289:
656:(in mud rotary wells, also present in wells drilled into solid rock). The casing is constructed by welding, either chemically or thermally, segments of casing together. If the casing is installed during the drilling, most drills will drive the casing into the ground as the bore hole advances, while some newer machines will actually allow for the casing to be rotated and drilled into the formation in a similar manner as the bit advancing just below. PVC or plastic is typically solvent welded and then lowered into the drilled well, vertically stacked with their ends nested and either glued or splined together. The sections of casing are usually 6 metres (20 ft) or more in length, and 4 to 12 in (10 to 30 cm) in diameter, depending on the intended use of the well and local groundwater conditions.
389:
1377:
236:
434:
723:
369:
898:
928:
711:
699:
801:
500:
contamination from surface water, including sewage. Hand dug well construction generally requires the use of a well trained construction team, and the capital investment for equipment such as concrete ring moulds, heavy lifting equipment, well shaft formwork, motorized de-watering pumps, and fuel can be large for people in developing countries. Construction of hand dug wells can be dangerous due to collapse of the well bore, falling objects and asphyxiation, including from dewatering pump exhaust fumes.
3778:
3631:
913:
3677:
3590:
496:
have been successfully excavated to 60 metres (200 ft). They have low operational and maintenance costs, in part because water can be extracted by hand, without a pump. The water often comes from an aquifer or groundwater, and can be easily deepened, which may be necessary if the ground water level drops, by telescoping the lining further down into the aquifer. The yield of existing hand dug wells may be improved by deepening or introducing vertical tunnels or perforated pipes.
381:
34:
3578:
687:
410:
3689:
751:
3740:
3665:
3566:
735:
846:
595:
581:
3713:
188:
3766:
3754:
3790:
675:
to pass through the screen. Allowing some material to pass through creates a large area filter out of the rest of the formation, as the amount of material present to pass into the well slowly decreases and is removed from the well. Rock wells are typically cased with a PVC liner/casing and screen or slotted casing at the bottom, this is mostly present just to keep rocks from entering the pump assembly. Some wells utilize a
422:
3701:
819:, this type of well involves sinking a caisson vertically below the top of the aquifer and then advancing lateral collectors out of the caisson and beneath the surface water body. Pumping from within the caisson induces infiltration of water from the surface water body into the aquifer, where it is collected by the collector well laterals and conveyed into the caisson where it can be pumped to the ground surface.
3814:
3730:
3653:
49:
3554:
619:, makes use of a specially made mud, or drilling fluid, which is constantly being altered during the drill so that it can consistently create enough hydraulic pressure to hold the side walls of the bore hole open, regardless of the presence of a casing in the well. Typically, boreholes drilled into solid rock are not cased until after the drilling process is completed, regardless of the machinery used.
3802:
3602:
663:. A large hole is drilled to a predetermined depth or to a confining formation (clay or bedrock, for example), and then a smaller hole for the well is completed from that point forward. The well is typically cased from the surface down into the smaller hole with a casing that is the same diameter as that hole. The annular space between the large bore hole and the smaller casing is filled with
863:, are often smaller diameter wells used to monitor the hydraulic head or sample the groundwater for chemical constituents. Piezometers are monitoring wells completed over a very short section of aquifer. Monitoring wells can also be completed at multiple levels, allowing discrete samples or measurements to be made at different vertical elevations at the same map location.
1477:
161:, or groundwater surveyor. Water may be pumped or hand drawn. Impurities from the surface can easily reach shallow sources and contamination of the supply by pathogens or chemical contaminants needs to be avoided. Well water typically contains more minerals in solution than surface water and may require
1233:
water processors; this process can remove very small particles. A simple, effective way of killing microorganisms is to bring the water to a full boil for one to three minutes, depending on location. A household well contaminated by microorganisms can initially be treated by shock chlorination using
1217:
with an appropriate sealing material. The sealing material (grout) should be placed from immediately above the production zone back to surface, because, in the absence of a correctly constructed casing seal, contaminated fluid can travel into the well through the casing annulus. Centering devices are
1188:
Well holes should be covered to prevent loose debris, animals, animal excrement, and wind-blown foreign matter from falling into the hole and decomposing. The cover should be able to be in place at all times, including when drawing water from the well. A suspended roof over an open hole helps to some
674:
At the bottom of wells, based on formation, a screening device, filter pack, slotted casing, or open bore hole is left to allow the flow of water into the well. Constructed screens are typically used in unconsolidated formations (sands, gravels, etc.), allowing water and a percentage of the formation
1262:
The potential for soil salination is a large risk when choosing the placement of water wells. Soil salination is caused when the water table of the soil drops over time and salt begins to accumulate. In turn, the increased amount of salt begins to dry the soil out. The increased level of salt in the
614:
or other drilling device at the bottom end. Some rotary drilling machines are designed to install (by driving or drilling) a steel casing into the well in conjunction with the drilling of the actual bore hole. Air and/or water is used as a circulation fluid to displace cuttings and cool bits during
284:
excavation site was believed to have been built during the neolithic era. The well was cased by four rows of logs with a square frame attached to them at the top of the well. 60 additional tile wells southwest of
Beijing are also believed to have been built around 600 BC for drinking and irrigation.
140:
uses pre-cast reinforced concrete well rings that are lowered into the hole. Driven wells can be created in unconsolidated material with a well hole structure, which consists of a hardened drive point and a screen of perforated pipe, after which a pump is installed to collect the water. Deeper wells
1494:
For a well with impermeable walls, the water in the well is resupplied from the bottom of the well. The rate at which water flows into the well will depend on the pressure difference between the ground water at the well bottom and the well water at the well bottom. The pressure of a column of water
569:
Drilled wells can be excavated by simple hand drilling methods (augering, sludging, jetting, driving, hand percussion) or machine drilling (auger, rotary, percussion, down the hole hammer). Deep rock rotary drilling method is most common. Rotary can be used in 90% of formation types (consolidated).
477:. The excavation is braced horizontally to avoid landslide or erosion endangering the people digging. They can be lined with stone or brick; extending this lining upwards above the ground surface to form a wall around the well serves to reduce both contamination and accidental falls into the well.
219:
at a depth of 8 metres (26 ft). Well 2070 from
Kissonerga-Mylouthkia, dating to the late PPN, reaches a depth of 13 metres (43 ft). Other slightly younger wells are known from this site and from neighbouring Parekklisha-Shillourokambos. A first stone lined well of 5.5 metres (18 ft)
1699:
is the resistance to the flow, which depends on the well cross section, the pressure gradient at the bottom of the well, and the characteristics of the substrate at the well bottom. (e.g., porosity). The volume flow rate into the well can be written as a function of the rate of change of the well
495:
Hand-dug wells are inexpensive and low tech (compared to drilling) and they use mostly manual labour to access groundwater in rural locations of developing countries. They may be built with a high degree of community participation, or by local entrepreneurs who specialize in hand-dug wells. They
1274:, an asphyxiant, is a chemical compound that is the main component of natural gas. When methane is introduced into a confined space, it displaces oxygen, reducing oxygen concentration to a level low enough to pose a threat to humans and other aerobic organisms but still high enough for a risk of
783:
are sunk through an impermeable stratum into an aquifer that is sandwiched between two impermeable strata (aquitards or aquicludes). The majority of deep aquifers are classified as artesian because the hydraulic head in a confined well is higher than the level of the top of the aquifer. If the
1221:
Upon the construction of a new test well, it is considered best practice to invest in a complete battery of chemical and biological tests on the well water in question. Point-of-use treatment is available for individual properties and treatment plants are often constructed for municipal water
948:. Dug and driven wells are relatively easy to contaminate; for instance, most dug wells are unreliable in the majority of the United States. Some research has found that, in cold regions, changes in river flow and flooding caused by extreme rainfall or snowmelt can degrade well water quality.
576:
Drilled wells with electric pumps are used throughout the world, typically in rural or sparsely populated areas, though many urban areas are supplied partly by municipal wells. Most shallow well drilling machines are mounted on large trucks, trailers, or tracked vehicle carriages. Water wells
499:
Drawbacks to hand-dug wells are numerous. It can be impractical to hand dig wells in areas where hard rock is present, and they can be time-consuming to dig and line even in favourable areas. Because they exploit shallow aquifers, the well may be susceptible to yield fluctuations and possible
640:
revolution per drop, thereby creating a drilling action. Unlike rotary drilling, cable tool drilling requires the drilling action to be stopped so that the bore hole can be bailed or emptied of drilled cuttings. Cable tool drilling rigs are rare as they tend to be 10x slower to drill through
1192:
Minimum distances and soil percolation requirements between sewage disposal sites and water wells need to be observed. Rules regarding the design and installation of private and municipal septic systems take all these factors into account so that nearby drinking water sources are protected.
2031:
and the time constant τ can be calculated. According to the above model, it will take an infinite amount of time for a well to fully recover, but if we consider a well that is 99% recovered to be "practically" recovered, the time for a well to practically recover from a level at
156:
at that location, and deep or confined wells, sunk through an impermeable stratum into an aquifer beneath. A collector well can be constructed adjacent to a freshwater lake or stream with water percolating through the intervening material. The site of a well can be selected by a
679:
method, where an undersized screen or slotted casing is placed inside the well and a filter medium is packed around the screen, between the screen and the borehole or casing. This allows the water to be filtered of unwanted materials before entering the well and pumping zone.
2324:
Peltenburg, Edgar (2012). "East
Mediterranean water wells of the 9thâ7th millennium BC". In: Florian Klimscha (ed.), Wasserwirtschaftliche Innovationen im archĂ€ologischen Kontext. Von den prĂ€historischen AnfĂ€ngen bis zu den Metropolen der Antike. Rahden/Westfalia: Leidorf:
1345:
chain. PFAS are a group of "forever chemicals" that spread very quickly and very far in ground water polluting it permanently. Water wells near certain airports where any form fire fighting or training activities occurred up to 2010 are likely to be contaminated by PFAS.
1281:
Low levels of methane in drinking water are not considered toxic. When methane seeps into a water supply, it is commonly referred to as "methane migration". This can be caused by old natural gas wells near water well systems becoming abandoned and no longer monitored.
1176:
The quality of the well water can be significantly increased by lining the well, sealing the well head, fitting a self-priming hand pump, constructing an apron, ensuring the area is kept clean and free from stagnant water and animals, moving sources of contamination
327:
was dug in the
Sichuan province of China around 2,250 years ago. This was the first time that ancient water well technology was applied successfully for the exploitation of salt, and marked the beginning of Sichuan's salt drilling industry. The earliest known
320:. Some of the world's oldest known wells, located in Cyprus, date to 7000â8,500 BC. Two wells from the Neolithic period, around 6500 BC, have been discovered in Israel. One is in Atlit, on the northern coast of Israel, and the other is in the Jezreel Valley.
1234:
bleach, generating concentrations hundreds of times greater than found in community water systems; however, this will not fix any structural problems that led to the contamination and generally requires some expertise and testing for effective application.
1241:(UV) system to kill pathogens in the water. UV light affects the DNA of the pathogen by UV-C photons breaking through the cell wall. UV disinfection has been gaining popularity in the past decades as it is a chemical-free method of water treatment.
1253:
which occurs when the water table of the soil begins to drop and salt begins to accumulate as the soil begins to dry out. Another environmental problem that is very prevalent in water well drilling is the potential for methane to seep through.
943:
at a very low cost. However, impurities from the surface easily reach shallow sources, which leads to a greater risk of contamination for these wells compared to deeper wells. Contaminated wells can lead to the spread of various
131:
Wells have traditionally been sunk by hand digging, as is still the case in rural areas of the developing world. These wells are inexpensive and low-tech as they use mostly manual labour, and the structure can be lined with
667:, concrete, or other sealant material. This creates an impermeable seal from the surface to the next confining layer that keeps contaminants from traveling down the outer sidewalls of the casing or borehole and into the
565:
Drilled wells are constructed using various types of drilling machines, such as top-head rotary, table rotary, or cable tool, which all use drilling stems that rotate to cut into the formation, thus the term "drilling."
2792:
671:. In addition, wells are typically capped with either an engineered well cap or seal that vents air through a screen into the well, but keeps insects, small animals, and unauthorized persons from accessing the well.
2125:
449:
in some rural developing areas, where they are routinely dug and used today. Their indispensability has produced a number of literary references, literal and figurative, including the reference to the incident of
280:, originally a divination text of the Western Zhou dynasty (1046 -771 BC), contains an entry describing how the ancient Chinese maintained their wells and protected their sources of water. A well excavated at the
883:. These professionals provide advice that is almost as accurate a driller who has experience and knowledge of nearby wells/bores and the most suitable drilling technique based on the expected target depth.
1212:
is generally very difficult. Contamination of groundwater from surface and subsurface sources can usually be dramatically reduced by correctly centering the casing during construction and filling the casing
1831:
1923:
610:
Rotary drilling machines use a segmented steel drilling string, typically made up of 3m (10ft), 6 m (20 ft) to 8m (26ft) sections of steel tubing that are threaded together, with a
1643:
3440:
Site covering well basics, guidelines for proper siting and location of wells to avoid contamination, well testing, diseases related to wells, emergency well treatment and other topics.
1987:
484:
uses reinforced concrete or plain concrete pre-cast well rings that are lowered into the hole. A well-digging team digs under a cutting ring and the well column slowly sinks into the
108:
through the well. Wells were first constructed at least eight thousand years ago and historically vary in construction from a simple scoop in the sediment of a dry watercourse to the
1568:
is the acceleration due to gravity. When the water in the well is below the water table level, the pressure at the bottom of the well due to the water in the well will be less than
815:
A special type of water well may be constructed adjacent to freshwater lakes or streams. Commonly called a collector well but sometimes referred to by the trade name Ranney well or
1555:
1747:
4645:
316:
are used. The sakia is much more efficient, as it can bring up water from a depth of 10 metres (versus the 3 metres of the shadoof). The sakia is the
Egyptian version of the
288:
1690:
867:
A water well constructed for pumping groundwater can be used passively as a monitoring well and a small diameter well can be pumped, but this distinction by use is common.
875:
Before excavation, information about the geology, water table depth, seasonal fluctuations, recharge area and rate should be found if possible. This work can be done by a
2029:
3581:
879:, or a groundwater surveyor using a variety of tools including electro-seismic surveying, any available information from nearby wells, geologic maps, and sometimes
833:, are large diameter (greater than 15 cm in diameter) cased (metal, plastic, or concrete) water wells, constructed for extracting water from the aquifer by a
3692:
2149:). Also, practical wells may have impermeable walls only up to, but not including the bedrock, which will give a larger surface area for water to enter the well.
3668:
2972:
1226:
of the contaminants of concern, and additional protection may be garnered by installing well-casing screens only at depths where contamination is not present.
149:. Drilled wells are usually cased with a factory-made pipe composed of steel or plastic. Drilled wells can access water at much greater depths than dug wells.
2357:
Galili, Ehud; Nir, Yaacov (1993). "The submerged Pre-Pottery
Neolithic water well of Atlit-Yam, northern Israel, and its palaeoenvironmental implications".
1499:
will be equal to the weight of the water in the column divided by the cross-sectional area of the column, so the pressure of the ground water a distance
4638:
3716:
3502:
630:
of the drill causes the bit to be raised and dropped onto the bottom of the hole, and the design of the cable causes the bit to twist at approximately
2853:
3769:
2574:
1278:
or externally caused explosion. This potential for explosion is what poses such a danger in regards to the drilling and placement of water wells.
543:, which consists of a hardened drive point and a screen (perforated pipe). The point is simply hammered into the ground, usually with a tripod and
3041:
1218:
important (usually one per length of casing or at maximum intervals of 9 m) to ensure that the grouted annular space is of even thickness.
3656:
1185:) and carrying out hygiene education. The well should be cleaned with 1% chlorine solution after construction and periodically every 6 months.
722:
698:
547:, with pipe sections added as needed. A driver is a weighted pipe that slides over the pipe being driven and is repeatedly dropped on it. When
4631:
2042:
2659:
5179:
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3466:
473:
Hand-dug wells are excavations with diameters large enough to accommodate one or more people with shovels digging down to below the
2141:
The above model does not take into account the depletion of the aquifer due to the pumping which lowered the well water level (See
577:
typically range from 3 to 18 metres (10â60 ft) deep, but in some areas it can go deeper than 900 metres (3,000 ft).
515:, is billed as the world's largest hand-dug well, at 109 feet (33 m) deep and 32 feet (9.8 m) in diameter. However, the
169:
can occur as the water table falls and the surrounding soil begins to dry out. Another environmental problem is the potential for
4512:
3495:
2677:
2291:
686:
182:
3387:
332:
were also drilled in China, in 347 CE. These wells had depths of up to about 240 metres (790 ft) and were drilled using
5174:
1358:
if local groundwater levels decline by less than five meters, or â as with many areas and possibly more than half of major
2775:
3475:
2305:
1322:
931:
Hand pump to pump water from a well in a village near
Chennai in India, where the well water might be polluted by nearby
1762:
5030:
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1842:
1238:
710:
3922:
3520:
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RybnĂÄek, Michal; KoÄĂĄr, Petr; Muigg, Bernhard; PeĆĄka, Jaroslav; SedlĂĄÄek, Radko; Tegel, Willy; KolĂĄĆ, TomĂĄĆĄ (2020).
388:
5164:
2930:
Wiebe, Andrew J.; Rudolph, David L.; Pasha, Ehsan; Brook, Jacqueline M.; Christie, Mike; Menkveld, Paul G. (2021).
274:
The neolithic
Chinese discovered and made extensive use of deep drilled groundwater for drinking. The Chinese text
1592:
734:
1949:
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Drilled wells can get water from a much deeper level than dug wells can â often down to several hundred metres.
5076:
4939:
4934:
4919:
3066:
2733:
2253:, an irrigation tool that is used to lift water from a water source onto land or into another waterway or basin
1376:
1138:
Some chemicals are commonly present in water wells at levels that are not toxic, but can cause other problems.
356:
are said to contain many allusions to the use of natural gas for lighting and heating. Petroleum was known as
4170:
4051:
3593:
2447:
235:
1586:
is the distance from the bottom of the well to the top of the water table, the pressure difference will be:
4929:
1512:
105:
3422:
1196:
Education of the general population in society also plays an important role in protecting drinking water.
1189:
degree, but ideally the cover should be tight fitting and fully enclosing, with only a screened air vent.
208:
5086:
4483:
1706:
5081:
5010:
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4083:
3528:
2820:"Design and installation of a groundwater monitoring-well network in the High Plains aquifer, Colorado"
2712:
2401:
1285:
Lately, however, the described wells/pumps are no longer very efficient and can be replaced by either
5112:
4386:
3781:
3437:
3045:
2146:
1081:
215:. At around 8400 BC a shaft (well 116) of circular diameter was driven through limestone to reach an
2343:
1293:. Another alternative is the use of self-dug wells, electrical deep-well pumps (for higher depths).
5169:
4906:
4462:
4452:
4324:
4314:
4144:
3882:
3680:
3511:
1662:
1438:
1331:
1205:
433:
152:
Two broad classes of well are shallow or unconfined wells completed within the uppermost saturated
2523:
507:, hand-dug between 1858 and 1862, is the deepest hand-dug well at 392 metres (1,285 ft). The
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4655:
4302:
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3897:
3838:
3170:
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2755:
2616:
1999:
1209:
1093:
1044:
773:
are completed in the uppermost saturated aquifer at that location (the upper unconfined aquifer).
445:
hand-dug wells of varying degrees of sophistication, and they remain a very important source of
5091:
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4376:
4190:
4026:
4001:
3852:
3831:
3723:
1385:
1294:
1275:
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Two additional broad classes of well types may be distinguished, based on the use of the well:
623:
588:
584:
504:
368:
252:
240:
27:
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897:
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524:
481:
204:
137:
20:
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Surface contamination of wells in the United States is typically controlled by the use of a
531:, at 61 metres (200 ft) deep by 13 metres (43 ft) wide are both larger by volume.
120:
of India. Placing a lining in the well shaft helps create stability, and linings of wood or
5159:
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5050:
4605:
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4232:
3615:
3208:
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2473:
2413:
2366:
1656:) at which water is forced into the well will be proportional to this pressure difference:
996:
626:, still used today. Specifically designed to raise and lower a bit into the bore hole, the
200:
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1158:
can appear as dark flecks that stain clothing and plumbing, and can promote the growth of
8:
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945:
901:
880:
255:, for example in Ostrov, Czech Republic, dated 5265 BC, KĂŒckhoven (an outlying centre of
3212:
3171:"The largest assessment of global groundwater wells finds many are at risk of drying up"
3125:
3011:
2477:
2417:
2370:
927:
611:
5000:
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4623:
4332:
4041:
3824:
3743:
3240:
3145:
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2461:
2429:
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1392:
1381:
1371:
512:
264:
3196:
3109:
3087:
2998:
Meulemans, C. C. E. (1987-09-01). "The Basic
Principles of UVâDisinfection of Water".
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supplies that suffer from contamination. Most of these treatment methods involve the
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are a particular problem for babies and young children. Pollutant chemicals include
784:
hydraulic head in a confined well is higher than the land surface it is a "flowing"
5107:
5015:
4877:
4872:
4841:
4820:
4785:
4725:
4479:
4366:
4257:
4222:
4197:
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3877:
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3129:
3015:
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2902:
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2481:
2421:
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1298:
1132:
838:
816:
3704:
3443:
3423:
Sustainable
Groundwater Development theme of the Rural Water Supply Network (RWSN)
2592:
1263:
soil can result in the degradation of soil and can be very harmful to vegetation.
352:
pipelines connected oil wells with salt springs. The ancient records of China and
5138:
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4272:
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U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Healthy Water â Water Wells
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1457:
1404:
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1038:
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Wells for other purposes came along much later, historically. The first recorded
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38:
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800:
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1302:
1214:
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876:
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materials compared to similar diameter rotary air or rotary mud equipped rigs.
463:
459:
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281:
104:
or large water bags that are raised mechanically or by hand. Water can also be
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from rocket fuel, airbag inflators, and other artificial and natural sources.
26:"Village pump" redirects here. For the set of Knowledge discussion pages, see
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2932:"Impacts of Event-Based Recharge on the Vulnerability of Public Supply Wells"
2402:"World's oldest dendrochronologically dated archaeological wood construction"
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Combining the above three equations yields a simple differential equation in
1250:
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560:
520:
467:
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166:
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Committee on Environmental Health; Committee on Infectious Diseases (2009).
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33:
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2854:"ELECTRO-SEISMIC SURVEYS APPLIED TO MODDELING OF GROUNDWATER FLOW SYSTEMS"
2819:
1441:; however, this is just a simplification used in a shorter explanation of
539:
Driven wells may be very simply created in unconsolidated material with a
409:
5133:
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4600:
4297:
4180:
4119:
3688:
3453:
3282:
2462:"Early Neolithic Water Wells Reveal the World's Oldest Wood Architecture"
2166:
1400:
1178:
1128:
1108:
1097:
1027:
1023:
1019:
932:
905:
904:
can be spread via a well which is contaminated with fecal pathogens from
548:
474:
297:
89:
61:
42:
3739:
3664:
3565:
1579:
is the distance from the bottom of the well to the well water level and
1476:
805:
758:
There are two broad classes of drilled-well types, based on the type of
750:
4424:
4404:
4292:
4104:
4099:
4021:
4011:
3892:
3637:
3557:
2948:
2931:
2120:{\displaystyle T_{r}=\tau \ln \left({\frac {1-z/z_{T}}{1-0.99}}\right)}
1223:
1147:
1073:
984:
859:
141:
can be excavated by hand drilling methods or machine drilling, using a
917:
4901:
4795:
4715:
4580:
4560:
4446:
4262:
4247:
3863:
3805:
3605:
2298:
2216:
1575:
and water will be forced into the well. Referring to the diagram, if
1442:
1354:
A study concluded that of ~39 million groundwater wells 6-20% are at
1155:
1143:
1077:
1014:
1008:
1002:
976:
from humans and other animals. Common bacterial contaminants include
603:
599:
594:
551:
is encountered, the well is washed of sediment and a pump installed.
333:
324:
221:
142:
88:. The oldest and most common kind of well is a water well, to access
57:
3427:
2705:
2552:(3rd ed.). CRC Press (published November 1, 2012). p. 31.
644:
Drilled wells are usually cased with a factory-made pipe, typically
580:
4856:
4810:
4750:
4740:
4730:
4710:
4700:
4684:
4610:
4497:
4227:
4202:
4129:
4046:
3712:
3449:
US Geological Survey â Water Science Pictures Flowing Artesian Well
2178:
1445:, since Eratosthenes had used a more elaborate and precise method.
1437:
is sometimes claimed to have used a well in his calculation of the
1416:
1412:
1338:
1286:
1124:
1085:
990:
965:
957:
921:
508:
489:
393:
373:
329:
256:
244:
187:
146:
125:
113:
77:
3765:
3753:
2831:
1150:, which can precipitate and clog pipes or burn out water heaters.
220:
depth is documented from a drowned final PPN (c. 7000 BC) site at
5117:
5035:
4755:
4720:
4550:
4522:
4207:
4134:
4124:
4114:
4109:
3817:
3789:
2250:
2172:
1465:
1359:
1271:
1139:
1120:
1112:
1061:
978:
961:
845:
809:
759:
668:
649:
528:
485:
421:
309:
276:
268:
216:
170:
153:
136:
or stone as the excavation proceeds. A more modern method called
93:
73:
53:
3700:
3042:"Soil salination by placement of water wells mentioned in India"
4897:
4846:
4775:
4679:
4674:
4532:
4527:
4517:
4507:
4439:
4212:
4160:
3970:
3813:
3729:
3652:
2267:
1065:
793:
789:
426:
349:
337:
293:
260:
229:
212:
192:
121:
101:
81:
48:
3553:
2660:"Ancient Well Reveals Secrets of First Jezreel Valley Farmers"
4745:
3985:
2460:
Tegel W, Elburg R, Hakelberg D, StĂ€uble H, BĂŒntgen U (2012).
1461:
1453:
1449:
1342:
1116:
1060:
Chemical contamination is a common problem with groundwater.
973:
969:
645:
455:
451:
353:
341:
317:
313:
305:
225:
133:
117:
109:
85:
3801:
3601:
2791:
Association), NKBA (National Kitchen and Bath (2013-10-29).
704:
An automated water well system powered by a submersible pump
615:
the drilling. Another form of rotary-style drilling, termed
4669:
3980:
3975:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3940:
2575:"How the ancient Chinese looked after their drinking water"
2459:
2228:
1452:
take place around wells, such as the finding of a wife for
1237:
After the filtration process, it is common to implement an
1151:
1111:
from electroplating and other sources, naturally occurring
1104:
834:
442:
97:
2889:"Drinking water from private wells and risks to children"
1996:
for a depleted well can be measured, it will be equal to
1471:
653:
4653:
3454:
Drilling wells 18 extremely useful questions and answers
3432:
3108:
Famiglietti, James S.; Ferguson, Grant (23 April 2021).
3044:. Ngm.nationalgeographic.com. 2002-10-17. Archived from
2448:"KĂŒckhovener Brunnen â Dorfgemeinschaft KĂŒckhoven E. V."
16:
Excavation or structure to provide access to groundwater
2818:
Arnold, L.R.; Flynn, J.L.; Paschke, S.S. (2009-10-20).
2794:
Kitchen & Bath Residential Construction and Systems
2399:
2152:
1123:âall of which can cause cancerâand naturally occurring
488:, whilst protecting the team from collapse of the well
19:
This article is about water wells. For other uses, see
2929:
2550:
Forest Hydrology: An Introduction to Water and Forests
1301:
are now supplying information on how to build/set-up (
72:
is an excavation or structure created on the earth by
2045:
2002:
1952:
1845:
1765:
1709:
1665:
1595:
1515:
413:
View into a hand-dug well cased with concrete rings.
1415:. Interest in health benefits led to the growth of
1162:
that can form slimy black colonies that clog pipes.
692:
An automated water well system powered by a jet-pump
251:
Wood-lined wells are known from the early Neolithic
3458:
3433:
Sustainable Sanitation and Water Management Toolbox
3107:
2817:
2119:
2023:
1981:
1917:
1826:{\displaystyle RA{\frac {dz}{dt}}=\rho g(z_{T}-z)}
1825:
1741:
1684:
1637:
1549:
1480:Diagram of a water well partially filled to level
1403:times, leading to the foundation of towns such as
1229:Wellwater for personal use is often filtered with
1127:, which is desirable in low quantities to prevent
1103:Several minerals are also contaminants, including
849:Schematic diagram of a groundwater monitoring well
804:An old-fashioned water well in the countryside of
441:Until recent centuries, all artificial wells were
56:is in the source of the water: a cistern collects
3197:"Global groundwater wells at risk of running dry"
3195:Jasechko, Scott; Perrone, Debra (23 April 2021).
1918:{\displaystyle z=z_{T}-(z_{T}-z_{0})e^{-t/\tau }}
5151:
2200:, for harvesting drinking water in polar regions
3401:(2nd ed.). Avebury, Cranfield University.
3194:
1312:
1107:leached from brass fittings or old lead pipes,
292:A Chinese ceramic model of a well with a water
3476:Well Construction Technical Resources for NGOs
3396:
3302:International Standard Bible Encyclopedia: E-J
728:A water well system with a pressurized cistern
4639:
3496:
3342:
2528:Canadian Society of Exploration Geophysicists
622:The oldest form of drilling machinery is the
437:Well with a flower bag shaped wall and podium
207:: The oldest reliably dated well is from the
3510:
2790:
1638:{\displaystyle \Delta P=\rho \,g\,(z_{T}-z)}
1249:A risk with the placement of water wells is
3304:, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, p. 955,
3275:
2970:
4646:
4632:
3503:
3489:
3444:US Geological Survey â Ground water: Wells
3330:. Cal Poly Humboldt, Department of Geology
2971:Association, American Water Works (2003).
2882:
2880:
2878:
2876:
2874:
2706:Joseph P. Riva Jr. and Gordon I. Atwater.
2678:"ASTM International â Standards Worldwide"
2323:
1982:{\displaystyle \tau ={\frac {RA}{\rho g}}}
1506:below the top of the water table will be:
740:A section of a stainless steel screen well
648:(in air rotary or cable tool drilling) or
3464:Lifewater International Technical Library
2997:
2947:
2906:
2657:
2495:
2485:
2356:
1678:
1612:
1608:
1536:
1532:
1244:
1055:
3373:
3317:
3299:
2593:"Sakieh explication/difference vs Sakia"
1475:
1464:'s talk with the Samaritan woman in the
1375:
926:
911:
896:
844:
799:
749:
593:
579:
432:
420:
408:
392:Well, Historical Village, Bhaini Sahib,
387:
379:
367:
287:
234:
186:
47:
32:
2871:
2826:. Data Series. U.S. Geological Survey.
2543:
2541:
972:that contaminate well water comes from
939:Shallow pumping wells can often supply
340:poles. The oil was burned to evaporate
211:(PPN) site of Kissonerga-Mylouthkia on
5152:
2699:
2517:
2515:
2292:History of water supply and sanitation
1472:A simple model for water well recovery
1365:
527:(St. Patrick's Well) built in 1527 in
384:Leather bucket used for the water well
183:History of water supply and sanitation
4627:
3484:
3350:"How Much Water Can the Well Deliver"
3289:. Berlin: Springer. pp. 273â277.
3281:
2547:
2299:Ancient water conservation techniques
1564:is the mass density of the water and
1550:{\displaystyle P_{g}=\rho \,g\,z_{T}}
523:at 280 feet (85 m) deep and the
296:system, excavated from a tomb of the
3264:
3258:
3110:"The hidden crisis beneath our feet"
2977:. American Water Works Association.
2851:
2670:
2572:
2538:
2521:
2219:, sacred wells in various religions
2153:Similar and related water structures
1000:. Common viral contaminants include
52:The difference between a well and a
5180:In situ geotechnical investigations
3642:
2658:Ashkenazi, Eli (November 9, 2012).
2512:
2306:Self-supply of water and sanitation
2270:, public place for washing clothes.
2130:For a well that is fully depleted (
1742:{\displaystyle F=A{\frac {dz}{dt}}}
1318:Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances
1208:tends to be very costly. Effective
13:
5031:Naples underground geothermal zone
2206:, piped water supply from the well
1666:
1596:
1257:
716:A water well system with a cistern
263:in Schletz (an outlying centre of
96:. The well water is drawn up by a
14:
5191:
3521:Offshore geotechnical engineering
3416:
2641:"Stone Age wells found in Cyprus"
2406:Journal of Archaeological Science
2231:, sacred in Hinduism and Buddhism
1349:
745:
348:. By the 10th century, extensive
191:Camel drawing water from a well,
124:date back at least as far as the
3812:
3800:
3788:
3776:
3764:
3752:
3738:
3728:
3711:
3699:
3687:
3675:
3663:
3651:
3629:
3600:
3588:
3576:
3564:
3552:
3000:Ozone: Science & Engineering
2134:) it would take a time of about
1935:is the well water level at time
886:
733:
721:
709:
697:
685:
554:
3367:
3293:
3188:
3163:
3101:
3080:
3067:"Practical Answers â Handpumps"
3059:
3034:
2991:
2964:
2923:
2845:
2811:
2784:
2769:
2748:
2726:
2651:
2633:
2609:
2573:Koon, Wee Kek (July 25, 2015).
2188:Modern construction techniques
1484:with the top of the aquifer at
534:
100:, or using containers, such as
5077:Forestiere Underground Gardens
4940:Underground mining (soft rock)
4935:Underground mining (hard rock)
4920:Subsurface utility engineering
3382:: Johnson Filtration Systems.
3300:Bromiley, Geoffrey W. (1982),
3268:The History of Tunbridge Wells
2585:
2566:
2453:
2440:
2393:
2350:
2317:
1891:
1865:
1820:
1801:
1632:
1613:
1423:in their name, examples being
106:injected back into the aquifer
1:
4171:Mechanically stabilized earth
2311:
1685:{\displaystyle \Delta P=R\,F}
1199:
1165:
360:in Japan in the 7th century.
4930:Underground mine ventilation
3923:Hydraulic conductivity tests
2859:. Bloemfontein, South Africa
2824:USGS Publications Wareahouse
2487:10.1371/journal.pone.0051374
1313:PFAS/PFOS Fire fighting foam
951:
480:A more modern method called
404:
7:
5175:Water supply infrastructure
5087:Underground House Las Vegas
4484:Stress distribution in soil
3459:American Ground Water Trust
3265:Burr, Thomas Benge (1766).
2522:Kuhn, Oliver (2004-06-30).
2278:
2024:{\displaystyle z_{T}/\tau }
1943:is the well time constant:
1330:) are a group of synthetic
1160:iron and manganese bacteria
587:water well drilling rig in
462:4:6) in the Bible and the "
425:A dug well in a village in
259:), dated 5300 BC, and
37:A dug well in a village in
10:
5196:
5082:Underground House Colorado
5011:Underground City, Montreal
5006:Underground City (Beijing)
3634:Pore pressure measurement
2781:, April 1952, pp. 177â181.
2524:"Ancient Chinese Drilling"
2379:10.1177/095968369300300309
1369:
1266:
1210:remediation of groundwater
1169:
1135:in higher concentrations.
1082:volatile organic compounds
890:
558:
224:off the coast near modern
180:
176:
25:
18:
5126:
5113:Hockerton Housing Project
5100:
5064:
4948:
4896:
4834:
4693:
4662:
4654:Man-made and man-related
4541:
4496:
4395:
4387:Preconsolidation pressure
4359:
4350:
4323:
4143:
4092:
4079:
3994:
3948:
3939:
3862:
3782:Standard penetration test
3540:
3527:
3518:
3090:. Dev.practicalaction.org
3020:10.1080/01919518708552146
2797:. John Wiley & Sons.
2426:10.1016/j.jas.2020.105082
2147:groundwater flow equation
870:
203:wells are known from the
5127:Earth shelters Australia
4907:underground construction
3883:California bearing ratio
3681:Rotary-pressure sounding
3512:Geotechnical engineering
3428:Water Portal â Akvopedia
3287:The Forgotten Revolution
2579:South China Morning Post
2242:Drainage and irrigation
2138:to practically recover.
1356:high risk of running dry
1206:contaminated groundwater
363:
300:(202 BC â 220 AD) period
173:to seep into the water.
60:where a well draws from
5165:Archaeological features
4867:Missile launch facility
4303:Geosynthetic clay liner
4278:Expanded clay aggregate
3898:Proctor compaction test
3839:Crosshole sonic logging
3825:Nuclear densometer test
3582:Geo-electrical sounding
3397:Raymond Rowles (1995).
3221:10.1126/science.abc2755
3134:10.1126/science.abh2867
2713:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
2548:Chang, Mingteh (2012).
2225:, sacred well in Israel
2169:, for use in the castle
2158:Types of ancient wells
1362:â continue to decline.
1146:cause what is known as
1094:methyl tert-butyl ether
1045:Cyclospora cayetanensis
916:Man cleaning a well in
598:Water well drilling in
470:about a cat in a well.
5092:Underground World Home
4566:Earthquake engineering
4377:Lateral earth pressure
4002:Hydraulic conductivity
3853:Wave equation analysis
3832:Exploration geophysics
3724:Deformation monitoring
3693:Rotary weight sounding
2908:10.1542/peds.2009-0751
2338:Cite journal requires
2121:
2025:
1983:
1919:
1827:
1743:
1686:
1639:
1551:
1491:
1448:Many incidents in the
1389:
1386:Biblioteca Casanatense
1295:Appropriate technology
1245:Environmental problems
1172:Onsite sewage facility
1056:Chemical contamination
936:
924:
909:
850:
812:
755:
607:
591:
589:Kimball, West Virginia
505:Woodingdean Water Well
438:
430:
418:
401:
385:
377:
301:
271:, dated 5200 BC.
253:Linear Pottery culture
248:
241:Linear Pottery culture
196:
165:before being potable.
65:
45:
28:Knowledge:Village pump
4981:KĆbĂĄnya cellar system
4976:Houston tunnel system
4915:Rock-cut architecture
3744:Settlement recordings
3669:Rock control drilling
3570:Cone penetration test
3376:Groundwater and Wells
3374:Driscoll, F. (1986).
3325:"Well Flow Equations"
3069:. Practicalaction.org
2776:"How I drill a Well."
2192:Baptist well drilling
2122:
2026:
1984:
1920:
1836:which may be solved:
1828:
1744:
1687:
1640:
1552:
1479:
1439:Earth's circumference
1429:Royal Tunbridge Wells
1397:cultural significance
1379:
1341:atoms attached to an
1183:on-site sewer systems
1170:Further information:
930:
915:
900:
893:Groundwater pollution
891:Further information:
848:
803:
753:
597:
583:
559:Further information:
525:Pozzo di San Patrizio
436:
424:
412:
391:
383:
371:
291:
238:
209:pre-pottery neolithic
205:Eastern Mediterranean
195:island, Tunisia, 1960
190:
51:
36:
21:Well (disambiguation)
5056:Subterranean fiction
5051:Subterranean warfare
4606:Agricultural science
4308:Cellular confinement
2756:"St. Patrick's Well"
2043:
2000:
1950:
1843:
1763:
1707:
1663:
1593:
1513:
1419:including many with
1092:, the fuel additive
1030:. Parasites include
997:Campylobacter jejuni
837:(if the well is not
5046:Subterranean Toledo
5041:Subterranean London
4961:Caves of Maastricht
4925:Tunnel construction
4706:Burial vault (tomb)
4498:Numerical analysis
4382:Overburden pressure
4372:Pore water pressure
4152:Shoring structures
4027:Reynolds' dilatancy
3928:Water content tests
3913:Triaxial shear test
3873:Soil classification
3846:Pile integrity test
3213:2021Sci...372..418J
3126:2021Sci...372..344F
3012:1987OzSE....9..299M
2852:Du Preez, Michael.
2617:"Sakia explication"
2478:2012PLoSO...751374T
2418:2020JArSc.115j5082R
2371:1993Holoc...3..265G
1652:, the volume rate (
1395:and wells have had
1366:Society and culture
1337:that have multiple
946:waterborne diseases
902:Waterborne diseases
881:geophysical imaging
541:well hole structure
454:meeting a woman at
277:The Book of Changes
84:resources, usually
5001:Underground living
4883:Underground hangar
4473:Slab stabilisation
4453:Stability analysis
3469:2013-06-16 at the
3399:Drilling for Water
2949:10.3390/su13147695
2758:. Umbriatravel.com
2734:"Woodingdean Well"
2194:, simple technique
2117:
2021:
1979:
1915:
1823:
1739:
1682:
1635:
1547:
1492:
1390:
1382:Tacuinum Sanitatis
1372:Wells in the Bible
1335:chemical compounds
937:
925:
910:
851:
813:
756:
608:
592:
513:Greensburg, Kansas
439:
431:
419:
402:
386:
378:
302:
265:Asparn an der Zaya
249:
197:
66:
46:
5147:
5146:
5101:Earth shelters UK
5072:Bill Gates' house
5065:Earth shelters US
4835:Military features
4826:Ventilation shaft
4694:Civilian features
4621:
4620:
4492:
4491:
4468:Sliding criterion
4430:Response spectrum
4346:
4345:
4176:Pressure grouting
4075:
4074:
3935:
3934:
3888:Direct shear test
3594:Permeability test
3389:978-0-9616456-0-1
3207:(6540): 418â421.
3120:(6540): 344â345.
2246:Drainage by wells
2111:
1977:
1790:
1737:
1425:Llandrindod Wells
1297:organizations as
112:of Iran, and the
5187:
5108:Underhill, Holme
5016:Mine exploration
4878:Underground base
4873:Scallywag bunker
4842:Air raid shelter
4821:Smuggling tunnel
4786:Underground city
4726:Dugout (shelter)
4663:Natural features
4648:
4641:
4634:
4625:
4624:
4480:Bearing capacity
4367:Effective stress
4357:
4356:
4258:Land reclamation
4198:Land development
4093:Natural features
4090:
4089:
4057:Specific storage
3946:
3945:
3878:Atterberg limits
3816:
3804:
3792:
3780:
3768:
3756:
3742:
3732:
3717:Screw plate test
3715:
3703:
3691:
3679:
3667:
3655:
3633:
3604:
3592:
3580:
3568:
3556:
3538:
3537:
3505:
3498:
3491:
3482:
3481:
3412:
3393:
3362:
3361:
3359:
3357:
3346:
3340:
3339:
3337:
3335:
3329:
3321:
3315:
3314:
3297:
3291:
3290:
3279:
3273:
3272:
3262:
3256:
3255:
3253:
3251:
3192:
3186:
3185:
3183:
3181:
3167:
3161:
3160:
3158:
3156:
3105:
3099:
3098:
3096:
3095:
3084:
3078:
3077:
3075:
3074:
3063:
3057:
3056:
3054:
3053:
3038:
3032:
3031:
2995:
2989:
2988:
2968:
2962:
2961:
2951:
2927:
2921:
2920:
2910:
2901:(6): 1599â1605.
2884:
2869:
2868:
2866:
2864:
2858:
2849:
2843:
2842:
2840:
2838:
2815:
2809:
2808:
2788:
2782:
2773:
2767:
2766:
2764:
2763:
2752:
2746:
2745:
2743:
2741:
2730:
2724:
2723:
2721:
2720:
2703:
2697:
2696:
2694:
2693:
2684:. Archived from
2674:
2668:
2667:
2655:
2649:
2648:
2637:
2631:
2630:
2628:
2627:
2613:
2607:
2606:
2604:
2603:
2589:
2583:
2582:
2570:
2564:
2563:
2545:
2536:
2535:
2519:
2510:
2509:
2499:
2489:
2457:
2451:
2450:
2444:
2438:
2437:
2397:
2391:
2390:
2354:
2348:
2347:
2341:
2336:
2334:
2326:
2321:
2162:Brick-lined well
2126:
2124:
2123:
2118:
2116:
2112:
2110:
2099:
2098:
2097:
2088:
2073:
2055:
2054:
2030:
2028:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2011:
1988:
1986:
1985:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1968:
1960:
1924:
1922:
1921:
1916:
1914:
1913:
1909:
1890:
1889:
1877:
1876:
1861:
1860:
1832:
1830:
1829:
1824:
1813:
1812:
1791:
1789:
1781:
1773:
1748:
1746:
1745:
1740:
1738:
1736:
1728:
1720:
1691:
1689:
1688:
1683:
1644:
1642:
1641:
1636:
1625:
1624:
1556:
1554:
1553:
1548:
1546:
1545:
1525:
1524:
1305:) handpumps and
1299:Practical Action
1181:, garbage pits,
1133:dental fluorosis
1131:, but can cause
855:monitoring wells
817:Ranney collector
771:unconfined wells
762:the well is in:
754:Water well types
737:
725:
713:
701:
689:
639:
638:
634:
372:Water well near
5195:
5194:
5190:
5189:
5188:
5186:
5185:
5184:
5170:Bodies of water
5150:
5149:
5148:
5143:
5139:Lightning Ridge
5122:
5096:
5060:
4944:
4905:
4892:
4862:Fallout shelter
4830:
4689:
4658:
4652:
4622:
4617:
4596:Earth materials
4537:
4499:
4488:
4397:
4391:
4342:
4319:
4273:Earth structure
4268:Erosion control
4166:Ground freezing
4156:Retaining walls
4139:
4081:
4071:
4032:Angle of repose
3990:
3931:
3865:
3858:
3857:
3818:Visible bedrock
3770:Simple sounding
3758:Shear vane test
3534:instrumentation
3533:
3531:
3523:
3514:
3509:
3471:Wayback Machine
3419:
3409:
3390:
3370:
3365:
3355:
3353:
3352:. Inspectapedia
3348:
3347:
3343:
3333:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3322:
3318:
3312:
3298:
3294:
3280:
3276:
3263:
3259:
3249:
3247:
3193:
3189:
3179:
3177:
3169:
3168:
3164:
3154:
3152:
3106:
3102:
3093:
3091:
3086:
3085:
3081:
3072:
3070:
3065:
3064:
3060:
3051:
3049:
3048:on May 22, 2009
3040:
3039:
3035:
2996:
2992:
2985:
2969:
2965:
2928:
2924:
2885:
2872:
2862:
2860:
2856:
2850:
2846:
2836:
2834:
2816:
2812:
2805:
2789:
2785:
2779:Popular Science
2774:
2770:
2761:
2759:
2754:
2753:
2749:
2739:
2737:
2732:
2731:
2727:
2718:
2716:
2704:
2700:
2691:
2689:
2676:
2675:
2671:
2656:
2652:
2639:
2638:
2634:
2625:
2623:
2615:
2614:
2610:
2601:
2599:
2591:
2590:
2586:
2571:
2567:
2560:
2546:
2539:
2520:
2513:
2458:
2454:
2446:
2445:
2441:
2398:
2394:
2355:
2351:
2339:
2337:
2328:
2327:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2281:
2181:, ancient India
2175:, ancient Greek
2155:
2100:
2093:
2089:
2084:
2074:
2072:
2068:
2050:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2040:
2013:
2007:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1997:
1969:
1961:
1959:
1951:
1948:
1947:
1933:
1905:
1898:
1894:
1885:
1881:
1872:
1868:
1856:
1852:
1844:
1841:
1840:
1808:
1804:
1782:
1774:
1772:
1764:
1761:
1760:
1729:
1721:
1719:
1708:
1705:
1704:
1664:
1661:
1660:
1620:
1616:
1594:
1591:
1590:
1584:
1573:
1541:
1537:
1520:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1510:
1504:
1489:
1474:
1374:
1368:
1352:
1315:
1269:
1260:
1258:Soil salination
1251:soil salination
1247:
1231:reverse osmosis
1202:
1174:
1168:
1058:
1039:Cryptosporidium
1033:Giardia lamblia
954:
895:
889:
873:
748:
741:
738:
729:
726:
717:
714:
705:
702:
693:
690:
636:
632:
631:
563:
557:
537:
407:
376:, eastern Qatar
366:
243:well, 5300 BC,
185:
179:
167:Soil salination
92:in underground
39:Faryab Province
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5193:
5183:
5182:
5177:
5172:
5167:
5162:
5145:
5144:
5142:
5141:
5136:
5130:
5128:
5124:
5123:
5121:
5120:
5115:
5110:
5104:
5102:
5098:
5097:
5095:
5094:
5089:
5084:
5079:
5074:
5068:
5066:
5062:
5061:
5059:
5058:
5053:
5048:
5043:
5038:
5033:
5028:
5023:
5021:Mines of Paris
5018:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4998:
4996:Trench warfare
4993:
4991:Tunnel network
4988:
4986:Tunnel warfare
4983:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4952:
4950:
4949:Related topics
4946:
4945:
4943:
4942:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4911:
4909:
4894:
4893:
4891:
4890:
4885:
4880:
4875:
4870:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4838:
4836:
4832:
4831:
4829:
4828:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4801:Secret passage
4798:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4697:
4695:
4691:
4690:
4688:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4666:
4664:
4660:
4659:
4651:
4650:
4643:
4636:
4628:
4619:
4618:
4616:
4615:
4614:
4613:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4547:
4545:
4543:Related fields
4539:
4538:
4536:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4504:
4502:
4494:
4493:
4490:
4489:
4487:
4486:
4477:
4476:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4463:Classification
4460:
4455:
4444:
4443:
4442:
4437:
4435:Seismic hazard
4432:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4401:
4399:
4393:
4392:
4390:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4363:
4361:
4354:
4348:
4347:
4344:
4343:
4341:
4340:
4335:
4329:
4327:
4321:
4320:
4318:
4317:
4312:
4311:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4194:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4149:
4147:
4141:
4140:
4138:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4096:
4094:
4087:
4077:
4076:
4073:
4072:
4070:
4069:
4064:
4062:Shear strength
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4037:Friction angle
4034:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3998:
3996:
3992:
3991:
3989:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3952:
3950:
3943:
3937:
3936:
3933:
3932:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3918:Oedometer test
3915:
3910:
3908:Sieve analysis
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3868:
3860:
3859:
3856:
3855:
3849:
3848:
3842:
3841:
3835:
3834:
3828:
3827:
3821:
3820:
3809:
3808:
3797:
3796:
3794:Total sounding
3785:
3784:
3773:
3772:
3761:
3760:
3749:
3748:
3747:
3746:
3736:
3720:
3719:
3708:
3707:
3696:
3695:
3684:
3683:
3672:
3671:
3660:
3659:
3648:
3647:
3646:
3645:
3640:
3626:
3625:
3624:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3597:
3596:
3585:
3584:
3573:
3572:
3561:
3560:
3549:
3548:
3546:
3535:
3525:
3524:
3519:
3516:
3515:
3508:
3507:
3500:
3493:
3485:
3479:
3478:
3473:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3418:
3417:External links
3415:
3414:
3413:
3407:
3394:
3388:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3363:
3341:
3316:
3310:
3292:
3274:
3257:
3187:
3162:
3100:
3088:"Treadle pump"
3079:
3058:
3033:
3006:(4): 299â313.
2990:
2983:
2963:
2936:Sustainability
2922:
2870:
2844:
2810:
2803:
2783:
2768:
2747:
2725:
2698:
2669:
2650:
2632:
2621:Britannica.com
2608:
2597:Britannica.com
2584:
2565:
2559:978-1439879948
2558:
2537:
2511:
2472:(12): e51374.
2452:
2439:
2392:
2365:(3): 265â270.
2349:
2340:|journal=
2315:
2313:
2310:
2309:
2308:
2302:
2301:
2295:
2294:
2288:
2287:
2280:
2277:
2276:
2275:
2274:
2273:
2272:
2271:
2259:
2258:
2257:
2256:
2255:
2254:
2248:
2237:
2236:
2235:
2234:
2233:
2232:
2226:
2223:Abraham's well
2210:
2209:
2208:
2207:
2201:
2198:Rodriguez well
2195:
2185:
2184:
2183:
2182:
2176:
2170:
2164:
2154:
2151:
2128:
2127:
2115:
2109:
2106:
2103:
2096:
2092:
2087:
2083:
2080:
2077:
2071:
2067:
2064:
2061:
2058:
2053:
2049:
2020:
2016:
2010:
2006:
1990:
1989:
1975:
1972:
1967:
1964:
1958:
1955:
1931:
1926:
1925:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1864:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1848:
1834:
1833:
1822:
1819:
1816:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1800:
1797:
1794:
1788:
1785:
1780:
1777:
1771:
1768:
1750:
1749:
1735:
1732:
1727:
1724:
1718:
1715:
1712:
1693:
1692:
1681:
1677:
1674:
1671:
1668:
1646:
1645:
1634:
1631:
1628:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1604:
1601:
1598:
1582:
1571:
1558:
1557:
1544:
1540:
1535:
1531:
1528:
1523:
1519:
1502:
1487:
1473:
1470:
1388:(14th century)
1367:
1364:
1351:
1350:Water security
1348:
1332:organofluorine
1314:
1311:
1268:
1265:
1259:
1256:
1246:
1243:
1201:
1198:
1167:
1164:
1057:
1054:
974:fecal material
953:
950:
941:drinking water
888:
885:
877:hydrogeologist
872:
869:
865:
864:
843:
842:
798:
797:
781:confined wells
774:
747:
746:Classification
744:
743:
742:
739:
732:
730:
727:
720:
718:
715:
708:
706:
703:
696:
694:
691:
684:
665:bentonite clay
556:
553:
536:
533:
529:Orvieto, Italy
517:Well of Joseph
464:Ding Dong Bell
415:Ouelessebougou
406:
403:
365:
362:
181:Main article:
178:
175:
159:hydrogeologist
76:, driving, or
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5192:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5158:
5157:
5155:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5131:
5129:
5125:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5105:
5103:
5099:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5069:
5067:
5063:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4966:Civil defense
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4953:
4951:
4947:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4912:
4910:
4908:
4903:
4899:
4895:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4852:Blast shelter
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4839:
4837:
4833:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4806:Semi-basement
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4781:Utility vault
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4766:Rock-cut tomb
4764:
4762:
4761:Rapid transit
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4736:Earth shelter
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4698:
4696:
4692:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4667:
4665:
4661:
4657:
4649:
4644:
4642:
4637:
4635:
4630:
4629:
4626:
4612:
4609:
4608:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4571:Geomorphology
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4548:
4546:
4544:
4540:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4505:
4503:
4501:
4495:
4485:
4481:
4478:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4427:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4415:Consolidation
4413:
4411:
4410:Frost heaving
4408:
4406:
4403:
4402:
4400:
4394:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4364:
4362:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4349:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4330:
4328:
4326:
4322:
4316:
4313:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4290:
4289:
4288:Geosynthetics
4286:
4284:
4283:Crushed stone
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4238:Cut-and-cover
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4153:
4151:
4150:
4148:
4146:
4142:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4097:
4095:
4091:
4088:
4085:
4078:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4007:Water content
4005:
4003:
4000:
3999:
3997:
3993:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3953:
3951:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3938:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3867:
3861:
3854:
3851:
3850:
3847:
3844:
3843:
3840:
3837:
3836:
3833:
3830:
3829:
3826:
3823:
3822:
3819:
3815:
3811:
3810:
3807:
3803:
3799:
3798:
3795:
3791:
3787:
3786:
3783:
3779:
3775:
3774:
3771:
3767:
3763:
3762:
3759:
3755:
3751:
3750:
3745:
3741:
3737:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3726:
3725:
3722:
3721:
3718:
3714:
3710:
3709:
3706:
3705:Sample series
3702:
3698:
3697:
3694:
3690:
3686:
3685:
3682:
3678:
3674:
3673:
3670:
3666:
3662:
3661:
3658:
3654:
3650:
3649:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3635:
3632:
3628:
3627:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3608:
3607:
3603:
3599:
3598:
3595:
3591:
3587:
3586:
3583:
3579:
3575:
3574:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3562:
3559:
3555:
3551:
3550:
3547:
3544:
3539:
3536:
3530:
3529:Investigation
3526:
3522:
3517:
3513:
3506:
3501:
3499:
3494:
3492:
3487:
3486:
3483:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3468:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3420:
3410:
3408:1-85628-984-2
3404:
3400:
3395:
3391:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3372:
3371:
3351:
3345:
3326:
3320:
3313:
3311:9780802837820
3307:
3303:
3296:
3288:
3284:
3278:
3270:
3269:
3261:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3191:
3176:
3172:
3166:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3104:
3089:
3083:
3068:
3062:
3047:
3043:
3037:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2994:
2986:
2984:9781583212295
2980:
2976:
2975:
2974:Water Sources
2967:
2959:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2926:
2918:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2895:
2890:
2883:
2881:
2879:
2877:
2875:
2855:
2848:
2833:
2832:10.3133/ds456
2829:
2825:
2821:
2814:
2806:
2804:9781118711040
2800:
2796:
2795:
2787:
2780:
2777:
2772:
2757:
2751:
2735:
2729:
2715:
2714:
2709:
2702:
2688:on 2020-08-01
2687:
2683:
2679:
2673:
2665:
2661:
2654:
2646:
2642:
2636:
2622:
2618:
2612:
2598:
2594:
2588:
2580:
2576:
2569:
2561:
2555:
2551:
2544:
2542:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2518:
2516:
2507:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2456:
2449:
2443:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2396:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2353:
2345:
2332:
2320:
2316:
2307:
2304:
2303:
2300:
2297:
2296:
2293:
2290:
2289:
2286:
2283:
2282:
2269:
2266:
2265:
2263:
2262:
2261:
2260:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2243:
2241:
2240:
2239:
2238:
2230:
2227:
2224:
2221:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2214:
2212:
2211:
2205:
2204:Spring supply
2202:
2199:
2196:
2193:
2190:
2189:
2187:
2186:
2180:
2177:
2174:
2171:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2159:
2157:
2156:
2150:
2148:
2144:
2139:
2137:
2133:
2113:
2107:
2104:
2101:
2094:
2090:
2085:
2081:
2078:
2075:
2069:
2065:
2062:
2059:
2056:
2051:
2047:
2039:
2038:
2037:
2035:
2018:
2014:
2008:
2004:
1995:
1992:Note that if
1973:
1970:
1965:
1962:
1956:
1953:
1946:
1945:
1944:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1899:
1895:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1873:
1869:
1862:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1846:
1839:
1838:
1837:
1817:
1814:
1809:
1805:
1798:
1795:
1792:
1786:
1783:
1778:
1775:
1769:
1766:
1759:
1758:
1757:
1755:
1733:
1730:
1725:
1722:
1716:
1713:
1710:
1703:
1702:
1701:
1700:water level:
1698:
1679:
1675:
1672:
1669:
1659:
1658:
1657:
1655:
1651:
1629:
1626:
1621:
1617:
1609:
1605:
1602:
1599:
1589:
1588:
1587:
1585:
1578:
1574:
1567:
1563:
1542:
1538:
1533:
1529:
1526:
1521:
1517:
1509:
1508:
1507:
1505:
1498:
1490:
1483:
1478:
1469:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1446:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1387:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1363:
1361:
1357:
1347:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1324:
1319:
1310:
1309:in practice.
1308:
1307:treadle pumps
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1291:treadle pumps
1288:
1283:
1279:
1277:
1273:
1264:
1255:
1252:
1242:
1240:
1235:
1232:
1227:
1225:
1219:
1216:
1211:
1207:
1197:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1184:
1180:
1173:
1163:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1136:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1101:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1070:sewage sludge
1067:
1063:
1053:
1051:
1050:microsporidia
1047:
1046:
1041:
1040:
1035:
1034:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1020:enteroviruses
1017:
1016:
1011:
1010:
1005:
1004:
999:
998:
993:
992:
987:
986:
981:
980:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
949:
947:
942:
934:
929:
923:
919:
914:
907:
903:
899:
894:
887:Contamination
884:
882:
878:
868:
862:
861:
856:
853:
852:
847:
840:
836:
832:
831:pumping wells
828:
825:
824:
823:
820:
818:
811:
807:
802:
795:
791:
788:(named after
787:
786:artesian well
782:
778:
775:
772:
768:
765:
764:
763:
761:
752:
736:
731:
724:
719:
712:
707:
700:
695:
688:
683:
682:
681:
678:
672:
670:
666:
662:
657:
655:
651:
647:
642:
629:
625:
620:
618:
613:
605:
601:
596:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
571:
567:
562:
561:Well drilling
555:Drilled wells
552:
550:
546:
542:
532:
530:
526:
522:
521:Cairo Citadel
518:
514:
510:
506:
501:
497:
493:
491:
487:
483:
478:
476:
471:
469:
468:nursery rhyme
465:
461:
457:
453:
448:
447:potable water
444:
435:
428:
423:
416:
411:
399:
395:
390:
382:
375:
370:
361:
359:
358:Burning water
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
326:
321:
319:
315:
311:
307:
299:
295:
290:
286:
283:
279:
278:
272:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
246:
242:
237:
233:
231:
227:
223:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
194:
189:
184:
174:
172:
168:
164:
160:
155:
150:
148:
144:
139:
135:
129:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
63:
59:
55:
50:
44:
40:
35:
29:
22:
4956:Cave dweller
4816:Storm cellar
4790:
4591:Biogeography
4586:Hydrogeology
4576:Soil science
4556:Geochemistry
4315:Infiltration
4243:Cut and fill
4186:Soil nailing
4052:Permeability
4017:Bulk density
3734:Inclinometer
3657:Ram sounding
3542:
3398:
3375:
3368:Bibliography
3354:. Retrieved
3344:
3332:. Retrieved
3319:
3301:
3295:
3286:
3283:Russo, Lucio
3277:
3267:
3260:
3248:. Retrieved
3204:
3200:
3190:
3178:. Retrieved
3175:ScienceDaily
3174:
3165:
3153:. Retrieved
3117:
3113:
3103:
3092:. Retrieved
3082:
3071:. Retrieved
3061:
3050:. Retrieved
3046:the original
3036:
3003:
2999:
2993:
2973:
2966:
2942:(14): 7695.
2939:
2935:
2925:
2898:
2892:
2861:. Retrieved
2847:
2835:. Retrieved
2823:
2813:
2793:
2786:
2778:
2771:
2760:. Retrieved
2750:
2738:. Retrieved
2728:
2717:. Retrieved
2711:
2701:
2690:. Retrieved
2686:the original
2682:www.astm.org
2681:
2672:
2663:
2653:
2644:
2635:
2624:. Retrieved
2620:
2611:
2600:. Retrieved
2596:
2587:
2578:
2568:
2549:
2531:
2527:
2469:
2465:
2455:
2442:
2409:
2405:
2395:
2362:
2359:The Holocene
2358:
2352:
2331:cite journal
2319:
2285:Fossil water
2143:aquifer test
2140:
2135:
2131:
2129:
2033:
1993:
1991:
1940:
1936:
1929:
1927:
1835:
1753:
1751:
1696:
1694:
1653:
1647:
1580:
1576:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1559:
1500:
1496:
1493:
1485:
1481:
1447:
1435:Eratosthenes
1433:
1420:
1391:
1353:
1327:
1321:
1317:
1316:
1284:
1280:
1270:
1261:
1248:
1236:
1228:
1220:
1203:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1179:pit latrines
1175:
1137:
1102:
1096:(MTBE), and
1090:dry-cleaning
1059:
1043:
1037:
1031:
1013:
1007:
1001:
995:
989:
983:
977:
956:Most of the
955:
938:
933:pit latrines
906:pit latrines
874:
866:
858:
854:
830:
826:
821:
814:
780:
776:
770:
766:
757:
676:
673:
661:surface seal
660:
658:
643:
627:
621:
616:
609:
575:
572:
568:
564:
544:
540:
538:
535:Driven wells
516:
502:
498:
494:
479:
472:
440:
357:
344:and produce
336:attached to
322:
303:
275:
273:
250:
198:
151:
130:
69:
67:
5160:Water wells
5134:Coober Pedy
5026:Mole people
4971:Coober Pedy
4888:Spider hole
4771:Root cellar
4656:subterranea
4601:Archaeology
4325:Foundations
4298:Geomembrane
4181:Slurry wall
4120:Water table
4084:Interaction
4080:Structures
4067:Sensitivity
3864:Laboratory
2708:"petroleum"
2167:Castle well
1650:Darcy's Law
1401:prehistoric
1380:Water use,
1276:spontaneous
1239:ultraviolet
1204:Cleanup of
1129:tooth decay
1109:chromium VI
1098:perchlorate
1024:hepatitis A
860:piezometers
677:filter pack
549:groundwater
475:water table
298:Han Dynasty
199:Very early
90:groundwater
62:groundwater
43:Afghanistan
5154:Categories
4458:Mitigation
4440:Shear wave
4425:Earthquake
4420:Compaction
4405:Permafrost
4396:Phenomena/
4293:Geotextile
4218:Embankment
4208:Excavation
4145:Earthworks
4105:Vegetation
4100:Topography
4022:Thixotropy
4012:Void ratio
3995:Properties
3893:Hydrometer
3638:Piezometer
3558:Core drill
3094:2011-12-19
3073:2011-12-19
3052:2011-12-19
2894:Pediatrics
2762:2011-12-19
2719:2008-06-30
2692:2019-02-01
2626:2011-12-19
2602:2011-12-19
2312:References
2136:4.6 τ
1495:of height
1370:See also:
1224:filtration
1200:Mitigation
1166:Prevention
1148:hard water
1078:pesticides
1074:fertilizer
985:Salmonella
827:production
624:cable tool
617:mud rotary
606:circa 1964
585:Cable tool
482:caissoning
239:Neolithic
222:âAtlit-Yam
138:caissoning
122:wickerwork
80:to access
4902:quarrying
4796:Wine cave
4716:Catacombs
4581:Hydrology
4561:Petrology
4449:analysis
4447:Landslide
4352:Mechanics
4263:Track bed
4248:Fill dirt
4233:Terracing
3806:Trial pit
3621:Statnamic
3606:Load test
3271:. London.
3245:233353207
3229:0036-8075
3150:233353241
3028:0191-9512
2958:2071-1050
2434:213707193
2387:130032420
2217:Holy well
2105:−
2079:−
2066:
2060:τ
2036:will be:
2019:τ
1971:ρ
1954:τ
1911:τ
1900:−
1879:−
1863:−
1815:−
1796:ρ
1667:Δ
1648:Applying
1627:−
1606:ρ
1597:Δ
1530:ρ
1443:Cleomedes
1417:spa towns
1287:handpumps
1156:manganese
1144:magnesium
1015:rotavirus
1009:sapovirus
1003:norovirus
966:parasites
952:Pathogens
604:Jerusalem
600:Ein Hemed
458:'s well (
405:Dug wells
330:oil wells
325:salt well
247:, Germany
201:neolithic
163:treatment
114:stepwells
58:rainwater
4857:Casemate
4811:Stepwell
4751:Hypogeum
4741:Erdstall
4731:Dry well
4711:Borehole
4701:Basement
4685:Sinkhole
4611:Agrology
4500:software
4398:problems
4228:Causeway
4203:Landfill
4130:Subgrade
4047:Porosity
4042:Cohesion
3467:Archived
3380:St. Paul
3356:June 13,
3334:June 13,
3285:(2004).
3237:33888642
3142:33888627
2917:19482772
2863:21 April
2645:BBC News
2506:23284685
2466:PLOS ONE
2279:See also
2264:Washing
2179:Stepwell
1413:Somerset
1360:aquifers
1339:fluorine
1125:fluoride
1086:gasoline
1062:Nitrates
991:Shigella
958:bacteria
922:Cameroon
839:artesian
806:UtajÀrvi
628:spudding
509:Big Well
443:pumpless
394:Ludhiana
374:Simaisma
310:shadoofs
257:Erkelenz
245:Erkelenz
147:borehole
126:Iron Age
94:aquifers
78:drilling
5118:Malator
5036:Sapping
4756:Manhole
4721:Dungeon
4551:Geology
4523:SVSlope
4333:Shallow
4253:Grading
4191:Tieback
4135:Subsoil
4125:Bedrock
4115:Topsoil
4110:Terrain
3903:R-value
3866:testing
3616:Dynamic
3543:in situ
3541:Field (
3209:Bibcode
3201:Science
3122:Bibcode
3114:Science
3008:Bibcode
2664:Haaretz
2497:3526582
2474:Bibcode
2414:Bibcode
2367:Bibcode
2251:Shadoof
2173:Cistern
1466:Gospels
1458:Genesis
1393:Springs
1272:Methane
1267:Methane
1215:annulus
1140:Calcium
1121:uranium
1113:arsenic
979:E. coli
962:viruses
918:Yaoundé
810:Finland
767:Shallow
760:aquifer
669:aquifer
650:plastic
635:⁄
602:, near
519:in the
486:aquifer
429:, India
417:, Mali.
400:, India
269:Austria
217:aquifer
177:History
171:methane
154:aquifer
118:sakiehs
102:buckets
74:digging
54:cistern
4898:Mining
4869:(silo)
4847:Bunker
4776:Tunnel
4680:Grotto
4675:Cenote
4533:Plaxis
4528:UTEXAS
4518:SVFlux
4508:SEEP2D
4360:Forces
4213:Trench
4161:Gabion
3971:Gravel
3611:Static
3405:
3386:
3308:
3250:10 May
3243:
3235:
3227:
3180:10 May
3155:10 May
3148:
3140:
3026:
2981:
2956:
2915:
2837:27 May
2801:
2740:26 Jan
2736:. 2005
2556:
2504:
2494:
2432:
2385:
2325:69â82.
2268:Lavoir
1941:τ
1928:where
1695:where
1562:ρ
1560:where
1399:since
1119:, and
1066:sewage
1048:, and
1022:, and
994:, and
968:, and
871:Siting
794:France
790:Artois
545:driver
427:Kerala
398:Punjab
350:bamboo
338:bamboo
314:sakias
294:pulley
282:Hemedu
261:Eythra
230:Israel
213:Cyprus
193:Djerba
110:qanats
82:liquid
4904:, and
4746:Fogou
4513:STABL
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