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1940s. The heyday of Hobart Town's watermen was from the 1840s to the mid-1850s, when over 200 licences were issued to different individuals, but with improved steam ferry services the numbers declined and in 1896 only 21 were licensed. By this stage they mostly operated water taxi and excursion services around the port. They were held to be distinct in official records from other categories of maritime workers such as the "boatmen", "craftsmen" or "bargemen" who operated sailing vessels in the river trade, and those men operating on the steam ferries and river steamers that also operated out of the port.
26:
573:
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making in their homeland, and many of them took up the same occupations in the
Chesapeake Bay. In the following centuries, their descendants helped build the communities and the culture that formed around the Bay, and their labor contributed greatly to the development of the region's economically dominant marine industries and naval presence. The Bay's waterways provided transportation for the slave trade that fed the plantation system, but also provided the means for them to escape to freedom.
333:
95:
1426:
569:, originally an amalgamation of eight companies, bucked the trend of this traditionally fragmented industry by capitalizing on an opportunity and used its empty coal barges, on return trips, to transport rubbish from London's streets generating enough extra revenue to buy up surplus barges from smaller lighterage companies as they sold up. Between 1967 and 1976 over 40 lighterage firms closed down.
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adjoining land to
African Americans. By the 1930s, the Bellevue Seafood Company was African American owned and operated, and up until the 1970s there were many African American watermen who worked the same areas as white watermen, often on the same boats, and sold their catch to the same processors, with apparently little racial discrimination present."
639:
research however despite its mediæval guild roots it is an active lobbying force today. Working alongside The
Passenger Boat Association, it consults and negotiates with national and local government and its agencies on behalf of its members. In 2003 funds were made available via CWL using government
840:
The first
Africans arrived in the Chesapeake Bay area on a Dutch ship at Old Point Comfort in 1619; they and their descendants have had roles in the history and economy of the Chesapeake Bay ever since. The enslaved Africans had engaged in oystering, crabbing, fishing, sailing, boat building and net
702:
New legislation that came into force in 2007 set up a new national licence system, covering all inland waterways. Rather than a five-year apprenticeship, it enables anyone to become a captain after a less onerous qualification period of just two years plus six months of "local knowledge" training on
684:
The safe use of the Thames for passenger and freight services should be developed. Passenger services will be encouraged, particularly services that relate to its cultural and architectural excellence and tourism. Use of London's other navigable waterways for freight, consistent with their roles for
278:
of late ... are not only a great disturbance to his
Majesty ... but the streets themselves are so pestered and the pavements so broken up that the common passage is thereby hindered and made dangerous and the price of hay and provender & thereby made exceeding dear wherefore we expressly command
796:
built in 1865 by Thomas
Morland, was restored by the Admiral Restoration Group in 2006-09 and has been rowed at the Australian Wooden Boat 2011-2017 as the last known surviving 19th century Tasmanian waterman's boat. During the 20th century motor launches up to 15 meters in length were licensed as
784:
Regular ferry services across the
Derwent existed by 1810, and the first known licensed ferryman were Urias Allender and John Nowland in 1816. By the 1830s these ferrymen were known as "watermen" in official records and the term continued to be used until the last licensed watermen retired in the
608:
began operating a water-bus commuter service between eastern and central London. In 2003 a subsidy was made available by local government looking for the greener solution that reusing waterways provide. Passengers traveling by boat or river buses and the removal of London's rubbish by
Lighter mean
207:
in 1642, in the introduction of a form of indirect democracy. The watermen at the 55 "leading towns and stairs" were empowered to each year choose representatives, who would in turn propose candidates to become company rulers. This form of government survived, with vicissitudes, until a new Act of
877:
says, "The village of
Bellevue was founded in the early twentieth century by African Americans working in the seafood industry as shuckers of oysters, pickers of crabs, or as watermen "working the water." A seafood-processing factory that employed and housed African Americans sold part of the
183:
granted a licence (a form of licensed public transport) to watermen, giving exclusive rights to carry passengers on the river. In 1545 almshouses for watermen, called "The
Hospital of St. Stephen" were built by Henry VIII in the Woolstaple, New Palace Yard, Westminster.
519:
The British Tugowners Association was founded in 1934. It allowed watermen to use their qualifications and skills, particularly in close quarter maneuvers, in ports overseas; skills that in recent years with the use of newer technology especially the introduction of
187:
An Act of Parliament in 1555 formalized the trade by setting up a company to govern tariffs and reduce accidents. The new company had jurisdiction over all watermen plying between Windsor (in Berkshire) and Gravesend (in Kent). The Act empowered the London mayor and
453:
Boat and Punt Builder Teddington, Middlesex And Kingston-on-Thames (The rest of the text is difficult to decipher accurately) The barge master to the Queen was considered the most eminent of the Queen's Watermen. Messenger also won the Doggett's Coat and
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waterman's boats, although the term has now slipped from common usage in favour of "excursion boats" or, incorrectly, "ferries." In 2018 about ten vessels offer excursions out of the Port of Hobart, but none in the "hire boat" tradition of the watermen.
390:
had specifically exempted them from land service—the use of watermen in land armies—as a direct result of the group pressure exerted by watermen and it is clear that these spectacular early victories redefined the way they negotiated with those in power.
359:
The arrival of steamboats in 1819 and steam launches rendered the small Wherry, with its limited capacity, obsolete for mass public transport use, often heavy wash from steamers rocked or sank small wherries and frightened potential passengers away. The
800:
The main base for watermen in Hobart from the 1830s to the 1940s was at Waterman's Dock at the end of Murray Street in front of Parliament House. Watermen's licences were also issued for boatmen operating elsewhere in south-eastern Tasmania including
564:
companies in the late 1940s others in the 1980s but by careful consolidation of ownership and concentrating on passenger comfort, some offering night cruises, have successfully dominated the sector on into the new millennium. In the lighterage sector
235:
in an Act of Parliament in 1605, was an attempt to manage the river. In 1630 the commission built the first of three locks on the Thames. A large proportion of watermen's income came from the ferrying of passengers across river to the theater.
155:
they would ferry passengers along and across the river. With bad rural roads and narrow congested city streets, the Thames was the most convenient highway in the region. Until the mid-18th century London Bridge was the only Thames bridge below
175:
passed an Act of Parliament prohibiting the obstruction of the River. Structures that had been built out into the river for fishing and milling purposes made the river difficult to navigate and lent to it an unregulated chaotic mix of boats.
600:, where the sludge was discharged. This practice continued until the 1990s when new EU legislation prevented the dumping of sewage at sea and forced this process to stop. It also corresponded with a fundamental change in public opinion on
1104:
707:
river below Teddington lock, more hazardous to travel on. Under the old licence system approximately 23 per cent failed their first year apprenticeship exam. It is estimated that 600 Watermen and Lightermen currently work the Thames.
215:
London's lack of bridges and rolling marshy landscape to the south and east were perfect for access by boat and the Thames was the main thoroughfare for all kinds of traffic. In the 15th and 16th centuries the narrow spans of the Old
313:. Freight could now be moved along a river and canal system with waterway access to the Midlands and Bristol. The port provided London with its great wealth and relied heavily on the transshipping skills of watermen and
1208:
386:(1580–1653) and later with the use of petitions or "petitions of grievances" in particular the petitions supporting the curtailment of the growth of hackney coaches in the 17th century. As far back as 1644, the
279:
and forbid that no Hackney or hired coach be used or suffered in London Westminster or the suburbs thereof except they be to travel at least three miles out of the same". Two years later he cancelled this ban.
290:, who commuted by water from his home to his job at the Admiralty, refers to the death of his waterman in his diaries of 1665 revealing the particular vulnerability of Thames watermen to infection during the
73:
times. Waterman can also be a person who navigates a boat carrying passengers. These boats were often rowing boat or boats with sails. Over the years watermen acquired additional skills such as local
757:
As well as in Britain itself, the term "watermen" was used to describe boatmen performing essentially similar duties on coastal waterways in the British colonies. This was especially the case on
1112:
394:
The absence of an effective police force meant that watermen often died prematurely in a city prone to riots and mob violence. Apart from the obvious occupational risks of the trade, death by
852:'s Eastern Shore, but with the arrival of steamboats in the 19th century many of them found work as river workers. Traditional white watermen shied away from the considerable risks such as
200:, or paid quarterly contributions. This was a constant source of grievance and dispute with company rulers who were frequently accused of taking bribes to "free" apprentice watermen.
422:
and sloping incline to the river, replacing the access points with piers. It prevented flooding; but it cut many waterfront houses and buildings off from boat access via their
1216:
655:, which was first raced in 1715, is the oldest continuously run river race and is now claimed to be the oldest continually staged annual sporting event in the world.
501:
53:
is a river worker who transfers passengers across and along city centre rivers and estuaries in the United Kingdom and its colonies. Most notable are those on the
364:
was established in 1834 and soon amalgamated with the Watermen's Steam Packet Company creating the London Steamboat Company which emerged as the leading carrier.
167:
sold the Crown's rights over the Thames to the Corporation of the City of London, which tried to issue licensing to boats on the river. It remained under royal
658:
In 1975 a charity called Transport On Water (TOW) was founded by watermen and lightermen and people in public life. It aims to maintain the Thames and other
449:
James A. Messenger -ca1858 poster describing how he was barge master to Her Majesty Queen Victoria—it reads—Barge Master by appointment To Her Majesty ——
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A twenty-year campaign by the rank-and-file of the watermen, to introduce a more representative government in their company, resulted, on the eve of the
703:
the central stretch of the Thames. The licence brings UK regulations into line with EU licensing standards. Critics claimed it would make the Thames, a
1646:
255:
on the south bank to the north bank, drastically reduced the trade available to watermen and caused financial hardship, as described by "water poet"
398:, watermen were particularly susceptible to bronchial diseases caught from working and living close to waters of the Thames. The invention of the
367:
In the latter part of the 1870s-1890s the growth of railways increased the use of the river for pleasure boating. Villages outside London such as
1492:
418:
area, a popular area for watermen to ply their trade. Totally redesigned or embanked, it routed sewage away from the river but also removed the
192:
to yearly choose eight of the "best sort" of watermen to be company rulers, and to make and enforce regulations. It also specified a seven-year
788:
Tasmanian watermen's boats varied widely in size and style, from small dinghies for hire up to large sailing-rowing excursion boats around 28
462:
gave lightermen in particular the ability to negotiate better terms from their employers. Early thinkers interested in social reform, such as
528:
196:
in order to gain an encyclopaedic knowledge of the complex water currents and tides on the Thames. Watermen freeman were now required to pay
1544:
1181:
1105:"Today in London Radical History, 1768: 2000 Thames Watermen Picket Royal Exchange & Mansion House, 1768, Over a Decline in Trade"
1514:
512:. The transport of coal and goods was of particular importance during wartime, however, during the 1920s worsening conditions and
1636:
1298:
859:
African American watermen went on to gain financial success and freedom by specialising in the crewing of these boats within the
505:
1389:
1146:
1127:
554:
had made the lightermen's trade, lighterage, obsolete. In terminal decline most up-river docks had been abandoned by the 1980s.
220:
restricted the flow of the slow moving and meandering river Thames allowing it to freeze during the winter months complete with
112:
1361:
1651:
1457:
305:, introduced by the West India Dock Act of 1799 and the gradual construction of a greater number of bridges, especially
1324:
1271:
618:
298:
134:
378:
Thames watermen played an important part in the very early movements that ultimately led to the creation of modern
352:, to crew on royal naval or merchant marine vessels and acted as a reserve of skilled mariners. After the American
1404:
870:
641:
116:
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After 450 years, Thames watermen pass into history and warn of disaster | Special reports | Guardian Unlimited
663:
361:
1631:
1587:"Climate Change, Justice, and Adaptation among African American Communities in the Chesapeake Bay Region"
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584:
Regular and fairly well paid work for Thames watermen in times of economic downturn was on the so-called
340:
30:
1585:
Michael Paolisso; Ellen Douglas; Ashley Enrici; Paul Kirshen; Chris Watson; Matthias Ruth (3 May 2012).
1084:
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piloted by watermen during the 1940s. 400 barges or Thames lighters were turned over to military use as
806:
497:
1500:
845:
834:
674:
More than 2,000 commuters a day now travel by river which added up to three million people in 2002.
1405:[Mr. Edward O'Hara in the Chair]...: 10 Jan 2007: Westminster Hall debates (TheyWorkForYou.com)
1021:
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774:
691:
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was the Master in his service from 1862 to 1901. The photo is of an etching created in 1854.
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severely damaged the docks, and by the 1960s, newer container technology and relocation to
419:
353:
326:
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watermen were free from impressment and could negotiate higher rates of pay from the navy.
271:
157:
17:
147:
Watermen or wherrymen were an essential part of early London. Using a small boat called a
8:
1522:
1242:":: Silver Fleet. London Thames River Cruise Corporate events and entertainment. ::"
557:
466:, chose to study river workers, before vividly describing their grim lives in the novel
1608:
1286:
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1001:
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893:
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and licenses Thames Watermen. Its ancient apprenticeship index is a unique resource to
609:
less traffic on London's streets and almost zero vibration from the movement of cargo.
566:
508:
in 1922. Many watermen patriotically turned their barges over to government use during
439:
383:
306:
267:
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232:
25:
1584:
1302:
1047:
1612:
1453:
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1131:
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area, in the United States and became watermen in the small waterside communities on
513:
468:
415:
348:
Thames watermen in times of war were always the first to be enlisted, and until 1814
283:
204:
42:
1573:
1241:
817:
Some evidence suggests that a number of English sailors who had participated in the
1598:
1365:
1158:
914:
770:
762:
601:
263:
248:
240:
66:
1128:"Self-determination and the London Transport Workers in the Century of Revolution"
1393:
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887:
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African American watermen became expert fishermen in the Chesapeake Bay area and
675:
605:
577:
572:
463:
450:
445:
1350:
Guildhall Library Manuscripts Section - Records of the Watermen & Lightermen
1071:
943:
826:
822:
758:
532:
379:
193:
164:
1603:
1586:
694:, to regulate and promote travel on the Thames as a public transport service.
1625:
1545:"Waters of Despair, Waters of Hope: African-Americans and the Chesapeake Bay"
996:
938:
789:
486:
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many decided to settle in the United States at the cessation of hostilities.
318:
275:
217:
1328:
1268:
623:
588:, which continued as they had done since 1887, to take London's sewage from
485:
with loss of 600 lives profoundly shocked and changed public opinion within
1089:
958:
908:
734:
636:
585:
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flourished as people came to hire skiffs and punts for a day on the river.
332:
287:
209:
152:
58:
54:
38:
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grants, to assist apprentices from the riverside east London boroughs of
509:
411:
349:
244:
168:
70:
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The Company of Watermen and Lightermen is a City Guild without Grant of
1254:
1229:
597:
372:
368:
322:
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221:
172:
119: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
62:
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Queen Victoria's Royal Barge. This would have been the barge of which
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in 1750, forced great change on the river trade during this period of
77:, mooring vessels at berths, jetties, buoys, and docks, and acting as
1209:"'Civil war' on the Thames between the watermen and City authorities"
863:
589:
543:
493:
325:
and fortunes were made by the captains of the distinctive red sailed
297:
In 1700 watermen combined with their colleagues in cargo to form the
224:
so that Londoners were able to simply walk across the frozen river.
94:
849:
662:, including the river Medway, as working rivers. TOW has organised
395:
382:
in the United Kingdom, most notably in the writings of pamphleteer
252:
189:
78:
74:
890:(1826-1901), Bargemaster to Her Majesty Queen Victoria (1862-1901)
402:
in the 1840s quickly turned the Thames into a giant sewer causing
1325:"Mayor awards Thames Clippers ten year riverbus service contract"
1147:"Popular Exploitation of Enemy Estates in the English Revolution"
953:
928:
593:
551:
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403:
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An 1859 Act of Parliament abolished many privileges held by the
1255:
City Cruises - London boat tours on the river Thames | About Us
853:
837:
that have retained a unique character and dialect to this day.
632:
429:
148:
84:
34:
856:
explosions or fires that often occurred on early steamboats.
414:
of 1858. It forced a redesign of the city's sewage system in
37:
race in the world, sees apprentice watermen competing on the
527:
In the late 1930s speed trials took place on the Thames for
344:
Announcement of the annual race for Doggett's Coat and Badge
16:"Watermen" redirects here. For the BBC Two documentary, see
1022:"England Occupations Inland Waterways (National Institute)"
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531:
some of which would latter form the fleet of boats used in
476:
in 1879, both works that sparked a new social conscience.
1186:
612:
442:
creating two bodies with responsibilities for the Thames.
262:
In 1635 appeals from watermen against (then horse-drawn)
539:
or simply beached during the Normandy landings of 1944.
502:
Amalgamated Society of Watermen, Lightermen and Bargemen
1574:
Rascals On The Antebellum Mississippi: African American
792:
in length. The largest of these, the 8-oared, 28-foot
504:
was hastily formed in 1893 eventually merging with the
1362:"Watermen's Hall - Company of Watermen and Lightermen"
1551:. The Mariners’ Museum and Park. 2000. Archived from
1521:. National Aquarium. 23 February 2017. Archived from
1409:
904:
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which has taken place annually in June, since 1974.
1578:
1138:
1119:
685:leisure use and as ecosystems, will be encouraged.
1264:
1262:
1182:"The 17th Century Version Of The Fight Over Uber"
1623:
1470:Chesapeake Bay - Watermen - The Mariners' Museum
812:
697:
669:
627:Watermen's Hall (1778-80), by William Blackburn.
604:issues and the use of marine resources. In 1999
496:, watermen and lightermen joined the successful
1499:. The Mariners’ Museum and Park. Archived from
1052:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster
472:in 1865 and watermen in a short essay entitled
336:Model of a steamship, built by d'Abbans in 1784
69:, also had their watermen who formed guilds in
1450:Pride of the Port: The Watermen of Hobart Town
1259:
1230:British Tugowners Association – About the BTA
1144:
1125:
1537:
1485:
1387:Mayor of London – Transport Strategy – River
430:Watermen in the United Kingdom: 1859 to 1999
85:Watermen in the United Kingdom: 1197 to 1859
1507:
1481:Chesapeake Bay - Our History and Our Future
1026:National Institute for Genealogical Studies
1597:. American Meteorological Society: 34–47.
1287:All About Thames River Cruise company CPBS
1647:Water transportation in the United States
1602:
1179:
135:Learn how and when to remove this message
61:in England, but other rivers such as the
752:
622:
571:
516:again brought London's docks to a halt.
444:
339:
331:
24:
1624:
1515:"Black Watermen on the Chesapeake Bay"
613:The Company of Watermen and Lightermen
1452:, Navarine Publishing, Hobart, 2009,
1082:
506:Transport and General Workers' Union
492:In 1889 following the lead taken by
117:adding citations to reliable sources
88:
1327:. 11 September 2003. Archived from
1109:Pasttense: London Radical Histories
13:
1163:10.1111/j.1468-229X.1993.tb01577.x
881:
717:Total Watermen working the Thames
619:Company of Watermen and Lightermen
299:Company of Watermen and Lightermen
14:
1663:
1180:Goldstein, Jacob (12 June 2013).
1269:ThamesClippers: Surf the Thames!
907:
93:
1567:
1474:
1463:
1442:
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1420:
1398:
1380:
1354:
1343:
1317:
1291:
1280:
1248:
1234:
1223:
1145:O'Riordan, Christopher (1993).
1126:O'Riordan, Christopher (1992).
871:American Meteorological Society
690:now has a river transport arm,
247:, and most London theatres and
208:Parliament in 1827 restored an
104:needs additional citations for
1637:History of transport in London
1201:
1173:
1097:
1083:Ewens, Graeme (16 July 2003).
1076:
1065:
1040:
1014:
317:to run smoothly. This was the
1:
1591:Weather, Climate, and Society
1072:River Thames and boaty things
1008:
875:Weather, Climate, and Society
813:Watermen in the United States
698:National Boatmasters' Licence
680:Transport Strategy for London
670:Transport strategy for London
664:The Thames Barge Driving Race
362:Woolwich Steam Packet Company
1652:Water transport in Australia
1111:. 9 May 2018. Archived from
869:An article published by the
556:Some watermen encouraged by
524:have seen a decline in use.
498:The Great London Dock Strike
7:
1493:"Chesapeake Bay - Watermen"
900:
896:(1580–1653), the water poet
479:In 1878 the sinking of the
10:
1668:
616:
274:that "The great number of
15:
1604:10.1175/WCAS-D-11-00039.1
835:Tilghman Island, Maryland
596:to the Thames Estuary at
529:Armed high speed launches
438:; further, it set up the
1427:Uncorrected Evidence 320
653:Doggett's Coat and Badge
460:Labour Protection League
229:Oxford-Burcot Commission
31:Doggett's Coat and Badge
1274:13 October 2007 at the
807:D'Entrecasteaux Channel
1549:www.marinersmuseum.org
866:economy of the 1840s.
628:
581:
455:
345:
337:
292:Great Plague of London
46:
1219:on 27 September 2011.
964:William Lionel Wyllie
753:Watermen in Australia
692:London River Services
626:
575:
448:
343:
335:
327:Thames sailing barges
311:Industrial Revolution
171:until 1350 when King
81:aboard large vessel.
28:
1416:Marchioness disaster
1392:1 March 2007 at the
1305:on 29 September 2007
1299:"Cory Environmental"
974:Edward William Cooke
934:Thames sailing barge
819:American War of 1812
688:Transport for London
212:form of government.
158:Kingston upon Thames
113:improve this article
41:. Above painting by
18:Watermen (TV series)
1368:on 16 December 2010
1169:on 26 October 2009.
1134:on 26 October 2009.
924:Queen's Bargemaster
558:Festival of Britain
239:The arrival of the
1632:Marine occupations
1497:marinersmuseum.org
1213:Port Cities London
1002:Cory Environmental
986:Richard Montgomery
969:George Robert Sims
888:James A. Messenger
682:2005 states that:
629:
582:
578:James A. Messenger
567:Cory Environmental
456:
451:James A. Messenger
440:Thames Conservancy
436:Watermen's Company
410:outbreaks and the
346:
338:
307:Westminster Bridge
268:royal proclamation
47:
1458:978-0-9751331-4-9
1331:on 26 August 2005
992:Watermen's stairs
949:1928 Thames flood
861:Mississippi River
750:
749:
514:industrial action
474:Silent Highwaymen
469:Our Mutual Friend
303:free water clause
284:English Civil War
264:hackney carriages
241:horse-drawn coach
205:English Civil War
145:
144:
137:
43:Thomas Rowlandson
1659:
1617:
1616:
1606:
1582:
1576:
1571:
1565:
1564:
1562:
1560:
1555:on 24 March 2016
1541:
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1534:
1532:
1530:
1525:on 29 April 2018
1511:
1505:
1504:
1489:
1483:
1478:
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1467:
1461:
1448:Broxam, Graeme,
1446:
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1429:
1424:
1418:
1413:
1407:
1402:
1396:
1384:
1378:
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1375:
1373:
1364:. Archived from
1358:
1352:
1347:
1341:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1321:
1315:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1301:. Archived from
1295:
1289:
1284:
1278:
1266:
1257:
1252:
1246:
1245:
1238:
1232:
1227:
1221:
1220:
1215:. Archived from
1205:
1199:
1198:
1196:
1194:
1177:
1171:
1170:
1165:. Archived from
1157:(253): 184–200.
1142:
1136:
1135:
1130:. Archived from
1123:
1117:
1116:
1115:on 19 June 2023.
1101:
1095:
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1069:
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562:river cruise
560:1951 set up
548:World War II
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111:Please help
106:verification
103:
59:River Medway
55:River Thames
50:
48:
45:(1756–1827).
39:River Thames
22:
1372:17 February
1309:18 February
1057:22 December
1032:22 December
1028:. June 2012
979:Swan Upping
894:John Taylor
803:Port Arthur
775:River Tamar
510:World War I
412:Great Stink
384:John Taylor
354:War of 1812
282:During the
257:John Taylor
169:prerogative
1626:Categories
1335:9 November
1193:26 October
1048:"Waterman"
1009:References
779:Launceston
598:Black Deep
494:stevedores
424:watergates
373:Pangbourne
369:Maidenhead
323:lighterage
315:lightermen
222:frost fair
198:quarterage
181:Henry VIII
173:Edward III
63:River Tyne
1613:154613682
864:Steamboat
765:, on the
660:waterways
590:Crossness
544:the Blitz
489:society.
319:boom time
266:led to a
243:in 1630,
179:In 1510,
163:In 1197,
1559:29 April
1529:29 April
1519:aqua.org
1390:Archived
1272:Archived
984:SS
901:See also
850:Maryland
805:and the
773:and the
537:bumboats
500:and the
396:drowning
253:Bankside
190:aldermen
79:helmsman
75:pilotage
71:medieval
51:waterman
1151:History
954:Bumboat
929:Gondola
794:Admiral
777:around
769:around
761:and in
594:Beckton
552:Tilbury
408:cholera
404:typhoid
350:pressed
233:James I
1611:
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854:boiler
771:Hobart
736:Mayhew
733:1,500
725:2,453
646:Newham
633:Livery
420:stairs
301:. The
149:wherry
35:rowing
1609:S2CID
743:2006
730:1850
722:1628
714:Date
705:tidal
454:Badge
153:skiff
1561:2018
1531:2018
1454:ISBN
1374:2007
1337:2023
1311:2007
1195:2020
1059:2022
1034:2022
829:and
790:feet
746:600
651:The
644:and
592:and
406:and
371:and
321:for
227:The
65:and
57:and
29:The
1599:doi
1187:NPR
1159:doi
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270:by
151:or
115:by
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