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Some web servers are configured to return different pages to web archiver requests than they would in response to regular browser requests. This is typically done to fool search engines into directing more user traffic to a website and is often done to avoid accountability or to provide enhanced
130:
in order to archive the web in Europe. This project developed and released many open source tools, such as "rich media capturing, temporal coherence analysis, spam assessment, and terminology evolution detection." The data from the foundation is now housed by the
Internet Archive, but not
134:
Despite the fact that there is no centralized responsibility for its preservation, web content is rapidly becoming the official record. For example, in 2017, the United States
Department of Justice affirmed that the government treats the President's tweets as official statements.
301:
allow content owners to hide or remove archived content that they do not want the public to have access to. Other web archives are only accessible from certain locations or have regulated usage. WebCite cites a recent lawsuit against Google's caching, which
256:
The Web is so large that crawling a significant portion of it takes a large number of technical resources. Also, the Web is changing so fast that portions of a website may suffer modifications before a crawler has even finished crawling it.
318:(FINRA), a United States financial regulatory organization, released a notice stating all the businesses doing digital communications are required to keep a record. This includes website data, social media posts, and messages. Some
269:
Not only must web archivists deal with the technical challenges of web archiving, they must also contend with intellectual property laws. Peter Lyman states that "although the Web is popularly regarded as a
2198:
1482:
437:
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However, it is important to note that a native format web archive, i.e., a fully browsable web archive, with working links, media, etc., is only really possible using crawler technology.
2656:
92:, in 2001. As of 2018, the Internet Archive was home to 40 petabytes of data. The Internet Archive also developed many of its own tools for collecting and storing its data, including
61:
The growing portion of human culture created and recorded on the web makes it inevitable that more and more libraries and archives will have to face the challenges of web archiving.
72:
Commercial web archiving software and services are also available to organizations that need to archive their own web content for corporate heritage, regulatory, or legal purposes.
2647:
2193:
205:, on a given date. This may be particularly important for organizations which need to comply with legal or regulatory requirements for disclosing and retaining information.
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2167:
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2026:
246:(e.g., calendars) may cause a crawler to download an infinite number of pages, so crawlers are usually configured to limit the number of dynamic pages they crawl.
100:, a web crawler developed in conjunction with the Nordic national libraries. Other projects launched around the same time included a web archiving project by the
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request to, and response from, the web server, filtering each response to eliminate duplicate content, and permanently storing the responses as bitstreams.
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119:(IIPC), established in 2003, has facilitated international collaboration in developing standards and open source tools for the creation of web archives.
80:
While curation and organization of the web has been prevalent since the mid- to late-1990s, one of the first large-scale web archiving projects was the
1321:—International consortium whose mission is to acquire, preserve, and make accessible knowledge and information from the Internet for future generations
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falls outside the bounds of contemporary copyright law. The site provides enduring access to academic works including those that do not have an
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Most of the archiving tools do not capture the page as it is. It is observed that ad banners and images are often missed while archiving.
225:
Web archives which rely on web crawling as their primary means of collecting the Web are influenced by the difficulties of web crawling:
36:
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may request crawlers not access portions of a website. Some web archivists may ignore the request and crawl those portions anyway.
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240:. For example, the results page behind a web form can lie in the Deep Web if crawlers cannot follow a link to the results page.
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Transactional archiving is an event-driven approach, which collects the actual transactions which take place between a
1514:
1236:
Laakso, Mikael; Matthias, Lisa; Jahn, Najko (2021). "Open is not forever: A study of vanished open access journals".
412:
144:
785:
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1850:
1504:
1399:
1147:
993:
443:
201:. It is primarily used as a means of preserving evidence of the content which was actually viewed on a particular
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1695:
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115:
the
International Web Archiving Workshop (IWAW) provided a platform to share experiences and exchange ideas. The
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2006:
1963:
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to capturing the massive amount of information on the Web. The most widely known web archive service is the
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2011:
1785:
1700:
1685:
20:
2091:
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and various consortia of organizations are also involved in archiving culturally important Web content.
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1825:
624:"Web site archiving—an approach to recording every materially different response produced by a website"
298:
237:
123:
101:
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1710:
1705:
1509:
1472:
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1298:
230:
1217:"Open access journals are vanishing from the web, Internet Archive stands ready to fill in the gaps"
930:
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license and thereby contributes to the archival of scientific research which may otherwise be lost.
1860:
88:
in 1996. The
Internet Archive released its own search engine for viewing archived web content, the
894:
Costa, Miguel; Gomes, Daniel; Silva, Mário J. (September 2017). "The evolution of web archiving".
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1600:
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1948:
1835:
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579:"Going, going, still there: using the WebCite service to permanently archive cited web pages"
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2001:
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8:
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in some countries have a legal right to copy portions of the web under an extension of a
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is the process of collecting, preserving and providing access to material from the
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1986:
1958:
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1049:"Internet Memory Foundation : Free Web: Free Download, Borrow and Streaming"
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559:
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397:
347:
105:
89:
51:
674:
Building a
National Strategy for Preservation: Issues in Digital Media Archiving
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1996:
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178:
85:
32:
1325:
National
Library of Australia, Preserving Access to Digital Information (PADI)
1116:
1099:
Archiving websites: a practical guide for information management professionals
907:
545:"Preserving the Fabric of Our Lives: A Survey of Web Preservation Initiatives"
501:
Archiving
Websites: A Practical Guide for Information Management Professionals
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2016:
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1324:
854:
725:
652:
402:
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Some private non-profit web archives that are made publicly accessible like
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243:
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208:
A transactional archiving system typically operates by intercepting every
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2101:
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1991:
1938:
1898:
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1605:
777:
595:
454:
327:
198:
47:
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1001:
149:
Web archivists generally archive various types of web content including
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2036:
1903:
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1845:
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1334:
554:. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 2769. pp. 461–472.
194:
182:
158:
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1888:
717:
275:
174:
1483:
National
Digital Information Infrastructure and Preservation Program
1329:
1023:
438:
National
Digital Information Infrastructure and Preservation Program
2540:
2500:
2495:
2041:
1865:
1250:
170:
97:
1169:
1928:
1610:
1238:
Journal of the
Association for Information Science and Technology
484:
449:
323:
290:
278:; thus, archivists have no legal right to copy the Web". However
202:
93:
40:
1820:
1810:
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1318:
322:
may inhibit Web archiving. For instance, academic archiving by
303:
177:, and content length. This metadata is useful in establishing
96:
for storing large amounts of data efficiently and safely, and
1855:
1760:
782:
Netpreserve - International Internet Preservation Consortium
1636:
Conservation and restoration of immovable cultural property
1620:
209:
150:
1641:
Conservation and restoration of movable cultural property
732:
521:
Archiving Websites. General Considerations and Strategies
2027:
Digital repository audit method based on risk assessment
1076:"Web Archiving: Think the Web is Permanent? Think Again"
2675:
Conservation-restoration of the Sistine Chapel frescoes
576:
552:
Research and Advanced Technology for Digital Libraries
1319:
International Internet Preservation Consortium (IIPC)
869:"Inside Wayback Machine, the internet's time capsule"
337:
266:
content only to those browsers that can display it.
931:"Web Archiving – Between Past, Present, and Future"
173:about the collected resources such as access time,
1235:
108:, Tasmanian web archives and Sweden's Kulturarw3.
19:"Web archive" redirects here. For other uses, see
2749:Conservation and restoration of cultural heritage
2680:Conservation-restoration of the Statue of Liberty
1816:Mold control and prevention (library and archive)
1631:Conservation and restoration of cultural property
969:"IWAW 2010: The 10th Intl Web Archiving Workshop"
826:
236:Large portions of a website may be hidden in the
2720:
2703:Preservation Metadata: Implementation Strategies
2693:Conservation response to flood of Arno, Florence
2657:Conservation-restoration of Leonardo da Vinci's
929:Consalvo, Mia; Ess, Charles, eds. (April 2011).
2698:Modern and Contemporary Art Research Initiative
2670:Conservation-restoration of the Shroud of Turin
893:
708:. DPC Technology Watch Reports. Great Britain:
215:
2634:Conservation issues of Pompeii and Herculaneum
1791:Integrated pest management (cultural property)
994:"IWAW - International Web Archiving Workshops"
117:International Internet Preservation Consortium
1555:
1350:
822:
820:
818:
816:
814:
316:Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, Inc.
1208:
524:. Aarhus: The Centre for Internet Research.
928:
418:Knowledge:List of web archives on Knowledge
35:. The aim is to ensure that information is
2199:Books, manuscripts, documents and ephemera
1562:
1548:
1357:
1343:
896:International Journal on Digital Libraries
811:
188:
75:
46:Web archivists typically employ automated
1746:Disaster preparedness (cultural property)
1249:
1195:"Social Media and Digital Communications"
844:
752:
667:
604:
594:
1646:Conservation science (cultural property)
1364:
827:Toyoda, M.; Kitsuregawa, M. (May 2012).
138:
2744:Internet properties established in 1996
1214:
839:(Special Centennial Issue): 1441–1443.
747:(special centennial issue): 1441–1443.
703:
680:
577:Eysenbach, G. & Trudel, M. (2005).
542:
517:
491:
126:was founded in 2004 and founded by the
84:, a non-profit organization created by
2721:
1215:Claburn, Thomas (September 10, 2020).
875:. September 28, 2018. sec. Wayyyy back
798:
646:
260:
1543:
1338:
1096:
1073:
939:(1 ed.). Wiley. pp. 24–42.
621:
498:
733:Toyoda, M.; Kitsuregawa, M. (2012).
583:Journal of Medical Internet Research
43:format for research and the public.
1150:from the original on March 16, 2017
788:from the original on July 12, 2024.
13:
1831:Preservation (library and archive)
1097:Brown, Adrian (January 10, 2016).
801:"Web Archiving Environmental Scan"
647:Jacoby, Robert (August 19, 2010).
14:
2775:
1330:Library of Congress—Web Archiving
1278:
922:
413:List of Web archiving initiatives
145:List of Web archiving initiatives
2685:Conservation-restoration of the
2561:Indigenous intellectual property
1526:
1525:
1400:Open Archival Information System
936:The Handbook of Internet Studies
444:National Digital Library Program
340:
1796:Inventory (library and archive)
1696:Cultural property documentation
1229:
1187:
1162:
1132:
1123:
1090:
1074:Regis, Camille (June 4, 2019).
1067:
1041:
131:currently publicly accessible.
16:Preserving history of web pages
2194:Bone, horn, and antler objects
1736:Digital photograph restoration
1016:
986:
961:
887:
861:
829:"The History of Web Archiving"
792:
770:
735:"The History of Web Archiving"
710:Digital Preservation Coalition
670:"Archiving the World Wide Web"
1:
2379:South Asian household shrines
2077:Reconstruction (architecture)
2007:Cultural property radiography
1964:Registrar (cultural property)
1716:Cultural resources management
1676:Collections management system
763:
2648:Conservation-restoration of
2639:Conservation-restoration of
2012:Detachment of wall paintings
1786:Intangible cultural heritage
1701:Cultural property exhibition
1686:Cultural heritage management
1309:Resources in other libraries
560:10.1007/978-3-540-45175-4_42
503:. London: Facet Publishing.
216:Difficulties and limitations
185:of the archived collection.
21:Web archive (disambiguation)
7:
2092:Transfer of panel paintings
333:
220:
10:
2780:
2556:Heritage language learning
1826:Optical media preservation
846:10.1109/JPROC.2012.2189920
754:10.1109/JPROC.2012.2189920
681:Masanès, J.), ed. (2006).
299:Internet Memory Foundation
142:
124:Internet Memory Foundation
102:National Library of Canada
18:
2734:Internet Archive projects
2624:
2596:Oral history preservation
2437:
2166:
2110:
1977:
1879:
1711:Cultural property storage
1706:Cultural property imaging
1581:
1523:
1515:Web archiving initiatives
1510:Timeline of audio formats
1492:
1460:
1429:
1408:
1372:
1304:Resources in your library
908:10.1007/s00799-016-0171-9
704:Pennock, Maureen (2013).
231:robots exclusion protocol
2643:by ElĂas GarcĂa MartĂnez
1861:Sustainable preservation
1500:Preservation initiatives
2601:Preservation of meaning
2586:Language revitalization
2254:Illuminated manuscripts
2032:Historic paint analysis
1924:Conservation technician
1726:Deaccessioning (museum)
1666:Collections maintenance
1591:Agents of deterioration
1478:Digital Curation Centre
833:Proceedings of the IEEE
740:Proceedings of the IEEE
309:
189:Transactional archiving
76:History and development
2611:Tradition preservation
2264:Iron and steel objects
2153:Outdoor bronze objects
2097:UVC-based preservation
1954:Photograph conservator
1919:Conservation scientist
1671:Collections management
1601:Archaeological science
1140:"Legal Deposit | IIPC"
649:"Archiving a Web Page"
2616:Traditional knowledge
2581:Language preservation
2189:Ancient Greek pottery
2087:Textile stabilization
1949:Paintings conservator
1836:Preservation metadata
1721:Database preservation
1575:historic preservation
945:10.1002/9781444314861
799:Truman, Gail (2016).
374:(formerly archive.is)
139:Methods of collection
2754:Digital preservation
2404:Time-based media art
2214:Copper-based objects
2128:Archaeological sites
2057:Mass deacidification
2002:Cradling (paintings)
1914:Conservator-restorer
1741:Digital preservation
1468:Arctic World Archive
1366:Digital preservation
1078:. History Associates
1004:on November 20, 2012
622:Fitch, Kent (2003).
596:10.2196/jmir.7.5.e60
538:on January 29, 2009.
518:BrĂĽgger, N. (2005).
492:General bibliography
393:Digital preservation
169:. They also archive
2759:Library of Congress
2708:World Heritage Site
2571:Indigenous language
2471:Endangered language
2369:Shipwreck artifacts
2349:Photographic plates
2299:Musical instruments
2052:Lining of paintings
1969:Textile conservator
1944:Objects conservator
1934:Exhibition designer
1841:Preservation survey
1766:Found in collection
1656:Collection (museum)
1626:Calendar (archives)
1596:Archival processing
784:. August 14, 2024.
261:General limitations
128:European Commission
2566:Indigenous culture
1909:Collection manager
1806:Media preservation
1801:Inventory (museum)
1661:Collection catalog
1055:. Internet Archive
668:Lyman, P. (2002).
655:on January 3, 2011
499:Brown, A. (2006).
428:Minerva Initiative
280:national libraries
63:National libraries
2716:
2715:
2665:Pompeian frescoes
2551:Heritage language
2441:cultural heritage
2229:Flags and banners
2174:cultural property
2138:Heritage railways
2118:cultural property
2067:Paleo-inspiration
1751:Film preservation
1691:Cultural property
1681:Cultural heritage
1571:Cultural heritage
1537:
1536:
1380:Artifactual value
1285:Library resources
1260:10.1002/ASI.24460
1108:978-1-78330-053-2
954:978-1-4051-8588-2
696:978-3-540-23338-1
569:978-3-540-40726-3
531:978-87-990507-0-3
510:978-1-85604-553-7
378:Collective memory
67:national archives
2771:
2739:Collections care
2652:by Thomas Eakins
2650:The Gross Clinic
2546:Folklore studies
2456:Applied folklore
2429:Wooden furniture
2424:Wooden artifacts
2419:Woodblock prints
2399:Tibetan thangkas
2259:Insect specimens
2148:Outdoor artworks
2143:Historic gardens
1776:Heritage science
1564:
1557:
1550:
1541:
1540:
1529:
1528:
1473:Computer museums
1359:
1352:
1345:
1336:
1335:
1272:
1271:
1253:
1244:(9): 1099–1112.
1233:
1227:
1226:
1212:
1206:
1205:
1199:
1191:
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1083:
1071:
1065:
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1062:
1060:
1045:
1039:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1024:"About the IIPC"
1020:
1014:
1013:
1011:
1009:
1000:. Archived from
990:
984:
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920:
919:
891:
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729:
718:10.7207/twr13-01
700:
677:
664:
662:
660:
651:. Archived from
643:
641:
639:
634:on July 20, 2003
630:. Archived from
618:
608:
598:
573:
549:
543:Day, M. (2003).
539:
534:. Archived from
514:
470:Virtual artifact
388:Digital hoarding
350:
345:
344:
295:Internet Archive
274:resource, it is
122:The now-defunct
114:
82:Internet Archive
56:Internet Archive
2779:
2778:
2774:
2773:
2772:
2770:
2769:
2768:
2719:
2718:
2717:
2712:
2659:The Last Supper
2626:
2620:
2606:Primitive music
2516:Folk instrument
2491:Family folklore
2481:Ethnomusicology
2476:Ethnochoreology
2443:
2440:
2433:
2354:Plastic objects
2339:Performance art
2324:Panel paintings
2319:Painting frames
2284:Leather objects
2204:Ceramic objects
2176:
2173:
2171:
2170:and restoration
2169:
2162:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2114:and restoration
2113:
2106:
2072:Paper splitting
1987:Aging (artwork)
1979:
1973:
1959:Preservationist
1881:
1875:
1731:Digital library
1583:
1577:
1568:
1538:
1533:
1519:
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1404:
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1275:
1234:
1230:
1213:
1209:
1197:
1193:
1192:
1188:
1178:
1176:
1174:Webcitation.org
1168:
1167:
1163:
1153:
1151:
1144:netpreserve.org
1138:
1137:
1133:
1128:
1124:
1109:
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1072:
1068:
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1032:
1030:
1022:
1021:
1017:
1007:
1005:
992:
991:
987:
977:
975:
973:www.wikicfp.com
967:
966:
962:
955:
927:
923:
892:
888:
878:
876:
867:
866:
862:
825:
812:
805:Harvard Library
797:
793:
778:"Web Archiving"
776:
775:
771:
766:
761:
697:
687:Springer-Verlag
658:
656:
637:
635:
570:
547:
532:
511:
494:
489:
475:Wayback Machine
460:Pandora Archive
423:Memento Project
398:Digital library
348:Internet portal
346:
339:
336:
312:
263:
223:
218:
191:
147:
141:
112:
90:Wayback Machine
78:
52:Wayback Machine
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2777:
2767:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
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2511:Folk etymology
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2082:Rissverklebung
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1980:and techniques
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1771:Heritage asset
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1279:External links
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2269:Ivory objects
2267:
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2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2249:Human remains
2247:
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2239:Glass objects
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2116:of immovable
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2017:Desmet method
2015:
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2010:
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2000:
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1995:
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1781:Inherent vice
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1179:September 20,
1175:
1171:
1170:"WebCite FAQ"
1165:
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998:bibnum.bnf.fr
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706:Web-Archiving
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683:Web Archiving
679:
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638:September 27,
633:
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404:
403:Ghost Archive
401:
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389:
386:
384:
381:
379:
376:
373:
372:archive.today
370:
368:
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349:
343:
338:
331:
329:
325:
321:
317:
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300:
296:
292:
287:
285:
284:legal deposit
281:
277:
273:
272:public domain
267:
258:
254:
248:
245:
244:Crawler traps
242:
239:
235:
232:
228:
227:
226:
213:
211:
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186:
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57:
53:
49:
44:
42:
38:
34:
30:
29:Web archiving
26:
22:
2686:
2658:
2649:
2640:
2531:Folk process
2486:Ethnopoetics
2444:preservation
2304:Neon objects
2177:by item type
2168:Conservation
2121:by item type
2112:Conservation
2062:Overpainting
2022:Display case
1870:
1851:Repatriation
1451:
1395:Obsolescence
1299:Online books
1289:
1241:
1237:
1231:
1222:The Register
1220:
1210:
1201:
1189:
1177:. Retrieved
1173:
1164:
1152:. Retrieved
1143:
1134:
1129:Lyman (2002)
1125:
1098:
1092:
1080:. Retrieved
1069:
1057:. Retrieved
1052:
1043:
1031:. Retrieved
1027:
1018:
1006:. Retrieved
1002:the original
997:
988:
976:. Retrieved
972:
963:
935:
924:
899:
895:
889:
877:. Retrieved
872:
863:
836:
832:
804:
794:
781:
772:
744:
738:
705:
682:
673:
657:. Retrieved
653:the original
636:. Retrieved
632:the original
627:
586:
582:
551:
536:the original
520:
500:
480:Web crawling
408:Google Cache
383:Common Crawl
367:Archive Team
362:Archive site
314:In 2017 the
313:
288:
268:
264:
255:
252:
224:
207:
192:
179:authenticity
155:style sheets
148:
133:
121:
110:
79:
71:
60:
48:web crawlers
45:
28:
27:
25:
2687:H.L. Hunley
2466:Early music
2414:Vinyl discs
2409:Totem poles
2344:Photographs
2289:Lighthouses
2279:Lacquerware
2234:Fur objects
2172:of movable
2102:VisualAudio
2047:Leafcasting
1992:Anastylosis
1939:Mount maker
1899:Art handler
1756:Finding aid
1606:Archaeology
1447:Video games
1154:January 31,
1053:archive.org
659:October 23,
455:PageFreezer
328:open access
276:copyrighted
199:web browser
153:web pages,
2723:Categories
2526:Folk music
2506:Folk dance
2439:Intangible
2037:Inpainting
1904:Auctioneer
1894:Art dealer
1846:Provenance
1651:Collecting
1584:and issues
1409:Techniques
1251:2008.11933
1117:1064574312
1008:August 19,
978:August 19,
873:The Hustle
764:References
685:. Berlin:
589:(5): e60.
195:web server
183:provenance
159:JavaScript
143:See also:
111:From 2001
2764:Museology
2641:Ecce Homo
2536:Folk play
2389:Taxidermy
2334:Parchment
2314:Paintings
1889:Archivist
1421:Emulation
1416:Forensics
1268:221340749
1202:finra.org
1101:. Facet.
1033:April 17,
855:0018-9219
726:2048-7916
628:Ausweb 03
175:MIME type
54:, run by
37:preserved
2627:projects
2541:Foodways
2501:Folk art
2496:Folklore
2394:Textiles
2244:Herbaria
2219:Feathers
2184:Aircraft
2042:Kintsugi
1866:Treasure
1531:Category
1505:Timeline
1452:Websites
1437:Artworks
1390:Dark age
1385:Curation
1373:Concepts
1204:. FINRA.
1148:Archived
1082:July 14,
1059:July 21,
916:24303455
879:July 21,
786:Archived
615:16403724
440:(NDIIPP)
334:See also
238:Deep Web
221:Crawlers
171:metadata
113:to 2010,
98:Heritrix
41:archival
2625:Notable
2329:Papyrus
2274:Judaica
2133:Frescos
1978:Methods
1929:Curator
1611:Archive
1430:By type
606:1550686
485:WebCite
450:PADICAT
324:Sci-Hub
297:or the
291:WebCite
203:website
106:Pandora
94:PetaBox
2294:Metals
2209:Clocks
1821:Museum
1811:Midden
1582:Topics
1287:about
1266:
1115:
1105:
951:
914:
853:
724:
693:
613:
603:
566:
528:
507:
446:(NDLP)
304:Google
293:, the
197:and a
165:, and
163:images
39:in an
1880:Roles
1856:Ruins
1761:Fonds
1493:Lists
1442:Email
1264:S2CID
1246:arXiv
1198:(PDF)
912:S2CID
548:(PDF)
306:won.
167:video
2224:Film
1621:Book
1573:and
1485:(US)
1181:2018
1156:2017
1113:OCLC
1103:ISBN
1084:2019
1061:2020
1035:2022
1028:IIPC
1010:2019
980:2019
949:ISBN
881:2020
851:ISSN
722:ISSN
691:ISBN
661:2010
640:2006
611:PMID
564:ISBN
526:ISBN
505:ISBN
310:Laws
229:The
210:HTTP
181:and
151:HTML
1256:doi
941:doi
904:doi
841:doi
837:100
749:doi
745:100
714:doi
601:PMC
591:doi
556:doi
2725::
1262:.
1254:.
1242:72
1240:.
1219:.
1200:.
1172:.
1146:.
1142:.
1111:.
1051:.
1026:.
996:.
971:.
947:.
933:.
910:.
900:18
898:.
871:.
849:.
835:.
831:.
813:^
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