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Web accessibility

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1255:, the Disability Act 2005 requires that where a public body communicates in electronic form with one or more persons, the contents of the communication must be, as far as practicable, "accessible to persons with a visual impairment to whom adaptive technology is available" (Section 28(2)). The National Disability Authority has produced a Code of Practice giving guidance to public bodies on how to meet the obligations of the Act. This is an approved code of practice and its provisions have the force of legally binding statutory obligations. It states that a public body can achieve compliance with Section 28(2) by "reviewing existing practices for electronic communications in terms of accessibility against relevant guidelines and standards", giving the example of "Double A conformance with the Web Accessibility Initiative's (WAI) Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG)". 1310:. The Act went into force in 2009, and the Ministry of Government Administration, Reform and Church Affairs published the Regulations for universal design of information and communication technology (ICT) solutions in 2013. The regulations require compliance with Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 2.0 (WCAG 2.0) / NS / ISO / IEC 40500: 2012, level A and AA with some exceptions. The Norwegian Agency for Public Management and eGovernment (Difi) is responsible for overseeing that ICT solutions aimed at the general public are in compliance with the legislative and regulatory requirements. 1125:
standardisation organisations. Mandates are usually accepted by the standardisation organisation because they are based on preliminary consultation, although technically the organisation is independent and has a right to decline the mandate. The mandate also called for the development of an electronic toolkit for public procurers enabling them to have access to the resulting harmonised requirements. The commission also noted that the harmonised outcome, while intended for public procurement purposes, might also be useful for
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the error, and then test to make sure the bug was fixed. If the website is not scheduled to be revised in the near future, that error (and others) would remain on the site for a lengthy period of time, possibly violating accessibility guidelines. Because this is a complicated process, many website owners choose to build accessibility into a new site design or re-launch, as it can be more efficient to develop the site to comply with accessibility guidelines, rather than to remediate errors later.
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EU Web Accessibility Directive the Malta Communications Authority was charged with ensuring the accessibility of online resources owned by Maltese public entities. FITA continues to provide ICT accessibility assessments to public and commercial entities, applying standard EN301549 and WCAG 2.1 as applicable. Therefore, both the Equal Opportunities Act anti-discrimination legislation and the transposed EU Web Accessibility Directive are applicable to the Maltese scenario.
1068:(WCAG) 2.0 AA, and contains a list of exclusions that is updated annually. It is accompanied by an explicit Assessment Methodology that helps government departments comply. The government also developed the Web Experience Toolkit (WET), a set of reusable web components for building innovative websites. The WET helps government departments build innovative websites that are accessible, usable and interoperable and therefore comply with the government's standards. The 5079: 462: 1178:, requiring companies to ensure that the newly marketed products and services covered by the Act are accessible. All websites will need to adhere to the WCAG Principles of Perceivable, Operable, Understandable and Robust, and deliver comparative levels of user experience to disabled customers. As of June 28, 2025, customers will be able to file complaints before national courts or authorities if services or products do not respect the new rules. 5089: 1041:, the federal government published a paper with guidelines for accessibility on 18 January 2005, for public reviewing. On 14 December of the same year, the second version was published, including suggestions made to the first version of the paper. On 7 May 2007, the accessibility guidelines of the paper became compulsory to all federal websites. The current version of the paper, which follows the WCAG 2.0 guidelines, is named 1243:(RPwD) passed in parliament. The law replaced earlier legislation and provided clearer guidance for digital accessibility. The RPwD Act, 106 through Sections 40-46 mandates accessibility to be ensured in all public-centric buildings, transportation systems, Information and Communication Technology (ICT) services, consumer products and all other services being provided by the Government or other service providers. 982:
Some countries, like the U.S., protect access for people with disabilities through the technology procurement process. It is common for nations to support and adopt the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 2.0 by referring to the guidelines in their legislation. Compliance with web accessibility guidelines is a legal requirement primarily in North America, Europe, parts of South America and parts of Asia.
4187: 547:, with textual equivalents provided for images and with links named meaningfully, this helps blind users using text-to-speech software and/or text-to-Braille hardware. When text and images are large and/or enlargeable, it is easier for users with poor sight to read and understand the content. When links are underlined (or otherwise differentiated) as well as colored, this ensures that 1512:. The Ninth Circuit overruled the district court, ruling that because Domino's is a brick-and-mortar store, which must meet the ADA, and the mobile app an extension of their services, their app must also be compliant with the ADA. Domino's petitioned to the Supreme Court, backed by many other restaurants and retail chains, arguing that this decision impacts their 1500:'s website must be accessible. Around 800 cases related to web accessibility were filed in 2017, and over 2,200 were filed in 2018. Additionally, though the Justice Department had stated in 2010 that they would publish guidelines for web accessibility, they reversed this plan in 2017, also spurring legal action against inaccessible sites. 1489:
disabled persons and compatible with common assistive technologies such as the JAWS screen reader, while other courts have taken the position that the ADA does not apply online. The U.S. Department of Justice has endorsed the WCAG2.0AA standard as an appropriate standard for accessibility in multiple settlement agreements.
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accessibility standard for their own websites. In 2012, the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines were also published as an ISO/IEC standard: "ISO/IEC 40500:2012: Information technology – W3C Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 2.0". In 2018, the WAI released the WCAG 2.1 Recommendation that extends WCAG 2.0.
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inadequate in providing semantics reliably. Modern Web applications often apply scripts to elements to control their functionality and to enable them to act as a control or other dynamic component. These custom components or widgets do not provide a way to convey semantic information to the user agent.
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Once an accessibility audit has been conducted, and accessibility errors have been identified, the errors will need to be remediated in order to ensure the site is compliant with accessibility errors. The traditional way of correcting an inaccessible site is to go back into the source code, reprogram
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replaced its blue and white aesthetic with a black and white theme, which was criticized for not conforming to the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines. The company restored the blue and white theme and said it is investing in modernising its website in accords to the latest accessibility guidelines.
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and usable by disabled people. The standard has been designed to introduce non-technical professionals to improved accessibility, usability and user experience for disabled and older people. It will be especially beneficial to anyone new to this subject as it gives guidance on process, rather than on
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In Sweden, Verva, the Swedish Administrative Development Agency is responsible for a set of guidelines for Swedish public sector web sites. Through the guidelines, web accessibility is presented as an integral part of the overall development process and not as a separate issue. The Swedish guidelines
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In Malta Web Content Accessibility assessments were carried out by the Foundation for Information Technology Accessibility (FITA) since 2003. Until 2018, this was done in conformance with the requirements of the Equal Opportunities Act (2000) CAP 43 and applied WACG guidelines. With the advent of the
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In addition, by Decree 656/2019 the regulation of the aforementioned Law No. 26,653 is approved and it is reported that the authority in charge of its application will be the ONTI, "Oficina Nacional de TecnologĂ­as de InformaciĂłn" (National Office of Information Technologies). This agency is in charge
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GIGW aims to ensure the quality and accessibility of government guidelines by offering guidance on desirable practices covering the entire lifecycle of websites, web portals and web applications, right from conceptualization and design to their development, maintenance and management. The Department
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on November 3, 2010. It specifies in its Article 1 that both the National State and its decentralized organisms or those companies that are related in any way with public services or goods, must respect the rules and requirements on accessibility in the design of their web pages. The objective is to
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WCAG 2.0: 4 principles that form the foundation for web accessibility; 12 guidelines (untestable) that are goals for which authors should aim; and 65 testable success criteria. The W3C's Techniques for WCAG 2.0 is a list of techniques that support authors to meet the guidelines and success criteria.
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Accessibility is not confined to the list above, rather it extends to anyone who is experiencing any permanent, temporary or situational disability. Situational disability refers to someone who may be experiencing a boundary based on the current experience. For example, a person may be situationally
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In 2019 new accessibility regulations came into force setting a legal duty for public sector bodies to publish accessibility statements and make their websites accessible by 23 September 2020 Accessibility statements include information about how the website was tested and the organisation's plan
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as a Recommendation. WCAG 2.0 aims to be up to date and more technology neutral. Though web designers can choose either standard to follow, the WCAG 2.0 have been widely accepted as the definitive guidelines on how to create accessible websites. Governments are steadily adopting the WCAG 2.0 as the
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GIGW 3.0 also significantly enhances the guidance on the accessibility and usability of mobile apps, especially by offering specific guidance to government organizations on how to leverage public digital infrastructure devised for whole-of-government delivery of services, benefits and information.
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There has been some criticism of the W3C process, claiming that it does not sufficiently put the user at the heart of the process. There was a formal objection to WCAG's original claim that WCAG 2.0 will address requirements for people with learning disabilities and cognitive limitations headed by
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and related technologies. ARIA enables accessibility by enabling the author to provide all the semantics to fully describe its supported behaviour. It also allows each element to expose its current states and properties and its relationships between other elements. Accessibility problems with the
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For a web page to be accessible all important semantics about the page's functionality must be available so that assistive technology can understand and process the content and adapt it for the user. However, as content becomes more and more complex, the standard HTML tags and attributes become
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Because of the growth in internet usage and its growing importance in everyday life, countries around the world are addressing digital access issues through legislation. One approach is to protect access to websites for people with disabilities by using existing human or civil rights legislation.
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prohibits discrimination on the basis of disability. There is some debate on the matter; multiple courts and the U.S. Department of Justice have taken the position that the ADA requires website and app operators and owners to take affirmative steps to make their websites and apps accessible to
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The Israeli Ministry of Justice recently published regulations requiring Internet websites to comply with Israeli standard 5568, which is based on the W3C Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 2.0. The main differences between the Israeli standard and the W3C standard concern the requirements to
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In 2011, the Government of Canada began phasing in the implementation of a new set of web standards that are aimed at ensuring government websites are accessible, usable, interoperable and optimized for mobile devices. These standards replace Common Look and Feel 2.0 (CLF 2.0) Standards for the
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BS 8878 is intended for anyone responsible for the policies covering web product creation within their organization, and governance against those policies. It additionally assists people responsible for promoting and supporting equality and inclusion initiatives within organizations and people
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Web Content Accessibility Guidelines in Japan were established in 2004 as JIS (Japanese Industrial Standards) X 8341–3. JIS X 8341-3 was revised in 2010 as JIS X 8341-3:2010 to encompass WCAG 2.0, and it was revised in 2016 as JIS X 8341-3:2016 to be identical standards with the international
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and signed by 40 organizations and people. In articles such as "WCAG 2.0: The new W3C guidelines evaluated", "To Hell with WCAG 2.0" and "Testability Costs Too Much", the WAI has been criticised for allowing WCAG 1.0 to get increasingly out of step with today's technologies and techniques for
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requires all Federal agencies' electronic and information technology to be accessible to those with disabilities. Both members of the public and federal employees have the right to access this technology, such as computer hardware and software, websites, phone systems, and copiers. Also,
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of accessible ICT products and services" was embedded in a mandate issued to CEN, CENELEC and ETSI in December 2005, reference M 376. A mandate is a request for the drafting and adoption of a European standard or European standardisation deliverables issued to one or more of the European
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one-handed if they are carrying a baby. Web accessibility should be mindful of users experiencing a wide variety of barriers. According to a 2018 WebAIM global survey of web accessibility practitioners, close to 93% of survey respondents received no formal schooling on web accessibility.
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browser, which can read out, using synthesized speech, either selected elements of what is being displayed on the monitor (helpful for users with reading or learning difficulties), or which can read out everything that is happening on the computer (used by blind and vision impaired
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involved in the procurement, creation or training of web products and content. A summary of BS 8878 is available to help organisations better understand how the standard can help them embed accessibility and inclusive design in their business-as-usual processes.
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The European Commission's "Rolling Plan for ICT Standardisation 2017" notes that ETSI standard EN 301 549 V1.1.2 will need to be updated to add accessibility requirements for mobile applications and evaluation methodologies to test compliance with the standard.
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of assisting and/or advising the individuals and legal entities reached by this Law; in addition to disseminating, approving/updating and also controlling the fulfillment of the accessibility standards and requirements of the web pages; among other functions.
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On 28 May 2019, BS 8878 was superseded by ISO 30071-1, the international Standard that built on BS 8878 and expanded it for international use. A summary of how ISO 30071-1 relates to BS 8878 is available to help organisations understand the new Standard.
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was also the place where the Interregional Seminar and Regional Demonstration Workshop on Accessible Information and Communications Technologies (ICT) to Persons with Disabilities was held where eleven countries from Asia – Pacific were represented. The
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User testing combines elements of usability and accessibility testing, and is valuable for identifying problems that might otherwise be overlooked, but needs to be used knowledgeably to avoid the risk of basing design decisions on one user's
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since disabled customers have other, more accessible means to order. In October 2019, the Supreme Court declined to hear the case, which effectively upheld the decision of the 9th Circuit Court and requires the case to be heard as it stands.
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by a blind user who could not use Domino's mobile app. At the federal district level, the court ruled in favor of Domino's as the Justice Department had not established the guidelines for accessibility, but this was appealed to the
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prohibits discrimination on the basis of disability for entities receiving federal funds and has been cited in multiple lawsuits against organizations such as hospitals that receive federal funds through medicare/medicaid.
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does not refer explicitly to website accessibility, but makes it illegal to discriminate against people with disabilities. The Act applies to anyone providing a service; public, private and voluntary sectors. The
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User testing, usually overseen by technical experts, involves setting tasks for ordinary users to carry out on the website, and reviewing the problems these users encounter as they try to carry out the
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contain criteria which cover the entire life cycle of a website; from its conception to the publication of live web content. These criteria address several areas which should be considered, including:
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Expert technical reviewers, knowledgeable in web design technologies and accessibility, can review a representative selection of pages and provide detailed feedback and advice based on their findings.
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provide captions and texts for audio and video media. The Israeli standards are somewhat more lenient, reflecting the current technical difficulties in providing such captions and texts in Hebrew.
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An English translation was released in April 2008: Swedish National Guidelines for Public Sector Websites. The translation is based on the latest version of Guidelines which was released in 2006.
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Technical expert review will identify many of the problems that exist, but the process is time-consuming, and many websites are too large to make it possible for a person to review every page.
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website evaluation tool are available which can identify some of the problems that are present. Depending on the tool the result may vary widely making it difficult to compare test results.
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also published World Wide Web Access: Disability Discrimination Act Advisory Notes. All Governments in Australia also have policies and guidelines that require accessible public websites.
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content – the information in a web page or web application, including natural information (such as text, images, and sounds) and code or markup that defines structure, presentation, etc.
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Automated tools can process many pages in a relatively short length of time, but can only identify a limited portion of the accessibility problems that might be present in the website.
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The three related web standards are: the Standard on Optimizing Websites and Applications for Mobile Devices, the Standard on Web Usability and the Standard on Web Interoperability.
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In Norway, web accessibility is a legal obligation under the Act 20 June 2008 No 42 relating to a prohibition against discrimination on the basis of disability, also known as the
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creating and consuming web content, for the slow pace of development of WCAG 2.0, for making the new guidelines difficult to navigate and understand, and other argued failings.
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and is referenced in the UK government's e-Accessibility Action Plan as the basis of updated advice on developing accessible online services. It includes recommendations for:
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software that can accept spoken commands to the computer, or turn dictation into grammatically correct text – useful for those who have difficulty using a mouse or a keyboard.
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Directive (EU) 2016/2102 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 October 2016 on the accessibility of the websites and mobile applications of public sector bodies
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without altering the source code. This way, a website can be accessible to different types of users without the need to adjust the website for every accessibility equipment.
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Some categories of websites and apps are excepted from the directive, for example "websites and mobile applications of public service broadcasters and their subsidiaries".
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facilitate access to contents to all persons with disabilities, in order to guarantee equal opportunities in relation to access to information and to avoid discrimination.
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Communication from the Commission to the Council, the European Parliament and the |European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions: eAccessibility
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standard ISO/IEC 40500:2012. The Japanese organization WAIC (Web Accessibility Infrastructure Committee) has published the history and structure of JIS X 8341-3:2016.
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Standardisation Mandate to CEN, CENELEC AND ETSI in support of European Accessibility Requirements for Public Procurement of Products and Services in the ICT Domain
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caused by these effects are not put at risk. And when content is written in plain language and illustrated with instructional diagrams and animations, users with
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on 17 January 2004. The original Stanca Act was based on the WCAG 1.0. On 20 March 2013 the standards required by the Stanca Act were updated to the WCAG 2.0.
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are better able to understand the content. When sites are correctly built and maintained, all of these users can be accommodated without decreasing the
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Numerous lawsuits challenging websites and mobile apps on the basis of the ADA have been filed since 2017. These cases appears spurred by a 2017 case,
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The first of these four standards, Standard on Web Accessibility came into full effect on 31 July 2013. The Standard on Web Accessibility follows the
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In Spain, UNE 139803:2012 is the norm entrusted to regulate web accessibility. This standard is based on Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 2.0.
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version is available, deaf and hard-of-hearing users can understand the video. When flashing effects are avoided or made optional, users prone to
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e.g. difficulty or inability to use the hands, including tremors, muscle slowness, loss of fine muscle control, etc., due to conditions such as
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Giannoumis, G. Anthony (2014). "Regulating Web Content: the nexus of legislation and performance standards in the United Kingdom and Norway".
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to accompany the Act does refer explicitly to websites as one of the "services to the public" which should be considered covered by the Act.
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Equality and Human Rights Commission: PAS 78: a guide to good practice in commissioning accessible websites (which BS 8878 supersedes)
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characters (usually by means of raising pegs through holes in a flat surface) and either a mainstream keyboard or a braille keyboard.
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The techniques are periodically updated whereas the principles, guidelines and success criteria are stable and do not change.
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of Administrative Reforms and Public Grievances made the same a part of the Central Secretariat Manual of Office Procedure.
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software, which enlarges what is displayed on the computer monitor, making it easier to read for vision impaired users.
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developers – designers, coders, authors, etc., including developers with disabilities and users who contribute content
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Involving disabled people in the development process and using automated tools to assist with accessibility testing
698:) of various origins, affecting memory, attention, developmental "maturity", problem-solving and logic skills, etc. 493: 357: 195: 92: 2175: 2067: 5118: 4994: 4530: 4372: 2119: 1823: 4908: 4852: 2748:, EUR-Lex; published in the 'Official Journal of the European Union' on 2 December 2016, accessed 28 March 2017 2302: 993: 753:
Keyboard overlays, which can make typing easier or more accurate for those who have motor control difficulties.
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to fix any accessibility problems. Statements should be published and linked to on every page on the website.
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The management of the guidance and process for upholding existing accessibility guidelines and specifications.
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assistive technology, in some cases – screen readers, alternative keyboards, switches, scanning software, etc.
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Thatcher, Jim; Cynthia Waddell; Shawn Henry; Sarah Swierenga; Mark Urban; Michael Burks; Paul Bohman (2003).
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on eAccessibility was published on 13 September 2005. The commission's aim to "harmonise and facilitate the
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technology, web accessibility has become more accessible. With 3rd party add-ons that leverage AI and
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The number and cost of federal accessibility lawsuits has risen dramatically in the last few years.
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European Commission: Directorate-General for Internal Market, Industry, Entrepreneurship and SMEs:
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device alone, this helps users who cannot use a mouse or even a standard keyboard. When videos are
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stating that all websites managed by public sector bodies have to be made accessible to everyone.
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ISO/IEC 40500:2012: Information technology – W3C Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 2.0
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evaluation tools – web accessibility evaluation tools, HTML validators, CSS validators, etc.
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Ideally, a combination of methods should be used to assess the accessibility of a website.
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with precision. When pages are not coded in a way that hinders navigation by means of the
8: 5123: 5082: 4601: 4269: 3502:"ISO 30071-1 digital accessibility standards (supersedes BS 8878) – all you need to know" 1672: 1114: 1107: 675: 466: 115: 3843:"Number Of Federal Website Accessibility Lawsuits Nearly Triple, Exceeding 2250 In 2018" 5128: 5015: 4837: 4565: 3978: 3449: 1631: 1513: 1277: 747: 652: 631: 427: 48: 4000: 4969: 4822: 4633: 4162: 4131: 4110: 4091: 4060: 4027: 4006: 3985: 3629: 3549: 3532: 3215: 3054: 2628: 2602: 2576: 2490: 1504: 1428: 1401: 1171: 605: 560: 227: 110: 2190: 1422:. This standard effectively supersedes PAS 78 (pub. 2006). PAS 78, produced by the 1340:
Manila Accessible Information and Communications Technologies Design Recommendations
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users' knowledge, experiences, and in some cases, adaptive strategies using the web
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The accessibility of websites relies on the cooperation of several components:
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of ensuring there are no barriers that prevent interaction with, or access to,
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Code of Practice: Rights of Access – Goods, Facilities, Services and Premises
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Information, Guidance and Training on the Americans with Disabilities Act
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Law 26.653 on Accessibility to Information on Web Pages. Approved by the
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WCAG 1.0: 14 guidelines that are general principles of accessible design
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making the authoring tool itself accessible to people with disabilities
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A Curated List of Awesome Accessibility Tools, Articles, and Resources
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Including your missing 20% by embedding web and mobile accessibility
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Maximum Accessibility: Making Your Web Site More Usable for Everyone
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websites of public sector bodies should comply by 23 September 2018;
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external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into
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A growing number of organizations, companies and consultants offer
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International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health
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promoting the content author for accessibility-related information
4658: 3929: 3269:. Norwegian Ministry of Children, Equality and Social Inclusion. 2651:"MEPs vote to make online public services accessible to everyone" 1418: 1327: 1252: 899: 735: 662: 580: 555:
links and areas are large, this helps users who cannot control a
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and guidelines such as Authoring Tool Accessibility Guidelines (
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The paper can be viewed and downloaded at its official website.
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producing accessible output that meets standards and guidelines
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For example, when a site is coded with semantically meaningful
4322:
University of Illinois iCITA HTML Accessibility Best Practices
3691:"About the Section 508 Standards – United States Access Board" 929: 917:
providing ways of checking and correcting inaccessible content
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Content Management Systems (CMS) / authoring tools selection.
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technical and design issues. BS 8878 is consistent with the
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Clear Helper: Information About Cognitive Web Accessibility
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The needs that web accessibility aims to address include:
4002:
A Web for Everyone: Designing Accessible User Experiences
2064:"Authoring Tool Accessibility Guidelines (ATAG) Overview" 1132:
On 26 October 2016, the European Parliament approved the
1027:
The Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission (HREOC)
1021:
because SOCOG had failed to make their official website,
715:
such as the following to enable and assist web browsing:
4485:
International Association of Accessibility Professionals
3998: 3325:"Swedish National Guidelines for Public Sector Websites" 2465:"e-MAG – Modelo de Acessibilidade de Governo Eletrônico" 2222: 1562:
Each of these methods has its strengths and weaknesses:
1086:. This builds on the on provincial legislation like the 1015:
Sydney Organising Committee of the Olympic Games (SOCOG)
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contains a comprehensive set of checkpoints that cover:
4317:
European Union – Unified Web Evaluation Methodology 1.2
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A notable lawsuit related to the ADA was filed against
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Section 508 Amendment to the Rehabilitation Act of 1973
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In Italy, web accessibility is ruled by the so-called "
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Title III of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)
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integrating accessibility in the overall look and feel
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Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
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W3C – Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 2.0
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e-MAG, Modelo de Acessibilidade de Governo EletrĂ´nico
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web browsers, media players, and other "user agents"
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Code of practice 1320:Web Accessibility Initiatives in the Philippines 1013:blind man won a $ 20,000 court case against the 976: 841:authoring tools – software that creates websites 655:, including individuals who are hard of hearing; 3961:"Judge: ADA lawsuit against Target can proceed" 3932:. World Wide Web Consortium. 12 December 2012. 2956:"Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016" 1977:"To Hell with WCAG 2 · An A List Apart Article" 1523: 4023:Web Accessibility for People with Disabilities 1416:In December 2010 the UK released the standard 1384:development of web content for mobile devices. 1174:. The European Accessibility Act (EAA), which 900:Authoring Tool Accessibility Guidelines (ATAG) 803: 4700:Declaration on the Rights of Disabled Persons 4531: 4373: 3536:. Archived from the original on 13 April 2021 2714: 2712: 2279:. 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This was the first successful case under 930:Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 5088: 4889:Augmentative and alternative communication 4538: 4524: 4380: 4366: 4280:W3C WCAG Developer Accessibility Resources 4130:(eBook ed.). Smashing Magazine GmbH. 4124:Pickering, Heydon; Steve Faulkner (2014). 3999:Horton, Sarah; Whitney Quesenbery (2013). 3748: 3746: 3187: 2709: 1658:Augmentative and alternative communication 1597:, it is possible to offer changes to the 1162:In 2019 the European Union introduced the 950:User Agent Accessibility Guidelines (UAAG) 795:On 11 December 2008, the WAI released the 501: 487: 4236:Learn how and when to remove this message 3209: 2880:Guidelines for Indian Government Websites 2808:Guidelines for Indian Government Websites 2653:. European Parliament. 26 February 2014. 2165: 2163: 1974: 1748: 1746: 1200:Guidelines for Indian Government Websites 964:user control over how content is rendered 818:Essential components of web accessibility 711:Individuals living with a disability use 4334:BBC GEL Product Accessibility Guidelines 4302:W3C – Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI) 4270:Google Developer Accessibility Resources 4019: 3958: 3393:. Equality and Human Rights Commission. 1643:focus and tab index are also corrected. 1605:Accessible Web applications and WAI-ARIA 1025:, adequately accessible to blind users. 551:users will be able to notice them. When 4924:Disproportionality in special education 4339:BBC GEL Subtitles (Captions) Guidelines 4260:Apple Developer Accessibility Resources 4156: 4052: 3752: 3743: 2225:"Section 508 of the Rehabilitation Act" 1409:document published by the government's 5106: 4265:BBC GEL Technical Accessibility Guides 3871: 3013:. Nda.ie. 21 July 2006. 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Domino's Pizza Explained" 3368:from the original on 23 January 2013 3305:from the original on 24 October 2020 3244:from the original on 6 November 2014 2419:from the original on 11 January 2022 2178:from the original on 16 January 2013 2070:from the original on 16 January 2013 2062:Shawn Lawton Henry (December 2008). 1925:. W3C Public Mailing List Archives. 1793:"Web Accessibility: An Introduction" 1772: 1411:Equality and Human Rights Commission 1222:Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 1092:The Accessibility for Manitobans Act 1066:Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 967:user control over the user interface 936:Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 776:Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 770:Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 616:and poor eyesight, various types of 595:of the site for non-disabled users. 287:Social Security Disability Insurance 5031:Disability in children's literature 4086:Slatin, John; Sharron Rush (2002). 3482:from the original on 12 August 2013 3143:from the original on 11 August 2020 2987:. 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These audits, a type of 1246: 1164:European Accessibility Act 1070:WET toolkit is open source 933: 773: 672:Developmental disabilities 612:, various common types of 166:Disability rights movement 18: 5073: 5008: 4942: 4881: 4815: 4780: 4734: 4713: 4677: 4651: 4644: 4584: 4553: 4462: 4411: 4395: 3137:"MCA - Web Accessibility" 2768:. Accessed 28 March 2017. 2362:www.boletinoficial.gob.ar 2116:"Techniques for WCAG 2.0" 1628:user interface components 1616:World Wide Web Consortium 1353: 1301: 1258: 1210:World Wide Web Consortium 1055: 1032: 786:World Wide Web Consortium 312:Disabled Persons Railcard 4929:Sexuality and disability 4904:Disability and disasters 4816:Structural and assistive 4444:NonVisual Desktop Access 4429:Dragon NaturallySpeaking 4296:Standards and guidelines 2725:22 December 2021 at the 2702:20 November 2021 at the 2682:20 November 2021 at the 2521:"Assessment Methodology" 2337:servicios.infoleg.gob.ar 1759:19 November 2021 at the 1494:Gil v. Winn Dixie Stores 1375:information architecture 1345: 1292: 1283: 1267: 1181: 532:by people with physical 325:the Severely Handicapped 281:Socioeconomic assistance 191:Sexuality and disability 5043:Disability in the media 4914:Disability and religion 4853:Personal Care Assistant 4327:8 February 2020 at the 1855:7 December 2017 at the 1706:Progressive enhancement 1129:in the private sector. 760:videos for deaf people. 756:Access to subtitled or 445:Disability in the media 25:Knowledge:Accessibility 5119:Accessible information 5026:Disability in the arts 4919:Disability and poverty 4858:Physical accessibility 4053:Revilla, Olga (2010). 3900:"Ai for Accessibility" 3452:. Legislation.gov.uk. 3332:arkiv.edelegationen.se 2963:Legislative Department 1701:Multimodal interaction 1668:Computer accessibility 892: 880:assistive technologies 734:which renders text as 713:assistive technologies 688:cognitive disabilities 435:Disability in the arts 253:Physical accessibility 4617:driver rehabilitation 3504:. Hassell Inclusion. 3478:. Hassell Inclusion. 3360:Peter Krantz (2006). 3334:. VERVA. April 2008. 3043:on 28 September 2014. 2764:29 March 2017 at the 2744:29 March 2017 at the 2718:European Commission, 2695:European Commission, 1952:. 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624:Motor/mobility: 618:color blindness 507: 476: 450: 449: 430: 420: 419: 418: 393: 383: 382: 353: 352: 336: 335: 327: 324: 282: 274: 273: 272: 238:Assisted living 210: 202: 201: 200: 160: 152: 151: 150: 130: 122: 121: 120: 83: 75: 74: 73: 43: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5142: 5132: 5131: 5126: 5121: 5116: 5099: 5098: 5096: 5095: 5085: 5074: 5071: 5070: 5068: 5067: 5066: 5065: 5060: 5055: 5045: 5040: 5039: 5038: 5033: 5023: 5021:Disability art 5018: 5012: 5010: 5006: 5005: 5003: 5002: 4997: 4992: 4987: 4982: 4977: 4972: 4967: 4962: 4957: 4952: 4946: 4944: 4940: 4939: 4937: 4936: 4931: 4926: 4921: 4916: 4911: 4906: 4901: 4896: 4891: 4885: 4883: 4879: 4878: 4876: 4875: 4870: 4865: 4860: 4855: 4850: 4845: 4840: 4835: 4830: 4825: 4819: 4817: 4813: 4812: 4809: 4808: 4806: 4805: 4800: 4795: 4790: 4784: 4782: 4778: 4777: 4775: 4774: 4769: 4764: 4759: 4754: 4749: 4744: 4738: 4736: 4732: 4731: 4729: 4728: 4723: 4717: 4715: 4711: 4710: 4708: 4707: 4702: 4697: 4692: 4687: 4681: 4679: 4675: 4674: 4672: 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Ars Technica 3954: 3951: 3948: 3947: 3921: 3891: 3864: 3834: 3808: 3778: 3742: 3712: 3681: 3651: 3621: 3591: 3561: 3519: 3493: 3467: 3441: 3411: 3379: 3352: 3316: 3299:www.en.une.org 3287: 3255: 3225: 3180: 3154: 3128: 3102: 3076: 3046: 3028: 3002: 2976: 2947: 2921: 2892: 2876:"Introduction" 2867: 2838: 2820: 2795: 2770: 2750: 2731: 2708: 2688: 2675:Level Access, 2668: 2642: 2616: 2590: 2564: 2538: 2512: 2482: 2456: 2430: 2400: 2374: 2349: 2324: 2294: 2268: 2242: 2215: 2189: 2159: 2133: 2107: 2081: 2051: 2021: 1994: 1967: 1940: 1913: 1886: 1861: 1841: 1814: 1797:Treehouse Blog 1784: 1765: 1741: 1740: 1738: 1735: 1734: 1733: 1728: 1723: 1718: 1713: 1708: 1703: 1698: 1690: 1685: 1680: 1678:Digital divide 1675: 1670: 1665: 1660: 1655: 1648: 1645: 1606: 1603: 1599:website design 1582: 1579: 1575: 1574: 1570: 1567: 1560: 1559: 1555: 1552: 1534:system testing 1525: 1522: 1505:Domino's Pizza 1464: 1461: 1440: 1439: 1436: 1393: 1392:United Kingdom 1390: 1386: 1385: 1382: 1379: 1376: 1373: 1372:privacy issues 1370: 1367: 1364: 1355: 1352: 1347: 1344: 1315: 1312: 1303: 1300: 1294: 1291: 1285: 1282: 1269: 1266: 1260: 1257: 1248: 1245: 1212:accessibility 1183: 1180: 1153: 1152: 1149: 1103: 1102:European Union 1100: 1057: 1054: 1034: 1031: 1006: 1003: 986: 978: 975: 974: 973: 972: 971: 968: 965: 962: 951: 948: 947: 946: 942: 934:Main article: 931: 928: 927: 926: 925: 924: 921: 918: 915: 912: 901: 898: 896: 893: 846: 845: 842: 839: 836: 833: 830: 827: 819: 816: 805: 802: 774:Main article: 771: 768: 766: 763: 762: 761: 754: 751: 745: 739: 728: 708: 705: 700: 699: 666: 656: 643: 636:cerebral palsy 621: 530:World Wide Web 518:eAccessibility 509: 508: 506: 505: 498: 491: 483: 480: 479: 478: 477: 475: 474: 469: 457: 452: 451: 448: 447: 442: 440:Disability art 437: 431: 426: 425: 422: 421: 417: 416: 414:Invictus Games 411: 406: 401: 395: 394: 389: 388: 385: 384: 381: 380: 375: 370: 365: 360: 354: 351: 350: 347: 343: 342: 341: 338: 337: 334: 333: 328: 321: 319: 314: 309: 304: 299: 297:Ticket to Work 294: 289: 283: 280: 279: 276: 275: 271: 270: 265: 260: 255: 250: 245: 240: 235: 230: 224: 223: 222: 211: 208: 207: 204: 203: 199: 198: 196:Women's health 193: 188: 183: 178: 173: 168: 162: 161: 158: 157: 154: 153: 149: 148: 143: 138: 132: 131: 128: 127: 124: 123: 119: 118: 113: 108: 106:Special school 103: 97: 96: 95: 90: 84: 81: 80: 77: 76: 72: 71: 66: 61: 56: 51: 45: 44: 41: 40: 37: 36: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5141: 5130: 5127: 5125: 5122: 5120: 5117: 5115: 5112: 5111: 5109: 5094: 5086: 5084: 5076: 5075: 5072: 5064: 5061: 5059: 5056: 5054: 5051: 5050: 5049: 5046: 5044: 5041: 5037: 5034: 5032: 5029: 5028: 5027: 5024: 5022: 5019: 5017: 5014: 5013: 5011: 5007: 5001: 4998: 4996: 4993: 4991: 4988: 4986: 4983: 4981: 4978: 4976: 4973: 4971: 4968: 4966: 4963: 4961: 4958: 4956: 4953: 4951: 4948: 4947: 4945: 4941: 4935: 4932: 4930: 4927: 4925: 4922: 4920: 4917: 4915: 4912: 4910: 4907: 4905: 4902: 4900: 4897: 4895: 4892: 4890: 4887: 4886: 4884: 4882:Social issues 4880: 4874: 4871: 4869: 4866: 4864: 4861: 4859: 4856: 4854: 4851: 4849: 4846: 4844: 4841: 4839: 4836: 4834: 4831: 4829: 4826: 4824: 4821: 4820: 4818: 4814: 4804: 4801: 4799: 4796: 4794: 4791: 4789: 4786: 4785: 4783: 4779: 4773: 4770: 4768: 4765: 4763: 4760: 4758: 4755: 4753: 4750: 4748: 4745: 4743: 4740: 4739: 4737: 4733: 4727: 4724: 4722: 4719: 4718: 4716: 4712: 4706: 4703: 4701: 4698: 4696: 4693: 4691: 4688: 4686: 4683: 4682: 4680: 4676: 4670: 4667: 4665: 4662: 4660: 4657: 4656: 4654: 4650: 4647: 4643: 4635: 4632: 4630: 4627: 4626: 4625: 4624:Special needs 4622: 4618: 4615: 4614: 4613: 4610: 4608: 4607:Mainstreaming 4605: 4603: 4600: 4598: 4595: 4593: 4590: 4589: 4587: 4583: 4577: 4574: 4572: 4571:Medical model 4569: 4567: 4564: 4562: 4559: 4558: 4556: 4552: 4548: 4541: 4536: 4534: 4529: 4527: 4522: 4521: 4518: 4506: 4503: 4501: 4498: 4496: 4493: 4491: 4488: 4486: 4483: 4481: 4478: 4476: 4475:Deque Systems 4473: 4471: 4468: 4467: 4465: 4463:Organizations 4461: 4455: 4452: 4450: 4447: 4445: 4442: 4440: 4437: 4435: 4432: 4430: 4427: 4425: 4422: 4420: 4417: 4416: 4414: 4410: 4404: 4401: 4400: 4398: 4394: 4390: 4383: 4378: 4376: 4371: 4369: 4364: 4363: 4360: 4356: 4352: 4349: 4347: 4343: 4340: 4337: 4335: 4332: 4330: 4326: 4323: 4320: 4318: 4315: 4313: 4310: 4308: 4305: 4303: 4300: 4299: 4291: 4288: 4286: 4283: 4281: 4278: 4276: 4273: 4271: 4268: 4266: 4263: 4261: 4258: 4256: 4253: 4251: 4248: 4247: 4240: 4237: 4229: 4219: 4215: 4214:inappropriate 4211: 4207: 4201: 4199: 4192: 4183: 4182: 4170: 4164: 4160: 4155: 4143: 4139: 4133: 4129: 4128: 4122: 4118: 4112: 4108: 4103: 4099: 4093: 4089: 4084: 4072: 4068: 4062: 4058: 4057: 4051: 4039: 4035: 4029: 4026:. CMP Books. 4025: 4024: 4018: 4014: 4008: 4004: 4003: 3997: 3993: 3987: 3982: 3981: 3974: 3962: 3957: 3956: 3935: 3931: 3925: 3909: 3905: 3901: 3895: 3879: 3875: 3868: 3852: 3848: 3847:ADA Title III 3844: 3838: 3822: 3818: 3812: 3796: 3792: 3788: 3782: 3766: 3762: 3761: 3756: 3749: 3747: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3716: 3700: 3696: 3692: 3685: 3669: 3665: 3661: 3655: 3639: 3635: 3631: 3625: 3609: 3605: 3601: 3595: 3579: 3575: 3571: 3565: 3557: 3551: 3535: 3534: 3529: 3523: 3507: 3503: 3497: 3481: 3477: 3471: 3455: 3451: 3445: 3429: 3425: 3421: 3415: 3396: 3389: 3383: 3367: 3363: 3356: 3337: 3333: 3326: 3320: 3304: 3300: 3297: 3291: 3272: 3265: 3259: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3229: 3221: 3217: 3212: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3184: 3168: 3164: 3158: 3142: 3138: 3132: 3116: 3112: 3106: 3090: 3086: 3080: 3064: 3060: 3056: 3050: 3042: 3038: 3032: 3016: 3012: 3006: 2990: 2986: 2980: 2964: 2957: 2951: 2935: 2931: 2925: 2909: 2902: 2896: 2881: 2877: 2871: 2855: 2848: 2842: 2834: 2830: 2824: 2809: 2805: 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Index

Knowledge
Knowledge:Accessibility
Disability
Disability theory
Ableism / Disablism
Medical model
Social model
Other models
Mainstreaming
Individualized Education Program (IEP)
Special needs
Special school
Special education
Learning disability
Physical
Occupational
Speech
Disability rights movement
Inclusion
Normalization
People-first language
Pejorative terms
Sexuality and disability
Women's health
Unlicensed assistive personnel
ADLs
Accessible toilet
Assistive technology
Assisted living
Mobility aid

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

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