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atmosphere over the central and/or southern
Weddell Sea toward the peninsula. These conditions lead to cold air piling up on the east edge of the mountains. This process leads to the formation of a high-pressure ridge over the peninsula (mainly east of the peak) and, therefore, a deflection of the originally westward current of air to the right, along the mountain wall.
500:
which has been warming slowly over the last decade. The characteristics of exported water masses result from complex interactions between surface forcing, significantly modified by sea ice processes, ocean dynamics at the continental shelf break, and slope and sub-ice shelf water mass transformation.
411:
is also referred to as "Iceberg Alley", because of the huge icebergs that are often seen here. Snowhill Island, located east of the
Antarctic Peninsula is almost completely snow-capped, hence its name. The Swedish Antarctic Expedition under Otto Nordenskiöld built a cabin on the island in 1902, where
540:
Strong surface winds directed equatorward along the east side of the
Antarctic Peninsula can appear in two different types of synoptic-meteorological situations: an intense cyclone over the central Weddell Sea, a broad east to west flow of stable cold air in the lowest 500-to-1000-metre layer of the
536:
These winds are of interest not only because of their effect on the temperature regime east of the peninsula but also because they force the drift of ice northeastward into the South
Atlantic Ocean as the last branch of the clockwise circulation in the lower layers of the atmosphere along the coasts
515:
Circulation in the
Weddell Sea has proven difficult to quantify. Geopotential surface heights above the 1000 dB level, computed using historical data, show only very weak surface currents. Similar computations carried out using more closely spaced data also showed small currents. Closure of the
532:
The predominance of strong surface winds parallel to the narrow and tall mountain range of the
Antarctic Peninsula is a remarkable feature of weather and climate in the area of the western Weddell Sea. The winds carry cold air toward lower latitudes and turn into southwesterlies farther north.
1067:
Purser, Autun; Hehemann, Laura; Boehringer, Lilian; Tippenhauer, Sandra; Wege, Mia; Bornemann, Horst; Pineda-Metz, Santiago E.A.; Flintrop, Clara M.; Koch, Florian; Hellmer, Hartmut H.; Burkhardt-Holm, Patricia; Janout, Markus; Werner, Ellen; Glemser, Barbara; Balaguer, Jenna; Rogge, Andreas;
523:
Thus, in addition to a wind-driven gyre component of the boundary current, a deeper circulation whose dynamics and transports reflect an input of dense water in the southern and southwestern
Weddell Sea are expected. Available data does not lend to the quantification of the volume transports
508:. This northward flow serves as the primary force of departure of water from the Weddell Sea, a major site of ocean water modification and deep water formation, to the remainder of the World Ocean. The Weddell Gyre is a cold, low salinity surface layer separated by a thin, weak
273:, which formerly covered roughly 10,000 square kilometres (3,900 sq mi) of the Weddell Sea, had completely disappeared by 2002. The Weddell Sea has been deemed by scientists to have the clearest water of any sea. Researchers from the
353:. Deepwater masses are also formed through cabbeling in the North Atlantic and are caused by differences in temperature and salinity of the water. In the Weddell sea, this is brought about mainly by brine exclusion and wind cooling.
591:
colony was discovered just south of
Snowhill Island in the Weddell Sea. As the Weddell Sea is often clogged with heavy pack-ice, strong ice-class vessels equipped with helicopters are required to reach this colony.
330:; it was renamed in Weddell's honour in 1900. Also in 1823, the American sealing captain Benjamin Morrell claimed to have seen land some 10–12° east of the sea's actual eastern boundary. He called this
292:, historian Thomas R. Henry writes: "The Weddell Sea is, according to the testimony of all who have sailed through its berg-filled waters, the most treacherous and dismal region on Earth. The
580:
is the dominant penguin species in this remote area because of their adaptation to the harsh environment. A colony of more than 100,000 pairs of Adélies can be found on volcanic
504:
Circulation in the western
Weddell Sea is dominated by a northward flowing current. This northward current is the western section of a primarily wind-driven, cyclonic gyre called the
618:
was found to inhabit an area in the
Weddell Sea. It is estimated that the colony covers around 240 square kilometers, with an average of one nest per every three square meters.
839:
Wilson, T. J. (1991). "Transition from back-arc to foreland basin development in the southernmost Andes: Stratigraphic record from the Ultima Esperanza District, Chile".
537:
of the Weddell Sea. The sharp contrast between the wind, temperature, and ice conditions of the two sides of the Antarctic Peninsula has been well known for many years.
877:
Ghiglione, M. C. (2016). "Orogenic Growth of the Fuegian Andes (52–56°) and Their Relation to Tectonics of the Scotia Arc". In Folguera, A.; et al. (eds.).
607:
300:
sighted in the sea's icy waters, the inability of crews to navigate a path to the coast until 1949, and treacherous "flash freezes" that left ships, such as
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2742:
1321:
256:. At its widest the sea is around 2,000 kilometres (1,200 mi) across, and its area is around 2.8 million square kilometres (1.1
484:. While this happened in South America the Weddell Sea part of the basin escaped compressional tectonics and remained an oceanic basin.
1446:
269:
Various ice shelves, including the Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf, fringe the Weddell sea. Some of the ice shelves on the east side of the
524:
associated with this western boundary region, or to the determination of deep convective circulation along the western boundary.
1245:
Schwerdtfeger, W. (1979). "Meteorological aspects of the drift of ice from the Weddell Sea toward the mid-latitude westerlies".
1870:
334:, but its existence was disproved when the sea was more fully explored in the early 20th century. Weddell got as far south as
735:
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1837:
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425:, got trapped and was crushed by ice in this sea. After 15 months on the pack-ice Shackleton and his men managed to reach
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is named after the expedition ship of Otto Nordenskiöld. The sound that separates the tip of the Antarctic Peninsula from
2791:
1600:
1003:"Breaking all the rules: the first recorded hard substrate sessile benthic community far beneath an Antarctic ice shelf"
800:
512:
from a thick layer of relatively warm and salty water referred to as Weddell Deep Water (WDW), and a cold bottom layer.
433:
had been discovered four miles (6.4 km) from its anticipated location, at a depth of 3,008 metres (9,869 ft).
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is relatively peaceful, predictable, and safe." He continues for an entire chapter, relating myths of the green-haired
86:
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As with other neighboring parts of Antarctica, the Weddell Sea shares a common geological history with southernmost
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Griffiths, H.J.; Anker, P.; Linse, K.; Maxwell, J.; Post, A.L.; Stevens, C.; Tulaczyk, S. (15 February 2021).
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1595:
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1192:
1142:"A numerical model of the Weddell Sea: Large-scale circulation and water mass distrib Polarstern Knollution"
388:
with a team of four men when the relief ship became beset in ice and was crushed. The crew managed to reach
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1296:, an image gallery of hundreds of specimens of deep-sea Foraminifera from depths around 4,400 metres
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the tectonic regime of Rocas Verdes Basin changed leading to its transformation into a compressional
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where they wintered in a primitive hut. Nordenskiöld and the others were eventually picked up by the
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The Weddell Sea is abundant with whales and seals. Characteristic fauna of the sea include the
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and safely returned home. In March 2022, it was announced that the well-preserved wreck of the
902:
Strass, Volker H.; Rohardt, Gerd; Kanzow, Torsten; Hoppema, Mario; Boebel, Olaf (2020-11-15).
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and other unidentified suspension feeders were reported to have been found growing under the
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on a boulder at a depth of 1,233 m (872 of which were ice), 260 km from open water.
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338:; the furthest southern penetration since Weddell but before the modern era was made by
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1044:"A colony of 60 million fish with transparent blood has been discovered in Antarctica"
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1996:
1978:
1903:
1121:
904:"Multidecadal Warming and Density Loss in the Deep Weddell Sea, Antarctica"
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Nordenskiöld and three members of the expedition had to spend two winters.
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24:
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1184:
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where deep and bottom water masses are formed to contribute to the global
345:
The Weddell Sea is an important area of deep water mass formation through
229:. Much of the southern part of the sea is covered by a permanent, massive
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2001:
1991:
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1193:"Circulation and transport of water along the western Weddell Sea margin"
1166:
628:
493:
278:
16:
Part of the Southern Ocean between Coats Land and the Antarctic Peninsula
285:, ascertained that the clarity corresponded to that of distilled water.
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2104:
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1958:
1943:
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206:
205:. Its land boundaries are defined by the bay formed from the coasts of
60:
20:
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1219:
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whose surviving southeastward extension forms the Weddell Sea. In the
2590:
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2229:
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1963:
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1229:
Sir James Wordie, Polar Crusader: Exploring the Arctic and Antarctic
39:
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2021:
1953:
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In 1823, British sailor James Weddell discovered the Weddell Sea.
2412:
326:, who entered the sea in 1823 and originally named it after King
1282:
734:
Gieskes, W. W. C.; Veth, C.; Woehrmann, A.; Graefe, M. (1987).
596:
297:
2684:
1879:
1299:
1070:"A vast icefish breeding colony discovered in the Antarctic"
984:
982:
520:. The Weddell Sea is a major site for deep water formation.
969:
967:
861:
10.1130/0016-7606(1991)103<0098:tfbatf>2.3.co;2
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1000:
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733:
2689:
1139:
979:
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123:
964:
790:
1068:
Holtappels, Moritz; Wenzhoefer, Frank (February 2022).
608:
Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research
1878:
1637:Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programs
778:
281:visible at a depth of 80 metres (260 ft) on
2773:
766:
723:Retreat of glaciers since 1850 § Antarctica
573:are frequently seen during Weddell Sea voyages.
365:Scarred and chiselled sea ice in the Weddell Sea
240:The sea is contained within the two overlapping
79:
872:
870:
736:"Secchi disc visibility world record shattered"
492:The Weddell Sea is one of few locations in the
1864:
1315:
1244:
988:
516:gyre circulation was assumed to be driven by
159:2,800,000 km (1,081,100 sq mi)
44:The location of the Weddell Sea, part of the
1190:
1177:The White Continent: The Story of Antarctica
973:
867:
834:
832:
740:Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union
322:The sea is named after the Scottish sailor
1871:
1857:
1322:
1308:
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1041:
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1103:
1093:
1018:
994:
927:
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368:
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252:, and also resides partially within the
959:Beckmann, Hellmer & Timmermann 1999
614:, a colony of approximately 60 million
2774:
1294:Foraminifera of the Weddell Sea bottom
841:Geological Society of America Bulletin
838:
225:. To the east of Cape Norvegia is the
1852:
1303:
1226:
1174:
784:
772:
1828:
1191:Muench, R. D.; et al. (1995).
400:. All but one survived the ordeal.
13:
1140:Beckmann, A.; et al. (1999).
621:
14:
2823:
1275:
2722:
2721:
2709:
1827:
1818:
1817:
1577:
1281:
817:(Press release). Endurance22.org
349:, the main driving force of the
53:
38:
1035:
895:
487:
1329:
1042:Katie Hunt (13 January 2022).
881:. Springer. pp. 241–267.
807:
727:
716:
702:
587:Around 1997, the northernmost
1:
690:
175:5,148 m (16,890 ft)
879:Growth of the Southern Andes
382:Swedish Antarctic Expedition
317:
59:Map of the Weddell Sea with
19:Not to be confused with the
7:
2787:Chilean Antarctic Territory
2782:British Antarctic Territory
1007:Frontiers in Marine Science
254:Antarctic Chilean Territory
250:British Antarctic Territory
213:. The easternmost point is
145:Antarctic Chilean Territory
141:British Antarctic Territory
10:
2828:
2792:Seas of the Southern Ocean
2090:American Mediterranean Sea
801:"Weddell Sea – Highlights"
760:10.1029/EO068i009p00123-01
712:. Encyclopædia Britannica.
544:
527:
436:
380:, leader of the 1901–1904
356:
167:500 m (1,640 ft)
18:
2703:
2677:
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2426:
2333:
2065:
1977:
1894:
1813:
1766:
1665:
1629:
1586:
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1530:
1479:
1402:
1337:
1095:10.1016/j.cub.2021.12.022
1020:10.3389/fmars.2021.642040
974:Muench, Gordon & 1995
183:
179:
171:
163:
155:
151:
129:
117:
78:
68:
52:
37:
32:
2802:Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf
1896:Antarctic/Southern Ocean
1487:Antarctic/Southern Ocean
929:10.1175/JCLI-D-20-0271.1
803:. Oceanwide Expeditions.
601:Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf
498:thermohaline circulation
351:thermohaline circulation
275:Alfred Wegener Institute
235:Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf
2042:Prince Gustaf Adolf Sea
1267:10.1029/JC084iC10p06321
143:, partially within the
2363:Great Australian Bight
373:
366:
310:, at the mercy of the
244:territorial claims of
63:and surrounding relief
1175:Henry, T. R. (1950),
606:In February 2021 the
458:extensional tectonics
372:
364:
219:Princess Martha Coast
2797:Argentine Antarctica
2210:Gulf of St. Lawrence
1290:at Wikimedia Commons
1179:, New York: Sloane,
1167:10.1029/1999JC900194
1152:(C10): 23375–23391.
815:"Endurance is Found"
449:at the onset of the
384:, spent a winter at
340:William Speirs Bruce
246:Argentine Antarctica
137:Argentine Antarctica
2754: /
2511:Gulf of Carpentaria
2305:Sea of the Hebrides
1934:King Haakon VII Sea
1800:Robert Falcon Scott
1457:South magnetic pole
1415:Antarctic Peninsula
1410:Biogeographic realm
1259:1979JGR....84.6321S
1212:1995JGR...10018503M
1206:(C9): 18503–18515.
1158:1999JGR...10423375B
1086:2022CBio...32E.842P
920:2020JCli...33.9863S
853:1991GSAB..103...98W
752:1987EOSTr..68..123G
332:New South Greenland
290:The White Continent
271:Antarctic Peninsula
266: sq mi).
227:King Haakon VII Sea
211:Antarctic Peninsula
98: /
2506:Gulf of California
2403:Mozambique Channel
2047:Queen Victoria Sea
1909:Bellingshausen Sea
1738:Telecommunications
1652:Territorial claims
1253:(C10): 6321–6328.
1227:Smith, M. (2004),
989:Schwerdtfeger 1979
908:Journal of Climate
518:Sverdrup transport
462:Rocas Verdes Basin
374:
367:
2737:
2736:
2716:Oceans portal
2265:Mediterranean Sea
2215:Gulf of Venezuela
2007:East Siberian Sea
1949:Riiser-Larsen Sea
1846:
1845:
1805:Ernest Shackleton
1733:Research stations
1678:Antarctic English
1647:National programs
1642:Military activity
1616:COVID-19 pandemic
1573:
1572:
1442:Floristic Kingdom
1347:Antarctic sea ice
1286:Media related to
1220:10.1029/95JC00965
1080:(4): 842–850.e4.
914:(22): 9863–9881.
417:Ernest Shackleton
378:Otto Nordenskiöld
302:Ernest Shackleton
288:In his 1950 book
201:and contains the
191:
190:
2819:
2807:Antarctic region
2769:
2768:
2766:
2765:
2764:
2759:
2755:
2752:
2751:
2750:
2747:
2725:
2724:
2714:
2713:
2646:Endorheic basins
2526:Gulf of Thailand
2378:Gulf of Khambhat
1873:
1866:
1859:
1850:
1849:
1831:
1830:
1821:
1820:
1795:James Clark Ross
1767:Famous explorers
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669:Polarstern Knoll
478:Magallanes Basin
284:
262:
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113:
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103:
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57:
42:
30:
29:
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2812:Back-arc basins
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2699:
2673:
2640:
2616:South China Sea
2596:Seto Inland Sea
2516:Gulf of Fonseca
2422:
2329:
2180:Gulf of Finland
2175:Gulf of Bothnia
2160:English Channel
2130:Bay of Campeche
2095:Archipelago Sea
2061:
2017:Gulf of Boothia
1973:
1914:Cooperation Sea
1890:
1877:
1847:
1842:
1809:
1779:Richard E. Byrd
1762:
1723:Protected areas
1661:
1625:
1582:
1569:
1526:
1480:Bodies of Water
1475:
1464:West Antarctica
1420:East Antarctica
1398:
1333:
1328:
1278:
1273:
1247:J. Geophys. Res
1239:
1200:J. Geophys. Res
1195:
1146:J. Geophys. Res
1130:
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1074:Current Biology
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746:(9). Eos: 123.
732:
728:
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708:
707:
703:
693:
688:
624:
622:Seabed features
616:Jonah's icefish
589:emperor penguin
571:crabeater seals
559:humpback whales
547:
530:
490:
470:Late Cretaceous
439:
427:Elephant Island
405:Antarctic Sound
359:
320:
283:13 October 1986
282:
277:, on finding a
259:
257:
223:Queen Maud Land
197:is part of the
133: countries
106:
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2067:Atlantic Ocean
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2019:
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1784:Douglas Mawson
1781:
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1774:Roald Amundsen
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1357:Climate change
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1276:External links
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466:back-arc basin
451:Andean orogeny
445:. In southern
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2250:Levantine Sea
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2012:Greenland Sea
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888:9783319230603
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847:(1): 98–111.
846:
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796:
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787:, p. 38.
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745:
741:
737:
730:
724:
719:
711:
710:"Weddell Sea"
705:
701:
698:
697:
685:
684:Rinner Trough
682:
680:
679:Möller Trough
677:
675:
672:
670:
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664:Explora Knoll
662:
660:
659:Andenes Knoll
657:
655:
652:
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647:
645:
642:
640:
639:Belgrano Bank
637:
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632:
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626:
619:
617:
613:
612:RV Polarstern
609:
604:
602:
598:
593:
590:
585:
583:
582:Paulet Island
579:
574:
572:
568:
567:leopard seals
564:
560:
556:
555:killer whales
552:
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538:
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452:
448:
444:
443:South America
434:
432:
428:
424:
423:
418:
413:
410:
409:Dundee Island
406:
401:
399:
395:
391:
390:Paulet Island
387:
383:
379:
371:
363:
354:
352:
348:
343:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
324:James Weddell
315:
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272:
267:
265:
255:
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238:
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228:
224:
220:
216:
215:Cape Norvegia
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
164:Average depth
162:
158:
154:
150:
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142:
138:
135:
132:
128:
125:
122:
120:
116:
111:
83:
77:
74:
71:
67:
62:
56:
51:
47:
41:
36:
31:
26:
22:
2739:
2726:
2707:
2581:Sea of Japan
2456:Bismarck Sea
2408:Persian Gulf
2393:Gulf of Suez
2388:Gulf of Oman
2368:Gulf of Aden
2335:Indian Ocean
2315:Thracian Sea
2300:Sea of Crete
2290:Sea of Ă…land
2285:Sargasso Sea
2260:Ligurian Sea
2245:Labrador Sea
2235:Irminger Sea
2190:Gulf of Lion
2145:Bothnian Sea
2135:Bay of Fundy
2110:Balearic Sea
2075:Adriatic Sea
1997:Beaufort Sea
1979:Arctic Ocean
1968:
1904:Amundsen Sea
1703:Firefighting
1688:Demographics
1611:Colonization
1606:World War II
1521:
1250:
1246:
1228:
1203:
1199:
1176:
1149:
1145:
1133:Bibliography
1132:
1131:
1077:
1073:
1062:
1051:. Retrieved
1047:
1037:
1010:
1006:
996:
954:
911:
907:
897:
878:
844:
840:
819:. Retrieved
809:
780:
768:
743:
739:
729:
718:
704:
695:
694:
649:Helmert Bank
644:Berkner Bank
605:
594:
586:
575:
563:minke whales
551:Weddell seal
548:
539:
535:
531:
522:
514:
506:Weddell Gyre
503:
491:
488:Oceanography
460:created the
440:
430:
421:
414:
402:
375:
344:
321:
306:
289:
287:
268:
263:
239:
203:Weddell Gyre
194:
192:
156:Surface area
25:Weddell seal
2761: /
2659:Caspian Sea
2631:Visayan Sea
2611:Solomon Sea
2606:Sibuyan Sea
2601:Shantar Sea
2556:Molucca Sea
2551:Mar de Grau
2481:Chilean Sea
2476:Celebes Sea
2471:Camotes Sea
2436:Arafura Sea
2348:Arabian Sea
2343:Andaman Sea
2295:Sea of Azov
2270:Myrtoan Sea
2085:Alboran Sea
2037:Pechora Sea
2032:Lincoln Sea
2002:Chukchi Sea
1992:Barents Sea
1969:Weddell Sea
1939:Lazarev Sea
1791:(legendary)
1698:Field camps
1596:Expeditions
1522:Weddell Sea
1502:Lake Vostok
1497:Lake Mercer
1369:Ice shelves
1288:Weddell Sea
1231:, Birlinn,
629:Albert Bank
494:World Ocean
279:Secchi disc
233:field, the
195:Weddell Sea
105: /
80:Coordinates
33:Weddell Sea
2776:Categories
2695:Superocean
2669:Salton Sea
2636:Yellow Sea
2626:Tasman Sea
2571:Salish Sea
2451:Bering Sea
2358:Flores Sea
2325:Wadden Sea
2255:Libyan Sea
2225:Ionian Sea
2220:Hudson Bay
2165:Foxe Basin
2155:Celtic Sea
2115:Baltic Sea
2105:Baffin Bay
2080:Aegean Sea
2052:Wandel Sea
2027:Laptev Sea
1959:Scotia Sea
1944:Mawson Sea
1601:Heroic Age
1452:South Pole
1362:Heat waves
1331:Antarctica
1105:2263/90796
1053:2022-01-13
785:Smith 2004
773:Henry 1950
691:References
654:Vinci Bank
510:pycnocline
207:Coats Land
172:Max. depth
61:bathymetry
21:Wandel Sea
2758:75°S 45°W
2591:Seram Sea
2561:Moro Gulf
2486:Coral Sea
2466:Bohol Sea
2461:Bohai Sea
2446:Banda Sea
2418:Timor Sea
2275:North Sea
2240:James Bay
2230:Irish Sea
2140:Black Sea
2057:White Sea
1964:Somov Sea
1924:Davis Sea
1753:Transport
1492:Lake CECs
1469:ice sheet
1425:ice sheet
1394:Volcanoes
1384:Mountains
1339:Geography
1114:0960-9822
1029:2296-7745
946:221779070
938:0894-8755
634:Behm Bank
595:In 2021,
480:– in the
447:Patagonia
431:Endurance
422:Endurance
419:'s ship,
415:In 1915,
386:Snow Hill
347:cabbeling
342:in 1903.
328:George IV
318:Etymology
312:ice floes
307:Endurance
242:Antarctic
231:ice shelf
187:partially
102:73°S 45°W
2763:-75; -45
2728:Category
2664:Dead Sea
2654:Aral Sea
2621:Sulu Sea
2576:Savu Sea
2546:Koro Sea
2541:Java Sea
2441:Bali Sea
2022:Kara Sea
1954:Ross Sea
1823:Category
1728:Religion
1630:Politics
1548:Wildlife
1517:Ross Sea
1379:Glaciers
1122:35030328
821:14 March
482:Cenozoic
455:Jurassic
398:Hope Bay
294:Ross Sea
209:and the
107:-73; -45
69:Location
2413:Red Sea
1833:Commons
1748:Tourism
1693:Economy
1666:Society
1588:History
1558:Mammals
1447:Islands
1403:Regions
1374:Geology
1352:Climate
1255:Bibcode
1208:Bibcode
1154:Bibcode
1082:Bibcode
916:Bibcode
849:Bibcode
748:Bibcode
597:sponges
545:Ecology
528:Climate
453:in the
437:Geology
357:History
23:or the
2678:Others
1884:oceans
1430:shield
1389:Tundra
1235:
1185:487172
1183:
1120:
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1027:
1013:: 76.
944:
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885:
569:, and
476:– the
298:merman
248:, the
184:Frozen
2685:Ocean
1880:Earth
1838:Index
1758:Women
1708:Flags
1683:Crime
1621:Years
1563:Krill
1553:Birds
1538:Flora
1196:(PDF)
942:S2CID
696:Notes
610:with
131:Basin
2749:45°W
2746:75°S
1888:seas
1886:and
1743:Time
1531:Life
1233:ISBN
1181:OCLC
1118:PMID
1110:ISSN
1025:ISSN
934:ISSN
883:ISBN
823:2022
576:The
553:and
464:, a
403:The
336:74°S
193:The
119:Type
93:45°W
90:73°S
2690:Sea
1882:'s
1263:doi
1216:doi
1204:100
1162:doi
1150:104
1100:hdl
1090:doi
1048:CNN
1015:doi
924:doi
857:doi
845:103
756:doi
396:at
304:'s
217:at
124:Sea
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