:
1462:
1459:
1456:
1453:
1450:
1447:
1441:
1438:
1437:
1436:
1433:
1430:
1427:
1421:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1354:Classification
1352:
1338:
1335:
1314:
1311:
1300:
1297:
1276:Main article:
1273:
1270:
1257:Main article:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1161:Main article:
1158:
1155:
1154:
1153:
1150:
1145:
1142:kinetic energy
1134:
1128:
1112:
1109:
1106:
1101:
1098:
1091:
1088:
1083:
1080:
1077:
1074:
1069:
1062:
1057:
1054:
1051:
1044:
1039:
1032:
1027:
1020:
1015:
1012:
1007:
1000:
995:
988:
983:
976:
970:
963:
958:
947:
945:Drainage basin
942:
939:
934:
927:
922:
919:
914:
911:
897:
894:
893:
892:
882:
872:
866:
853:influenced by
834:
824:
818:
794:
778:
766:
765:United Kingdom
763:
762:
761:
739:
717:
699:
696:Dutch language
671:
657:
651:
643:
640:
635:
632:
600:coastal plains
569:
566:
541:
538:
525:
522:
506:
503:
455:
454:
443:Portsea Island
435:mangrove swamp
408:United Kingdom
404:
334:
331:
310:
307:
227:
224:
147:surface runoff
85:Aubach (Wiehl)
32:Rivulet (moth)
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4840:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4818:Geomorphology
4816:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4803:Water streams
4801:
4800:
4798:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4749:
4746:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4734:Surface water
4732:
4730:
4729:Sacred waters
4727:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4714:Riparian zone
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4699:Body of water
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4686:
4684:
4680:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4648:Riverboarding
4646:
4644:
4643:River surfing
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4625:
4623:
4619:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4509:
4507:
4505:
4501:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4371:
4369:
4367:and modelling
4363:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4343:
4341:
4339:
4335:
4329:
4328:Return period
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4288:Flood control
4286:
4284:
4283:Flood barrier
4281:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4268:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4248:
4246:
4244:
4240:
4236:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4216:
4214:
4212:
4208:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4148:
4146:
4144:
4140:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3970:
3968:
3966:
3962:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3915:Palaeochannel
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3875:Granular flow
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3842:
3840:
3838:
3833:
3829:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3801:
3798:
3797:
3796:
3793:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3780:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3750:
3746:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3676:
3674:
3672:
3668:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3621:Channel types
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3601:Braided river
3599:
3597:
3594:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3583:
3579:
3575:
3571:
3567:
3560:
3555:
3553:
3548:
3546:
3541:
3540:
3537:
3530:
3527:
3526:
3517:
3515:
3511:
3508:
3505:
3502:
3501:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3474:
3466:
3460:
3449:
3443:
3435:
3428:
3422:
3420:
3411:
3404:
3398:
3396:
3394:
3385:
3384:www.maine.gov
3378:
3372:
3358:
3354:
3348:
3334:
3330:
3324:
3305:
3304:
3296:
3294:
3292:
3277:
3276:www.fs.fed.us
3273:
3267:
3256:
3251:
3239:
3238:
3231:
3217:
3213:
3207:
3192:
3188:
3182:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3160:
3152:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3130:
3122:
3120:
3118:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3094:
3078:
3074:
3073:
3068:
3061:
3053:
3049:
3043:
3035:
3031:
3025:
3011:
3007:
3001:
2987:on 2017-07-07
2986:
2982:
2978:
2977:"Watercourse"
2972:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2933:
2925:
2921:
2914:
2898:
2892:
2878:
2874:
2867:
2852:
2848:
2847:"watercourse"
2842:
2827:
2823:
2817:
2809:
2805:
2798:
2792:
2789:Adapted from
2788:
2784:
2781:
2776:
2768:
2762:
2760:
2758:
2756:
2754:
2752:
2750:
2733:
2727:
2711:
2705:
2689:
2683:
2667:
2661:
2645:
2639:
2623:
2617:
2601:
2595:
2579:
2573:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2546:
2530:
2524:
2522:
2505:
2499:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2481:
2475:
2467:
2461:
2457:
2456:
2448:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2426:
2422:
2415:
2400:
2396:
2390:
2375:
2371:
2365:
2350:
2346:
2340:
2324:
2320:
2314:
2299:
2295:
2289:
2274:
2270:
2264:
2257:
2253:
2250:
2244:
2238:
2231:
2219:
2218:
2213:
2207:
2200:
2189:
2188:
2183:
2177:
2170:
2158:
2154:
2148:
2141:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2115:
2108:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2082:
2075:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2045:
2038:
2026:
2022:
2016:
2009:
2005:
2002:
1997:
1990:
1984:
1976:
1969:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1946:
1944:
1939:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1885:
1879:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1856:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1833:
1819:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1805:
1802:
1801:
1800:
1791:
1788:
1784:
1773:
1771:
1760:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1741:
1731:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1692:invertebrates
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1199:
1195:
1186:
1181:
1174:
1173:Diamond Ridge
1169:
1164:
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1149:
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1132:
1129:
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890:
886:
883:
881:publications.
880:
879:Victorian era
876:
873:
870:
867:
864:
860:
859:Lake District
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
839:
835:
832:
828:
825:
822:
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815:
814:chalk streams
810:
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788:
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783:
779:
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772:
769:
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747:
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736:Rainbow River
733:
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721:
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715:
711:
707:
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700:
697:
694:comes from a
693:
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612:alluvial fans
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550:body of water
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189:riparian zone
186:
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152:
151:precipitation
148:
143:
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137:
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105:surface water
102:
98:
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63:
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50:
44:
37:
33:
19:
4772:Flash floods
4724:River cruise
4621:River sports
4474:Stream gauge
4459:Rouse number
4449:Relief ratio
4298:Flood-meadow
4229:Urban runoff
4143:Fluvial flow
4128:River valley
4098:River island
4063:Meander scar
3978:Alluvial fan
3920:Progradation
3795:Karst spring
3739:Winterbourne
3694:Chalk stream
3670:
3656:River source
3631:Distributary
3569:
3483:
3473:
3459:
3442:
3433:
3409:
3383:
3371:
3360:. Retrieved
3356:
3347:
3336:. Retrieved
3332:
3323:
3311:. Retrieved
3302:
3279:. Retrieved
3275:
3266:
3250:
3236:
3230:
3219:. Retrieved
3215:
3206:
3195:. Retrieved
3181:
3158:
3151:
3128:
3108:the original
3103:
3093:
3081:. Retrieved
3077:the original
3070:
3060:
3052:wap.cnki.net
3051:
3042:
3033:
3024:
3013:. Retrieved
3009:
3000:
2989:. Retrieved
2985:the original
2980:
2971:
2946:
2942:
2932:
2923:
2919:
2913:
2901:. Retrieved
2891:
2880:. Retrieved
2876:
2866:
2855:. Retrieved
2853:. 2016-03-07
2850:
2841:
2830:. Retrieved
2828:. 2022-03-18
2825:
2816:
2807:
2803:
2797:
2790:
2775:
2736:. Retrieved
2726:
2714:. Retrieved
2704:
2692:. Retrieved
2682:
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2648:. Retrieved
2638:
2626:. Retrieved
2616:
2604:. Retrieved
2594:
2582:. Retrieved
2572:
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2348:
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2272:
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2237:
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2222:. Retrieved
2215:
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2191:. Retrieved
2185:
2176:
2168:
2161:. Retrieved
2156:
2147:
2139:
2132:. Retrieved
2128:the original
2123:
2120:"(US) creek"
2114:
2106:
2099:. Retrieved
2095:the original
2090:
2081:
2073:
2066:. Retrieved
2062:the original
2053:
2044:
2036:
2029:. Retrieved
2024:
2015:
1996:
1988:
1983:
1968:
1955:
1928:Winterbourne
1862:
1828:
1797:
1779:
1766:
1737:
1689:
1670:
1664:
1658:
1652:
1638:
1632:
1625:
1614:
1610:
1604:
1599:
1578:winterbourne
1575:
1569:rather than
1554:
1552:
1539:
1533:
1529:
1526:intermittent
1525:
1518:thunderstorm
1515:
1479:
1474:
1472:
1464:
1415:
1411:
1401:
1399:
1374:of southern
1368:Whites Creek
1340:
1328:
1322:
1316:
1304:
1302:
1293:
1283:
1281:
1262:
1242:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1202:infiltration
1190:
1163:River source
1095:Stream gauge
1093:
980:point source
955:Amazon River
950:
884:
874:
868:
842:
836:
826:
820:
812:
804:winterbourne
802:
796:
787:Lincolnshire
780:
770:
748:are used in
745:
741:
732:Silver River
727:
719:
701:
684:Pennsylvania
673:
659:
653:
647:
637:
627:
623:
588:river deltas
579:
575:distributary
573:
571:
568:Distributary
543:
527:
508:
475:Fish Bay Gut
458:
456:
449:through the
360:) or crick (
336:
314:
312:
299:Macon County
256:Wyming Brook
212:
205:biodiversity
174:
170:spring water
144:
139:
135:
131:
128:intermittent
96:
94:
72:Stream near
18:Watercourses
4633:Fly fishing
4557:Fish ladder
4542:Daylighting
4261:Flash flood
4224:First flush
4171:Plunge pool
3895:Downcutting
3880:Debris flow
3855:Aggradation
3729:Stream pool
3531:, StreamNet
3313:28 February
2535:26 November
2037:kreek, krik
1787:leaf litter
1753:salamanders
1734:Vertebrates
1716:crustaceans
1708:damselflies
1696:caddisflies
1504:photograph.
1483:water table
1387:Gangi River
1343:stream load
1337:Stream load
1265:first order
1194:evaporation
1187:, Australia
1121:anabranches
1111:Watercourse
917:Bifurcation
758:New England
668:Jones Falls
634:Other names
483:Battery Gut
441:separating
420:New England
397:New Zealand
177:water cycle
166:groundwater
110:within the
4797:Categories
4739:Wild river
4419:Hydrograph
4409:Hack's law
4374:Baer's law
4318:Inundation
4303:Floodplain
4243:stormwater
4201:Whitewater
4073:Oxbow lake
3910:Knickpoint
3885:Deposition
3778:Hot spring
3719:Streamflow
3709:Stream bed
3626:Confluence
3362:2022-12-14
3338:2008-04-24
3281:2020-05-18
3221:2018-05-08
3197:2011-12-11
3072:New Vision
3015:2021-10-14
2991:2017-12-15
2882:2022-04-05
2857:2022-04-05
2832:2022-04-05
2349:iTouch Map
2329:August 14,
2303:August 14,
1935:References
1849:Ohio River
1794:Importance
1770:floodplain
1740:amphibians
1714:and other
1704:stoneflies
1615:Subsequent
1605:Consequent
1493:See also:
1324:oxbow lake
1288:base level
1215:Stream in
1133:or cascade
1086:Streamflow
1072:Stream bed
986:Knickpoint
973:Headwaters
961:Floodplain
937:Confluence
692:New Jersey
616:confluence
552:such as a
471:Guinea Gut
431:salt marsh
247:, wetlands
159:daylighted
132:streamlets
4823:Hydrology
4709:Limnology
4658:Triathlon
4628:Canyoning
4597:Revetment
4527:Check dam
4439:Main stem
4196:Waterfall
4083:Point bar
4068:Mouth bar
4008:Billabong
3955:Water gap
3950:Wash load
3930:Saltation
3850:Anabranch
3773:Holy well
3661:Tributary
3083:31 August
2926:(3): 500.
2903:25 August
2404:August 9,
2379:August 9,
2354:August 9,
2294:"Ash Gut"
2278:August 8,
1872:pipelines
1859:Crossings
1738:Fish and
1639:Insequent
1633:Obsequent
1626:Resequent
1522:monsoonal
1475:ephemeral
1183:Creek in
1131:Waterfall
1066:sediments
1036:turbulent
1024:turbulent
975:or source
951:watershed
855:Old Norse
602:around a
596:flatlands
546:tributary
540:Tributary
515:navigable
389:Australia
337:A creek (
260:Sheffield
215:hydrology
209:waterways
155:meltwater
91:, Germany
74:Montriond
64:, Finland
4512:Aqueduct
4379:Baseflow
4346:Effluent
4023:Cut bank
3988:Avulsion
3865:Bed load
3845:Abrasion
3488:Archived
3191:Archived
3172:Archived
3142:Archived
2783:Archived
2564:24321406
2483:Archived
2439:46393244
2252:Archived
2004:Archived
1960:Archived
1903:Head cut
1882:See also
1876:railways
1745:tadpoles
1724:bivalves
1712:Crayfish
1700:mayflies
1665:Isolated
1567:Apennine
1563:torrente
1376:Missouri
1348:velocity
1318:Meanders
1284:gradient
1272:Gradient
1206:glaciers
1175:, Alaska
1048:waterway
967:flooding
809:downland
714:Michigan
710:Maryland
688:Delaware
680:New York
666:and the
592:valleyed
518:waterway
447:seawater
416:Maryland
399:and the
303:Illinois
213:surface
197:corridor
36:Rivulets
4689:Aquifer
4682:Related
4638:Rafting
4166:Meander
4161:Log jam
4123:Thalweg
4028:Estuary
3900:Erosion
3837:erosion
3749:Springs
3704:Current
3671:Streams
3611:Channel
3574:springs
3570:streams
3243:. 2018.
2951:Bibcode
2374:Geoview
2212:"creek"
2182:"creek"
2153:"creek"
2087:"creek"
2050:"crick"
2021:"creek"
1975:"River"
1671:Perched
1653:Gaining
1629:stream.
1584:in the
1559:Italian
1555:torrent
1546:of the
1544:deserts
1313:Meander
1299:Profile
1253:Ranking
1217:Alberta
1157:Sources
1138:stratum
1104:Thalweg
1004:estuary
994:occurs.
931:erosion
925:Channel
875:Rivulet
791:Cumbria
724:Florida
628:channel
578:, or a
497:of the
489:in the
479:Cob Gut
467:Ash Gut
463:The Gut
406:In the
185:habitat
120:channel
108:flowing
4828:Rivers
4484:WAFLEX
4356:Sewage
4239:Floods
4181:Riffle
4176:Rapids
4118:Strath
4088:Ravine
4013:Canyon
3768:Geyser
3699:Coulee
3684:Bourne
3679:Arroyo
3582:Rivers
3566:Rivers
3410:nc.gov
2810:: 344.
2738:6 July
2716:6 July
2694:6 July
2672:6 July
2650:6 July
2628:6 July
2606:6 July
2584:6 July
2562:
2510:6 July
2462:
2437:
2427:
2224:18 May
2193:18 May
2163:18 May
2134:18 May
2101:18 May
2068:18 May
2031:16 May
1755:, and
1720:snails
1706:, and
1659:Losing
1622:belts.
1590:rambla
1586:Arabic
1571:Alpine
1372:Ozarks
1125:canals
1060:Spring
1030:Riffle
1018:Rapids
851:Surrey
798:Bourne
756:, and
742:Stream
690:, and
648:Branch
606:or an
524:Runnel
393:Canada
327:forded
319:spring
276:Sydney
149:(from
140:creeks
136:brooks
124:rivers
97:stream
4582:Levee
4567:Flume
4522:Canal
4266:Flood
4186:Shoal
4053:Gully
4048:Gulch
4018:Chine
4003:Bayou
3860:Armor
3812:Ponor
3587:lists
3451:(PDF)
3430:(PDF)
3406:(PDF)
3380:(PDF)
3307:(PDF)
3241:(PDF)
2560:JSTOR
1868:roads
1757:newts
1749:frogs
1728:worms
1395:India
1391:Arrah
1330:bayou
1042:River
998:Mouth
843:ghyll
821:Brook
746:brook
728:River
660:Falls
654:Creek
608:ocean
562:ocean
534:swale
511:river
505:River
451:creek
427:inlet
424:tidal
422:, a
412:India
333:Creek
315:brook
309:Brook
226:Types
118:of a
116:banks
4612:Weir
4577:Leat
4241:and
4133:Wadi
4093:Rill
4058:Glen
4043:Gill
3993:Bank
3835:and
3800:list
3783:list
3754:list
3689:Burn
3572:and
3315:2021
3085:2011
2981:FEMA
2905:2016
2740:2017
2718:2017
2696:2017
2674:2017
2652:2017
2630:2017
2608:2017
2586:2017
2537:2018
2512:2017
2460:ISBN
2435:OCLC
2425:ISBN
2406:2014
2381:2014
2356:2014
2331:2014
2305:2014
2280:2014
2226:2019
2195:2019
2165:2019
2136:2019
2103:2019
2070:2019
2033:2019
1582:wadi
1535:wash
1444:USGS
1385:The
1341:The
1282:The
1123:and
1010:Pool
885:Syke
869:Nant
849:and
847:Kent
838:Gill
827:Burn
789:and
782:Beck
771:Allt
744:and
734:and
706:Ohio
675:Kill
626:and
622:are
604:lake
554:lake
530:bars
485:and
323:seep
262:, UK
114:and
101:body
62:Pori
4532:Dam
3998:Bar
3973:Ait
3164:doi
3134:doi
2959:doi
1528:or
1389:of
1327:or
1053:Run
909:Bar
841:or
801:or
722:in
720:Run
704:in
702:Run
678:in
624:arm
560:or
558:bay
501:).
459:gut
433:or
387:In
383:):
321:or
258:in
157:),
153:or
138:or
112:bed
103:of
87:in
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