268:
471:(右賢王) made harassing raids against outskirts of Shuofang, Wei Qing launched a crushing long-distance night assault from Gaoque with 30,000 cavalrymen, completely surprising and surrounding the Worthy Prince's main camp. Not only did the Han forces send the Worthy Prince running for his life from his drunken slumber (with only his own concubine following), they also took about 15,000 captives, among them a dozen Xiongnu nobles, and millions of cattle. For this victory, Wei Qing was made the "Grand General" (大將軍) of All Armed Forces, and his march was enlarged by 8,700 households. His three young sons Wei Kang (衛伉), Wei Buyi (衛不疑), and Wei Deng (衛登) were also made marquesses (an offer later refused by Wei Qing), as well as seven generals under his command.
613:
545:, Wei Qing had done this to give his old friend Gongsun Ao, who had recently been stripped of his title, a chance to win a major battle and be re-promoted. However, sending Generals of Front (前將軍, namely Li Guang) and Right (右將軍, namely Zhao Yiji) on flanking maneuvers was one of Wei Qing's typical tactical arrangements. This was evidenced by his previous deployment of Zhao Xin and Su Jian, who were Generals of Front and Right respectively, during the less successful 123 BC campaign.
517:, as the barren lands would serve as a natural barrier that was very difficult to overcome for the Han forces. However, in 119 BC, Emperor Wu decided to defy the odds and launched a massive expeditionary campaign across the desert. In this engagement, Emperor Wu broke the normal pattern of reaction against Xiongnu attacks by making a major excursion against Xiongnu's headquarters in the north of the Gobi Desert. This is known to history as the
682:
greatly, often requesting Ji's opinion on important matters. Throughout his career, he refused to hire scholars to praise him and create favorable public opinions, and tried to maintain a relatively low profile. Despite his humble way of life, Wei's status in the Han army made him a distinguished figure in the country, attracting admiration, jealousy and hostility alike. Emperor Wu's uncle, the Prince of
Huainan
354:
604:, thus blamed Wei Qing for causing Li Guang's death. Li's youngest son Li Gan (李敢), who was a subordinate of Huo Qubing at the time, later went to Wei Qing's home and assaulted him. Although Wei Qing decided to cool the heat and mercifully let the matter slide, Huo Qubing was greatly angered that his subordinate had the temerity to insult his uncle. He personally shot dead Li Gan during a hunting trip.
478:(定襄) and returned with several thousand enemy kills. A month later, Wei Qing again launched from Dingxiang, but would fight a relatively inconclusive battle. Although he was able to kill/capture more than 10,000 Xiongnu soldiers, part of his vanguard forces, a 3,000-strong regiment commanded by generals Su Jian and
382:
distinguished himself with a successful long-distance raid of the
Xiongnu's holy site Longcheng (龍城), killing over 700 Xiongnu soldiers in the process. As a reward for the victory (the first proper victory against Xiongnu in Han history), Wei Qing was promoted to a higher command and created an acting
681:
Despite his great honor and power, Wei Qing remained humble in many ways. Because of the great favor
Emperor Wu showed him, all of the other officials at court flattered him, except for Ji An (汲黯), who treated him as an equal. Wei was impressed by Ji's integrity in face of pressure and respected Ji
566:
region, destroying the
Xiongnu stronghold Zhao Xin Castle (趙信城) before returning in triumph with a total of about 19,000 enemy kills. Chanyu Yizhixie was forced to escape with very few men, lost communication with his tribe for days, and did not return until his clan presumed his death and installed
548:
After crossing the desert, Wei Qing's army unexpectedly encountered Chanyu
Yizhixie's main forces, who was waiting in anticipation of ambushing the Han army. Despite being significantly outnumbered as well as fatigued after the long journey, Wei Qing was able to counter Xiongnu's cavalry charge with
486:
Yizhixie (伊稚斜單于), and was outnumbered and annihilated. Zhao Xin defected on the field with his 800 ethnic
Xiongnu subordinates, while Su Jian escaped after losing all his men in the desperate fighting. Showing compassion on Su Jian, Wei Qing spared him even though some advocates advised him to
381:
in four separate columns against
Xiongnu, each leading 10,000 cavalry. Li Guang (the most seasoned commander out of the four) and Gongsun Ao suffered major losses at the Xiongnus' hand, while Gongsun He failed to encounter and engage any enemy. Wei Qing, the least experienced out of the four,
567:
a new Chanyu. This was a narrow but critically significant victory for the Han empire. Xiongnu was greatly weakened to the point that they would huddle up into the barren northern Gobi desert (leading to decline of their population), and unable to raid south for the next decade.
549:
archery defense created by heavy-armored chariots arranged in ring formations, which was reinforced with cavalry counteroffensives. (This defense would be evaluated as one of the most effective against cavalry by many later
Chinese tacticians, including
557:
with his cavalries. Already exhausted after a day of unsuccessful attacks against Han positions, the sudden sight of incoming Han soldiers in the darkness further broke the
Xiongnu's morale, routing them. This decisive pincer attack shattered the
247:. The child was initially sent to live in his father's household as his serf mother (who was already raising four other children) could not afford to raise him in poverty, but due to the illegitimacy of his birth, the young boy was detested and
345:, bravery, outstanding tactical intuition as well as excellent leadership skills. Over the next several years, Wei Qing would be entrusted as Emperor Wu's most loyal consul, as his sister also monopolized the Emperor's love for the next decade.
322:, angry that Wei Zifu had siphoned off the imperial favor from her daughter, kidnapped Wei Qing and wanted to kill him privately as retaliation. However, Wei was rescued at the last moment by his friends, a group of fellow palace guards led by
334:(夫人, a concubine position lower only to the Empress), and rewarded other members of her family. This marked the beginning of the rise of one of the most influential clans in the political history of Western Han – the Wei/Huo family.
553:.) The Han forces successfully enforced a stalemate that lasted until dusk, when a sandstorm descended upon the battlefield. Seizing the moment of poor visibility provided by the dust, Wei Qing broke the stalemate and launched
432:), and totally outflanking and surrounding the forces of Xiongnu's Princes of Loufan (樓煩王) and Baiyang (白羊王), killing 2,300 and capturing 3,017 Xiongnu soldiers as well as over a million cattle. According to record from
595:
to explain the failure to accomplish orders and thus jeopardize the whole campaign. Feeling humiliated over the charges against him and frustrated over missing his final chance at martial glory, Li Guang committed
536:
to assign Li Guang to crucial missions due to Li's infamous history of "bad lucks". Wei Qing, after the army had already departed, merged Li Guang's forces with Zhao Yiji's and ordered them to take an eastern
491:
to enforce his commanding authority. Due to the loss of Su's detachment, Wei Qing troops did not earn any promotion, even though they scored more gains than losses. At this campaign, his nephew
326:(公孫敖). In response to the incident and as a sign of annoyance towards Empress Chen and her mother, Emperor Wu appointed Wei Qing the triple role of Chief of Jianzhang Camp (建章監, equivalent to a
318:). However, as his sister gained the Emperor's love and fell pregnant, near-disaster would befall Wei Qing. The powerful Grand Princess Guantao (館陶長公主) Liu Piao (劉嫖), the mother of Empress
444:, the battle was so swift and one-sided that the Han forces "returned with all warriors intact" (全甲兵而還), implying a near-zero casualty rate. This earned Wei Qing a further promotion to the
889:
era. Thus, it is likely (but not certain) that Wei Qing died in that month, which corresponds to 15 May to 12 Jun 106 BC in the proleptic Julian calendar. The 5th year of the
562:'s line, nearly capturing him and completely overrunning his forces, killing over 10,000 Xiongnu soldiers in the process. The Han army pursued all the way to the modern
868:
While Wei Qing's age was not recorded, he was old enough to serve as a horseman when Wei Zifu caught
Emperor Wu's eye in 139 BC. Thus, he should be born in the 150s BC.
521:("campaign of the desert's north"). Wei Qing and Huo Qubing were in command of the two main corps, each with 50,000 cavalrymen and 100,000 infantrymen/charioteers.
1083:
667:
to advise on military and sometimes political matters as the dual-role of Chief Defense Minister/Generalissimo (大司馬大將軍). He also assisted his nephew,
452:) and Zhang Cigong (張次公) were also created marquesses. The Han recapture of this territory forced the two Xiongnu tribes to withdraw from the fertile
330:), Chief of Staff (侍中) and Chief Councillor (太中大夫), effectively making him one of Emperor Wu's closest lieutenants. He also publicly made Wei Zifu a
591:
resistance. They only rendezvous with Wei Qing's troops after the latter already returned from Zhao Xin Castle. Both men were later summoned for
587:, the flanking division led by Li Guang and Zhao Yiji got lost in the desert and failed to reach the battlefield in time, despite meeting little
701:. Wei Qing would not live to see the destruction of his clan – nobody survived except his youngest son Wei Deng (衛登) and his great-grandnephew
524:
Under Wei Qing's command were four other generals, namely Gongsun He, Zhao Yiji (趙食其), Cao Xiang (曹襄) and an elderly but very enthusiastic
255:. Unable to tolerate the abuse, Zheng Qing eventually ran away back to his mother's side during his early teenage years, and served as a
279:. The inscriptions on it suggest that it was collected by Emperor Wu, later was bestowed to Wei Qing's wife, Eldest Princess Yangxin.
259:
in the marquess's estate of Pingyang. He then severed his paternal bond by adopting the surname "Wei" of his mother's family.
243:
with a lowly female servant known as Wei Ao (衛媪, literally means "the Wei woman"), and their relationship produced a son named
686:, who had been conspiring a military coup for a long time, saw Wei Qing as his prime political obstacle that must be removed.
1040:
914:
397:, and was created Empress very soon after. Later that year, Wei Qing, who was now officially a trusted member of Emperor's
267:
995:
964:
235:, Shanxi) and was commissioned to serve at the estate of Cao Shou (曹壽), the Marquess of Pingyang (平陽侯), and his wife
689:
Wei Qing died in 106 BC and was buried in a large tomb built to the model of Mount Lu (盧山, a mountain previously in
619:
1078:
314:
c. 139 BC, Wei Qing followed as an accompanying gift and served as a horseman at Jianzhang Camp (建章營, Emperor Wu's
706:
787:
236:
204:
95:
1050:
467:
In 124 BC, Wei Qing would be the vital part of the greatest Han victory over Xiongnu to date. When Xiongnu's
373:, Hebei). Emperor Wu promoted Wei Qing as the General of Chariots and Cavalry (車騎將軍) and dispatched him with
1073:
663:
After the 119 BC campaign, Wei Qing would see little combat action himself, largely remaining in the capital
464:(朔方城) was built, and later became a key stronghold for offensive and defensive campaigns against Xiongnu.
1046:
1011:
448:(長平侯), with a march of 3,800 households. His subordinates Su Jian (蘇建, father of the great Han patriot
283:
Legend says that Wei Qing once followed his master on a visit to Ganquan Palace (甘泉宮) and encountered a
612:
756:
1068:
528:. Contrary to the arrangements promised to Li Guang by Emperor Wu (where he would command the
337:
Great wealth would not be all Wei Qing would have. Emperor Wu saw qualities in him – brilliant
327:
276:
231:
family. His father Zheng Ji (鄭季) was a low-level official for Pingyang County (平陽縣, in modern
904:
987:
981:
956:
950:
572:
1047:
El incensario del emperador Han Wudi", en Boletín del Archivo Epigráfico 2019, 3, pp. 87-91
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8:
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357:
Expansion of Han dynasty. Wei Qing's campaigns against Xiongnu are shown in red arrows.
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991:
960:
910:
885:, the record of Wei Qing's death appeared after the 4th month of the 5th year of the
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705:, as well as the tragic fate of his sister Empress Wei and nephew Liu Ju, during the
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did not occur until after the Han dynasty collapsed, some 400 years later during the
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rather than to face the court. Many people, including the historian
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693:-occupied territory). The tomb was connected to that of his nephew
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482:(a surrendered Xiongnu prince), encountered a Xiongnu force led by
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In 128 BC, Consort Wei Zifu gave birth to Emperor Wu's first son,
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would be fortunate enough for someone living the life of a serf.
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765:(衛子夫), mother of Liu Ju, youngest older half-sister, empress to
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239:(平陽公主, Emperor Wu's older sister). There, Zheng met and had an
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distinguished himself in battle and was given his own command.
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by his father and step-family, and was made to live as a lowly
232:
179:, Shanxi, was a Chinese military general and politician of the
176:
43:
931:); and his aunt or grand-aunt was called a princess supreme (
812:
Gongsun Jingsheng (公孫敬聲), son of Wei Junru, executed in 91 BC
798:
Wei Kang (衛伉), Marquess of Changping (長平侯), executed in 91 BC
460:), and dealt devastating blow to their economy. The city of
453:
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to Emperor Wu, committed suicide 91 BC after failed uprising
541:
route through a barren region. According to the historian
424:, Inner Mongolia), then maneuver to Gaoque (高闕, modern-day
228:
203:, and later the third husband of Emperor Wu's older sister
1033:
Wars with the Xiongnu – A Translation From Zizhi tongjian.
893:
era ends on 7 Nov 106 BC in the proleptic Julian calendar.
921:
An emperor's sister or a favorite daughter was called a
291:
that it would be Wei Qing's fate to achieve nobility and
199:
as the younger half-brother of Emperor Wu's wife Empress
744:(衛孺), eldest half-sister, later wife of Gongsun He (公孫賀)
932:
926:
416:
In 127 BC, Wei Qing led a 40,000-strong cavalry from
697:, who had died in 117 BC, and the future tomb for
513:, Xiongnu strategically retreated to north of the
1060:
509:After Huo Qubing's successful campaigns in the
678:, when Emperor Wu was away on official tours.
302:After Princess Pingyang offered the singer
1084:2nd-century BC Chinese military personnel
840:Grand Princess Wei (衛長公主), also known as
583:While Wei Qing's main force was engaging
413:, killing thousands of Xiongnu soldiers.
223:Wei Qing was born from humble means as a
979:
948:
909:. Vol. II. Routledge. p. 609.
906:Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women
902:
801:Wei Buyi (衛不疑), Marquess of Yin'an (陰安侯)
769:, committed suicide 91 BC, posthumously
611:
607:
352:
266:
850:Princess Yangshi (陽石公主, executed 91 BC)
737:Wei Zhangjun (衛長君), eldest half-brother
1061:
804:Wei Deng (衛登), Marquess of Fagan (發干侯)
498:
986:. Rutgers University Press. pp.
955:. Rutgers University Press. pp.
847:Princess Zhuyi (諸邑公主, executed 91 BC)
532:), Emperor Wu secretly told Wei Qing
348:
973:
903:Lee, Lily; Wiles, Sue, eds. (2015).
896:
779:Wei Guang (衛廣), younger half-brother
207:. He was also the maternal uncle of
942:
790:(平陽公主), eldest sister of Emperor Wu
13:
578:
14:
1095:
1035:Chapters 4–6. AuthorHouse (2009)
776:Wei Bu (衛步), younger half-brother
474:In 123 BC, Wei Qing set off from
740:Wei Junru (衛君孺), also known as
569:The next major Xiongnu invasion
428:) to Longxi region (modern-day
390:of several hundred households.
262:
76:Marquis Lie of Changping (長平烈侯)
1004:
871:
862:
1:
1025:
877:In Emperor Wu's biography in
487:execute Su on the spot after
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185:campaigns against the Xiongnu
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747:Wei Shaoer (衛少兒), mother of
87:Military general, politician
7:
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707:political turmoil in 91 BC
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183:who was acclaimed for his
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983:The Empire of the Steppes
952:The Empire of the Steppes
818:(霍去病), son of Wei Shao'er
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635:34.341728°N 108.580145°E
377:, Gongsun He (公孫賀), and
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980:Grousset, Rene (1970).
949:Grousset, Rene (1970).
205:Eldest Princess Yangxin
660:
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277:Shaanxi History Museum
96:Grand Princess Yangxin
1045:Sevillano-López, D. "
640:34.341728; 108.580145
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608:Late career and death
446:Marquess of Changping
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1074:Han dynasty generals
1016:test.www.feizan.com
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499:The Battle of Mobei
469:Right Worthy Prince
418:Yunzhong Commandery
384:Marquess of Guannei
241:extramarital affair
181:Western Han dynasty
16:Han dynasty general
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616:Tomb of Wei Qing (
405:(near present-day
367:Shanggu Commandery
359:
349:Military campaigns
281:
1041:978-1-4490-0604-4
916:978-1-317-51562-3
881:and volume 21 of
828:, eldest son and
788:Princess Pingyang
767:Emperor Wu of Han
420:(雲中郡, modern-day
411:Yanmen Commandery
237:Princess Pingyang
197:Emperor Wu of Han
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1012:"古代同志导读：汉武帝-金日磾"
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886:
882:
878:
873:
864:
841:
770:
741:
688:
680:
669:Crown prince
662:
582:
547:
533:
523:
508:
473:
466:
458:Ordos steppe
456:region (the
445:
439:
433:
415:
392:
383:
360:
339:horsemanship
336:
316:Royal Guards
301:
282:
263:Early career
244:
222:
172:
168:
157:
156:
149:
142:Chinese name
18:
879:Book of Han
755:'s adviser
638: /
626:108°34′49″E
573:Jin dynasty
515:Gobi Desert
371:Zhangjiakou
361:In 129 BC,
273:hill censer
253:sheepherder
193:consort kin
146:family name
1063:Categories
1026:References
816:Huo Qubing
771:Wei Si Hou
749:Huo Qubing
703:Liu Bingyi
699:Emperor Wu
695:Huo Qubing
659:, Shaanxi.
649:Huo Qubing
623:34°20′30″N
564:Ulan Bator
493:Huo Qubing
375:Gongsun Ao
324:Gongsun Ao
308:Emperor Wu
293:marquisate
249:mistreated
245:Zheng Qing
219:Early life
209:Huo Qubing
187:, and his
173:Zheng Qing
891:Yuan'feng
887:Yuan'feng
795:Children
757:Chen Ping
734:Siblings
602:Sima Qian
543:Sima Qian
476:Dingxiang
407:Youyuxian
320:Chen Jiao
312:concubine
257:stableboy
169:Zhongqing
61:, Shaanxi
826:Wei Zifu
809:Nephews
763:Wei Zifu
665:Chang'an
657:Xingping
539:flanking
530:vanguard
526:Li Guang
480:Zhao Xin
462:Shuofang
379:Li Guang
304:Wei Zifu
289:foretold
201:Wei Zifu
158:Wei Qing
140:In this
114:Wei Deng
111:Wei Buyi
108:Wei Kang
102:Children
46:, Shanxi
25:Wei Qing
837:Nieces
726:Father
718:Mother
691:Xiongnu
653:Maoling
589:Xiongnu
551:Yue Fei
363:Xiongnu
343:archery
332:consort
285:cangued
227:from a
213:Xiongnu
171:, born
122:Parents
40:Unknown
1039:
994:
963:
913:
844:(當利公主)
822:Liu Ju
742:Wei Ru
713:Family
684:Liu An
676:Liu Ju
673:regent
560:Chanyu
484:Chanyu
441:Hanshu
403:Shanwu
395:Liu Ju
233:Linfen
177:Linfen
160:(died
144:, the
92:Spouse
55:106 BC
44:Linfen
957:34–35
857:Notes
784:Wife
773:(衛思后)
454:Hetao
450:Su Wu
435:Shiji
430:Gansu
388:march
310:as a
297:caned
59:Xi'an
1037:ISBN
992:ISBN
961:ISBN
911:ISBN
438:and
229:serf
52:Died
33:Born
1049:.
534:not
306:to
275:in
195:of
175:in
151:Wei
148:is
1065::
1014:.
990:.
988:35
959:.
937:).
919:.
709:.
655:,
651:.
575:.
341:,
215:.
162:c.
27:衛青
1018:.
1000:.
969:.
925:(
759:)
671:-
154:.
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