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20:
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450:"The social organization characteristic of ... Weeden Island sites appears to have lain somewhere between the basically egalitarian structure of Archaic hunter-gatherers and the chiefdoms characteristic of Mississippian society...over these centuries, the social, political, and ideological institutions of later Weedon Island agricultural communities and their contemporaries evolved into those associated with the Mississippian".
637:
chewing on some bones indicate that the body was exposed for a while after death before burial. A tomb of wood and earth was erected over the grave. The tomb and building were then burned, and the ashes scattered. After a ceramic bird head was pushed into the ground at the foot of the grave, a layer of dirt was spread over all of the mound. Three radiocarbon dates for this event average to 354.
657:
found most often in the mounds, but occasionally elsewhere in the village. The sacred vessels, which were found only in the mounds, were elaborately decorated and sometimes were in the shape of animals. Some of the sacred vessels apparently were imported, but the ones with animal shapes usually were made from local clay.
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636:
The mounds served different purposes. The one named (arbitrarily) 'B' had a rectangular building on it that has been interpreted to be a temple or the residence of the priest who conducted ceremonies for the dead. The presumed holder of that office was buried inside the building. Evidence of animals
656:
Pottery at the McKeithen site has been classified as secular, prestige, and sacred. Secular pots were undecorated, or had minimal decoration, and were all made with clay from local sources. Prestige ware was decorated with lines and dots and sometimes 'painted' with red clay. This prestige ware was
648:
Mound 'C' held a charnel house where bundled bones, typically a skull and limb bones, were stored. After some period of time, the bundles were buried around the periphery of the mound. In about 475, approximately 36 bone bundles were removed from the charnel house and buried. The charnel house was
620:
on his property before vandals destroyed them. The McKeithen site was a village next to a stream with three mounds. These three mounds were created in an isosceles triangle, with the main axis of the triangle pointing towards the summer solstice sunrise. The mounds were likely built between 350-475
644:
where bodies were cleaned and buried temporarily. A wall of posts screened a number of burial pits from the village. Posts up to two feet in diameter apparently were used to mark graves. The decomposed bodies were later removed, and bones were bundled and moved to mound 'C'. Numerous potsherds and
349:
Recent efforts have refined the Weeden Island culture concept so that the term "Weeden Island" includes several distinct regional manifestations which exhibited the same basic ceremonial complex (most likely associated with shared sociopolitical patterns), but that exhibited significant geographic
71:
and house sites. The two types of ceramics have separate histories, and the secular ceramics show considerable variation between regions. Milanich, et al. compare the Weeden Island sacred complex to the
Hopewell and Mississippian complexes, i.e., a ceremonial complex practiced by several cultures.
393:
Several attempts have been made to segregate Weeden Island components into chronological phases based on temporal changes in settlement patterns, artifact assemblage, and ceremonial activities, all of which recognize an inherent distinction between the material culture of earlier and later Weedon
507:, found primarily in burial mounds, and the utilitarian pottery found in village sites and shell middens. The prevalence of undecorated pottery and the lack of major excavations means that the chronology of the Weeden Island culture in the north peninsular Gulf coast is poorly understood.
653:, was left on the remains of the fire after its bottom was knocked out. At least 17 ceramic vessels, including hollow figurines of animals, were broken and left atop the graves of the bone bundles. The whole mound was then covered with a six-foot layer of earth.
193:. The Manasota culture developed around 500 BCE, 700 years before the development of the Weeden Island sacred complex. The secular component of the Manasota culture had no connection with the secular components of heartland Weeden Island cultures.
444:
indicate "that there was a sharp dichotomy between sacred and the secular" artifacts (particularly ceramics) within the Weeden Island culture, though this pattern has not been observed west of the
Aucilla River.
189:
in 1923 and 1924. Archaeologists now recognize that the Weedon Island site is well outside the heartland of the Weeden Island culture. The Weedon Island site was part of the Weeden Island-related late
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many small fire pits are interpreted as evidence of ceremonies connected with processing the bodies. In 354 the wall of posts and other posts were piled up over the empty grave pits and burned.
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valley in southeastern
Alabama. Undefined Weeden Island culture variants are found in southeastern Alabama and southwestern Georgia outside the Kolomoki/Wakulla Weeden Island areas.
441:
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Primary habitation sites were concentrated along the coast, with smaller sites adjacent to inland waterways. The inhabitants left numerous shell middens, composed primarily of
500:
in the area have been disturbed or destroyed by artifact hunters and "borrowing" for road-building material, and there have been no major excavations of sites in the region.
593:
The McKeithen Weeden Island culture was a regional variant of early Weeden Island culture in north
Florida. The area of the McKeithen Weeden Island culture was north of the
370:
in northernmost inland
Florida; the Manasota culture located within the central Peninsular Gulf Coast; the Northwest culture, extending from the Aucilla River through the
649:
burned, then a fire was built of top of it for a feast. A large bowl with animal heads on its rim, which may have been used for serving ceremonial drinks such as the
1338:
1231:
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Weeden Island cultures are defined by ceramics, which fall into two categories, sometimes called secular and sacred. Sacred ceramics are found primarily in
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40:
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and Green Point traditions. It persisted in some areas until the end of the
Woodland period ca. 1200. Weeden Island sites have been found from
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1758:
1738:
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1138:
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were also consumed. Horticulture was absent or a late introduction, although the inhabitants of the southern end of the region (Pasco and
382:
culture, located in the lower
Chattahoochee Valley; the later Wakulla Weeden Island culture, in the lower Chattahoochee Valley, the lower
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3209:
3147:
2045:
1593:
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1918:
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111:, from which the Swift Creek culture had also developed. The sacred or ceremonial component of Weeden Island developed out of the
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1808:
1628:
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1389:
1200:
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The north peninsular Gulf coast variant of the Weeden Island culture existed along the Gulf of Mexico coast of
Florida from the
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1978:
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1292:
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3132:
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1938:
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518:, the northernmost part of the region. Later sites in Taylor County show some influence from the Fort Walton culture. In
805:
State of
Florida Office of Cultural and Historical Programs: Chapter 8. North Peninsular Gulf Coast, 2500 B.P.-A.D. 1600
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1953:
1788:
1778:
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996:
958:
939:
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753:
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Island manifestations. It is most widely accepted that the Weeden Island culture be split into two time periods: the
161:
968:
Milanich, Jerald T.; Cordell, Ann S.; Knight, Vernon J. Jr.; Kohler, Timothy A.; Sigler-Lavelle, Brenda J. (1997) .
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1487:
422:
3204:
2020:
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1548:
1361:
987:
Milanich, Jerald T. (2002). "Weeden Island
Cultures". In Anderson, David G.; Mainfort, Robert C. Jr. (eds.).
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variant of the Weeden Island culture. Later sites in the southern part of the region show influence from the
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as have other variants of the Weeden Island culture. While a number of sites have been surveyed, most of the
379:
218:
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Anon. 1993. "Chapter 6. North-central Florida, 2500 N>P>-A>D> 1702", in Milanich, Jerald, Ed.
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629:. The three mounds flanked the plaza on three sides. Wood and charcoal found in the village have yielded
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meet. To the east of this Weeden Island heartland, Weeden Island secular components developed out of the
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The Weeden Island culture was not uniform over the north peninsular Gulf coast. Ceramics related to the
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1988:
1928:
1828:
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2010:
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Period (700 AD - 1200 AD). Some Weeden Island II cultures later developed into local variants of the
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The site on Weedon Island where Weeden Island sacred ceramics were first described was excavated by
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2706:
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variants of Weeden Island groups used slightly different subsistence strategies dictated by local
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Scholars believe that the secular components of Weeden Island cultures emerged from the
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Associated culture - Weeden Island ceremonialism adopted by non-Weeden Island culture
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Cultures that existed during the Late Woodland period of the North American Southeast
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drainage basin. It lasted about 500 years, from 200 to 700. It was succeeded by the
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variations. These include: the North peninsular Gulf Coast variant, found along the
3122:
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2911:
2861:
2801:
2716:
2641:
2631:
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522:, to the south of Taylor County, later sites appear to have been influenced by the
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As in other Weeden Island areas, there is a difference between ceremonial/prestige
414:
324:
190:
186:
124:
108:
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Archaeology of Northern Florida, A.D. 200-900: The McKeithen Weeden Island Culture
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are found scattered at early sites throughout the area, but particularly so in
351:
92:
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CE. Abundant evidence of occupation was found in a crescent around a presumed
3193:
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1963:
1903:
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shells. Fish of various kinds were another important component of the diet.
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3000:
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1983:
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558:
234:
Flint River valley (Georgia) and Choctawhatchee River valley (Alabama)
120:
116:
80:
2646:
991:. Tuscaloosa, Alabama: University of Alabama Press. pp. 352–372.
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1728:
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155:
143:
132:
128:
48:
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19:
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2015:
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375:
100:
96:
2373:
1307:
582:
538:
497:
68:
748:. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. pp. 196–97.
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The McKeithen culture is named after a landowner who invited
578:
554:
550:
64:
3077:
967:
570:
542:
43:. The name for this group of cultures was derived from the
172:
marine resources accurately characterizes Weeden Island
23:
One of the living mounds at the Weedon island type site.
1520:
488:. This region has not received as much attention from
1010:. Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida.
972:. Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida.
953:. Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida.
934:. Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida.
455:
1513:
1029:. State of Florida Division of Historical Resources.
468:. It also included such inland wetland areas as the
425:cultures in the panhandle). It was followed by the
196:
1083:
905:
588:
79:during the Middle Woodland Period (ca. 200 - 500
3191:
67:, while secular ceramics are found primarily in
2136:
386:valley, in southwestern Georgia, and the upper
2051:Protection of Native American sites in Florida
1206:University of Tennessee Agriculture Farm Mound
1108:List of archaeological periods (North America)
413:The Weeden Island culture was preceded by the
2122:
1339:
1069:
253:North peninsular coast Weeden Island culture
1171:Little Maquoketa River Mounds State Preserve
951:Florida Indians and the Invasion from Europe
745:Handbook ofNorth American Indians: Southeast
2046:Indigenous peoples of the Everglades region
1362:Indigenous peoples of Pre-Columbian Florida
308:Undefined Weeden Island culture variant(s)
298:Undefined Weeden Island culture variant(s)
2129:
2115:
1346:
1332:
1076:
1062:
2637:Hopewell Culture National Historical Park
433:in the McKeithen culture area and by the
986:
948:
926:
741:
484:), as well as coastal sites such as the
154:in some areas), a trend toward the semi-
18:
437:in the Northwest area (the panhandle).
429:in the Cades Pond culture area, by the
3192:
889:. Sarasota, Florida: Pineapple Press.
47:(despite the dissimilar spellings) in
2110:
1327:
1057:
1008:Archaeology of the Florida Gulf Coast
1005:
903:
884:
250:Florida north peninsular Gulf coast
3108:Norse colonization of North America
932:Archaeology of Precolumbian Florida
237:"heartland" Weeden Island cultures
13:
3230:Archaeological cultures of Florida
3210:Native American history of Florida
1539:
912:. London: Thames and Hudson, Ltd.
456:North peninsular Gulf coast region
14:
3241:
1293:Extreme weather events of 535–536
1035:
440:Several archaeologists including
3225:Formative period in the Americas
2062:List of shell ring sites#Florida
1355:
1085:
625:, which was essentially bare of
279:Weeden Island Northwest culture
266:McKeithen Weeden Island culture
197:Geographic and temporal variants
3215:Archaeological sites in Florida
3128:Southeastern Ceremonial Complex
866:
857:
848:
839:
830:
821:
810:
807:URL retrieved January 14, 2008.
798:
789:
780:
589:McKeithen Weeden Island culture
368:McKeithen Weeden Island culture
771:
762:
735:
726:
717:
708:
699:
690:
666:
398:Period (200 AD - 700 AD) and
366:in north-central Florida; the
242:Wakulla Weeden Island culture
226:Wakulla Weeden Island culture
135:on the Chattahoochee River at
1:
878:
526:, which developed out of the
35:that existed during the Late
3093:Mi'kmaq hieroglyphic writing
3043:Eastern Agricultural Complex
1031:- retrieved October 31, 2007
949:Milanich, Jerald T. (1995).
660:
7:
2477:Bandelier National Monument
2351:List of Mississippian sites
2138:Pre-Columbian North America
1579:Big Mound Key-Boggess Ridge
1521:North peninsular Gulf coast
1196:St. Croix River Access Site
1027:Florida Historical Contexts
817:Florida Historical Contexts
601:to the western edge of the
541:shells, but also including
215:Chattahoochee River valley
10:
3246:
2897:West Oak Forest Earthlodge
2502:The Bluff Point Stoneworks
2211:Ancestral Pueblo (Anasazi)
1829:Ortona Prehistoric Village
742:Fogelson, Raymond (2004).
597:, extending east from the
58:
3166:
3138:Three Sisters agriculture
2993:
2925:
2457:
2186:
2144:
2088:
2033:
1997:
1532:
1398:
1368:
1275:
1214:
1116:
1098:
1050:, New George Encyclopedia
1006:Wiley, Gordon R. (1949).
768:Milanich 1994:163, 325-26
705:Milanich et al.:10, 21-22
470:Cove of the Withlacoochee
464:southward to what is now
310:
300:
271:
258:
209:
206:
3220:Pinellas County, Florida
2677:Lehner Mammoth-Kill Site
2236:Buttermilk Creek complex
1814:Naval Live Oaks Cemetery
1619:Cayson Mound and Village
1129:Beattie Park Mound Group
904:Fagan, Brian M. (2005).
885:Brown, Robin C. (1994).
406:, collectively known as
41:North American Southeast
2877:Town Creek Indian Mound
2847:Sierra de San Francisco
2702:Meadowcroft Rockshelter
1262:Suwannee Valley culture
607:Suwannee Valley culture
577:counties) were growing
431:Suwannee Valley culture
290:900 - European contact
181:Smithsonian Institution
176:activities in general.
152:small-scale agriculture
39:(500 - 1000 CE) of the
33:archaeological cultures
31:are a group of related
2532:Coso Rock Art District
2419:Santa Rosa-Swift Creek
2322:List of Hopewell sites
1749:Letchworth-Love Mounds
1694:Hickory Ridge Cemetery
1554:Aqui Esta Burial Mound
1544:
1488:Santa Rosa-Swift Creek
1252:Princess Point complex
1232:Clemson Island culture
1092:Late Woodland cultures
1042:Weedon Island Preserve
989:The Woodland Southeast
887:Florida's First People
777:Milanich, et al.:22-23
423:Santa Rosa-Swift Creek
334:North central Florida
142:Although the multiple
29:Weeden Island cultures
24:
3200:Weeden Island culture
2940:Arlington Springs Man
2782:Portsmouth Earthworks
2006:Manasota Key Offshore
1989:Yon Mound and Village
1764:Mark Pardo Shellworks
1734:Kimball Island Midden
1543:
1303:Mississippian culture
1267:Weeden Island culture
1048:Weeden Island Culture
908:Ancient North America
732:Milanich 1994:221-222
723:Milanich et al.:22-23
696:Milanich et al.:19-22
581:at the time of first
532:Safety Harbor culture
404:Mississippian culture
22:
3205:Late Woodland period
3148:Transoceanic contact
3038:Container Revolution
2612:Gila Cliff Dwellings
2577:Etowah Indian Mounds
2021:Warm Mineral Springs
1594:Bowers Bluff Middens
1298:Fort Ancient culture
714:Milanich 1994:8, 156
674:"Weedon Island Site"
388:Choctawhatchee River
127:, and from south of
3068:Green Corn Ceremony
2882:Turkey River Mounds
2672:Lake Jackson Mounds
2492:Blue Spring Shelter
1924:Shell Bluff Landing
1869:Pompano Beach Mound
1809:Myakkahatchee Creek
1759:Madira Bickel Mound
1739:Lake Jackson Mounds
1390:Post-Archaic period
1288:Belle Glade culture
1242:Monongahela culture
928:Milanich, Jerald T.
512:Swift Creek culture
435:Fort Walton Culture
408:proto-Mississippian
286:Fort Walton culture
77:Swift Creek culture
3153:Underwater panther
2827:Rosenstock Village
2697:Marmes Rockshelter
2682:L'Anse aux Meadows
1974:Waddells Mill Pond
1919:Shark River Slough
1754:Little Salt Spring
1545:
1181:Memorial Park Site
633:of AD 200 to 750.
486:Crystal River site
364:Cades Pond culture
339:Cades Pond culture
305:Southwest Georgia
295:Southeast Alabama
276:Northwest Florida
168:areas and coastal/
113:Hopewell tradition
45:Weedon Island site
25:
3187:
3186:
3179:Pre-Columbian era
2980:Spirit Cave mummy
2777:Plum Bayou Mounds
2687:Lynch Quarry Site
2206:Ancient Beringian
2104:
2103:
2096:Pre-Columbian era
2041:Beaver Lake point
1934:Third Gulf Breeze
1744:Lake Pithlachocco
1664:Fort Walton Mound
1321:
1320:
1313:St. Johns culture
1257:Springwells phase
1145:Brinsfield I Site
1017:978-0-8130-1603-0
979:978-0-8130-1538-5
919:978-0-5002-8532-9
827:Milanich 1994:348
631:radiocarbon dates
616:to excavate some
372:Florida Panhandle
347:
346:
210:Weeden Island II
137:Columbus, Georgia
3237:
3123:Projectile point
2960:Leanderthal Lady
2887:Upward Sun River
2862:Stallings Island
2852:Shell ring sites
2802:Recapture Canyon
2717:Moorehead Circle
2562:El Fin del Mundo
2547:Cueva de la Olla
2353:
2340:Maritime Archaic
2324:
2154:
2131:
2124:
2117:
2108:
2107:
2064:
1644:Devil's Den Cave
1609:Butcherpen Mound
1564:Bear Lake Mounds
1523:
1516:
1376:
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1359:
1348:
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1334:
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640:Mound 'A' was a
415:Deptford culture
400:Weeden Island II
325:Manasota culture
219:Kolomaki culture
207:Weeden Island I
201:
200:
191:Manasota culture
187:J. Walter Fewkes
125:Okefenokee Swamp
109:Deptford culture
3245:
3244:
3240:
3239:
3238:
3236:
3235:
3234:
3190:
3189:
3188:
3183:
3174:Genetic history
3162:
3016:Ceremonial pipe
2989:
2970:Minnesota Woman
2927:
2921:
2742:Ocmulgee Mounds
2722:Morrison Mounds
2667:Kolomoki Mounds
2657:Kimball Village
2517:Candelaria Cave
2459:
2453:
2434:Suwannee Valley
2369:Old Cordilleran
2349:
2320:
2188:
2182:
2148:
2140:
2135:
2105:
2100:
2084:
2060:
2029:
1999:
1993:
1979:Wakulla Springs
1959:Upper Tampa Bay
1874:Portavant Mound
1844:Persimmon Mound
1789:Mount Elizabeth
1534:
1528:
1519:
1512:
1498:Suwannee Valley
1400:
1394:
1372:
1364:
1354:
1352:
1322:
1317:
1271:
1227:Avonlea culture
1222:Alachua culture
1210:
1201:Sommerheim Park
1186:Nottingham Site
1112:
1094:
1084:
1082:
1044:- official site
1038:
1018:
999:
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961:
942:
920:
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700:
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691:
681:
679:
676:
672:
671:
667:
663:
603:St. Johns River
591:
524:Alachua culture
458:
427:Alachua culture
417:(and the later
396:Weeden Island I
320:Tampa Bay area
199:
159:hunter-gatherer
83:) in the lower
61:
53:Pinellas County
37:Woodland period
17:
12:
11:
5:
3243:
3233:
3232:
3227:
3222:
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3212:
3207:
3202:
3185:
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3150:
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3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3098:Mound Builders
3095:
3090:
3085:
3083:Medicine wheel
3080:
3075:
3073:Horned Serpent
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3024:
3023:
3013:
3008:
3003:
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2899:
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2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2812:Roberts Island
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2747:Old Stone Fort
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2712:Moaning Cavern
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2662:Kincaid Mounds
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2542:Cuarenta Casas
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2497:Bluefish Caves
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2463:
2461:
2458:Archaeological
2455:
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2313:
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2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2256:Caloosahatchee
2253:
2248:
2243:
2241:Caborn-Welborn
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2192:
2190:
2187:Archaeological
2184:
2183:
2181:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2145:
2142:
2141:
2134:
2133:
2126:
2119:
2111:
2102:
2101:
2099:
2098:
2093:
2089:
2086:
2085:
2083:
2082:
2080:Suwannee point
2077:
2072:
2067:
2066:
2065:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2037:
2035:
2031:
2030:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
2001:
1995:
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1992:
1991:
1986:
1981:
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1966:
1961:
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1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1894:Roberts Island
1891:
1886:
1884:Princess Mound
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
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1719:Josslyn Island
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1654:Douglass Beach
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
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1586:
1581:
1576:
1574:Big Mound City
1571:
1569:Big Heart West
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1538:
1536:
1533:Archaeological
1530:
1529:
1527:
1526:
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1524:
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1500:
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1460:
1455:
1450:
1448:Leon-Jefferson
1445:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1423:Caloosahatchee
1420:
1415:
1410:
1404:
1402:
1399:Archaeological
1396:
1395:
1393:
1392:
1387:
1385:Archaic period
1382:
1377:
1369:
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1365:
1351:
1350:
1343:
1336:
1328:
1319:
1318:
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1279:Related topics
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1142:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1120:
1118:
1114:
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1111:
1110:
1105:
1103:Mound Builders
1099:
1096:
1095:
1081:
1080:
1073:
1066:
1058:
1052:
1051:
1045:
1037:
1036:External links
1034:
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689:
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614:archaeologists
595:Santa Fe River
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263:North Florida
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3079:
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3064:
3061:
3059:
3058:Falcon dancer
3056:
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3044:
3041:
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3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3022:
3019:
3018:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2998:
2996:
2994:Miscellaneous
2992:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2965:Melbourne Man
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2955:La Brea Woman
2953:
2951:
2950:Kennewick Man
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2932:
2930:
2924:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
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2890:
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2885:
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2880:
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2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2842:Serpent Mound
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2792:Pueblo Bonito
2790:
2788:
2787:Poverty Point
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2772:Pinson Mounds
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2762:Painted Bluff
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2642:Horr's Island
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2572:Effigy Mounds
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2537:Crystal River
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2464:
2462:
2456:
2450:
2449:Weeden Island
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2414:Safety Harbor
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2404:Poverty Point
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2384:Paleo-Indians
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2352:
2348:
2347:
2346:
2345:Mississippian
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2323:
2319:
2318:
2317:
2314:
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2239:
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2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2193:
2191:
2185:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2153:
2152:
2147:
2146:
2143:
2139:
2132:
2127:
2125:
2120:
2118:
2113:
2112:
2109:
2097:
2094:
2091:
2090:
2087:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2075:Simpson point
2073:
2071:
2068:
2063:
2059:
2058:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2038:
2036:
2034:Miscellaneous
2032:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2011:Melbourne Man
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1996:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1964:Useppa Island
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1914:Safety Harbor
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1904:Rookery Mound
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
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1727:
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1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1709:Indian Fields
1707:
1705:
1704:Horr's Island
1702:
1700:
1699:Hinson Mounds
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1684:Halfway Creek
1682:
1680:
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1675:
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1630:
1629:Crystal River
1627:
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1555:
1552:
1550:
1549:Apalachee Bay
1547:
1546:
1542:
1537:
1531:
1522:
1518:
1515:
1511:
1510:
1509:
1508:Weeden Island
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1483:Safety Harbor
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1473:Paleo-Indians
1471:
1469:
1468:Orange period
1466:
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1283:Steuben point
1281:
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1199:
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1177:
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1155:Clampitt Site
1153:
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1127:
1125:
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1106:
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1101:
1100:
1097:
1093:
1088:
1079:
1074:
1072:
1067:
1065:
1060:
1059:
1056:
1049:
1046:
1043:
1040:
1039:
1030:
1028:
1023:
1019:
1013:
1009:
1004:
1000:
998:0-8173-1137-8
994:
990:
985:
981:
975:
971:
966:
962:
960:0-8130-1360-7
956:
952:
947:
943:
941:0-8130-1273-2
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
915:
910:
909:
902:
898:
896:1-56164-032-8
892:
888:
883:
882:
869:
860:
851:
842:
836:Brown:41, 43.
833:
824:
818:
813:
806:
801:
795:Fagan:460-461
792:
783:
774:
765:
757:
755:0-16-072300-0
751:
747:
746:
738:
729:
720:
711:
702:
693:
675:
669:
665:
658:
654:
652:
646:
643:
638:
634:
632:
628:
624:
619:
615:
610:
608:
604:
600:
599:Aucilla River
596:
586:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
535:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
516:Taylor County
513:
508:
506:
501:
499:
495:
491:
490:archeologists
487:
483:
480:(in southern
479:
475:
474:Citrus County
471:
467:
463:
462:Aucilla River
451:
448:
447:
446:
443:
442:William Sears
438:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
411:
409:
405:
401:
397:
391:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
360:Aucilla River
357:
353:
342:
340:
336:
333:
332:
328:
326:
322:
319:
318:
314:
313:
307:
304:
303:
297:
294:
293:
289:
287:
284:
281:
278:
275:
274:
268:
265:
262:
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255:
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249:
248:
244:
241:
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236:
233:
232:
228:
225:
222:
220:
217:
214:
213:
203:
202:
194:
192:
188:
185:
184:archaeologist
182:
177:
175:
171:
167:
163:
160:
157:
153:
149:
145:
140:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
85:Chattahoochee
82:
78:
73:
70:
66:
56:
54:
50:
49:Old Tampa Bay
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
21:
3158:Water glyphs
3113:Oasisamerica
3103:N.A.G.P.R.A.
3063:Folsom point
3053:Effigy mound
3033:Clovis point
3001:Aridoamerica
2902:Wickiup Hill
2857:Spiro Mounds
2837:Salmon Ruins
2832:Russell Cave
2627:Helen Blazes
2622:Grimes Point
2602:Fort Juelson
2592:Fort Ancient
2567:El Vallecito
2527:Chaco Canyon
2467:Angel Mounds
2448:
2429:Steed-Kisker
2379:Paleo-Arctic
2301:Glacial Kame
2286:Fort Ancient
2178:Post-Classic
2149:
1949:Turtle Mound
1944:Turner River
1939:Thomas Creek
1929:Spruce Creek
1909:Ross Hammock
1879:Porter's Bar
1859:Platt Island
1824:Ormond Mound
1799:Mount Taylor
1769:Miami Circle
1724:Jungle Prada
1714:J&J Hunt
1689:Helen Blazes
1674:Garden Patch
1599:Bubba Midden
1584:Bird Hammock
1507:
1458:Mount Taylor
1380:Paleoindians
1373:
1266:
1247:Oliver phase
1191:Ormond Mound
1026:
1007:
988:
969:
950:
931:
907:
886:
868:
859:
854:Brown:48-50.
850:
841:
832:
823:
816:
812:
800:
791:
782:
773:
764:
744:
737:
728:
719:
710:
701:
692:
680:. Retrieved
668:
655:
647:
642:charnel area
639:
635:
611:
592:
536:
520:Dixie County
509:
502:
478:Gulf Hammock
466:Pasco County
459:
449:
439:
412:
407:
399:
395:
392:
378:; the early
356:Pasco County
348:
178:
164:of hardwood
162:exploitation
141:
89:Apalachicola
74:
62:
28:
26:
3143:Thunderbird
3011:Black drink
2975:Peñon woman
2912:Winterville
2892:Velda Mound
2872:Taos Pueblo
2767:Parkin Park
2752:Orwell site
2737:Nodena site
2632:Holly Bluff
2607:Four Mounds
2597:Fort Center
2522:Casa Grande
2472:Anzick site
2364:Monongahela
2291:Fort Walton
2266:Coles Creek
2231:Belle Glade
2216:Anishinaabe
2070:Shell works
1969:Velda Mound
1954:Twin Mounds
1839:Page-Ladson
1794:Mount Royal
1779:Monroe Lake
1679:Green Mound
1669:Galt Island
1659:Fort Center
1503:Swift Creek
1438:Fort Walton
1413:Belle Glade
1161:Fisher site
1157:(12-LR-329)
1150:Brokaw Site
872:Brown:52-3.
863:Brown:50-1.
845:Brown:46-8.
682:22 December
651:black drink
559:Sea turtles
482:Levy County
419:Swift Creek
384:Flint River
374:to Mobile,
354:coast from
245:750 - 1200
229:750 - 1200
174:subsistence
150:(including
148:environment
3194:Categories
3088:Metallurgy
3048:Eden point
2945:Buhl Woman
2817:Rock Eagle
2807:River Styx
2732:Mummy Cave
2727:Moundville
2707:Mesa Verde
2692:Marksville
2439:Tchefuncte
2399:Plaquemine
2335:Las Palmas
2251:Calf Creek
2246:Cades Pond
2056:Shell ring
1984:Yent Mound
1899:Rock Mound
1889:River Styx
1804:Mullet Key
1649:Dismal Key
1639:Demere Key
1624:C. J. Ostl
1614:Cayo Pelau
1604:Burns Lake
1418:Cades Pond
1141:(12 MA 61)
1139:Bowen Site
879:References
567:alligators
528:Cades Pond
496:and shell
343:300 - 500
329:300 - 800
282:300 - 900
269:200 - 700
256:200 - 900
223:350 - 750
144:geographic
121:Mobile Bay
3133:Stickball
2822:Rock Hawk
2652:Key Marco
2444:Troyville
2424:St. Johns
2409:Red Ocher
2168:Formative
1834:Otis Hare
1784:Mound Key
1774:Mill Cove
1729:Key Marco
1589:Blueberry
1559:Bay Pines
1514:McKeithen
1493:St. Johns
1478:Pensacola
1176:Man Mound
1166:Hoye Site
1134:Book site
1124:Baum Site
786:Fagan:458
661:Citations
627:artifacts
585:contact.
563:tortoises
156:sedentary
133:fall line
129:Tampa Bay
3021:Chanunpa
3006:Ballgame
2985:Vero man
2935:Anzick-1
2907:Windover
2867:SunWatch
2797:Rassawek
2617:Glenwood
2507:Brewster
2359:Mogollon
2330:La Jolla
2316:Hopewell
2276:Deptford
2189:cultures
2026:Windover
2016:Vero man
1854:Pineland
1819:Nocoroco
1453:Manasota
1433:Deptford
1401:cultures
1237:Manahoac
1215:Cultures
930:(1994).
583:European
575:Hernando
380:Kolomoki
170:riverine
95:, where
93:drainage
3170:Related
3028:Chunkey
2928:remains
2917:Wupatki
2757:Paquime
2647:Huápoca
2512:Cahokia
2482:Bastian
2389:Patayan
2311:Hohokam
2296:Fremont
2271:Comondú
2226:Baytown
2221:Avonlea
2201:Alachua
2173:Classic
2163:Archaic
2151:Periods
2092:Related
2000:remains
1463:Norwood
1408:Alachua
1374:Periods
547:scallop
505:pottery
498:middens
376:Alabama
358:to the
337:middle
204:Region
166:hammock
131:to the
123:to the
115:-based
105:Georgia
101:Florida
97:Alabama
69:middens
59:History
2587:Folsom
2552:Cutler
2487:Benson
2374:Oneota
2306:Glades
2281:Folsom
2261:Clovis
2158:Lithic
1849:Pierce
1634:Cutler
1443:Glades
1428:Clovis
1308:Oneota
1014:
995:
976:
957:
938:
916:
893:
752:
618:mounds
539:oyster
494:mounds
476:) and
362:; the
91:river
65:mounds
3118:Piasa
2926:Human
2557:Eaker
2460:sites
2394:Plano
2196:Adena
1998:Human
1864:Plaza
1535:sites
1117:Sites
677:(PDF)
623:plaza
579:maize
555:conch
551:whelk
323:late
3078:Kiva
1012:ISBN
993:ISBN
974:ISBN
955:ISBN
936:ISBN
914:ISBN
891:ISBN
750:ISBN
684:2014
571:deer
569:and
553:and
543:clam
472:(in
421:and
352:Gulf
117:Yent
103:and
27:The
2582:Eva
51:in
3196::
609:.
565:,
561:,
549:,
545:,
534:.
410:.
139:.
99:,
81:CE
55:.
2130:e
2123:t
2116:v
1347:e
1340:t
1333:v
1077:e
1070:t
1063:v
1020:.
1001:.
982:.
963:.
944:.
922:.
899:.
758:.
686:.
87:-
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
