1553:
2899:
3154:
1859:
3166:
1884:, along the Weinberg angle. The neutral Higgs field (circled) breaks the electroweak symmetry and interacts with other particles to give them mass. Three components of the Higgs field become part of the massive
2117:
522:
with U(1) transformations by definition and therefore U(1) charges for the elements of the SU(2) doublet (for example lefthanded up and down quarks) have to be equal. This is why U(1) cannot be identified with
502:
671:
1545:). The weak hypercharge for an anti-fermion is the opposite of that of the corresponding fermion because the electric charge and the third component of the weak isospin reverse sign under
1594:
2012:
760:
1935:
404:
2784:
309:
340:
2928:
3036:
2044:
3170:
2416:
354:
2913:
420:(only terms that are overall weak-hypercharge neutral are allowed in the Lagrangian). However, one of the interactions is with the
304:
440:
428:
is nonzero, particles interact with this field all the time even in vacuum. This changes their weak hypercharge (and weak isospin
2777:
3031:
2726:
2609:
2521:
333:
612:
1892:
The sum of −isospin and +charge is zero for each of the gauge bosons; consequently, all the electroweak gauge bosons have
3114:
2770:
2697:
2938:
2751:
2486:
2457:
3119:
326:
314:
508:
3079:
1561:
2970:
2918:
1962:
2591:
708:
3129:
3202:
2587:
1542:
1900:
1552:
417:
33:
3084:
380:
3192:
3089:
2583:
2264:
2136:
and most extensions, this implies that baryon number minus lepton number is also always conserved.
2129:
425:
3197:
3158:
3003:
2871:
2861:
2478:
598:
2541:
2876:
2849:
71:
2449:
515:
of strong interactions (which is not conserved in weak interactions and is zero for leptons).
3124:
2998:
2965:
2685:
2441:
3074:
3013:
3008:
2982:
2829:
2648:
2553:
8:
3041:
1538:
785:
777:
2652:
2557:
3069:
2839:
2715:
2686:
2661:
2638:
2626:
1546:
2503:
2955:
2747:
2722:
2693:
2666:
2605:
2565:
2517:
2482:
2453:
2442:
2022:
1946:
are determined up to a twofold ambiguity by requiring cancellation of all anomalies.
884:
683:
3134:
2866:
2807:
2656:
2597:
2579:
2561:
2509:
840:
799:
543:
358:
38:
3056:
2923:
531:
370:
153:
3094:
2793:
2593:
The rise of the
Standard Model: A history of particle physics from 1964 to 1979
2133:
1954:
For convenience, weak hypercharge is often represented at half-scale, so that
1943:
1556:
1040:
407:
366:
46:
3186:
3064:
3023:
2670:
2601:
2404:
2400:
2236:
2229:
1885:
1374:
905:
561:
128:
119:
3046:
2977:
2886:
2844:
2834:
2260:
1863:
1378:
926:
849:
808:
694:
374:
137:
2692:. Boca Raton, FL / New York, NY: CRC Press / Harwood Academic Publishers.
2513:
2960:
2854:
2822:
2817:
2421:
1810:
1177:
547:
512:
421:
182:
80:
24:
20:
2124:
1370:
519:
162:
98:
2363:
2035:
1197:
279:
2433:
3139:
2643:
2299:
2112:{\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{2}}X+Y_{\rm {W}}={\tfrac {5}{2}}(B-L)\,}
1157:
1000:
2812:
2762:
2399:, even though it would individually violate conservation of both
2147:
1699:
1665:
788:
780:
770:
574:
89:
55:
700:
Rearranging, the weak hypercharge can be explicitly defined as:
2572:
2167:
1736:
594:
1880:, of the known elementary particles, showing electric charge,
1858:
1773:
1620:
497:{\displaystyle \ Q=T_{3}+{\tfrac {1}{2}}\,Y_{\mathsf {W}}\ }
2706:
2578:
2324:
1020:
410:
2618:
2627:"Electroweak symmetry breaking in historical perspective"
1537:
where "left"- and "right"-handed here are left and right
2596:(1st ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 14.
2439:
2132:. Since weak hypercharge is always conserved within the
507:
Mathematically, weak hypercharge appears similar to the
2535:
2533:
2082:
2049:
636:
467:
2735:
2466:
2440:
Donoghue, J.F.; Golowich, E.; Holstein, B.R. (1994).
2047:
1965:
1903:
1564:
711:
666:{\displaystyle Q=T_{3}+{\tfrac {1}{2}}Y_{\text{W}}~,}
615:
443:
383:
2530:
2389:
Hence this hypothetical proton decay would conserve
2021:
the average electric charge of the particles in the
2714:
2111:
2006:
1929:
1588:
754:
665:
571:electroweak quantum field to produce the observed
496:
398:
2713:Peskin, Michael E.; Schroeder, Daniel V. (1995).
2688:Particle Physics and Introduction to Field Theory
2677:
3184:
518:In the electroweak theory SU(2) transformations
2712:
2495:
993:
990:
987:
971:
2929:Mathematical formulation of the Standard Model
2741:
2778:
2631:Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science
334:
604:The weak hypercharge satisfies the relation
2475:Gauge Theory of Elementary Particle Physics
2029:
527:and weak hypercharge has to be introduced.
2785:
2771:
2508:. Princeton University Press. p. 87.
341:
327:
16:Abelian charge found in electroweak theory
2744:The Mathematical Theory of Cosmic Strings
2660:
2642:
2542:"Partial-symmetries of weak interactions"
2505:Elementary Particle Physics in a Nutshell
2417:Standard Model (mathematical formulation)
2108:
1966:
1949:
1904:
530:Weak hypercharge was first introduced by
478:
1857:
1596:and relation between coupling constants
1589:{\displaystyle ~\theta _{\mathsf {W}}~,}
1551:
437:). Only a specific combination of them,
2717:An Introduction to Quantum Field Theory
2539:
2472:
2007:{\displaystyle \,Y_{\rm {W}}=Q-T_{3}~,}
3185:
2448:. Cambridge University Press. p.
1574:
755:{\displaystyle Y_{\rm {W}}=2(Q-T_{3})}
485:
390:
2766:
2721:. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company.
2624:
2540:Glashow, Sheldon L. (February 1961).
2501:
3165:
2683:
2590:; Dresden, Max, eds. (1997-11-13).
2242:separately, so also the difference
13:
2792:
2662:10.1146/annurev-nucl-102313-025537
2072:
1973:
1930:{\displaystyle \,Y_{\text{W}}=0~.}
718:
14:
3214:
2128:is a conserved quantum number in
2036:baryon number minus lepton number
504:(electric charge), is conserved.
3164:
3153:
3152:
2897:
2139:
2255:
2034:Weak hypercharge is related to
1942:Hypercharge assignments in the
399:{\displaystyle Y_{\mathsf {W}}}
357:of electroweak interactions of
3080:Causal dynamical triangulation
2502:Tully, Christopher G. (2012).
2473:Cheng, T.P.; Li, L.F. (2006).
2444:Dynamics of the Standard Model
2228:Hence neutron decay conserves
2105:
2093:
1541:, respectively (distinct from
749:
730:
1:
2919:Spontaneous symmetry breaking
2427:
546:of the U(1) component of the
537:
2566:10.1016/0029-5582(61)90469-2
1515:
1512:
1494:
1418:
1400:
1382:
1349:
1346:
1328:
1252:
1234:
1216:
1147:
1144:
1141:
1080:
1062:
1059:
968:
950:
947:
7:
2625:Quigg, Chris (2015-10-19).
2410:
682:is the electric charge (in
509:Gell-Mann–Nishijima formula
377:. It is frequently denoted
373:and the third component of
10:
3219:
2265:grand unification theories
1608:. Adapted from Lee (1981).
693:is the third component of
18:
3148:
3107:
3085:Canonical quantum gravity
3055:
3022:
2991:
2948:
2937:
2906:
2895:
2800:
2746:. CRC Press. p. 12.
1659:
1152:
878:
784:
776:
769:
3090:Superfluid vacuum theory
2702:– via Archive.org.
2602:10.1017/cbo9780511471094
2263:is a prediction of many
2030:Baryon and lepton number
1873:, and weak hypercharge,
542:Weak hypercharge is the
426:vacuum expectation value
424:. Since the Higgs field
19:Not to be confused with
2872:Quantum electrodynamics
2862:Electroweak interaction
2742:Anderson, M.R. (2003).
2479:Oxford University Press
2019:which is equal to just
697:(the SU(2) component).
599:quantum electrodynamics
406:and corresponds to the
315:Flavour complementarity
112:Related quantum numbers
2850:Quantum chromodynamics
2113:
2008:
1950:Alternative half-scale
1931:
1889:
1609:
1590:
756:
667:
498:
400:
2966:Cosmological constant
2514:10.1515/9781400839353
2114:
2009:
1932:
1861:
1591:
1555:
757:
668:
499:
401:
3075:Loop quantum gravity
3014:Theory of everything
3009:Grand Unified Theory
2983:Neutrino oscillation
2830:Quantum field theory
2045:
1963:
1901:
1562:
709:
613:
593:gauge boson and the
441:
381:
3042:Split supersymmetry
3004:Kaluza–Klein theory
2877:Fermi's interaction
2653:2015ARNPS..65...25Q
2558:1961NucPh..22..579G
560:and its associated
3203:Electroweak theory
3070:Superstring theory
2840:Strong interaction
2684:Lee, T.D. (1981).
2109:
2091:
2058:
2004:
1927:
1890:
1610:
1586:
1547:charge conjugation
752:
663:
645:
494:
476:
396:
3180:
3179:
3103:
3102:
2978:Strong CP problem
2956:Hierarchy problem
2728:978-0-201-50397-5
2611:978-0-521-57082-4
2580:Hoddeson, Lillian
2523:978-1-4008-3935-3
2385:
2384:
2357: └→
2090:
2057:
2023:isospin multiplet
2000:
1923:
1912:
1856:
1855:
1582:
1567:
1535:
1534:
684:elementary charge
659:
654:
644:
493:
475:
446:
351:
350:
3210:
3168:
3167:
3156:
3155:
2946:
2945:
2901:
2900:
2882:Weak hypercharge
2867:Weak interaction
2808:Particle physics
2787:
2780:
2773:
2764:
2763:
2758:
2757:
2739:
2733:
2732:
2720:
2710:
2704:
2703:
2691:
2681:
2675:
2674:
2664:
2646:
2622:
2616:
2615:
2588:Riordan, Michael
2576:
2570:
2569:
2537:
2528:
2527:
2499:
2493:
2492:
2470:
2464:
2463:
2447:
2437:
2398:
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2393:
2381:
2380:
2378:
2377:
2370:
2369:
2342:
2341:
2339:
2338:
2331:
2330:
2316:
2314:
2313:
2306:
2305:
2291:
2290:
2289:
2282:
2281:
2272:
2271:
2251:
2250:
2246:
2241:
2234:
2224:
2223:
2222:
2221:
2214:
2211:
2210:
2202:
2201:
2200:
2193:
2192:
2184:
2182:
2181:
2174:
2173:
2164:
2162:
2161:
2154:
2153:
2118:
2116:
2115:
2110:
2092:
2083:
2077:
2076:
2075:
2059:
2050:
2013:
2011:
2010:
2005:
1998:
1997:
1996:
1978:
1977:
1976:
1936:
1934:
1933:
1928:
1921:
1914:
1913:
1910:
1883:
1876:
1869:
1849:
1847:
1846:
1843:
1840:
1828:
1827:
1825:
1824:
1817:
1816:
1791:
1790:
1788:
1787:
1780:
1779:
1754:
1753:
1751:
1750:
1743:
1742:
1731:Electromagnetic
1717:
1716:
1714:
1713:
1706:
1705:
1683:
1682:
1680:
1679:
1672:
1671:
1652:
1640:
1631:
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1611:
1595:
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1501:
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1473:
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1471:
1463:
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1428:
1425:
1416:
1414:
1413:
1410:
1407:
1398:
1396:
1395:
1392:
1389:
1365:
1363:
1362:
1359:
1356:
1344:
1342:
1341:
1338:
1335:
1326:
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1324:
1316:
1315:
1307:
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1305:
1297:
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1278:
1277:
1268:
1266:
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1262:
1259:
1250:
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1247:
1244:
1241:
1232:
1230:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1214:
1212:
1211:
1204:
1203:
1194:
1192:
1191:
1184:
1183:
1174:
1172:
1171:
1164:
1163:
1139:
1138:
1137:
1129:
1128:
1120:
1119:
1118:
1110:
1109:
1101:
1100:
1099:
1091:
1090:
1078:
1076:
1075:
1072:
1069:
1057:
1055:
1054:
1047:
1046:
1037:
1035:
1034:
1027:
1026:
1017:
1015:
1014:
1007:
1006:
984:
980:
979:
974:
966:
964:
963:
960:
957:
945:
944:
942:
941:
933:
932:
923:
921:
920:
912:
911:
902:
900:
899:
891:
890:
871:
857:
846:
830:
816:
805:
767:
766:
761:
759:
758:
753:
748:
747:
723:
722:
721:
689:
681:
672:
670:
669:
664:
657:
656:
655:
652:
646:
637:
631:
630:
592:
591:
589:
588:
581:
580:
570:
566:
559:
558:
555:
503:
501:
500:
495:
491:
490:
489:
488:
477:
468:
462:
461:
444:
436:
405:
403:
402:
397:
395:
394:
393:
363:weak hypercharge
359:particle physics
343:
336:
329:
237:Weak hypercharge
39:particle physics
30:
29:
3218:
3217:
3213:
3212:
3211:
3209:
3208:
3207:
3193:Nuclear physics
3183:
3182:
3181:
3176:
3144:
3099:
3057:Quantum gravity
3051:
3018:
2987:
2940:
2933:
2924:Higgs mechanism
2902:
2898:
2893:
2796:
2791:
2761:
2754:
2740:
2736:
2729:
2711:
2707:
2700:
2682:
2678:
2623:
2619:
2612:
2577:
2573:
2546:Nuclear Physics
2538:
2531:
2524:
2500:
2496:
2489:
2471:
2467:
2460:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2413:
2395:
2391:
2390:
2376:
2374:
2373:
2372:
2368:
2366:
2365:
2364:
2362:
2360:
2337:
2335:
2334:
2333:
2329:
2327:
2326:
2325:
2323:
2322:
2312:
2310:
2309:
2308:
2304:
2302:
2301:
2300:
2298:
2288:
2286:
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2284:
2280:
2278:
2277:
2276:
2275:
2258:
2248:
2244:
2243:
2239:
2232:
2220:
2217:
2216:
2215:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2206:
2205:
2204:
2199:
2197:
2196:
2195:
2191:
2189:
2188:
2187:
2186:
2180:
2178:
2177:
2176:
2172:
2170:
2169:
2168:
2166:
2160:
2158:
2157:
2156:
2152:
2150:
2149:
2148:
2146:
2145:
2142:
2081:
2071:
2070:
2066:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2042:
2032:
1992:
1988:
1972:
1971:
1967:
1964:
1961:
1960:
1952:
1909:
1905:
1902:
1899:
1898:
1881:
1879:
1874:
1872:
1867:
1862:The pattern of
1844:
1841:
1838:
1837:
1835:
1823:
1821:
1820:
1819:
1815:
1813:
1812:
1811:
1809:
1808:
1786:
1784:
1783:
1782:
1778:
1776:
1775:
1774:
1772:
1771:
1749:
1747:
1746:
1745:
1741:
1739:
1738:
1737:
1735:
1734:
1712:
1710:
1709:
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1704:
1702:
1701:
1700:
1698:
1697:
1678:
1676:
1675:
1674:
1670:
1668:
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1666:
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1663:
1655:
1650:
1649:
1647:
1643:
1638:
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1635:
1629:
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1616:
1573:
1572:
1568:
1563:
1560:
1559:
1526:
1523:
1520:
1519:
1517:
1505:
1502:
1499:
1498:
1496:
1489:
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1484:
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1476:
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1470:
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1459:
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1456:
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1448:
1447:
1446:
1442:
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1438:
1437:
1429:
1426:
1423:
1422:
1420:
1411:
1408:
1405:
1404:
1402:
1393:
1390:
1387:
1386:
1384:
1360:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1351:
1339:
1336:
1333:
1332:
1330:
1323:
1320:
1319:
1318:
1314:
1312:
1311:
1310:
1309:
1304:
1301:
1300:
1299:
1295:
1293:
1292:
1291:
1290:
1285:
1282:
1281:
1280:
1276:
1274:
1273:
1272:
1271:
1263:
1260:
1257:
1256:
1254:
1245:
1242:
1239:
1238:
1236:
1227:
1224:
1221:
1220:
1218:
1210:
1208:
1207:
1206:
1202:
1200:
1199:
1198:
1196:
1190:
1188:
1187:
1186:
1182:
1180:
1179:
1178:
1176:
1170:
1168:
1167:
1166:
1162:
1160:
1159:
1158:
1156:
1136:
1133:
1132:
1131:
1127:
1125:
1124:
1123:
1122:
1117:
1114:
1113:
1112:
1108:
1106:
1105:
1104:
1103:
1098:
1095:
1094:
1093:
1089:
1087:
1086:
1085:
1084:
1073:
1070:
1067:
1066:
1064:
1053:
1051:
1050:
1049:
1045:
1043:
1042:
1041:
1039:
1033:
1031:
1030:
1029:
1025:
1023:
1022:
1021:
1019:
1013:
1011:
1010:
1009:
1005:
1003:
1002:
1001:
999:
985:
982:
981:
977:
976:
972:
961:
958:
955:
954:
952:
940:
937:
936:
935:
931:
929:
928:
927:
925:
919:
916:
915:
914:
910:
908:
907:
906:
904:
898:
895:
894:
893:
889:
887:
886:
885:
883:
882:
874:
869:
868:
866:
864:
860:
855:
854:
851:
844:
843:
839:
833:
828:
827:
825:
823:
819:
814:
813:
810:
803:
802:
798:
772:
743:
739:
717:
716:
712:
710:
707:
706:
692:
687:
679:
651:
647:
635:
626:
622:
614:
611:
610:
587:
585:
584:
583:
579:
577:
576:
575:
573:
572:
568:
567:mixes with the
564:
556:
553:
551:
540:
532:Sheldon Glashow
526:
484:
483:
479:
466:
457:
453:
442:
439:
438:
435:
429:
389:
388:
384:
382:
379:
378:
371:electric charge
347:
277:
264:
253:
245:
230:
154:Electric charge
150:
68:
47:quantum numbers
37:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3216:
3206:
3205:
3200:
3198:Standard Model
3195:
3178:
3177:
3175:
3174:
3162:
3149:
3146:
3145:
3143:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3111:
3109:
3105:
3104:
3101:
3100:
3098:
3097:
3095:Twistor theory
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3061:
3059:
3053:
3052:
3050:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3028:
3026:
3020:
3019:
3017:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2995:
2993:
2989:
2988:
2986:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2974:
2973:
2963:
2958:
2952:
2950:
2943:
2941:Standard Model
2935:
2934:
2932:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2910:
2908:
2904:
2903:
2896:
2894:
2892:
2891:
2890:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2859:
2858:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2826:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2804:
2802:
2798:
2797:
2794:Standard Model
2790:
2789:
2782:
2775:
2767:
2760:
2759:
2752:
2734:
2727:
2705:
2699:978-3718600335
2698:
2676:
2617:
2610:
2571:
2552:(4): 579–588.
2529:
2522:
2494:
2487:
2465:
2458:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2425:
2424:
2419:
2412:
2409:
2387:
2386:
2383:
2382:
2375:
2367:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2345:
2343:
2336:
2328:
2320:
2317:
2311:
2303:
2296:
2293:
2287:
2279:
2257:
2254:
2252:is conserved.
2226:
2225:
2218:
2208:
2198:
2190:
2179:
2171:
2159:
2151:
2141:
2138:
2134:Standard Model
2120:
2119:
2107:
2104:
2101:
2098:
2095:
2089:
2086:
2080:
2074:
2069:
2065:
2062:
2056:
2053:
2031:
2028:
2017:
2016:
2015:
2014:
2003:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1984:
1981:
1975:
1970:
1951:
1948:
1944:Standard Model
1940:
1939:
1938:
1937:
1926:
1920:
1917:
1908:
1886:W and Z bosons
1877:
1870:
1854:
1853:
1850:
1832:
1829:
1822:
1814:
1806:
1802:
1801:
1798:
1795:
1792:
1785:
1777:
1769:
1765:
1764:
1761:
1758:
1755:
1748:
1740:
1732:
1728:
1727:
1724:
1721:
1718:
1711:
1703:
1694:
1693:
1690:
1687:
1684:
1677:
1669:
1661:
1657:
1656:
1653:
1644:
1641:
1632:
1623:
1618:
1585:
1576:
1571:
1557:Weinberg angle
1533:
1532:
1514:
1511:
1493:
1487:
1479:
1468:
1460:
1449:
1441:
1435:
1417:
1399:
1381:
1367:
1366:
1348:
1345:
1327:
1321:
1313:
1302:
1294:
1283:
1275:
1269:
1251:
1233:
1215:
1209:
1201:
1189:
1181:
1169:
1161:
1154:
1150:
1149:
1146:
1143:
1140:
1134:
1126:
1115:
1107:
1096:
1088:
1082:
1079:
1061:
1058:
1052:
1044:
1032:
1024:
1012:
1004:
996:
995:
992:
989:
986:
975:
970:
967:
949:
946:
938:
930:
917:
909:
896:
888:
880:
876:
875:
872:
861:
858:
847:
836:
834:
831:
820:
817:
806:
795:
792:
791:
783:
775:
765:
764:
763:
762:
751:
746:
742:
738:
735:
732:
729:
726:
720:
715:
690:
676:
675:
674:
673:
662:
650:
643:
640:
634:
629:
625:
621:
618:
586:
578:
539:
536:
524:
487:
482:
474:
471:
465:
460:
456:
452:
449:
433:
408:gauge symmetry
392:
387:
367:quantum number
355:Standard Model
349:
348:
346:
345:
338:
331:
323:
320:
319:
318:
317:
312:
307:
299:
298:
297:Flavour mixing
294:
293:
292:
291:
290:
289:
275:
266:
262:
251:
243:
234:
233:
232:
228:
215:
177:
176:
172:
171:
170:
169:
160:
151:
148:
135:
126:
114:
113:
109:
108:
107:
106:
96:
87:
78:
69:
66:
50:
49:
42:
41:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3215:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3190:
3188:
3173:
3172:
3163:
3161:
3160:
3151:
3150:
3147:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3112:
3110:
3106:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3065:String theory
3063:
3062:
3060:
3058:
3054:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3029:
3027:
3025:
3024:Supersymmetry
3021:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2996:
2994:
2990:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2972:
2969:
2968:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2953:
2951:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2936:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2911:
2909:
2905:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2864:
2863:
2860:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2842:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2810:
2809:
2806:
2805:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2788:
2783:
2781:
2776:
2774:
2769:
2768:
2765:
2755:
2753:0-7503-0160-0
2749:
2745:
2738:
2730:
2724:
2719:
2718:
2709:
2701:
2695:
2690:
2689:
2680:
2672:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2621:
2613:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2594:
2589:
2585:
2584:Brown, Laurie
2581:
2575:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2536:
2534:
2525:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2506:
2498:
2490:
2488:0-19-851961-3
2484:
2480:
2476:
2469:
2461:
2459:0-521-47652-6
2455:
2451:
2446:
2445:
2436:
2432:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2414:
2408:
2406:
2405:baryon number
2402:
2401:lepton number
2379:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2352:
2350:
2348:
2347:
2344:
2340:
2321:
2318:
2315:
2297:
2294:
2274:
2273:
2270:
2269:
2268:
2266:
2262:
2253:
2238:
2237:lepton number
2231:
2230:baryon number
2183:
2163:
2144:
2143:
2140:Neutron decay
2137:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2126:
2102:
2099:
2096:
2087:
2084:
2078:
2067:
2063:
2060:
2054:
2051:
2041:
2040:
2039:
2037:
2027:
2025:
2024:
2001:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1982:
1979:
1968:
1959:
1958:
1957:
1956:
1955:
1947:
1945:
1924:
1918:
1915:
1906:
1897:
1896:
1895:
1894:
1893:
1887:
1865:
1860:
1851:
1833:
1830:
1826:
1807:
1804:
1803:
1799:
1796:
1793:
1789:
1770:
1767:
1766:
1762:
1759:
1756:
1752:
1733:
1730:
1729:
1725:
1722:
1719:
1715:
1696:
1695:
1691:
1688:
1685:
1681:
1662:
1658:
1645:
1633:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1614:
1613:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1583:
1569:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1436:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1369:
1368:
1270:
1213:
1193:
1173:
1155:
1151:
1083:
1056:
1036:
1016:
998:
997:
983:May not exist
943:
922:
901:
881:
877:
862:
853:
848:
842:
837:
835:
821:
812:
807:
801:
796:
794:
793:
790:
787:
782:
779:
774:
768:
744:
740:
736:
733:
727:
724:
713:
705:
704:
703:
702:
701:
698:
696:
685:
660:
648:
641:
638:
632:
627:
623:
619:
616:
609:
608:
607:
606:
605:
602:
600:
596:
590:
563:
562:quantum field
550:gauge group,
549:
545:
535:
533:
528:
521:
516:
514:
510:
505:
480:
472:
469:
463:
458:
454:
450:
447:
432:
427:
423:
419:
414:
412:
409:
385:
376:
372:
369:relating the
368:
364:
360:
356:
344:
339:
337:
332:
330:
325:
324:
322:
321:
316:
313:
311:
308:
306:
303:
302:
301:
300:
296:
295:
287:
286:
282:
274:
270:
267:
261:
257:
250:
247:
246:
242:
238:
235:
227:
223:
219:
216:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
190:
189:
188:
184:
181:
180:
179:
178:
174:
173:
168:
164:
161:
159:
155:
152:
147:
143:
139:
136:
134:
130:
129:Lepton number
127:
125:
121:
120:Baryon number
118:
117:
116:
115:
111:
110:
104:
100:
97:
95:
91:
88:
86:
82:
79:
77:
73:
70:
65:
61:
57:
54:
53:
52:
51:
48:
44:
43:
40:
35:
32:
31:
26:
22:
3169:
3157:
3047:Supergravity
2907:Constituents
2887:Weak isospin
2881:
2845:Color charge
2835:Gauge theory
2743:
2737:
2716:
2708:
2687:
2679:
2637:(1): 25–42.
2634:
2630:
2620:
2592:
2574:
2549:
2545:
2504:
2497:
2474:
2468:
2443:
2435:
2388:
2261:Proton decay
2259:
2256:Proton decay
2227:
2123:
2121:
2033:
2020:
2018:
1953:
1941:
1891:
1864:weak isospin
1648:hypercharge
1605:
1601:
1597:
1536:
786:Right-chiral
699:
695:weak isospin
677:
603:
541:
529:
517:
506:
430:
415:
375:weak isospin
362:
352:
284:
280:
272:
268:
259:
255:
248:
240:
236:
225:
221:
217:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
186:
175:Combinations
166:
157:
145:
141:
138:Weak isospin
132:
123:
102:
93:
84:
75:
63:
59:
3108:Experiments
2999:Technicolor
2961:Dark matter
2855:Quark model
2823:Higgs boson
2818:Gauge boson
2422:weak charge
1615:Interaction
778:Left-chiral
686:units) and
548:electroweak
513:hypercharge
422:Higgs field
310:PMNS matrix
183:Hypercharge
81:Strangeness
25:Weak charge
21:Hypercharge
3187:Categories
3115:Gran Sasso
2939:Beyond the
2914:CKM matrix
2801:Background
2644:1503.01756
2428:References
538:Definition
305:CKM matrix
210:′ +
99:Bottomness
2671:0163-8998
2100:−
1986:−
1625:Electric
1617:mediated
1570:θ
1539:chirality
1148:−2
1142:−1
1081:−1
1060:−1
969:−1
838:Electric
797:Electric
737:−
544:generator
534:in 1961.
418:conserved
3159:Category
3140:Tevatron
2992:Theories
2949:Evidence
2813:Fermions
2411:See also
2319: +
2295:→
1636:isospin
1602:g′
1543:helicity
879:Leptons
789:fermions
781:fermions
771:Fermion
511:for the
163:X-charge
45:Flavour
3171:Commons
3135:Super-K
2971:problem
2649:Bibcode
2554:Bibcode
1848:
1836:
1834:−
1768:Strong
1627:charge
1530:
1518:
1516:−
1509:
1497:
1495:−
1433:
1421:
1415:
1403:
1401:−
1397:
1385:
1383:−
1364:
1352:
1343:
1331:
1267:
1255:
1249:
1237:
1231:
1219:
1153:Quarks
1077:
1065:
1063:−
965:
953:
867:charge
852:isospin
826:charge
811:isospin
520:commute
353:In the
105:′
90:Topness
56:Isospin
34:Flavour
2750:
2725:
2696:
2669:
2608:
2520:
2485:
2456:
2371:γ
2332:π
2292:
2213:ν
2122:where
1999:
1922:
1805:Higgs
1744:γ
1604:, and
1581:
1566:
1048:τ
1028:μ
973:ν
939:τ
934:ν
918:μ
913:ν
892:ν
865:hyper-
841:charge
824:hyper-
800:charge
773:family
678:where
658:
595:photon
492:
445:
416:It is
361:, the
3037:NMSSM
2639:arXiv
2038:via:
1660:Weak
1646:Weak
1634:Weak
1621:Boson
863:Weak
850:Weak
822:Weak
809:Weak
552:SU(2)
365:is a
278:= 5 (
254:= 2 (
220:= 2 (
72:Charm
3032:MSSM
2748:ISBN
2723:ISBN
2694:ISBN
2667:ISSN
2606:ISBN
2518:ISBN
2483:ISBN
2454:ISBN
2403:and
2235:and
557:U(1)
523:U(1)
411:U(1)
3130:SNO
3125:LHC
3120:INO
2657:doi
2598:doi
2562:doi
2510:doi
2130:GUT
1852:+1
1689:±1
1686:±1
597:of
271:+ 2
194:= (
144:or
62:or
23:or
3189::
2665:.
2655:.
2647:.
2635:65
2633:.
2629:.
2604:.
2586:;
2582:;
2560:.
2550:22
2548:.
2544:.
2532:^
2516:.
2481:.
2477:.
2452:.
2450:52
2407:.
2394:−
2267:.
2247:−
2203:+
2185:+
2165:→
2026:.
1882:Q
1866:,
1831:0
1800:0
1797:0
1794:0
1763:0
1760:0
1757:0
1726:0
1723:0
1720:0
1692:0
1600:,
1549:.
1513:0
1474:,
1455:,
1377:,
1373:,
1347:0
1308:,
1289:,
1195:,
1175:,
1145:0
1121:,
1102:,
1038:,
1018:,
994:0
991:0
988:0
948:0
924:,
903:,
601:.
525:em
413:.
283:−
258:−
239::
224:−
206:+
202:+
198:+
185::
165::
156::
140::
131::
122::
101::
92::
83::
74::
58::
36:in
2786:e
2779:t
2772:v
2756:.
2731:.
2673:.
2659::
2651::
2641::
2614:.
2600::
2568:.
2564::
2556::
2526:.
2512::
2491:.
2462:.
2396:L
2392:B
2361:2
2307:e
2283:p
2249:L
2245:B
2240:L
2233:B
2219:e
2194:e
2175:p
2155:n
2125:X
2106:)
2103:L
2097:B
2094:(
2088:2
2085:5
2079:=
2073:W
2068:Y
2064:+
2061:X
2055:2
2052:1
2002:,
1994:3
1990:T
1983:Q
1980:=
1974:W
1969:Y
1925:.
1919:0
1916:=
1911:W
1907:Y
1888:.
1878:W
1875:Y
1871:3
1868:T
1845:2
1842:/
1839:1
1818:H
1781:g
1707:Z
1673:W
1654:W
1651:Y
1642:3
1639:T
1630:Q
1606:e
1598:g
1584:,
1575:W
1527:3
1524:/
1521:2
1506:3
1503:/
1500:1
1488:R
1483:b
1469:R
1464:s
1450:R
1445:d
1430:3
1427:/
1424:1
1419:+
1412:2
1409:/
1406:1
1394:3
1391:/
1388:1
1379:b
1375:s
1371:d
1361:3
1358:/
1355:4
1350:+
1340:3
1337:/
1334:2
1329:+
1322:R
1317:t
1303:R
1298:c
1284:R
1279:u
1264:3
1261:/
1258:1
1253:+
1246:2
1243:/
1240:1
1235:+
1228:3
1225:/
1222:2
1217:+
1205:t
1185:c
1165:u
1135:R
1130:τ
1116:R
1111:μ
1097:R
1092:e
1074:2
1071:/
1068:1
1008:e
978:R
962:2
959:/
956:1
951:+
897:e
873:W
870:Y
859:3
856:T
845:Q
832:W
829:Y
818:3
815:T
804:Q
750:)
745:3
741:T
734:Q
731:(
728:2
725:=
719:W
714:Y
691:3
688:T
680:Q
661:,
653:W
649:Y
642:2
639:1
633:+
628:3
624:T
620:=
617:Q
582:Z
569:W
565:B
554:×
486:W
481:Y
473:2
470:1
464:+
459:3
455:T
451:=
448:Q
434:3
431:T
391:W
386:Y
342:e
335:t
328:v
288:)
285:L
281:B
276:W
273:Y
269:X
265:)
263:3
260:T
256:Q
252:W
249:Y
244:W
241:Y
231:)
229:3
226:I
222:Q
218:Y
214:)
212:T
208:B
204:C
200:S
196:B
192:Y
187:Y
167:X
158:Q
149:3
146:T
142:T
133:L
124:B
103:B
94:T
85:S
76:C
67:3
64:I
60:I
27:.
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