Wendell Willkie - Knowledge

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period marked by European support for President Wilson's idealist foreign policy in the aftermath of WW1, and expanded its terms by emphasizing the vast networks of connectivity between different nations. Zipp argues that this "Willkie moment" was characterized by Willkie's three imagined geographies of the world. The first was "titular universalism," or the idea that the new modes of travel and communication were rapidly shrinking borders and encouraging international collaboration and decolonization. The second geography reframed the true global conflict as not about freedom versus fascism but racism versus empire, thus challenging the morality of both European colonialism and American segregation. Willkie's call to put an end to "our imperialisms at home" in

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galleries, Dewey continued to slip as the convention became a two-horse race between Taft and Willkie. Listening by radio from his hotel room, Willkie refused to make a deal to get support from Taft delegates in exchange for making the Ohioan his running mate, and became convinced he would lose on the fifth ballot. Dewey had planned to go to the convention and withdraw, hoping to stop Willkie by endorsing Taft, but by the time he decided this, the fifth ballot was about to begin and he could not get to the Civic Center in time. Willkie led with 429 delegates after the fifth ballot, while Taft held 377 and Dewey only 57. The large states whose votes still were not committed to one of the two leaders were Pennsylvania (Governor

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in the hall because of problems with the sound system. In the meantime, the Dewey campaign, faced with the German announcement that with France taken, Hitler's forces would sail on Britain, did its best to stem the flow of delegates to Willkie. Negotiations among Dewey, Taft, and Vandenberg came to nothing because none would accept less than the presidential nomination. A blaze of publicity followed Willkie wherever he went, as he caucused with delegates and appeared at press conferences with supporters, including the entire Connecticut delegation. A strong minority of African Americans still supported the Republicans, and Willkie met with a group of them, urging those delegates to visit him in the White House in 1941.

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native Ohio, where Dewey did not enter his name. Even those delegates who were pledged to support a candidate were not strongly committed: what was important to most Republicans was to field a nominee who could beat Roosevelt. The run-up to the June convention in Philadelphia coincided with Hitler's advance in Western Europe, and delegates had second thoughts about running an isolationist, let alone a young one without national experience such as Dewey. Willkie, who had spoken out against isolationism, and who was a successful executive, was an attractive possibility. Willkie made speeches widely, including in a tour of New England that paid off with promises of support, though delegates might first support a

1765: 1156:, as it was clear a German invasion was not imminent. The polls showed voters responding positively to this new tack, and Willkie kept on this course for the remainder of the campaign. Roosevelt reacted by scheduling five speeches for the final days, in which he proposed to rebut Willkie's "falsifications". The president stated, "I have said this before, but I shall say it again and again and again. Your boys are not going to be sent into any foreign war." Willkie was prone to ad lib remarks, which sometimes led to gaffes: addressing steelworkers, he pledged to appoint a new Secretary of Labor, "and it will not be a woman either". This allusion to Secretary 1105: 1047: 620: 664: 1372:. He later stated that Roosevelt had been willing to endorse him, but Willkie ultimately concluded that the Dewey forces were too strong and a defeat might eliminate him from a possible run for president in 1944. In July, Willkie proposed to Roosevelt that he go on another foreign mission, and the following month Willkie announced that he would be visiting the Soviet Union, China, and the Middle East. Dewey wrote, "I hear he is going to Russia before the Republican convention, so he will be where he belongs and I hope he stays there until Christmas". 1120:." (italics in original) Despite his pledge not to campaign, Roosevelt made inspection tours to military installations, well covered by the press. The president did not mention Willkie by name, seeking to avoid giving him publicity. According to Susan Dunn in her book in the 1940 campaign, this forced Willkie "to box against a phantom opponent and carry on a one-sided partisan debate ... Even in Willkie's speeches, Roosevelt occupied center stage". Willkie promised to keep New Deal social welfare programs intact, expand 596:. Willkie backed Baker, and was an assistant floor manager for his campaign. With a two-thirds majority needed to gain the Democratic presidential nomination, Willkie and others tried to deadlock the convention in the hope that it would turn to Baker. Roosevelt was willing to swing his votes to Baker in the event of a stalemate, but this did not occur, as Governor Roosevelt gained the nomination on the fourth ballot. Willkie, although disappointed, backed Roosevelt, and donated $ 150 to his successful campaign. 1554:. Representing a communist, even in wartime, did nothing to shore up Willkie's diminishing support in the Republican Party, but he wrote to a friend saying, "I am sure I am right in representing Schneiderman. Of all the times when civil liberties should be defended, it is now." In his argument Willkie quoted Abraham Lincoln and Thomas Jefferson by saying that the people could, if they deemed it necessary, remake the government, and he stated that Marx's view of revolution was mild by comparison. In 1943, the 616:. However, the TVA would compete with existing private power companies in the area, including C&S subsidiaries. Willkie appeared before the House Military Affairs Committee on April 14, 1933. He approved of the ideas for development of the Tennessee Valley, but felt that the government role should be limited to selling power generated by dams. Although the House of Representatives passed a bill limiting the TVA's powers, the Senate took the opposite stance, and the latter position prevailed. 1656: 33: 987:

initially boos from some delegates, but they were quickly drowned out by those in the public balconies, who thunderously chanted, "We want Willkie!". Pryor had cut ticket allocations to delegations that were not for Willkie, and distributed thousands of standing room passes to Willkie partisans. The vocal support for Willkie among spectators led to complaints that other campaigns had been shorted in the distribution of tickets, but provided one of the convention's most dramatic moments.

187: 1175:. Polls showed him four points behind Roosevelt, but with a trend towards the Republicans. Many pundits expected a tight race. On Election Day, November 5, 1940, the returns were initially encouraging, but quickly turned against Willkie. By 11 pm, radio commentators were reporting that Roosevelt had won a third term. Willkie received 45 percent of the popular vote to Roosevelt's 55 percent. The president received 27.2 million votes to Willkie's 22.3 million, and won 449 to 82 in the 8030: 4704: 4672: 4172: 4149: 1679:. Willkie got Roosevelt interested in a new liberal party which would be formed once peace came that would combine the left of the two existing major parties, but Willkie broke off contact with the White House after there were leaks of this to the press, because he felt that Roosevelt had used him for political gain. Roosevelt sent a letter expressing his regret for the leak, but that too was printed in the papers, and Willkie stated, "I've been lied to for the last time." 1732:, which was treated with penicillin. As he was recovering, Willkie's now chronic heart attacks struck again and he suffered three more attacks on October 7. The hospital, which had been issuing reassuring bulletins to the public, was now forced to inform the public that Willkie's condition had worsened and that he was critically ill. The next morning, Willkie suffered one last attack, which proved fatal. He had suffered over a dozen heart attacks in Lenox Hill Hospital. 1164: 8042: 8054: 8066: 683:. Willkie, who voted for Landon, expected a narrow victory for the Republican, but Roosevelt won an overwhelming landslide as Landon won only Maine and Vermont. In December, a federal district court judge granted the C&S companies an injunction against the TVA, and negotiations broke off by Roosevelt's order as the litigation continued. Willkie took his case to the people, writing columns for major publications, and proposing terms for an agreement that 8018: 971:, Massachusetts' favorite son and permanent chairman of the convention. When the head of the Committee on Arrangements, Ralph Williams (deemed likely to support Taft), died just before the convention, he was succeeded by the vice chairman, Sam Pryor, a firm Willkie backer. This placed a Willkie supporter in charge of tickets for the public galleries. With noted publicist Steve Hannagan, the Willkie campaign gained tremendous momentum. 1637:

most places, and he told them that the Republican party would fail unless it accepted the New Deal and recognized the need for the U.S. to remain active in the world after the war. The Democrats, he alleged, had been in office too long and they did not have the vision that was needed in the postwar world. Willkie's speech in Milwaukee attracted 4,000 people to a hall that could hold 6,000, and he left the state on the 29th for

1005: 1537:, executive secretary of the NAACP, to try to convince Hollywood to give blacks better treatment in films. Movie moguls promised changes, and some films featured blacks in major roles, but faced with objections from white Southerners, they reverted to giving blacks stereotyped roles after Willkie's death in 1944, such as servants. After his death, the NAACP named its headquarters the Wendell Willkie Memorial Building. 1641:, where he had also entered the primary. Once he was gone, Dewey's backers, including most of the Wisconsin Republican leadership, flooded the state with billboard advertisements and radio commercials. On April 4, Dewey gained 17 of Wisconsin's 24 delegates, Stassen 4, and MacArthur 3. Willkie's delegates ran last in every district. The following night, after giving his speech in Omaha, Willkie addressed the crowd: 1140:

fruit. Although Edith Willkie accompanied her husband on his tour (he had little time for contact with Van Doren), she disliked the media attention and did not give interviews, completing the campaign without ever giving a speech. On one occasion, she looked at her husband and stated, "Politics makes strange bedfellows". The Democrats knew of Willkie's affair with Van Doren, but the Republicans had letters from

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Although they differed with him on many issues, Republican leaders recognized Willkie's appeal and they had wanted him to campaign for the party in the 1942 midterm elections, but he went around the world instead. The huge publicity received by the titular head of the Republican Party as an emissary for a Democratic president frustrated leading Republicans. In 1942, the Republicans gained seats in both the

1421:. Willkie was taken to the front in order to observe the Chinese military forces in their fight against the Japanese, and he spoke out against colonialism, in China and elsewhere. His statements were reported widely in Britain, angering Churchill, who responded by saying, "We mean to hold our own. I have not become the King's First Minister in order to preside over the liquidation of the British Empire." 1213: 1516:. With Willkie running to the left of Roosevelt on civil rights, Roosevelt feared that blacks would return to their traditional home in the Republican Party, and he secured several prominent promotions or hirings of African Americans. Roosevelt was successful in keeping the majority of the black vote. After the election, Willkie promised to keep fighting for civil rights. 444:. An army clerk transposed his first two names; with Willkie unwilling to invest the time to have the bureaucracy correct it, he kept his name as Wendell Lewis Willkie. Commissioned as a first lieutenant, Willkie was sent for artillery training. He arrived in France as the war was ending and did not see combat. In January 1918 he married Edith Wilk, a librarian from 1093:. He gave interviews to reporters there, and his firm support of Roosevelt's aid to the Allies led Congressman Martin and Senator McNary to support a peacetime draft despite the strident objections of many Republicans and some Democrats. Roosevelt contacted Willkie through intermediaries to ensure the Republican candidate would not make a political issue out of the 8006: 1675:

out Willkie about running in Wallace's place. Willkie was reluctant even to respond, knowing that Roosevelt had made promises to potential running mates which he did not follow through on. There were further discussions between Willkie and the White House, of which third parties were aware though the details are not known; the vice presidential nomination went to

1837:"has had such a profound influence on the thinking of Americans". Historian Samuel Zipp noted, "He launched the most successful and unprecedented challenge to conventional nationalism in modern American history ... He urged to imagine and feel a new form of reciprocity with the world, one that millions of Americans responded to with unprecedented urgency." 1478:, a book Van Doren edited, in which he recounted his travels and urged America to join a supernational global organization after the war was successfully concluded. The book was an immediate bestseller, selling a million copies in its first month. It was especially influential because Willkie was seen by many as having transcended partisan politics. According to 1336:. In September, Lindbergh accused American Jews of "agitating for war"; Willkie responded that the aviator's speech was "the most un-American made in my time". Willkie lobbied Republican congressmen to repeal the act. The measure passed Congress with the aid of Republican votes, though most of that party voted against it. Roosevelt invited Willkie to dedicate 944: 1241:, had suggested that Willkie should travel across the Atlantic to demonstrate bipartisan support of Britain. Willkie had already been planning a visit in support for Britain. Roosevelt believed that the visit of the nominal head of the opposition party would be far more effective in demonstrating American support than sending one of his advisors. 1880:, "and he stepped to leadership at just the moment when the world needed him." Shortly before his death, Willkie told a friend, "If I could write my own epitaph and if I had to choose between saying, 'Here lies an unimportant President', or, 'Here lies one who contributed to saving freedom at a moment of great peril', I would prefer the latter." 329:, on February 18, 1892, the son of Henrietta (Trisch) and Herman Francis Willkie. Both of his parents were lawyers, his mother being one of the first women admitted to the Indiana bar. Willkie was the fourth of six children, all intelligent, and learned skills during the nightly debates around the dinner table that would later serve him well. 524:(C&S), whose chairman, B.C. Cobb, noticed him. Cobb wrote to the senior partner of Willkie's firm, "I think he is a comer and we should keep an eye on him." In 1929, Cobb offered Willkie a salary of $ 36,000 (equal to $ 638,791 today) to be corporate counsel to C&S, a job which would involve a move to New York, and Willkie accepted. 672:

storm of letters to congressmen followed. After the House of Representatives defeated the breakup clause, investigation proved that many of these communications were funded by the electric companies, signed with names taken from the telephone book, though Willkie was not implicated. Amid public anger, Roosevelt pressured Congress to pass

563:. Cobb, a pioneer in the electricity transmission business, had presided over the 1929 merger of 165 utilities that made C&S the largest electric utility holding company in the country. He promoted Willkie over 50 junior executives, designating the younger man as his successor. In January 1933, Willkie became president of C&S. 1787:, the sudden rise and nomination of Willkie was the decisive event, perhaps providential, which made it possible to rally the free world when was almost conquered. Under any other leadership but his the Republican party in 1940 would have turned its back on Great Britain, causing all who resisted Hitler to feel abandoned". 842:

nomination if it were offered to him. He blamed his allegiance shift on the Roosevelt policies that he deemed anti-business. He had voted for Landon in 1936, he said, and he felt that the Democrats no longer represented the values he advocated. As he later characterized it, "I did not leave my party. My party left me."

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earnestly hope that the Republican convention will nominate a candidate and write a platform that really represents the views which I have advocated and which I believe are shared by millions of Americans. I shall continue to work for these principles and policies for which I have fought during the last five years.

644:, of which Willkie was a board member. Willkie warned that New York capital might avoid Tennessee if the TVA experiment continued, and when Roosevelt gave a speech in praise of the agency, issued a statement rebutting him. By 1934, Willkie had become the spokesman for the private electric power industry. 818:. With the topic of the debate being the cooperation between the public and private sectors, Willkie came across as a businessman with a heart, while Jackson appeared dull. A stream of positive press mentions for Willkie continued through 1938 and into 1939, culminating with a favorable cover story in 1317:

leader of the Republican Party himself—Mr. Wendell Willkie—in word and in action is showing what patriotic Americans mean by rising above partisanship and rallying to the common cause." That same month, a Gallup poll showed that 60 percent of Americans believed Willkie would have made a good president.

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had voted for him not to oppose Roosevelt on all issues, but to give support where it was called for. In late November, Willkie interrupted a Florida vacation for a speech he concluded by offering a toast "to the health and happiness of the President of the United States"; Roosevelt confided to his son

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Historian Hugh Ross argued that in gaining the nomination, Willkie "gave exceptional promise of being a winner. There were ample precedents from American political history in which a minority party, queasy over prospects for survival, bypassed professional leadership in order to entrust its political

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Willkie's condition only worsened as the weeks went on. He went to New York by rail in mid-September, but on the trip he was stricken with another heart attack. Although his advisors told him to seek treatment and abandon the trip, Willkie pressed on. When he arrived in New York, Willkie was in great

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While in the USSR, Willkie urged the opening of a second front against the Germans; when reporters asked Roosevelt about those comments, the president responded flippantly by saying that he had read the headlines but had not considered the speculative comments worth the reading. This angered Willkie,

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that both peoples should be brought into the government, and he later wrote that the conflict there was so ancient, it was unrealistic to think that it could "be solved by good will and simple honesty". Willkie had been moved to add the Soviet Union to his itinerary when three Western reporters there

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Although defeated in the election, Willkie had become a major figure on the public scene, and at age 48, was deemed likely to remain one for years to come. Landon had received some 6,000 letters commiserating with him in his defeat; Willkie received over 100,000. Financially independent, he was in no

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Amid this tension, Willkie and Roosevelt met for the first time, at the White House on December 13, 1934. The meeting was outwardly cordial, but each man told his own version of what occurred: the president boasted of having outtalked Willkie, while the executive sent a soon-to-be-famous telegram to

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was impressed by Willkie, who left him "somewhat overwhelmed" and "pretty badly scared". C&S agreed to sell some of its properties in part of the Tennessee Valley, and the government agreed that the TVA would not compete with C&S in many areas. In October 1934, holders of securities issued by

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On March 16, his first day of campaigning in Wisconsin, Willkie made eight speeches, and the pace took a toll on his voice. The weather did not cooperate, and he travelled 200 miles (320 km) through a blizzard to reach a rally in the northern part of the state. Willkie attracted large crowds in

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This period of time, between Willkie's trip in 1942 and his abrupt death in 1944, was coined the "Willkie moment" by historian Samuel Zipp and represented the "high point for American visions of war time internationalism." According to Zipp, Willkie's moment revived the earlier "Wilsonian moment," a

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on January 13, 1941. Lend-Lease was highly unpopular in the Republican Party, and Willkie's announcement created a firestorm, with Landon and Taft decrying his actions. Former RNC chairman Hamilton wrote that of the almost 200 Republican members of the House and Senate, "Willkie couldn't dig up ten

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probably gave Willkie Michigan, and he gained ground in the suburbs and rural areas, but Roosevelt consolidated his 1936 coalition of working-class Americans, ethnics, and white Southerners to take the election. On the evening of November 11, Willkie gave a nationwide radio address, urging those who

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With polls released on October 6 showing Roosevelt well ahead, Willkie began to sound an isolationist theme, accusing Roosevelt of being a warmonger. Many of Willkie's speeches to that point had been on domestic issues, but he had been advised by Martin, Hamilton, and other advisors that the war was

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Democracy and our way of life is facing the most crucial test it has ever faced in all its long history; and we here are not Republicans, alone, but Americans, to dedicate ourselves to the democratic way of life in the United States because here stands the last firm, untouched foothold of freedom in

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by Governor Stassen; he subsequently announced his support for Willkie and became one of the candidate's floor managers. The second night featured a speech by the only living former president, Herbert Hoover, who hoped to stampede the convention to a third nomination. His address went almost unheard

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The start of the war in September 1939 alarmed Americans, but the majority thought the U.S. should not get involved. Willkie spoke often about the threat to America and the need to aid Britain and other Allies. Willkie biographer Steve Neal wrote that the war "transformed Willkie from a big-business

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Willkie and Lilienthal negotiated for a year, with Willkie wanting $ 88 million for C&S's properties in and around the Tennessee Valley, and the TVA offering $ 55 million. After a final, January 1939, legal defeat for C&S in the Supreme Court, the pace of the talks quickened, and on February

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policies, but in January stated in a radio debate that anti-utility policies were depressing share prices, making it hard to attract investment that would help America to recover. "For several years now, we have been listening to a bedtime story, telling us that the men who hold office in Washington

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Discharged from the army, Willkie returned to Elwood. He considered a run for Congress as a Democrat, but was advised that the district was so Republican he would be unlikely to keep the seat even if he could win it, and his chances might be better in a more urban area. Herman Willkie wanted Wendell

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became an Olympic wrestler—Willkie joined the football team but had little success; he enjoyed the debate team more, but was several times disciplined for arguing with teachers. He was class president his final year, and president of the most prominent fraternity, but resigned from the latter when a

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wing; "whatever else it did, Philadelphia gave birth to the bitter proprietary division within the Republican Party, one accentuated by ideology and geography, that would define the party for decades to come." Among those converted from isolationism by Willkie's oratory, and who worked intensely on

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Defeated in his second bid for the White House, Willkie announced that he was returning to the practice of law, but his friends doubted that he would be content there. Roosevelt was anxious to dump Vice President Wallace from the ticket in his bid for a fourth term, and he had an intermediary sound

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I quite deliberately entered the Wisconsin primary to test whether the Republican voters of that state would support me ... It is obvious now that I cannot be nominated. I therefore am asking my friends to desist from any activity toward that end and not to present my name at the convention. I

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Willkie formally accepted the nomination at Elwood on August 17 before a crowd of at least 150,000, the largest political gathering in U.S. history to that point. It was an extremely hot day, and Willkie, who tried to read his speech from a typed manuscript without enlargement, failed to ignite the

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was the favorite son) and Michigan, most of whose delegates stayed with Senator Vandenberg. Although Willkie had thus far refrained from making deals, to get Michigan he agreed to allow the Republican organization there to pick that state's federal judges. The sixth ballot, held at 12:20 am on June

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became convinced Wendell Willkie had presidential timber; he devoted the magazine's April 1940 issue to Willkie, and later served as his campaign manager. In that issue, Willkie wrote an article, "We The People: A Foundation for a Political Platform for Recovery", urging both major parties to omit

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in New York City. Roosevelt's popularity had declined since the 1936 landslide, but many still hoped he would run for an unprecedented third term. He had long contemplated one, but made no announcement. Roosevelt's decision-making on this point is uncertain: as late as April 1940, he may have been

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who became a friend, and later his lover. Cultured, brilliant and well connected, Van Doren introduced him to new books, new ideas, and new circles of friends. Unlike Van Doren, Willkie was indiscreet about their relationship, and their affair was well known to the reporters covering him during his

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The Indiana University Board of Trustees has announced the naming of buildings on the Bloomington campus for four distinguished alumni Paul V. McNutt, Dean William A. Rawles, Wendell L. Willkie and Prof. James A. Woodburn... Willkie Quadrangle will be the tallest residence group on campus with two

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His advocacy came at a cost to his standing in the Republican Party. According to Moscow, "his appeal for the party to be the party of the Loyal Opposition, supporting the President, was treason to the diehards; his trip around the world marked him as a Presidential agent seeking to infiltrate the

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in polls of likely voters in the party's 1944 presidential primaries. By 1943, even liberal Democrats did not doubt Willkie's progressive credentials. He spoke of appointing an African American to either the cabinet or the Supreme Court, and he warned California's Republican committee that the New

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Willkie's Senate testimony made him the leading interventionist outside the government, with Lindbergh (who had testified against Lend-Lease) the leading isolationist, and they debated in the pages of magazines. Roosevelt weighed in, backing his former opponent in a radio address on March 29. "The

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dismissed on the advice of some of his advisors, who felt Hamilton was too conservative and isolationist, though the former chairman was given the post of executive director with partial responsibility for the Willkie campaign. Congressman Martin became RNC chair. At a time when little campaigning

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Dewey had predicted he would have 400 of the 501 votes needed to be nominated on the first ballot and he kept nothing in reserve so that he might show momentum in future ballots. When delegates first balloted on the afternoon of June 27, he had only 360 to 189 for Taft, 105 for Willkie, and 76 for

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of Oregon instead. A lawyer, advocate of public power, and farmer, McNary was popular and respected in the West. Willkie agreed, and got Baldwin to withdraw as others persuaded McNary, who had called Willkie a tool of Wall Street after arriving in Philadelphia. The convention dutifully nominated

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Through 1935, as the breakup legislation wound through Congress, and litigation through the courts, Willkie was the industry's chief spokesman and lobbyist. When the Senate narrowly passed a bill for the breakup, Willkie made a series of speeches asking the public to oppose the legislation, and a

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Stassen was then deemed the "Boy Wonder" of the Republican Party; at age 33, he was constitutionally too young to seek the presidency. Age would not in future restrain him from running for president; he would seek the Republican nomination so many times and with so little hope of winning that he

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in 1920, no Republican candidate had ever lost support from the previous ballot and won the nomination. Dewey came under pressure from his advisors to withdraw during the dinner break that followed the second ballot, and when the convention resumed to chants of "We want Willkie!" from the packed

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causes. Willkie ran for the Republican nomination in 1944, but bowed out after a disastrous showing in the Wisconsin primary in April. He and Roosevelt discussed the possibility of forming a liberal political party after the war, but Willkie died in October 1944 before the idea could bear fruit.

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with 70,000 middle-class supporters, but reporters saw few working-class people at his rallies, and he cancelled some appearances at auto plants in the Midwest. Other people in working-class areas booed the candidate, held up signs in support of Roosevelt, or pelted his motorcade with overripe

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Roosevelt had been surprised by the outcome of the Republican convention, having expected to oppose a conservative isolationist. The polls showed Willkie behind by only six points, and the president expected this to be a more difficult race than he had faced in his defeats of Hoover and Landon.

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gave the nominating speech for Willkie on the evening of June 26, arguing that Willkie's recent conversion to the Republican Party was no reason not to nominate him, "is the Republican Party a closed corporation? Do you have to be born into it?" When Halleck mentioned Willkie's name, there were

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His failure to enter primaries did not greatly disadvantage Willkie because most were "beauty contests" serving only to show voter preferences and not to elect delegates. The primaries were governed by a complex set of unwritten rules about who would enter which primary and Taft ran only in his

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had not taken on the significance it later would, and Willkie won it on March 14, taking six out of eleven delegates. This was deemed a disappointment because he had spoken there many times since 1940, and was expected to do better. In Wisconsin, Willkie ran a slate of delegates led by future

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Willkie spent much of 1943 preparing for a second presidential run, addressing Republican and nonpartisan groups. He did not meet with Roosevelt; with the presidential election approaching and with both men likely to run in it as candidates, their continued association would have been awkward.

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After the convention, Willkie returned to New York. When he went to the movies or play, he received a standing ovation. He resigned from C&S on July 8, 1940, confident that even if he lost his presidential bid, he would not lack for work. He had Republican National Committee (RNC) chairman

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for a summer in an attempt to correct both. Willkie began to shine as a student in high school, inspired by his English teacher; one classmate said that Philip "Pat" Bing "fixed that boy up. He started preaching to Wendell to get to work and that kid went to town." Faced with a set of athletic

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was the first time that many Americans had heard such a public figure cast doubt on US domestic policy around race. Despite his optimistic outlook on a future defined by international collaboration and racial equality, Zipp contends that Willkie's third geography was one of "empire obscured."

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Willkie never had any doubt that Roosevelt would run for a third term, and that his route to the White House would have to be through the Republican Party. In late 1939 he changed his registration from Democratic to Republican, and early in 1940 announced that he would accept the Republican

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28, saw Taft, then Willkie take the lead. As those in the gallery continued to call for Willkie, Vandenberg released his delegates, most of whom went to Willkie. Pennsylvania also broke for him, making Willkie the Republican nominee for president on a vote that was made unanimous.

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According to Dunn, Willkie's mission was to be Roosevelt's personal representative, "demonstrating American unity, gathering information, and discussing with key heads of state plans for the postwar future". After leaving the U.S. on August 26, Willkie's first stop was in

1562:, he stated in a speech that war was no excuse for depriving groups of people of their rights. He spoke out against those who blamed the Jews for the war, warning against "witch-hanging and mob-baiting". For his activities, he received the American Hebrew Medal for 1942. 277:(TVA) that would supply power in competition with C&S. Between 1933 and 1939, Willkie fought against the TVA before Congress, in the courts, and before the public. He was ultimately unsuccessful, but sold C&S's property for a good price, and gained public esteem. 1328:

was producing pro-war propaganda. Willkie defended the rights of the studios to make films that reflected their views, and warned, "the rights of the individuals mean nothing if freedom of speech and freedom of the press are destroyed." Congress took no further action.

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Willkie had long been neglectful of his health and diet, smoking heavily and rarely exercising. His heavy drinking had charmed the reporters in Philadelphia in 1940, but by 1944 it was becoming a problem. In August 1944, Willkie felt weak while traveling by train to

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in July 1939. Willkie was initially dismissive of the many letters he received urging him to run for president, but soon changed his mind. Van Doren thought Willkie could be president, and worked to persuade her contacts. After hosting the Willkies for a weekend,

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After the election, Willkie made two wartime foreign trips as Roosevelt's informal envoy, and as nominal leader of the Republican Party gave the president his full support. This angered many conservatives, especially as Willkie increasingly advocated liberal or

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in Chicago in July, though he stated that because of the world crisis, he would not actively campaign, leaving that to surrogates. The fact that both major-party presidential candidates favored intervention frustrated isolationists, who considered wooing

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Willkie warned Republicans that only a full commitment to equal rights for minorities would woo African Americans back to the party, and he criticized Roosevelt for yielding to Southern racists among the Democrats. Willkie addressed a convention of the

501:, which had become powerful in much of the nation and in the Democratic Party, but he and other delegates were unsuccessful in their attempt to include a plank in the party platform condemning the Klan. He also backed a proposed plank in support of the 1824:

Correspondent and author Warren Moscow wrote that after 1940, Willkie helped Roosevelt, who was always careful not to go too far in front of public opinion, "as a pace-setter with the President's blessing". Willkie's global trip and the publication of

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Roosevelt released a statement applauding Willkie's "tremendous courage" which "prompted him more than once to stand alone ... In this hour of grave crisis the nation loses a great citizen." War Secretary Stimson offered to have Willkie buried in

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to take over the representation. They found Darrow willing, but at too high a price for the union to meet; Darrow told Wendell Willkie, "there is nothing unethical in being adequately compensated for advocating a cause in which you deeply believe."

1550:, secretary of the California Communist Party, was a naturalized American until the government revoked his citizenship, stating that he had concealed his membership on his application for naturalization in 1927. Two lower federal courts upheld the 1272:

Upon arrival, Willkie told the press, "I want to do all I can to get the United States to give England the utmost aid possible in her struggle". Willkie saw the damage Nazi bombing had inflicted on Britain, visiting bombed-out sites in London,

696:, resolving the 1934 case, and the lifting of the injunction by an appeals court, sent the parties back to the negotiating table. Willkie kept the public pressure on: like most corporate executives, he had not spoken out against Roosevelt's 991:

Vandenberg. On the second ballot, Dewey began to slip, falling to 338 to Taft's 203 and 171 for Willkie. The losses greatly damaged Dewey's campaign, because other than the trivial losses suffered in the early rounds of balloting by

6679: 6674: 1265:. At this time it was not routine for politicians to travel abroad; McNary, with considerable influence in foreign affairs, had never left North America. Thus, there was much public attention to Willkie's mission. He departed from 719:

deemed Willkie to have outsmarted Lilienthal. Though defeated in the courts, Willkie had gained national stature for driving a hard bargain for his shareholders, and was seen by some as a potential presidential candidate in 1940.

1499:

During his 1940 campaign, Willkie had pledged to integrate the civil service and armed forces, and proudly pointed to what he deemed the strongest civil rights plank in history in the Republican platform. He also promised to end

1308:

to abandon neutrality, but his urging was unavailing. Willkie left London for Washington on February 5; because of the risk of being shot down by Nazi aircraft, the roundabout journey home took four days. He testified before the

1744:; 60,000 people filed by his casket, and 35,000 crowded around the church during the service, including many blacks—as, Eleanor Roosevelt noted in her column, was fitting. Wendell and Edith Willkie rest together in Rushville's 1791:

wrote that "it is arguable that impact on and the world was greater than that of most men who actually held the office . At a crucial moment in history, he stood for the right things at the right time." When Georgia Senator

466:

and Robert to rejoin the family law firm, but Henrietta was opposed, feeling that opportunities in Elwood were too limited for her sons. She got her way, and in May 1919 Wendell Willkie successfully applied for a job with the

284:, but positioned himself as an acceptable choice for a deadlocked convention. He sought backing from uncommitted delegates, while his supporters—many youthful—enthusiastically promoted his candidacy. As German forces advanced 634:

Negotiations took place through the remainder of 1933 for C&S to sell assets, including a transmission line, to allow the TVA to distribute energy to retail customers, leading to an agreement on January 4, 1934. TVA head

1152:

the issue the voters really cared about. Willkie began to argue that Roosevelt would not keep the U.S. out of war, but that he would. He was given room to make this argument by the United Kingdom's increasing success in the

959:

to his hotel, answering questions from reporters and anyone else who could get close enough to be heard. Dewey, Vandenberg and Taft had large public headquarters, but Willkie's campaign was run from clandestine rooms at the

452:. In France, Willkie was assigned to defending soldiers who had slipped away for time in Paris against orders. He was recommended for promotion to captain, but was discharged in early 1919 before the paperwork went through. 1368:. Labor Secretary Perkins offered to have Willkie arbitrate between management and labor in war industries, but Willkie declined after White House officials informed the press. In early 1942, Willkie considered a run for 1032:

McNary. Before departing Philadelphia, Willkie went to the Civic Center to appear before the delegates who had chosen him, becoming the first Republican nominee to speak to the convention after gaining its endorsement:

806:

On the assumption Roosevelt would not seek a third term, Willkie had been spoken of as a possible Democratic presidential candidate as early as 1937. He raised his stock considerably when on January 3, 1938, he debated

1348: 869:) formed a network of local Willkie Clubs, which attracted a large membership among Republicans discontented with their leadership and seeking a new figure who might beat Roosevelt. He especially appealed to liberal, 1604:

in early October 1943, arguing that a return to isolationism would lead the party to disaster. He decided to enter several presidential primaries in order to demonstrate his public support of the party, and he chose

1340:, but because of other commitments, Willkie could not. Roosevelt also sought to have Willkie join his administration, which the Republican was reluctant to do, wishing to preserve independence of word and action. 273:(C&S), a utility holding company. He was rapidly promoted, and became corporate president in 1933. Roosevelt was sworn in as U.S. president soon after Willkie became head of C&S, and announced plans for a 1528:

in June 1943, he went on national radio in order to criticize both parties for ignoring racial issues. When the movie hearings of 1941 ended without further action, Willkie had been made chairman of the board of

558:

At C&S, Willkie rose rapidly under the eye of Cobb, impressing his superiors. Much of his work was outside New York City; Willkie was brought in to help try important cases or aid in the preparation of major

964:. Root's Willkie Clubs and other supporters bombarded the delegates with telegrams urging support for their candidate, to the annoyance of some. Key convention officials were Willkie supporters; these included 846:

critic of the New Deal into a champion of freedom. And it gave his candidacy new purpose." Despite the chatter about Willkie, there were many who were skeptical about his chances should he seek the nomination.

1841:

Republican Party". This decline was accelerated as it became apparent that Willkie was a liberal, standing to the left of Roosevelt and proposing even higher taxes than the president was willing to stomach.

656:, and met with Willkie later in January to inform him of his intent. In the meantime, the companies did their best to sabotage the TVA; farmers were told by corporate representatives that lines from the new 431:

present, he gave a provocative speech criticizing his school. The faculty withheld his degree, but granted it after two days of intense debate. Willkie joined his parents' law firm, but volunteered for the

1252:

recorded that family members and White House staff found excuses to observe Willkie, and she would have done so herself had she been aware of the visit as it was happening. Roosevelt urged Willkie to see

296:, and turned to Willkie, who was nominated on the sixth ballot. Willkie's support for aid to Britain removed it as a major factor in his race against Roosevelt, and Willkie also backed the president on a 7052: 1236:

Roosevelt, both appreciating Willkie's talents, and seeking to divide and conquer his opposition, had been mulling over ways his former opponent might be of use. The president's onetime advisor, Justice

1179:. Willkie won 10 states to the president's 38 though he did better than Hoover and Landon had against Roosevelt. Willkie's popular vote total of 22,348,480 set a record for a Republican not broken until 1821:, who wrote many years later in his memoirs, "I now realize that my participation did not make much difference at all to the political fate of Wendell Willkie. But it made a lot of difference to me." 1829:

increased public support for the idea that the United States should remain active internationally once the war was won, and should not withdraw into a new isolationism. Indiana University president

1779:

Soon after the 1940 convention, Roosevelt described Willkie's nomination as a "Godsend to our country", because it ensured that the presidential race would not turn on the issue of aid to Britain.

1304:

Although it was cut short by Roosevelt's desire to have him testify before Congress on Lend-Lease, Willkie's visit to Britain was deemed a triumph. Willkie also went to Ireland, hoping to persuade

924:

on June 24, 1940. As the delegates assembled, they discussed the war, the candidates, and Roosevelt's appointment of two Republican interventionists to his cabinet four days before the convention.

838:

anti-business policies from their party platforms, protect individual rights, and oppose foreign aggression while supporting world trade. This piece won him applause and supporters from the press.

1589:

with Southern Democrats that took control of domestic issues in Congress. Few Republican members of Congress were by then willing to support Willkie, and he dropped to second place behind General

578:

that had followed the stock market crash, the nominee would have a good chance of becoming president. The major candidates were Smith (the 1928 nominee), Smith's successor as New York's governor,

348:. When Bryan ran again in 1900, he stayed overnight at the Willkie home, and the Democratic candidate for president became the first political hero for the boy who would later seek that office. 4104: 679:

In September 1936, Roosevelt and Willkie met again at the White House, and a truce followed as both sides waited to see if Roosevelt would be re-elected over the Republican, Kansas Governor

660:

could not carry enough power to make a light bulb glow, and the company ran "spite lines" that might not even carry power in an effort to invoke the non-compete agreement over broad areas.

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as head of the legal office that advised workers on wills and other personal matters. He was soon bored there, and on the advice of his wife, left for a law firm despite an offer from

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Conservatives and isolationists had little enthusiasm for the Willkie campaign, and the moderates wanted to see stronger positions on progressive issues and foreign policy. Publisher

1617:

vote in Wisconsin, which had contributed to the state being firmly isolationist until Pearl Harbor. None of the other major candidates—Dewey, Stassen, MacArthur and Ohio Governor

1472:

On October 26, 1942, Willkie made a "Report to the People", telling Americans about his trip in a radio speech heard by about 36 million people. The following April, he published

640:

a C&S subsidiary filed suit to block the transfer. Willkie angrily denied that he had prompted the lawsuit, though plaintiffs' counsel proved later to have been paid by the

8233: 1694:

in Chicago that nominated Dewey for president, and he declined a pass as an "honored guest". Dewey hoped to get Willkie's endorsement, and he sent his foreign policy advisor,

6063: 1812:, in his book on the 1940 election, suggested that the nomination of Willkie left long-lasting scars on the Republican Party, with conservatives angered by the success of its 901:. The move to Willkie was reflected in polls; he went from 3 to 29 percent in the seven weeks before the convention, while Dewey, the frontrunner, fell from 67 to 47 percent. 6703: 1482:, Willkie was interested in creating 'a body of public opinion' to force policymakers and politicians of both parties to embrace the robust multilateralism he envisioned. 1704:, one urging an internationalist foreign policy, and the other demanding advances in civil rights for African Americans. He also explored becoming a newspaper publisher. 1609:, with a primary on April 4, 1944, as the first major test. Willkie had not taken Wisconsin's electoral votes in 1940, though he had won in all parts of the state except 481:

Willkie became active in the Akron Democratic Party, becoming prominent enough while still with Firestone to introduce the Democratic presidential nominee, Ohio Governor

8273: 6056: 4918: 4813: 1293:, he walked the streets at night without helmet or gas mask (until Churchill gave him some), visiting bomb shelters. Churchill hosted Willkie at an official luncheon at 336:

with his parents at age four, was intensely involved in progressive politics, and in 1896 took his sons to a torchlight procession for Democratic presidential candidate

4859: 1521: 351:

By the time Willkie reached age 14 and enrolled in Elwood High School, his parents were concerned about a lack of discipline and a slight stoop, and they sent him to

861:

Willkie did not enter the Republican primaries, placing his hope in a deadlocked convention. His campaign was composed mostly of political amateurs. New York lawyer

376:, where he was fired after losing control of the horses drawing a tourist stagecoach. Back in Elwood, Herman Willkie was representing striking workers at the local 6689: 6684: 6669: 6664: 6659: 6654: 6649: 1808:

fortunes to a man without political experience. In most of the previous instances, the nomination had gone to a military man. In 1940, it went to a businessman."

8183: 1621:—spoke in Wisconsin; MacArthur and Stassen were on active duty and could not do so. Willkie stated that if he did badly in Wisconsin, he would end his campaign. 517: 7685: 7325: 1381: 1633:, and he devoted two weeks to campaigning there. He was endorsed by most newspapers, but polls showed him well behind Dewey both in the state and nationwide. 408:

for student office, but when Willkie ran himself, he was defeated. He graduated in June 1913, and to earn money for law school, taught high school history in

7978: 7654: 583: 1857:

In 1965, Indiana University completed Willkie Quadrangle, an 11-story undergraduate residence hall, on the Bloomington campus that was named after Willkie.

544:, and read through ten newspapers each day. Willkie and his wife had little in common, and grew apart through the 1930s. He acquired a social life, and met 8153: 8133: 4614:

Zipp, Samuel (November 2018). "Dilemmas of World-Wide Thinking: Popular Geographies and the Problem of Empire in Wendell Willkie's Search for One World".

3410:

Zipp, Samuel (November 2018). "Dilemmas of World-Wide Thinking: Popular Geographies and the Problem of Empire in Wendell Willkie's Search for One World".

1023:, a key supporter, but scuttled those plans after his advisors and Republican officials felt that a New York-Connecticut ticket would not give sufficient 7284: 1364:

on December 7, 1941, Willkie offered his full support to Roosevelt. Willkie was interested in the post of war production czar, but that position went to

4068:

11-story buildings, with quarters for 589 men and 577 women. The women's unit will be ready for occupancy next fall and the men's unit in January, 1965.

4552:

Syers, William A. (Winter 1990). "The political beginnings of Gerald R. Ford: Anti-bossism, internationalism, and the congressional campaign of 1948".

341: 7678: 7614: 7318: 7071: 7064: 910: 441: 2012:

Madison, James H. (February 2000). "Willkie, Wendell Lewis (1892-1944), corporation lawyer and executive, politician, and civil rights activist".

1724:. He recovered to some extent, enough so that his friends expected him to be discharged. He spent time working on the galleys of his second book, 7274: 7154: 4934: 4881: 862: 231: 203: 132: 1089:

crowd. He remained in Rushville, where he owned farmland, over the next month, trying to become more associated with his native state than with

300:. Both men took more isolationist positions towards the end of the race. Roosevelt won an unprecedented third term, taking 38 of the 48 states. 7023: 4852: 1524:(NAACP) in 1942, one of the most prominent politicians to do so up to that point. He urged integration of the armed forces, and when a violent 877:

were reminiscent of ordinary midwesterners, which led to some derision as the efforts to nominate him became more obvious. Interior Secretary

6579: 1864:. Dunn concluded that Willkie "died as he had lived, an idealist, a humanitarian—and a lone wolf". Willkie's biographer, Neal, wrote of him, 921: 8268: 8148: 5703: 5683: 5663: 5643: 5623: 5603: 5583: 5563: 5543: 5523: 5503: 5483: 5463: 5443: 5423: 5403: 5383: 5363: 5343: 5323: 5303: 5283: 5263: 5243: 5223: 5203: 5183: 5163: 5143: 281: 1740:, but Edith Willkie wanted her husband to be buried in his native Indiana, at Rushville. His casket was placed in the center aisle of the 416:

arranged by his brother Fred. Wendell Willkie's commitment to social justice was deepened by the sight of workers suffering abuse there.

7111: 6999: 1245: 747:

raging in Europe. Although the United States remained neutral, the nation—and especially the Republican Party—was deeply divided between

1320:

In April 1941, Willkie joined the New York law firm of Miller, Boston, and Owen as a senior partner, with the firm changing its name to

8158: 8128: 7201: 1698:, to see Willkie. The former candidate refused to be drawn, and he made no endorsement before he died. Willkie wrote two articles for 673: 5859: 4845: 1324:. Two months later, he agreed to represent motion picture producers before a Senate subcommittee which was investigating claims that 1221:

hurry to decide among the many offers of employment from top law firms and major corporations. He resumed his affair with Van Doren.

512:. Although he quickly gained a reputation as a leading trial lawyer, he was especially noted for presenting utility cases before the 1261:, both in London on missions from Roosevelt, and gave his former rival a letter to be hand-delivered to the British prime minister, 1097:; Willkie was supportive of the transfer, though he felt Congress should act, and opposed Roosevelt sending armaments to Britain by 8258: 8203: 8188: 8143: 7710: 7706: 7702: 7350: 7346: 7342: 7294: 7126: 7121: 6863: 4822: 1571: 808: 740: 729: 239: 297: 8223: 7116: 6325: 6170: 5722: 4970: 4734: 1745: 1687: 420: 94: 4573:

Zipp, S. (Fall 2014). "When Wendell Willkie Went Visiting: Between Interdependency and Exceptionalism in the Public Feeling for

364:

During Willkie's summer vacations from high school, he worked, often far from home. In 1909, aged 17, his journey took him from

8263: 8218: 7254: 7234: 7009: 6758: 4317:

The Improbable Wendell Willkie: The Businessman Who Saved the Republican Party and His Country, and Conceived a New World Order

1973: 1578: 1116:

decried both Roosevelt and Willkie for failing to be honest with the American people, "America will never be ready for any war

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to the curriculum. He also involved himself in campus politics, successfully managing the campaign of future Indiana governor

8228: 8198: 7279: 7176: 6989: 4652: 4461: 4350: 4324: 4305: 4223: 508:

After leaving Firestone in 1920, Willkie joined leading Akron law firm Mather & Nesbitt, which represented several local

3857: 1868:

Though he never became President, he had won something much more important, a lasting place in American history. Along with

540:. Initially intimidated by the size and anonymity of the big city, Wendell Willkie soon learned to love it. He attended the 478:

to double his salary. Firestone told the departing lawyer that he would never amount to anything because he was a Democrat.

344:. The Willkie boys had a sidewalk fight with Republican youths, and though the Willkies won their battle, Bryan lost his to 332:

Although given the first name Lewis, Willkie was known from childhood by his middle name. Herman Willkie, who had come from

8238: 8208: 4886: 1667: 1187: 873:

Republicans who saw none of the declared candidates to their liking. His rumpled suits, country-style haircut, and Indiana

4410:

Five Days in Philadelphia: The Amazing "We Want Willkie" Convention of 1940 and How It Freed FDR to Save the Western World

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A longtime Democratic activist, Willkie changed his party registration to Republican in late 1939. He did not run in the

207: 7219: 6984: 6569: 6540: 5812: 1625: 1555: 1310: 1244:

Willkie visited the president at the White House for the first time as an ally on January 19, 1941, the evening before

712: 265:, but left for a law firm, becoming one of the leaders of the Akron Bar Association. Much of his work was representing 763:. The three leading candidates for the 1940 Republican nomination were all isolationists to varying degrees: Senators 7161: 6953: 6435: 5788: 5752: 4419: 4393: 4282: 4010: 3918: 2554: 1983: 1176: 1060: 858:

stated that he did not mind if "the town whore" joined the church, but she should not lead the choir the first week.

780:

thinking of retirement. If he stepped aside, possible candidates included Vice President Garner, Secretary of State

467: 262: 1540:

On November 9, 1942, soon after making his reports to Roosevelt and the American people, Willkie argued the case of

1464:

and on his return from his 49-day trip, he confronted Roosevelt about it when making his report at the White House.

1160:, the only woman to hold a cabinet position in American history to that point, did not aid him among female voters. 412:, coaching debaters and several sports teams. In November 1914, he left his job there for one as a lab assistant in 8163: 7790: 7720: 7596: 7440: 7360: 7131: 6146: 5782: 4868: 4810: 1741: 1559: 513: 126: 1076:

Roosevelt felt that Willkie's nomination would remove the war issue from the campaign. Roosevelt was nominated by

791: 309:

Willkie is remembered for giving Roosevelt vital political assistance in 1941, which helped the president to pass

8213: 7004: 6918: 6883: 5836: 5794: 5770: 5764: 1121: 505:

that ultimately failed. In 1925, Willkie led a successful effort to oust Klan members on the Akron school board.

104: 4729:

Wendell Lewis Willkie presidential campaign papers (MS 556). Manuscripts and Archives, Yale University Library.

1558:

ruled for Schneiderman, 5–3, restoring his citizenship. Although Willkie refrained from criticizing Roosevelt's

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In 1992, the United States Postal Service marked the centennial of Willkie's birth with a 75-cent stamp in the

1413:, and upon his return he advocated more liberal Lend-Lease terms for the USSR. In China, Willkie was hosted by 1094: 590: 8253: 7670: 7310: 7289: 6963: 6923: 6913: 6908: 6888: 6833: 6808: 6265: 5800: 5734: 1764: 1542: 851: 254: 8178: 8138: 7059: 6948: 6838: 6803: 6753: 6738: 5867: 5842: 5806: 5740: 2545:

Leff, Mark H. (1992). "Strange Bedfellows: The Utility Magnate as Politician". In Madison, James H. (ed.).

1248:. The president asked Willkie to be his informal personal representative to Britain, and Willkie accepted. 1172: 285: 215: 7883: 7533: 7171: 7086: 7040: 6868: 6763: 6743: 6070: 5830: 5818: 5726: 4431: 2014: 1737: 1709: 1683: 1659: 1325: 1321: 305: 8168: 7996: 7938: 7896: 7567: 7091: 6928: 5848: 932:

and Secretary of State under Hoover, was restored to the War position, and Landon's 1936 running mate,

752: 653: 605: 274: 211: 7504: 7229: 6933: 6898: 6853: 6843: 6828: 6818: 6783: 6748: 5824: 1912: 1729: 997: 968: 882: 703: 641: 533: 373: 4152: 1104: 8173: 6994: 6968: 6943: 6848: 6793: 6788: 6768: 6733: 6723: 1598: 1525: 1504:

in Washington, D.C. He gained the endorsements of the two largest African American newspapers, the

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described as "sensible and realistic". He received favorable press, and many invitations to speak.

652:". Roosevelt decided that the utility holding companies had to be broken up, stated so in his 1935 257:

but was not sent to France until the final days of the war, and saw no action. Willkie settled in

6903: 6858: 6798: 6773: 6728: 6495: 6390: 4675: 4233:

Evjen, Henry O. (1952). "The Willkie Campaign: An Unfortunate Chapter in Republican Leadership".

1773: 1690:, and the two men agreed to meet later in the year. Willkie had not been invited to speak at the 1512: 1128: 961: 893:

candidate for a ballot or two. Important converts to Willkie's cause included Minnesota Governor

550: 352: 4175: 2023: 1131:

by train, and between then and November 2, he reached 31 of the 48 states. He did not visit the

1046: 955:

on June 22, two days before the convention, and immediately attracted attention by walking from

202:; February 18, 1892 – October 8, 1944) was an American lawyer, corporate executive and the 1940 7887: 7537: 7081: 6813: 6778: 6370: 6340: 5138: 4528: 4377: 1861: 1630: 1586: 1361: 756: 365: 337: 243: 227: 219: 1783:

believed Willkie's nomination to have been crucial to Britain's survival, "second only to the

619: 7744: 7384: 7166: 6938: 6893: 5378: 4631: 4057: 3427: 1848: 1813: 1713: 1530: 965: 940:. The cabinet appointments divided the Republicans, who accused Roosevelt of dirty politics. 870: 579: 493:

through the record 103 ballots, when the nomination fell to former West Virginia congressman

428: 235: 1876:, he was the also-ran who would be long remembered. "He was a born leader," wrote historian 1748:, the gravesite was marked by a cross, and a book was carved in stone, designed by sculptor 1682:

In spite of their breach, Roosevelt continued to try to conciliate Willkie. Roosevelt's son

885:

stated that the Willkie campaign came "from the grass roots of ten thousand country clubs".

8123: 8118: 8034: 7196: 7186: 6455: 6450: 6440: 6290: 6285: 6194: 6176: 6164: 6152: 6140: 6134: 5354: 5334: 5158: 5154: 5108: 4482:

Snyder, Roland H. (Autumn 2004). "Wisconsin ends the political career of Wendell Willkie".

4270: 1582: 1547: 1534: 1369: 1180: 1136: 898: 663: 393: 1716:, but he had to be persuaded to see a doctor and he refused to be admitted to a hospital. 1301:. In his writings, Churchill recalled "a long talk with this most able and forceful man". 8: 7149: 6360: 6098: 5130: 5117: 5013: 4896: 1721: 1594:

Deal was irreversible and he stated that all they would get by opposing it was oblivion.

1405: 1254: 956: 929: 628: 409: 854:

from New York, initially thought the idea of a Willkie run to be silly. Indiana Senator

380:, and in August journeyed with Wendell to Chicago in an attempt to get liberal attorney 8085: 7906: 7585: 7181: 7046: 6475: 6415: 6305: 6200: 6182: 6158: 6080: 5925: 5907: 5104: 5095: 5017: 4906: 4901: 4891: 4594: 4561: 4532: 4524: 4491: 4467: 4440: 4408: 4294: 4258: 4250: 4202: 3923: 2527: 2519: 1695: 1663: 1506: 1501: 1135:, though he spoke in Texas, hoping to win it as Hoover had in 1928. Willkie filled the 943: 847: 827: 751:, who felt the nation should avoid any steps that could lead America into the war, and 716: 685: 445: 433: 389: 333: 4948: 4429:

Ross, Hugh (June 1962). "Was the nomination of Wendell Willkie a political miracle?".

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While on vacation, Willkie decided his next cause should be military aid to embattled

8070: 7956: 7917: 7849: 7546: 7514: 7472: 7415: 7191: 6525: 6500: 6480: 6430: 6405: 6385: 6375: 6335: 6310: 6212: 6110: 5973: 5961: 5949: 5931: 5895: 5758: 5534: 5514: 5498: 5478: 5398: 5278: 5174: 5065: 5052: 5030: 5026: 4952: 4648: 4598: 4536: 4457: 4415: 4389: 4365: 4346: 4320: 4301: 4278: 4262: 4219: 4051: 4006: 3835: 2550: 1979: 1784: 1590: 1393: 1294: 1266: 1262: 1249: 1238: 1153: 1082: 992: 834: 811: 776: 768: 586: 502: 4768: 4520: 3858:"National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form: East Hill Cemetery" 3841:. Department of Natural Resources, Division of Historic Preservation and Archaeology 3836:"Indiana State Historic Architectural and Archaeological Research Database (SHAARD)" 2531: 8010: 7927: 7393: 6554: 6549: 6460: 6380: 6355: 6345: 6218: 6128: 5991: 5967: 5919: 5883: 5198: 5134: 5121: 5091: 5078: 5000: 4987: 4623: 4586: 4516: 4242: 3419: 2511: 2019: 1891: 1614: 1551: 1474: 1365: 1282: 1274: 1145: 1141: 925: 855: 636: 613: 541: 532:

Wendell and Edith Willkie moved to New York in October 1929, only weeks before the

475: 423:

in late 1915. He was a top student, and graduated with high honors in 1916. At the

361:

sorority blackballed his girlfriend, Gwyneth Harry, as the daughter of immigrants.

345: 266: 108: 4275:

No Ordinary Time: Franklin & Eleanor Roosevelt: The Home Front in World War II

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For further information on the procedures of American political conventions, see

878: 819: 785: 593: 545: 381: 326: 293: 250: 60: 6604: 4081: 604:

Soon after taking office, President Roosevelt proposed legislation creating the

520:. One of Willkie's clients, Ohio Power & Light, was owned by New York-based 8022: 7859: 7854: 7509: 7489: 7244: 7239: 7076: 6628: 6623: 6618: 6470: 6420: 6248: 6230: 6188: 5985: 5979: 5937: 5594: 5574: 5238: 5234: 5218: 5214: 5056: 4978: 4762: 4403: 4090: 4062: 3998: 1830: 1818: 1788: 1418: 1337: 1278: 1229: 1225: 1144:, the Democratic vice presidential nominee, to his former guru, Russian mystic 1028: 1024: 1013: 975: 894: 764: 575: 571: 509: 449: 437: 357: 314: 289: 173: 7700: 7340: 4730: 4707: 4471: 4382: 1655: 1171:

Willkie concluded his campaign on November 2 with a large rally at New York's

608:(TVA), a government agency with far-reaching influence that promised to bring 32: 8112: 7948: 7770: 7606: 7577: 7499: 7249: 6574: 6515: 6400: 6224: 5955: 5494: 5474: 5434: 5414: 5374: 5358: 5338: 5082: 5069: 5043: 4772: 1801: 1410: 1353: 1258: 1191: 1069: 1019:

Willkie had offered the vice presidential nomination to Connecticut Governor

796: 609: 494: 82: 64: 7775: 7632: 7556: 7420: 7410: 6594: 6589: 6510: 6490: 6445: 6395: 6365: 6330: 6254: 6236: 6021: 6009: 5901: 5889: 5877: 5694: 5674: 5654: 5004: 4748: 4744: 4602: 4540: 2406: 1877: 1845: 1700: 1618: 1377: 1124:, and provide full employment, a job for everyone: "I pledge a new world". 952: 890: 781: 772: 760: 748: 744: 537: 498: 482: 223: 186: 4369: 485:, when he came to town during the 1920 campaign. He was a delegate to the 6613: 6608: 6599: 6584: 6559: 6545: 6410: 6206: 6116: 6015: 5913: 5634: 5618: 5614: 5598: 5578: 5454: 5438: 5418: 5318: 4590: 1809: 1793: 1455: 1397: 1132: 1090: 560: 471: 413: 405: 258: 8053: 4627: 4565: 4444: 4206: 3423: 288:

in 1940, many Republicans did not wish to nominate an isolationist like

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Willkie maintained his interest in politics, and was a delegate to the

424: 388:

After graduation from Elwood High in January 1910, Willkie enrolled at

310: 4606: 4544: 1167:

The results of the election, with those states taken by Willkie in red

8065: 6242: 5638: 5558: 4454:

Toward Freedom Land: The Long Struggle for Racial Equality in America

1610: 1606: 1401: 1290: 1072:, a resort in Colorado Springs, but found neither peace nor privacy. 1065: 401: 397: 369: 269:, and in 1929 Willkie accepted a job in New York City as counsel for 253:, in 1892; both his parents were lawyers, and he also became one. He 8041: 4778: 4507:: Wendell Willkie's Rhetoric of Globalism in the World War II Era". 4246: 4193:

Bennett, James D. (Winter 1969). "Roosevelt, Willkie, and the TVA".

2515: 7299: 6520: 6027: 5698: 5554: 5458: 4837: 4216:

1940: FDR, Willkie, Lindbergh, Hitler – the Election Amid the Storm

1638: 1298: 697: 490: 1216:

Roosevelt asked Willkie to serve as his informal envoy in Britain.

1004: 377: 4645:

The Idealist: Wendell Willkie's Wartime Quest to Build One World

1720:

pain and his press secretary called an ambulance to take him to

1686:

later stated that his father hoped to have Willkie be the first

711:

1, 1939, C&S sold the assets to the TVA for $ 78.6 million.

4757: 4686: 4183: 4163: 2415: 1389: 1313:

on February 11, and his support was key to passing Lend-Lease.

650:

CHARM OVERRATED ... I DIDNT TELL HIM WHAT YOU THINK OF HIM

3343: 1404:, Willkie met with Jews and Arabs, told the British rulers of 1212: 701:

are, by their very positions, endowed with a special virtue."

874: 755:, who felt that America's survival depended upon helping the 497:. More important to Willkie, though, was a fight against the 396:. There, he became a student rebel, chewing tobacco, reading 8091:

Willkie: The Events He Was Part of, the Ideas He Fought For

4787:

Willkie: The Events He Was Part of, the Ideas He Fought For

2435: 1728:, and planned future projects. On October 4, Willkie caught 1585:. Though they still remained in the minority, they formed a 4739: 4735:

Biography from the Eleanor Roosevelt National Historic Site

881:

mocked Willkie as "a simple, barefoot Wall Street lawyer".

320: 8249:

Candidates in the 1944 United States presidential election

8244:

Candidates in the 1940 United States presidential election

7882: 7532: 1916:, play believed to be based on Willkie's presidential run. 1522:

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

4781: 2300: 2298: 2261: 2259: 1050:

Willkie formally accepts his nomination at a ceremony in

775:, the young (only 38 years old), "gangbusting" Manhattan 667:

Willkie testifying before a congressional committee, 1939

555:

1940 presidential campaign. None of them printed a word.

112: 2502:"One World or No World: The Vision of Wendell Willkie". 676:

requiring the breakup to take place within three years.

527: 3788: 3786: 3749: 3747: 3513: 3489: 3467: 3465: 3450: 8234:

Republican Party (United States) presidential nominees

4031: 3967: 2715: 2713: 2322: 2295: 2256: 2186: 2184: 1597:

Willkie made his candidacy clear in an interview with

1458:, "On Reading of Wendell Willkie's Reception in China" 1118:

until she makes her mind up there is going to be a war

7994: 3955: 3554: 3552: 3249: 3247: 3181: 3040: 2809: 2785: 2638: 1202: 1148:, and neither issue became a factor in the campaign. 4019: 3979: 3783: 3744: 3732: 3708: 3684: 3672: 3660: 3648: 3612: 3588: 3537: 3501: 3462: 3367: 3355: 3331: 3307: 3283: 3271: 2982: 2980: 2845: 2580: 2578: 1199:: "I'm happy I've won, but I'm sorry Wendell lost". 8274:

People associated with Willkie Farr & Gallagher

3818: 3816: 3803: 3801: 3525: 3477: 3438: 3391: 3259: 3232: 3220: 3169: 3142: 3115: 3076: 3064: 3052: 2992: 2941: 2929: 2917: 2905: 2893: 2881: 2869: 2821: 2797: 2773: 2749: 2725: 2710: 2674: 2650: 2447: 2181: 1938:

At the time, more commonly known as Convention Hall

1901:, Simon and Schuster, 1944 (short essay collection) 1800:, he urged unity instead of partisan strife in the 1409:urged him by telegram to do so. There, he met with 1332:In late 1941, Willkie fought for the repeal of the 455: 16:

American lawyer and corporate executive (1892–1944)

4407: 4381: 4293: 4080: 4050: 3899: 3887: 3875: 3549: 3244: 3210: 3208: 3159: 3157: 3132: 3130: 2965: 2953: 2833: 2590: 2471: 2382: 2109: 1068:, Willkie left on a five-week working vacation to 3855: 3759: 3720: 3696: 3636: 3624: 3576: 3564: 3105: 3103: 2977: 2614: 2575: 2563: 2483: 2334: 2310: 2271: 2232: 2220: 2208: 2157: 2145: 2075: 2073: 400:, and petitioning the faculty to add a course on 368:, where he rose from dishwasher to co-owner of a 313:to send supplies to the United Kingdom and other 8110: 4119: 3931: 3813: 3798: 3771: 3600: 3379: 3319: 3295: 2698: 2686: 2662: 2626: 2169: 2121: 911:United States presidential nominating convention 242:with about 55% of the popular vote and took the 206:nominee for president. Willkie appealed to many 4073: 4001:(1992). "Forward". In Madison, James H. (ed.). 3943: 3205: 3193: 3154: 3127: 3088: 3028: 3004: 2857: 2761: 2737: 2034: 8184:Indiana University Maurer School of Law alumni 4043: 3100: 3016: 2602: 2459: 2423: 2370: 2358: 2346: 2283: 2244: 2196: 2133: 2085: 2070: 1796:, a Democrat, gave the keynote address at the 1207: 460: 8084: 7686: 7326: 4853: 4300:. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. 1565: 784:and Postmaster General and patronage handler 723: 4364:. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc. 4061:. November 22, 1963. p. 12 – via 2097: 2058: 2046: 1041: 974:The opening night of the convention saw the 570:. Since the incumbent Republican president, 8154:United States Army personnel of World War I 8134:Activists for African-American civil rights 7112:National Republican Congressional Committee 1438:Diplomatic affections may run hot and cold, 1228:, and announced support of the president's 7693: 7679: 7333: 7319: 7202:High School Republican National Federation 4860: 4846: 4384:Dark Horse: A Biography of Wendell Willkie 4089:. August 17, 1965. p. 32 – via 1978:. University of Massachusetts. p. 8. 865:(grandnephew of former Secretary of State 707:dubbed Willkie "the man who talked back". 612:and cheap electricity to the impoverished 31: 4754:"Wendell Willkie, Presidential Contender" 4335:Wendell Willkie: Hoosier Internationalist 4003:Wendell Willkie: Hoosier Internationalist 2547:Wendell Willkie: Hoosier Internationalist 2401: 2399: 2397: 2024:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0600718 1971: 1759: 1650: 1434:While you were feted at the seat of honor 692:The January 1938 Supreme Court ruling in 222:, he favored greater U.S. involvement in 210:delegates as the Republican field's only 7707:1944 United States presidential election 7347:1940 United States presidential election 7295:Timeline of modern American conservatism 7127:Republican Attorneys General Association 7122:National Republican Senatorial Committee 4502: 4218:. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. 4052:"I.U. To Name Buildings For Four Alumni" 4005:. Indiana University Press. p. ix. 2549:. Indiana University Press. p. 24. 1768:Plaque dedicated to Willkie outside the 1763: 1654: 1572:1944 United States presidential election 1494: 1347: 1322:Willkie, Owen, Otis, Farr, and Gallagher 1211: 1162: 1103: 1045: 1003: 942: 790: 730:1940 United States presidential election 662: 618: 321:Youth, education and World War I service 7117:National Republican Redistricting Trust 3828: 2011: 1688:Secretary General of the United Nations 1027:. They urged Willkie to select Senator 734: 522:Commonwealth & Southern Corporation 271:Commonwealth & Southern Corporation 8111: 8094:. Simon and Schuster. pp. 321–323 7235:Republican National Coalition for Life 2405: 2394: 1817:the Willkie campaign in Michigan, was 743:was conducted against the backdrop of 516:. In 1925, he became president of the 7881: 7674: 7531: 7314: 7177:Republican National Hispanic Assembly 4841: 4232: 3997: 2018:. New York: Oxford University Press. 2007: 2005: 2003: 2001: 1999: 1997: 1995: 1752:, and inscribed with quotations from 1467: 1233:friends if his life depended on it." 536:, and found an apartment overlooking 528:Commonwealth & Southern executive 261:, where he was initially employed by 4867: 4740:Willkie Farr & Gallagher website 4711:Daniel Immerwahr interviews Zipp on 4642: 4613: 4296:FDR, Dewey, and the Election of 1944 3856:Glory-June Greiff (September 2013). 3409: 3397: 2544: 1975:Wendell Willkie, Fighter for Freedom 1668:National Register of Historic Places 1436:I was fettered in this penal horror. 436:on April 2, 1917, the day President 159: 8269:20th-century American Episcopalians 8149:American energy industry executives 4717:, Chicago Council on Global Affairs 4503:Stengrim, Laura A. (Summer 2018). " 4451: 4345:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 4269: 4192: 3531: 3519: 3495: 3483: 3456: 3444: 3403: 3253: 2971: 2388: 2328: 2304: 2265: 1798:2004 Republican National Convention 1692:1944 Republican National Convention 1343: 918:1940 Republican National Convention 568:1932 Democratic National Convention 487:1924 Democratic National Convention 13: 7220:Republican Main Street Partnership 4779:"Wendell Willkie: The Dark Horse," 4481: 4402: 4359: 4291: 4037: 3973: 3905: 3893: 3881: 3765: 3726: 3714: 3702: 3690: 3678: 3666: 3642: 3630: 3618: 3594: 3582: 3570: 3558: 3543: 3187: 3046: 2986: 2815: 2791: 2731: 2704: 2692: 2680: 2668: 2656: 2644: 2632: 2453: 2441: 2190: 2175: 2115: 2040: 1992: 1949: 1311:Senate Foreign Relations Committee 1203:Activist and statesman (1940–1943) 713:Securities and Exchange Commission 489:, and supported New York Governor 442:declaration of war against Germany 325:Lewis Wendell Willkie was born in 14: 8285: 8159:American people of German descent 8129:20th-century American politicians 7162:Congressional Hispanic Conference 4769:An Exhibit: Wendell Lewis Willkie 4723: 4709:Chicago Council on Global Affairs 4551: 4484:The Wisconsin Magazine of History 4337:(Indiana University Press, 1992). 4314: 4156:interview with Charles Peters on 3961: 1448:All waters flow down to the sea. 1127:On September 12, Willkie began a 468:Firestone Tire and Rubber Company 8078: 8064: 8052: 8040: 8028: 8016: 8004: 7132:Republican Governors Association 5671:2020 (Charlotte/other locations) 4702: 4670: 4572: 4456:. University Press of Kentucky. 4428: 4376: 4277:. New York: Simon&Schuster. 4213: 4170: 4147: 4125: 4097: 4082:"IU expanding regional campuses" 4025: 3991: 3985: 3937: 3911: 3822: 3807: 3792: 3777: 3753: 3738: 3654: 3606: 3507: 3471: 3385: 3373: 3361: 3349: 3337: 3325: 3313: 3301: 3289: 3277: 3265: 3238: 3226: 3214: 3199: 3175: 3163: 3148: 3136: 3121: 3094: 3082: 3070: 3058: 3034: 3010: 2998: 2947: 2935: 2923: 2911: 2899: 2887: 2875: 2863: 2851: 2827: 2803: 2779: 2767: 2755: 2743: 2719: 2620: 2608: 2584: 2569: 2489: 2465: 2429: 2364: 2352: 2340: 2316: 2289: 2277: 2250: 2238: 2226: 2214: 2202: 2163: 2151: 2139: 2127: 2103: 2091: 2079: 2064: 2052: 1742:Fifth Avenue Presbyterian Church 1613:. His advisors feared the large 1560:internment of Japanese Americans 852:Republican National Committeeman 548:, the book review editor of the 514:Ohio Public Utilities Commission 456:Lawyer and executive (1919–1939) 340:, who had come to Elwood during 292:, or a non-interventionist like 185: 8259:Liberalism in the United States 8204:People from Coffeyville, Kansas 8189:Military personnel from Indiana 8144:Activists from New York (state) 4529:10.14321/rhetpublaffa.21.2.0201 4521:10.14321/rhetpublaffa.21.2.0201 4340: 4134: 3949: 3109: 3022: 2959: 2839: 2596: 2538: 2504:Journal of Public Health Policy 2495: 2477: 2376: 1941: 1932: 155: 105:Indiana University, Bloomington 8224:People from Rushville, Indiana 7225:Republican Majority for Choice 7053:Steering and Policy Committees 4818:President of the United States 4681:The Improbable Wendell Willkie 4554:Presidential Studies Quarterly 4388:. Garden City, NY: Doubleday. 4315:Lewis, David Levering (2018). 4195:Tennessee Historical Quarterly 1965: 1872:, William Jennings Bryan, and 1526:race riot broke out in Detroit 1108:"Willkie for President" poster 1095:Destroyers for Bases Agreement 234:opponent, incumbent President 1: 8264:20th-century American lawyers 8219:Businesspeople from Manhattan 7290:International Democracy Union 3919:"Excerpt from keynote speech" 3872:and accompanying photographs. 3352:, pp. 248, 253, 259–260. 1959: 1543:Schneiderman v. United States 1440:Such is the way of the world, 1417:and was deeply fascinated by 1246:Roosevelt's third swearing-in 904: 599: 226:to support Britain and other 8229:Politicians from Akron, Ohio 8199:New York (state) Republicans 4647:. Harvard University Press. 1948:became a national joke. See 1085:as a third-party candidate. 951:Willkie arrived by train in 7: 8239:United States Army officers 8209:People from Elwood, Indiana 7172:Republican Jewish Coalition 7087:Republican Governance Group 4509:Rhetoric and Public Affairs 4432:Indiana Magazine of History 4414:. New York: PublicAffairs. 2015:American National Biography 1972:Ellsworth, Barnard (1966). 1905: 1738:Arlington National Cemetery 1208:Visit to the United Kingdom 897:and Massachusetts Governor 461:Akron attorney and activist 282:1940 presidential primaries 10: 8290: 8194:New York (state) Democrats 7092:Republican Study Committee 4176:Presentation by Peters on 2444:, pp. 14–18, 123–124. 1569: 1566:1944 presidential campaign 1546:before the Supreme Court. 1533:. In 1943, he worked with 1297:and had him as a guest at 1269:for London on January 22. 908: 809:Assistant Attorney General 741:1940 presidential campaign 727: 724:1940 presidential election 694:Alabama Power Co. v. Ickes 654:State of the Union address 606:Tennessee Valley Authority 448:; the couple had one son, 275:Tennessee Valley Authority 7970: 7937: 7916: 7895: 7877: 7832: 7805: 7788: 7763: 7735: 7718: 7646: 7624: 7595: 7566: 7545: 7527: 7482: 7455: 7438: 7403: 7375: 7358: 7267: 7230:Republican Liberty Caucus 7210: 7140: 7102: 7033: 7022: 6977: 6716: 6702: 6642: 6273: 6264: 6055: 5858: 5721: 4917: 4877: 4826: 4808: 4800: 4795: 4782:Indiana Historical Bureau 4701: 4696: 4669: 4664: 4579:American Literary History 4452:Sitkoff, Harvard (2010). 4292:Jordan, David M. (2011). 4178:Five Days in Philadelphia 4169: 4158:Five Days in Philadelphia 4146: 4141: 2411:"The man who talked back" 1352:Willkie with Admiral Sir 1078:the Democratic convention 1042:General election campaign 928:, Secretary of War under 922:Philadelphia Civic Center 883:Alice Roosevelt Longworth 704:The Saturday Evening Post 642:Edison Electric Institute 534:Wall Street Crash of 1929 374:Yellowstone National Park 184: 179: 169: 142: 119: 100: 90: 71: 42: 30: 23: 7000:Northern Mariana Islands 4796:Party political offices 4679:interview with Lewis on 4319:. Liveright Publishing. 4087:The Kokomo Morning Times 1920: 1884: 1854:was named in his honor. 1384:and toured the front at 1267:New York Municipal Field 795:Willkie on the cover of 574:, was widely blamed for 8164:Culver Academies alumni 4616:Modern American History 4477:(subscription required) 4362:Roosevelt & Willkie 4360:Moscow, Warren (1968). 4333:Madison, James H., ed. 4235:The Journal of Politics 3412:Modern American History 2030:(subscription required) 1774:New York Public Library 1712:. There, he suffered a 1513:Baltimore Afro-American 962:Benjamin Franklin Hotel 816:Town Meeting of the Air 551:New York Herald Tribune 353:Culver Military Academy 8214:Lawyers from Manhattan 7082:Problem Solvers Caucus 4343:Roosevelt's Second Act 4107:. Mystic Stamp Company 1882: 1862:Great Americans series 1776: 1760:Legacy and remembrance 1671: 1651:Final months and death 1648: 1587:Conservative coalition 1451: 1442:Or as the French say, 1427:We both came in amity, 1362:attack on Pearl Harbor 1357: 1217: 1168: 1109: 1055: 1039: 1016: 948: 803: 668: 631: 366:Aberdeen, South Dakota 338:William Jennings Bryan 286:through western Europe 244:electoral college vote 7745:Franklin D. Roosevelt 7597:Socialist Labor Party 7385:Franklin D. Roosevelt 7167:Log Cabin Republicans 4745:Wendell Lewis Willkie 4643:Zipp, Samuel (2020). 4341:Moe, Richard (2013). 4271:Goodwin, Doris Kearns 4058:The Indianapolis Star 3839:(Searchable database) 1866: 1814:Eastern Establishment 1767: 1658: 1643: 1626:New Hampshire primary 1531:Twentieth-Century Fox 1495:Civil rights activism 1424: 1351: 1215: 1173:Madison Square Garden 1166: 1107: 1064:was done until after 1049: 1034: 1007: 966:House Minority Leader 946: 871:Eastern Establishment 794: 666: 622: 580:Franklin D. Roosevelt 518:Akron Bar Association 440:asked Congress for a 421:Indiana School of Law 255:served in World War I 236:Franklin D. Roosevelt 200:Lewis Wendell Willkie 196:Wendell Lewis Willkie 47:Lewis Wendell Willkie 8254:Writers from Indiana 7975:Other 1944 elections 7651:Other 1940 elections 7197:Republicans Overseas 7187:Teen Age Republicans 6990:District of Columbia 5391:1964 (San Francisco) 5351:1956 (San Francisco) 4887:National Union Party 4214:Dunn, Susan (2013). 3927:. September 2, 2004. 2854:, pp. 142, 189. 2510:(2): 143–147. 1987. 1548:William Schneiderman 1370:Governor of New York 1137:Los Angeles Coliseum 1012:) with running mate 982:Indiana Congressman 899:Leverett Saltonstall 735:Dark horse candidate 584:Speaker of the House 419:Willkie enrolled at 249:Willkie was born in 214:: although the U.S. 8179:Indiana Republicans 8139:Activists from Ohio 7897:America First Party 7150:College Republicans 5571:2000 (Philadelphia) 5311:1948 (Philadelphia) 5271:1940 (Philadelphia) 5088:1900 (Philadelphia) 4997:1872 (Philadelphia) 4945:1856 (Philadelphia) 4897:Fourth Party System 4628:10.1017/mah.2018.30 4160:, September 3, 2005 4040:, pp. 204–205. 4028:, pp. 504–505. 3988:, pp. 484–485. 3976:, pp. 206–207. 3964:, pp. 127–130. 3795:, pp. 321–323. 3756:, pp. 318–320. 3741:, pp. 308–318. 3657:, pp. 207–209. 3522:, pp. 136–137. 3510:, pp. 267–273. 3498:, pp. 133–135. 3474:, pp. 274–276. 3459:, pp. 139–140. 3424:10.1017/mah.2018.30 3376:, pp. 488–489. 3364:, pp. 260–263. 3340:, pp. 242–257. 3316:, pp. 231–241. 3292:, pp. 217–230. 3280:, pp. 214–216. 3268:, pp. 212–213. 3241:, pp. 297–298. 3229:, pp. 210–211. 3190:, pp. 191–192. 3178:, pp. 195–196. 3151:, pp. 191–193. 3124:, pp. 188–189. 3085:, pp. 192–193. 3073:, pp. 181–182. 3061:, pp. 179–180. 3049:, pp. 293–294. 3001:, pp. 172–175. 2962:, pp. 283–287. 2950:, pp. 144–145. 2938:, pp. 143–144. 2926:, pp. 193–196. 2914:, pp. 153–154. 2902:, pp. 192–193. 2890:, pp. 164–165. 2878:, pp. 132–139. 2842:, pp. 170–171. 2830:, pp. 126–127. 2818:, pp. 119–121. 2806:, pp. 118–121. 2794:, pp. 110–111. 2782:, pp. 109–116. 2758:, pp. 112–113. 2722:, pp. 105–107. 2647:, pp. 158–162. 2599:, pp. 155–157. 2480:, pp. 154–156. 2331:, pp. 391–393. 2307:, pp. 390–391. 2268:, pp. 388–390. 1899:An American Program 1726:An American Program 1722:Lenox Hill Hospital 1666:, was added to the 1360:After the Japanese 1356:, Alexandria, Egypt 1289:. In London during 1255:W. Averell Harriman 1186:The endorsement of 957:30th Street Station 629:David E. Lilienthal 429:state supreme court 427:ceremony, with the 410:Coffeyville, Kansas 7907:Gerald L. K. Smith 7586:Maynard C. Krueger 7182:Republicans Abroad 7047:Legislative Digest 5511:1988 (New Orleans) 5451:1976 (Kansas City) 5431:1972 (Miami Beach) 5411:1968 (Miami Beach) 5211:1928 (Kansas City) 5075:1896 (Saint Louis) 5062:1892 (Minneapolis) 4907:Sixth Party System 4902:Fifth Party System 4892:Third Party System 4683:, November 4, 2018 4591:10.1093/alh/aju040 3924:The New York Times 1913:State of the Union 1851:Wendell L. Willkie 1777: 1746:East Hill Cemetery 1730:a throat infection 1710:his Rushville home 1696:John Foster Dulles 1672: 1664:Rushville, Indiana 1507:Pittsburgh Courier 1502:racial segregation 1468:The Willkie moment 1429:Wartime allies of 1382:General Montgomery 1358: 1230:Lend-Lease program 1218: 1169: 1110: 1056: 1025:geographic balance 1017: 949: 848:Kenneth F. Simpson 814:on the radio show 804: 717:William O. Douglas 686:The New York Times 669: 632: 446:Rushville, Indiana 434:United States Army 390:Indiana University 267:electric utilities 246:by a wide margin. 95:East Hill Cemetery 8169:Indiana Democrats 7992: 7991: 7966: 7965: 7957:Darlington Hoopes 7918:Prohibition Party 7873: 7872: 7850:Douglas MacArthur 7784: 7783: 7668: 7667: 7642: 7641: 7547:Prohibition Party 7523: 7522: 7515:Arthur Vandenberg 7473:Charles L. McNary 7434: 7433: 7416:John Nance Garner 7308: 7307: 7263: 7262: 7192:Young Republicans 7060:Senate Conference 7018: 7017: 6698: 6697: 5010:1876 (Cincinnati) 4836: 4835: 4827:Succeeded by 4721: 4720: 4715:, August 21, 2020 4692: 4691: 4654:978-0-674-73751-8 4603:Project MUSE 4541:Project MUSE 4463:978-1-282-93765-9 4352:978-0-19-998191-5 4326:978-1-63149-374-4 4307:978-0-253-00562-5 4225:978-0-300-20574-9 4189: 4188: 4105:"Wendell Willkie" 3717:, pp. 39–40. 3693:, pp. 90–91. 3681:, pp. 87–89. 3669:, pp. 37–38. 3621:, pp. 36–37. 3597:, pp. 35–36. 3546:, pp. 60–61. 2734:, pp. 96–97. 2683:, pp. 76–86. 2659:, pp. 65–70. 2623:, pp. 79–98. 2587:, pp. 52–54. 2572:, pp. 51–52. 2492:, pp. 52–56. 2456:, pp. 22–24. 2343:, pp. 31–32. 2319:, pp. 30–31. 2280:, pp. 28–29. 2241:, pp. 26–28. 2229:, pp. 39–44. 2217:, pp. 37–39. 2193:, pp. 30–31. 2166:, pp. 17–18. 2154:, pp. 17–19. 2118:, pp. 26–27. 1926:Explanatory notes 1844:The World War II 1785:Battle of Britain 1631:Vernon W. Thomson 1591:Douglas MacArthur 1394:General de Gaulle 1392:, he stayed with 1295:10 Downing Street 1263:Winston Churchill 1250:Eleanor Roosevelt 1239:Felix Frankfurter 1177:Electoral College 1154:Battle of Britain 1129:whistle-stop tour 1083:Charles Lindbergh 993:Warren G. Harding 835:Russell Davenport 812:Robert H. Jackson 777:District Attorney 771:of Michigan, and 769:Arthur Vandenberg 651: 587:John Nance Garner 503:League of Nations 378:tin plate factory 193: 192: 57:February 18, 1892 8281: 8104: 8103: 8101: 8099: 8082: 8069: 8068: 8057: 8056: 8045: 8044: 8033: 8032: 8031: 8021: 8020: 8019: 8009: 8008: 8007: 8000: 7928:Claude A. Watson 7879: 7878: 7833:Other candidates 7821:Vice President: 7803: 7802: 7791:Republican Party 7764:Other candidates 7752:Vice President: 7733: 7732: 7721:Democratic Party 7695: 7688: 7681: 7672: 7671: 7529: 7528: 7483:Other candidates 7471:Vice President: 7453: 7452: 7441:Republican Party 7404:Other candidates 7394:Henry A. Wallace 7392:Vice President: 7373: 7372: 7361:Democratic Party 7335: 7328: 7321: 7312: 7311: 7065:Policy Committee 7041:House Conference 7031: 7030: 6714: 6713: 6271: 6270: 5691:2024 (Milwaukee) 5651:2016 (Cleveland) 5551:1996 (San Diego) 5251:1936 (Cleveland) 5191:1924 (Cleveland) 4971:1864 (Baltimore) 4871: 4870:Republican Party 4862: 4855: 4848: 4839: 4838: 4801:Preceded by 4793: 4792: 4706: 4705: 4694: 4693: 4674: 4673: 4662: 4661: 4658: 4639: 4610: 4569: 4548: 4499: 4478: 4475: 4448: 4425: 4413: 4399: 4387: 4373: 4356: 4330: 4311: 4299: 4288: 4266: 4229: 4210: 4174: 4173: 4151: 4150: 4139: 4138: 4129: 4123: 4117: 4116: 4114: 4112: 4101: 4095: 4094: 4084: 4077: 4071: 4070: 4054: 4047: 4041: 4035: 4029: 4023: 4017: 4016: 3995: 3989: 3983: 3977: 3971: 3965: 3959: 3953: 3947: 3941: 3935: 3929: 3928: 3915: 3909: 3903: 3897: 3891: 3885: 3879: 3873: 3871: 3869: 3867: 3862: 3850: 3848: 3846: 3840: 3832: 3826: 3820: 3811: 3805: 3796: 3790: 3781: 3775: 3769: 3763: 3757: 3751: 3742: 3736: 3730: 3724: 3718: 3712: 3706: 3700: 3694: 3688: 3682: 3676: 3670: 3664: 3658: 3652: 3646: 3640: 3634: 3628: 3622: 3616: 3610: 3604: 3598: 3592: 3586: 3580: 3574: 3568: 3562: 3556: 3547: 3541: 3535: 3529: 3523: 3517: 3511: 3505: 3499: 3493: 3487: 3481: 3475: 3469: 3460: 3454: 3448: 3442: 3436: 3435: 3407: 3401: 3395: 3389: 3383: 3377: 3371: 3365: 3359: 3353: 3347: 3341: 3335: 3329: 3323: 3317: 3311: 3305: 3299: 3293: 3287: 3281: 3275: 3269: 3263: 3257: 3251: 3242: 3236: 3230: 3224: 3218: 3212: 3203: 3197: 3191: 3185: 3179: 3173: 3167: 3161: 3152: 3146: 3140: 3134: 3125: 3119: 3113: 3107: 3098: 3092: 3086: 3080: 3074: 3068: 3062: 3056: 3050: 3044: 3038: 3032: 3026: 3020: 3014: 3008: 3002: 2996: 2990: 2984: 2975: 2969: 2963: 2957: 2951: 2945: 2939: 2933: 2927: 2921: 2915: 2909: 2903: 2897: 2891: 2885: 2879: 2873: 2867: 2861: 2855: 2849: 2843: 2837: 2831: 2825: 2819: 2813: 2807: 2801: 2795: 2789: 2783: 2777: 2771: 2765: 2759: 2753: 2747: 2741: 2735: 2729: 2723: 2717: 2708: 2702: 2696: 2690: 2684: 2678: 2672: 2666: 2660: 2654: 2648: 2642: 2636: 2630: 2624: 2618: 2612: 2606: 2600: 2594: 2588: 2582: 2573: 2567: 2561: 2560: 2542: 2536: 2535: 2499: 2493: 2487: 2481: 2475: 2469: 2463: 2457: 2451: 2445: 2439: 2433: 2427: 2421: 2420: 2409:(May 25, 2009). 2403: 2392: 2386: 2380: 2374: 2368: 2362: 2356: 2350: 2344: 2338: 2332: 2326: 2320: 2314: 2308: 2302: 2293: 2287: 2281: 2275: 2269: 2263: 2254: 2248: 2242: 2236: 2230: 2224: 2218: 2212: 2206: 2200: 2194: 2188: 2179: 2173: 2167: 2161: 2155: 2149: 2143: 2137: 2131: 2130:, pp. 8–12. 2125: 2119: 2113: 2107: 2101: 2095: 2089: 2083: 2077: 2068: 2062: 2056: 2050: 2044: 2038: 2032: 2031: 2027: 2009: 1990: 1989: 1969: 1953: 1945: 1939: 1936: 1552:denaturalization 1459: 1396:, leader of the 1366:Donald M. Nelson 1344:Wartime advocate 1146:Nicholas Roerich 1142:Henry A. Wallace 936:, was appointed 926:Henry L. Stimson 856:James Eli Watson 833:managing editor 753:interventionists 649: 637:David Lilienthal 614:Tennessee Valley 591:Secretary of War 542:Broadway theatre 510:public utilities 476:Harvey Firestone 346:William McKinley 306:internationalist 216:remained neutral 189: 163: 161: 157: 78: 56: 54: 35: 21: 20: 8289: 8288: 8284: 8283: 8282: 8280: 8279: 8278: 8174:Indiana lawyers 8109: 8108: 8107: 8097: 8095: 8083: 8079: 8075: 8063: 8051: 8039: 8029: 8027: 8017: 8015: 8005: 8003: 7995: 7993: 7988: 7962: 7939:Socialist Party 7933: 7912: 7891: 7869: 7865:Wendell Willkie 7845:Everett Dirksen 7840:Riley A. Bender 7828: 7823:John W. Bricker 7815:Thomas E. Dewey 7794: 7780: 7759: 7724: 7714: 7699: 7669: 7664: 7638: 7620: 7615:Aaron M. Orange 7591: 7568:Socialist Party 7562: 7541: 7519: 7478: 7465:Wendell Willkie 7444: 7430: 7426:Millard Tydings 7399: 7364: 7354: 7339: 7309: 7304: 7259: 7212: 7206: 7142: 7136: 7104: 7098: 7025: 7014: 6973: 6709: 6707: 6694: 6643:Chair elections 6638: 6260: 6159:D. B. Henderson 6147:T. J. Henderson 6072: 6069: 6067: 6062: 6058: 6051: 5869: 5866: 5864: 5861: 5854: 5727:administrations 5725: 5717: 5611:2008 (St. Paul) 5591:2004 (New York) 4936: 4933: 4931: 4927: 4924: 4920: 4913: 4873: 4869: 4866: 4832: 4830:Thomas E. Dewey 4821: 4806: 4775:Bloomington, IN 4726: 4703: 4697:External videos 4671: 4665:External videos 4655: 4476: 4464: 4422: 4404:Peters, Charles 4396: 4353: 4327: 4308: 4285: 4247:10.2307/2126521 4226: 4180:, June 24, 2006 4171: 4148: 4142:External videos 4137: 4132: 4124: 4120: 4110: 4108: 4103: 4102: 4098: 4079: 4078: 4074: 4049: 4048: 4044: 4036: 4032: 4024: 4020: 4013: 3999:Wells, Herman B 3996: 3992: 3984: 3980: 3972: 3968: 3960: 3956: 3948: 3944: 3936: 3932: 3917: 3916: 3912: 3904: 3900: 3892: 3888: 3880: 3876: 3865: 3863: 3860: 3844: 3842: 3838: 3834: 3833: 3829: 3821: 3814: 3806: 3799: 3791: 3784: 3776: 3772: 3764: 3760: 3752: 3745: 3737: 3733: 3725: 3721: 3713: 3709: 3701: 3697: 3689: 3685: 3677: 3673: 3665: 3661: 3653: 3649: 3641: 3637: 3629: 3625: 3617: 3613: 3605: 3601: 3593: 3589: 3581: 3577: 3569: 3565: 3557: 3550: 3542: 3538: 3530: 3526: 3518: 3514: 3506: 3502: 3494: 3490: 3482: 3478: 3470: 3463: 3455: 3451: 3443: 3439: 3408: 3404: 3396: 3392: 3384: 3380: 3372: 3368: 3360: 3356: 3348: 3344: 3336: 3332: 3324: 3320: 3312: 3308: 3300: 3296: 3288: 3284: 3276: 3272: 3264: 3260: 3252: 3245: 3237: 3233: 3225: 3221: 3213: 3206: 3198: 3194: 3186: 3182: 3174: 3170: 3162: 3155: 3147: 3143: 3135: 3128: 3120: 3116: 3108: 3101: 3093: 3089: 3081: 3077: 3069: 3065: 3057: 3053: 3045: 3041: 3033: 3029: 3021: 3017: 3013:, pp. 175. 3009: 3005: 2997: 2993: 2985: 2978: 2970: 2966: 2958: 2954: 2946: 2942: 2934: 2930: 2922: 2918: 2910: 2906: 2898: 2894: 2886: 2882: 2874: 2870: 2862: 2858: 2850: 2846: 2838: 2834: 2826: 2822: 2814: 2810: 2802: 2798: 2790: 2786: 2778: 2774: 2766: 2762: 2754: 2750: 2742: 2738: 2730: 2726: 2718: 2711: 2703: 2699: 2691: 2687: 2679: 2675: 2667: 2663: 2655: 2651: 2643: 2639: 2631: 2627: 2619: 2615: 2607: 2603: 2595: 2591: 2583: 2576: 2568: 2564: 2557: 2543: 2539: 2516:10.2307/3342196 2501: 2500: 2496: 2488: 2484: 2476: 2472: 2464: 2460: 2452: 2448: 2440: 2436: 2428: 2424: 2404: 2395: 2387: 2383: 2375: 2371: 2363: 2359: 2351: 2347: 2339: 2335: 2327: 2323: 2315: 2311: 2303: 2296: 2288: 2284: 2276: 2272: 2264: 2257: 2249: 2245: 2237: 2233: 2225: 2221: 2213: 2209: 2201: 2197: 2189: 2182: 2174: 2170: 2162: 2158: 2150: 2146: 2138: 2134: 2126: 2122: 2114: 2110: 2102: 2098: 2094:, pp. 6–7. 2090: 2086: 2082:, pp. 4–5. 2078: 2071: 2063: 2059: 2051: 2047: 2039: 2035: 2029: 2010: 1993: 1986: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1957: 1956: 1946: 1942: 1937: 1933: 1923: 1908: 1887: 1874:Hubert Humphrey 1781:Walter Lippmann 1762: 1750:Malvina Hoffman 1677:Harry S. Truman 1653: 1615:German-American 1574: 1568: 1497: 1470: 1461: 1453: 1450: 1447: 1441: 1439: 1437: 1435: 1433: 1428: 1415:Chiang Kai-shek 1380:, where he met 1346: 1306:Éamon de Valera 1210: 1205: 1158:Frances Perkins 1122:Social Security 1099:executive order 1054:August 17, 1940 1052:Elwood, Indiana 1044: 1021:Raymond Baldwin 984:Charles Halleck 914: 907: 879:Harold L. Ickes 802:, July 31, 1939 786:James A. Farley 773:Thomas E. Dewey 737: 732: 726: 602: 594:Newton D. Baker 546:Irita Van Doren 530: 463: 458: 382:Clarence Darrow 327:Elwood, Indiana 323: 298:peacetime draft 294:Thomas E. Dewey 251:Elwood, Indiana 212:interventionist 165: 153: 149: 138: 120:Political party 86: 80: 76: 75:October 8, 1944 67: 61:Elwood, Indiana 58: 52: 50: 49: 48: 38: 37:Willkie in 1940 26: 25:Wendell Willkie 17: 12: 11: 5: 8287: 8277: 8276: 8271: 8266: 8261: 8256: 8251: 8246: 8241: 8236: 8231: 8226: 8221: 8216: 8211: 8206: 8201: 8196: 8191: 8186: 8181: 8176: 8171: 8166: 8161: 8156: 8151: 8146: 8141: 8136: 8131: 8126: 8121: 8106: 8105: 8076: 8074: 8073: 8061: 8049: 8037: 8025: 8013: 7990: 7989: 7987: 7986: 7981: 7971: 7968: 7967: 7964: 7963: 7961: 7960: 7952: 7943: 7941: 7935: 7934: 7932: 7931: 7922: 7920: 7914: 7913: 7911: 7910: 7901: 7899: 7893: 7892: 7875: 7874: 7871: 7870: 7868: 7867: 7862: 7860:Robert A. Taft 7857: 7855:Harold Stassen 7852: 7847: 7842: 7836: 7834: 7830: 7829: 7827: 7826: 7818: 7809: 7807: 7800: 7786: 7785: 7782: 7781: 7779: 7778: 7773: 7767: 7765: 7761: 7760: 7758: 7757: 7749: 7739: 7737: 7730: 7716: 7715: 7698: 7697: 7690: 7683: 7675: 7666: 7665: 7663: 7662: 7657: 7647: 7644: 7643: 7640: 7639: 7637: 7636: 7628: 7626: 7622: 7621: 7619: 7618: 7610: 7601: 7599: 7593: 7592: 7590: 7589: 7581: 7572: 7570: 7564: 7563: 7561: 7560: 7551: 7549: 7543: 7542: 7525: 7524: 7521: 7520: 7518: 7517: 7512: 7507: 7502: 7497: 7492: 7490:Styles Bridges 7486: 7484: 7480: 7479: 7477: 7476: 7468: 7459: 7457: 7450: 7436: 7435: 7432: 7431: 7429: 7428: 7423: 7418: 7413: 7407: 7405: 7401: 7400: 7398: 7397: 7389: 7379: 7377: 7370: 7356: 7355: 7338: 7337: 7330: 7323: 7315: 7306: 7305: 7303: 7302: 7297: 7292: 7287: 7282: 7277: 7271: 7269: 7265: 7264: 7261: 7260: 7258: 7257: 7252: 7247: 7245:Liberty Caucus 7242: 7240:ConservAmerica 7237: 7232: 7227: 7222: 7216: 7214: 7208: 7207: 7205: 7204: 7199: 7194: 7189: 7184: 7179: 7174: 7169: 7164: 7159: 7158: 7157: 7146: 7144: 7138: 7137: 7135: 7134: 7129: 7124: 7119: 7114: 7108: 7106: 7100: 7099: 7097: 7096: 7095: 7094: 7089: 7084: 7079: 7077:Freedom Caucus 7069: 7068: 7067: 7057: 7056: 7055: 7050: 7037: 7035: 7028: 7020: 7019: 7016: 7015: 7013: 7012: 7010:Virgin Islands 7007: 7002: 6997: 6992: 6987: 6985:American Samoa 6981: 6979: 6975: 6974: 6972: 6971: 6966: 6961: 6956: 6951: 6946: 6941: 6936: 6931: 6926: 6921: 6919:South Carolina 6916: 6911: 6906: 6901: 6896: 6891: 6886: 6884:North Carolina 6881: 6876: 6871: 6866: 6861: 6856: 6851: 6846: 6841: 6836: 6831: 6826: 6821: 6816: 6811: 6806: 6801: 6796: 6791: 6786: 6781: 6776: 6771: 6766: 6761: 6756: 6751: 6746: 6741: 6736: 6731: 6726: 6720: 6718: 6711: 6700: 6699: 6696: 6695: 6693: 6692: 6687: 6682: 6677: 6672: 6667: 6662: 6657: 6652: 6646: 6644: 6640: 6639: 6637: 6636: 6631: 6626: 6621: 6616: 6611: 6602: 6597: 6592: 6587: 6582: 6577: 6572: 6567: 6562: 6557: 6552: 6543: 6538: 6533: 6528: 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5627: 5626: 5608: 5607: 5606: 5588: 5587: 5586: 5568: 5567: 5566: 5548: 5547: 5546: 5531:1992 (Houston) 5528: 5527: 5526: 5508: 5507: 5506: 5488: 5487: 5486: 5471:1980 (Detroit) 5468: 5467: 5466: 5448: 5447: 5446: 5428: 5427: 5426: 5408: 5407: 5406: 5388: 5387: 5386: 5371:1960 (Chicago) 5368: 5367: 5366: 5348: 5347: 5346: 5331:1952 (Chicago) 5328: 5327: 5326: 5308: 5307: 5306: 5291:1944 (Chicago) 5288: 5287: 5286: 5268: 5267: 5266: 5248: 5247: 5246: 5231:1932 (Chicago) 5228: 5227: 5226: 5208: 5207: 5206: 5188: 5187: 5186: 5171:1920 (Chicago) 5168: 5167: 5166: 5151:1916 (Chicago) 5148: 5147: 5146: 5127:1912 (Chicago) 5124: 5114:1908 (Chicago) 5111: 5101:1904 (Chicago) 5098: 5085: 5072: 5059: 5049:1888 (Chicago) 5046: 5036:1884 (Chicago) 5033: 5023:1880 (Chicago) 5020: 5007: 4994: 4984:1868 (Chicago) 4981: 4968: 4958:1860 (Chicago) 4955: 4941: 4939: 4915: 4914: 4912: 4911: 4910: 4909: 4904: 4899: 4894: 4889: 4878: 4875: 4874: 4865: 4864: 4857: 4850: 4842: 4834: 4833: 4828: 4825: 4807: 4802: 4798: 4797: 4791: 4790: 4784: 4776: 4766: 4763:The Contenders 4751: 4742: 4737: 4732: 4725: 4724:External links 4722: 4719: 4718: 4699: 4698: 4690: 4689: 4667: 4666: 4660: 4659: 4653: 4640: 4622:(3): 295–319. 4611: 4585:(3): 484–510. 4570: 4560:(1): 127–142. 4549: 4515:(2): 201–234. 4500: 4479: 4472:j.ctt2jcgvk.10 4462: 4449: 4426: 4420: 4400: 4394: 4374: 4357: 4351: 4338: 4331: 4325: 4312: 4306: 4289: 4283: 4267: 4241:(2): 241–256. 4230: 4224: 4211: 4201:(4): 388–396. 4187: 4186: 4167: 4166: 4144: 4143: 4136: 4133: 4131: 4130: 4128:, p. 324. 4118: 4096: 4091:Newspapers.com 4072: 4063:Newspapers.com 4042: 4030: 4018: 4011: 3990: 3978: 3966: 3954: 3952:, p. 169. 3942: 3940:, p. 100. 3930: 3910: 3908:, p. 195. 3898: 3896:, p. 194. 3886: 3884:, p. 171. 3874: 3854:This includes 3827: 3825:, p. 323. 3812: 3810:, p. 317. 3797: 3782: 3780:, p. 321. 3770: 3758: 3743: 3731: 3719: 3707: 3695: 3683: 3671: 3659: 3647: 3635: 3623: 3611: 3609:, p. 288. 3599: 3587: 3575: 3563: 3561:, p. 208. 3548: 3536: 3534:, p. 137. 3524: 3512: 3500: 3488: 3486:, p. 129. 3476: 3461: 3449: 3447:, p. 133. 3437: 3418:(3): 295–319. 3402: 3390: 3388:, p. 491. 3378: 3366: 3354: 3342: 3330: 3328:, p. 488. 3318: 3306: 3304:, p. 314. 3294: 3282: 3270: 3258: 3256:, p. 134. 3243: 3231: 3219: 3217:, p. 289. 3204: 3202:, p. 211. 3192: 3180: 3168: 3166:, p. 279. 3153: 3141: 3139:, p. 278. 3126: 3114: 3112:, p. 322. 3099: 3097:, p. 186. 3087: 3075: 3063: 3051: 3039: 3037:, p. 177. 3027: 3025:, p. 314. 3015: 3003: 2991: 2989:, p. 178. 2976: 2974:, p. 187. 2964: 2952: 2940: 2928: 2916: 2904: 2892: 2880: 2868: 2866:, p. 150. 2856: 2844: 2832: 2820: 2808: 2796: 2784: 2772: 2770:, p. 110. 2760: 2748: 2746:, p. 109. 2736: 2724: 2709: 2697: 2685: 2673: 2661: 2649: 2637: 2625: 2613: 2601: 2589: 2574: 2562: 2555: 2537: 2494: 2482: 2470: 2458: 2446: 2434: 2422: 2393: 2391:, p. 395. 2381: 2379:, p. 154. 2369: 2357: 2345: 2333: 2321: 2309: 2294: 2282: 2270: 2255: 2243: 2231: 2219: 2207: 2195: 2180: 2168: 2156: 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Ford 1789:Charles Peters 1761: 1758: 1660:Willkie's home 1652: 1649: 1570:Main article: 1567: 1564: 1496: 1493: 1469: 1466: 1425: 1423: 1345: 1342: 1338:Mount Rushmore 1334:Neutrality Act 1209: 1206: 1204: 1201: 1043: 1040: 1037:all the world. 1029:Charles McNary 1014:Charles McNary 976:keynote speech 938:Navy Secretary 930:President Taft 920:opened at the 906: 903: 895:Harold Stassen 765:Robert A. Taft 736: 733: 728:Main article: 725: 722: 601: 598: 576:the Depression 572:Herbert Hoover 529: 526: 462: 459: 457: 454: 438:Woodrow Wilson 322: 319: 315:Allied nations 290:Robert A. Taft 191: 190: 182: 181: 177: 176: 171: 167: 166: 151: 147: 146: 144: 140: 139: 137: 136: 130: 123: 121: 117: 116: 102: 98: 97: 92: 88: 87: 81: 79:(aged 52) 73: 69: 68: 59: 46: 44: 40: 39: 36: 28: 27: 24: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8286: 8275: 8272: 8270: 8267: 8265: 8262: 8260: 8257: 8255: 8252: 8250: 8247: 8245: 8242: 8240: 8237: 8235: 8232: 8230: 8227: 8225: 8222: 8220: 8217: 8215: 8212: 8210: 8207: 8205: 8202: 8200: 8197: 8195: 8192: 8190: 8187: 8185: 8182: 8180: 8177: 8175: 8172: 8170: 8167: 8165: 8162: 8160: 8157: 8155: 8152: 8150: 8147: 8145: 8142: 8140: 8137: 8135: 8132: 8130: 8127: 8125: 8122: 8120: 8117: 8116: 8114: 8093: 8092: 8087: 8086:Joseph Barnes 8081: 8077: 8072: 8067: 8062: 8060: 8055: 8050: 8048: 8043: 8038: 8036: 8035:New York City 8026: 8024: 8014: 8012: 8002: 8001: 7998: 7985: 7982: 7980: 7976: 7973: 7972: 7969: 7959: 7958: 7953: 7951: 7950: 7949:Norman Thomas 7945: 7944: 7942: 7940: 7936: 7930: 7929: 7924: 7923: 7921: 7919: 7915: 7909: 7908: 7903: 7902: 7900: 7898: 7894: 7889: 7885: 7880: 7876: 7866: 7863: 7861: 7858: 7856: 7853: 7851: 7848: 7846: 7843: 7841: 7838: 7837: 7835: 7831: 7825: 7824: 7819: 7817: 7816: 7811: 7810: 7808: 7804: 7801: 7798: 7793: 7792: 7787: 7777: 7774: 7772: 7771:Harry F. Byrd 7769: 7768: 7766: 7762: 7756: 7755: 7750: 7747: 7746: 7741: 7740: 7738: 7734: 7731: 7728: 7723: 7722: 7717: 7712: 7708: 7704: 7696: 7691: 7689: 7684: 7682: 7677: 7676: 7673: 7661: 7658: 7656: 7652: 7649: 7648: 7645: 7635: 7634: 7630: 7629: 7627: 7623: 7617: 7616: 7611: 7609: 7608: 7607:John W. Aiken 7603: 7602: 7600: 7598: 7594: 7588: 7587: 7582: 7580: 7579: 7578:Norman Thomas 7574: 7573: 7571: 7569: 7565: 7559: 7558: 7553: 7552: 7550: 7548: 7544: 7539: 7535: 7530: 7526: 7516: 7513: 7511: 7508: 7506: 7503: 7501: 7500:Frank Gannett 7498: 7496: 7493: 7491: 7488: 7487: 7485: 7481: 7475: 7474: 7469: 7467: 7466: 7461: 7460: 7458: 7454: 7451: 7448: 7443: 7442: 7437: 7427: 7424: 7422: 7419: 7417: 7414: 7412: 7409: 7408: 7406: 7402: 7396: 7395: 7390: 7387: 7386: 7381: 7380: 7378: 7374: 7371: 7368: 7363: 7362: 7357: 7352: 7348: 7344: 7336: 7331: 7329: 7324: 7322: 7317: 7316: 7313: 7301: 7298: 7296: 7293: 7291: 7288: 7286: 7283: 7281: 7278: 7276: 7273: 7272: 7270: 7266: 7256: 7255:The Wish List 7253: 7251: 7250:Ripon Society 7248: 7246: 7243: 7241: 7238: 7236: 7233: 7231: 7228: 7226: 7223: 7221: 7218: 7217: 7215: 7209: 7203: 7200: 7198: 7195: 7193: 7190: 7188: 7185: 7183: 7180: 7178: 7175: 7173: 7170: 7168: 7165: 7163: 7160: 7156: 7153: 7152: 7151: 7148: 7147: 7145: 7139: 7133: 7130: 7128: 7125: 7123: 7120: 7118: 7115: 7113: 7110: 7109: 7107: 7101: 7093: 7090: 7088: 7085: 7083: 7080: 7078: 7075: 7074: 7073: 7070: 7066: 7063: 7062: 7061: 7058: 7054: 7051: 7049: 7048: 7044: 7043: 7042: 7039: 7038: 7036: 7032: 7029: 7027: 7026:organizations 7021: 7011: 7008: 7006: 7003: 7001: 6998: 6996: 6993: 6991: 6988: 6986: 6983: 6982: 6980: 6976: 6970: 6967: 6965: 6962: 6960: 6959:West Virginia 6957: 6955: 6952: 6950: 6947: 6945: 6942: 6940: 6937: 6935: 6932: 6930: 6927: 6925: 6922: 6920: 6917: 6915: 6912: 6910: 6907: 6905: 6902: 6900: 6897: 6895: 6892: 6890: 6887: 6885: 6882: 6880: 6877: 6875: 6872: 6870: 6867: 6865: 6864:New Hampshire 6862: 6860: 6857: 6855: 6852: 6850: 6847: 6845: 6842: 6840: 6837: 6835: 6832: 6830: 6827: 6825: 6824:Massachusetts 6822: 6820: 6817: 6815: 6812: 6810: 6807: 6805: 6802: 6800: 6797: 6795: 6792: 6790: 6787: 6785: 6782: 6780: 6777: 6775: 6772: 6770: 6767: 6765: 6762: 6760: 6757: 6755: 6752: 6750: 6747: 6745: 6742: 6740: 6737: 6735: 6732: 6730: 6727: 6725: 6722: 6721: 6719: 6715: 6712: 6705: 6701: 6691: 6688: 6686: 6683: 6681: 6678: 6676: 6673: 6671: 6668: 6666: 6663: 6661: 6658: 6656: 6653: 6651: 6648: 6647: 6645: 6641: 6635: 6632: 6630: 6627: 6625: 6622: 6620: 6617: 6615: 6612: 6610: 6606: 6603: 6601: 6598: 6596: 6593: 6591: 6588: 6586: 6583: 6581: 6578: 6576: 6573: 6571: 6568: 6566: 6563: 6561: 6558: 6556: 6553: 6551: 6547: 6544: 6542: 6539: 6537: 6534: 6532: 6529: 6527: 6524: 6522: 6519: 6517: 6514: 6512: 6509: 6507: 6504: 6502: 6499: 6497: 6494: 6492: 6489: 6487: 6484: 6482: 6479: 6477: 6474: 6472: 6469: 6467: 6464: 6462: 6459: 6457: 6454: 6452: 6449: 6447: 6444: 6442: 6439: 6437: 6434: 6432: 6429: 6427: 6424: 6422: 6419: 6417: 6414: 6412: 6409: 6407: 6404: 6402: 6399: 6397: 6394: 6392: 6389: 6387: 6384: 6382: 6379: 6377: 6374: 6372: 6369: 6367: 6364: 6362: 6359: 6357: 6354: 6352: 6349: 6347: 6344: 6342: 6339: 6337: 6334: 6332: 6329: 6327: 6324: 6322: 6319: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6299: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6289: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6279: 6278: 6276: 6272: 6269: 6267: 6263: 6256: 6253: 6250: 6247: 6244: 6241: 6238: 6235: 6232: 6229: 6226: 6223: 6220: 6217: 6214: 6211: 6208: 6205: 6202: 6199: 6196: 6193: 6190: 6187: 6184: 6181: 6178: 6175: 6172: 6169: 6166: 6163: 6160: 6157: 6154: 6151: 6148: 6145: 6142: 6139: 6136: 6133: 6130: 6127: 6124: 6121: 6118: 6115: 6112: 6109: 6106: 6103: 6100: 6097: 6094: 6091: 6088: 6085: 6082: 6079: 6078: 6076: 6074: 6065: 6060: 6054: 6047: 6044: 6041: 6038: 6035: 6032: 6029: 6026: 6023: 6020: 6017: 6014: 6011: 6008: 6005: 6002: 5999: 5996: 5993: 5990: 5987: 5984: 5981: 5978: 5975: 5972: 5969: 5966: 5963: 5960: 5957: 5954: 5951: 5948: 5945: 5942: 5939: 5936: 5933: 5930: 5927: 5924: 5921: 5918: 5915: 5912: 5909: 5906: 5903: 5900: 5897: 5894: 5891: 5888: 5885: 5882: 5879: 5876: 5875: 5873: 5871: 5863: 5857: 5850: 5847: 5844: 5841: 5838: 5837:G. H. W. Bush 5835: 5832: 5829: 5826: 5823: 5820: 5817: 5814: 5811: 5808: 5805: 5802: 5799: 5796: 5793: 5790: 5787: 5784: 5781: 5778: 5775: 5772: 5769: 5766: 5763: 5760: 5757: 5754: 5751: 5748: 5745: 5742: 5739: 5736: 5733: 5732: 5730: 5728: 5724: 5720: 5714: 5713: 5709: 5705: 5702: 5701: 5700: 5696: 5692: 5689: 5685: 5682: 5681: 5680: 5676: 5672: 5669: 5665: 5662: 5661: 5660: 5656: 5652: 5649: 5645: 5642: 5641: 5640: 5636: 5632: 5629: 5625: 5622: 5621: 5620: 5616: 5612: 5609: 5605: 5602: 5601: 5600: 5596: 5592: 5589: 5585: 5582: 5581: 5580: 5576: 5572: 5569: 5565: 5562: 5561: 5560: 5556: 5552: 5549: 5545: 5542: 5541: 5540: 5536: 5535:G. H. W. Bush 5532: 5529: 5525: 5522: 5521: 5520: 5516: 5515:G. H. W. Bush 5512: 5509: 5505: 5502: 5501: 5500: 5499:G. H. W. Bush 5496: 5492: 5491:1984 (Dallas) 5489: 5485: 5482: 5481: 5480: 5479:G. H. W. Bush 5476: 5472: 5469: 5465: 5462: 5461: 5460: 5456: 5452: 5449: 5445: 5442: 5441: 5440: 5436: 5432: 5429: 5425: 5422: 5421: 5420: 5416: 5412: 5409: 5405: 5402: 5401: 5400: 5396: 5392: 5389: 5385: 5382: 5381: 5380: 5376: 5372: 5369: 5365: 5362: 5361: 5360: 5356: 5352: 5349: 5345: 5342: 5341: 5340: 5336: 5332: 5329: 5325: 5322: 5321: 5320: 5316: 5312: 5309: 5305: 5302: 5301: 5300: 5296: 5292: 5289: 5285: 5282: 5281: 5280: 5276: 5272: 5269: 5265: 5262: 5261: 5260: 5256: 5252: 5249: 5245: 5242: 5241: 5240: 5236: 5232: 5229: 5225: 5222: 5221: 5220: 5216: 5212: 5209: 5205: 5202: 5201: 5200: 5196: 5192: 5189: 5185: 5182: 5181: 5180: 5176: 5172: 5169: 5165: 5162: 5161: 5160: 5156: 5152: 5149: 5145: 5142: 5141: 5140: 5136: 5132: 5128: 5125: 5123: 5119: 5115: 5112: 5110: 5106: 5102: 5099: 5097: 5093: 5089: 5086: 5084: 5080: 5076: 5073: 5071: 5067: 5063: 5060: 5058: 5054: 5050: 5047: 5045: 5041: 5037: 5034: 5032: 5028: 5024: 5021: 5019: 5015: 5011: 5008: 5006: 5002: 4998: 4995: 4993: 4989: 4985: 4982: 4980: 4976: 4972: 4969: 4967: 4963: 4959: 4956: 4954: 4950: 4946: 4943: 4942: 4940: 4938: 4929: 4922: 4916: 4908: 4905: 4903: 4900: 4898: 4895: 4893: 4890: 4888: 4885: 4884: 4883: 4880: 4879: 4876: 4872: 4863: 4858: 4856: 4851: 4849: 4844: 4843: 4840: 4831: 4824: 4820: 4819: 4815: 4812: 4805: 4799: 4794: 4788: 4785: 4783: 4780: 4777: 4774: 4773:Lilly Library 4770: 4767: 4765: 4764: 4759: 4755: 4752: 4750: 4746: 4743: 4741: 4738: 4736: 4733: 4731: 4728: 4727: 4716: 4714: 4710: 4700: 4695: 4688: 4684: 4682: 4678: 4668: 4663: 4656: 4650: 4646: 4641: 4637: 4633: 4629: 4625: 4621: 4617: 4612: 4608: 4604: 4600: 4596: 4592: 4588: 4584: 4580: 4576: 4571: 4567: 4563: 4559: 4555: 4550: 4546: 4542: 4538: 4534: 4530: 4526: 4522: 4518: 4514: 4510: 4506: 4501: 4497: 4493: 4489: 4485: 4480: 4473: 4469: 4465: 4459: 4455: 4450: 4446: 4442: 4439:(2): 79–100. 4438: 4434: 4433: 4427: 4423: 4421:1-58648-450-8 4417: 4412: 4411: 4405: 4401: 4397: 4395:0-385-18439-5 4391: 4386: 4385: 4379: 4375: 4371: 4367: 4363: 4358: 4354: 4348: 4344: 4339: 4336: 4332: 4328: 4322: 4318: 4313: 4309: 4303: 4298: 4297: 4290: 4286: 4284:0-671-64240-5 4280: 4276: 4272: 4268: 4264: 4260: 4256: 4252: 4248: 4244: 4240: 4236: 4231: 4227: 4221: 4217: 4212: 4208: 4204: 4200: 4196: 4191: 4190: 4185: 4181: 4179: 4168: 4165: 4161: 4159: 4155: 4145: 4140: 4127: 4122: 4106: 4100: 4092: 4088: 4083: 4076: 4069: 4064: 4060: 4059: 4053: 4046: 4039: 4034: 4027: 4022: 4014: 4012:0-253-20689-8 4008: 4004: 4000: 3994: 3987: 3982: 3975: 3970: 3963: 3958: 3951: 3946: 3939: 3934: 3926: 3925: 3920: 3914: 3907: 3902: 3895: 3890: 3883: 3878: 3859: 3853: 3837: 3831: 3824: 3819: 3817: 3809: 3804: 3802: 3794: 3789: 3787: 3779: 3774: 3768:, p. 40. 3767: 3762: 3755: 3750: 3748: 3740: 3735: 3729:, p. 91. 3728: 3723: 3716: 3711: 3705:, p. 39. 3704: 3699: 3692: 3687: 3680: 3675: 3668: 3663: 3656: 3651: 3645:, p. 82. 3644: 3639: 3633:, p. 85. 3632: 3627: 3620: 3615: 3608: 3603: 3596: 3591: 3585:, p. 41. 3584: 3579: 3573:, p. 36. 3572: 3567: 3560: 3555: 3553: 3545: 3540: 3533: 3528: 3521: 3516: 3509: 3504: 3497: 3492: 3485: 3480: 3473: 3468: 3466: 3458: 3453: 3446: 3441: 3433: 3429: 3425: 3421: 3417: 3413: 3406: 3400:, p. 62. 3399: 3394: 3387: 3382: 3375: 3370: 3363: 3358: 3351: 3346: 3339: 3334: 3327: 3322: 3315: 3310: 3303: 3298: 3291: 3286: 3279: 3274: 3267: 3262: 3255: 3250: 3248: 3240: 3235: 3228: 3223: 3216: 3211: 3209: 3201: 3196: 3189: 3184: 3177: 3172: 3165: 3160: 3158: 3150: 3145: 3138: 3133: 3131: 3123: 3118: 3111: 3106: 3104: 3096: 3091: 3084: 3079: 3072: 3067: 3060: 3055: 3048: 3043: 3036: 3031: 3024: 3019: 3012: 3007: 3000: 2995: 2988: 2983: 2981: 2973: 2968: 2961: 2956: 2949: 2944: 2937: 2932: 2925: 2920: 2913: 2908: 2901: 2896: 2889: 2884: 2877: 2872: 2865: 2860: 2853: 2848: 2841: 2836: 2829: 2824: 2817: 2812: 2805: 2800: 2793: 2788: 2781: 2776: 2769: 2764: 2757: 2752: 2745: 2740: 2733: 2728: 2721: 2716: 2714: 2707:, p. 94. 2706: 2701: 2695:, p. 93. 2694: 2689: 2682: 2677: 2671:, p. 60. 2670: 2665: 2658: 2653: 2646: 2641: 2635:, p. 51. 2634: 2629: 2622: 2617: 2611:, p. 99. 2610: 2605: 2598: 2593: 2586: 2581: 2579: 2571: 2566: 2558: 2556:0-253-20689-8 2552: 2548: 2541: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2498: 2491: 2486: 2479: 2474: 2468:, p. 34. 2467: 2462: 2455: 2450: 2443: 2438: 2432:, p. 36. 2431: 2426: 2418: 2417: 2412: 2408: 2407:Shlaes, Amity 2402: 2400: 2398: 2390: 2385: 2378: 2373: 2367:, p. 34. 2366: 2361: 2355:, p. 33. 2354: 2349: 2342: 2337: 2330: 2325: 2318: 2313: 2306: 2301: 2299: 2292:, p. 29. 2291: 2286: 2279: 2274: 2267: 2262: 2260: 2253:, p. 27. 2252: 2247: 2240: 2235: 2228: 2223: 2216: 2211: 2205:, p. 25. 2204: 2199: 2192: 2187: 2185: 2178:, p. 30. 2177: 2172: 2165: 2160: 2153: 2148: 2142:, p. 13. 2141: 2136: 2129: 2124: 2117: 2112: 2105: 2100: 2093: 2088: 2081: 2076: 2074: 2066: 2061: 2054: 2049: 2043:, p. 25. 2042: 2037: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2016: 2008: 2006: 2004: 2002: 2000: 1998: 1996: 1987: 1985:0-87023-088-3 1981: 1977: 1976: 1968: 1964: 1952:, p. 75 1951: 1944: 1935: 1931: 1928: 1927: 1915: 1914: 1910: 1909: 1900: 1897: 1894: 1893: 1889: 1888: 1881: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1865: 1863: 1858: 1855: 1853: 1852: 1847: 1842: 1838: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1822: 1820: 1815: 1811: 1805: 1803: 1802:War on Terror 1799: 1795: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1775: 1771: 1766: 1757: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1733: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1717: 1715: 1711: 1705: 1703: 1702: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1680: 1678: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1647: 1642: 1640: 1634: 1632: 1627: 1622: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1603: 1601: 1595: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1573: 1563: 1561: 1557: 1556:Supreme Court 1553: 1549: 1545: 1544: 1538: 1536: 1532: 1527: 1523: 1517: 1515: 1514: 1509: 1508: 1503: 1492: 1489: 1483: 1481: 1477: 1476: 1465: 1460: 1457: 1449: 1445: 1432: 1422: 1420: 1419:Madame Chiang 1416: 1412: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1373: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1355: 1354:Henry Harwood 1350: 1341: 1339: 1335: 1330: 1327: 1323: 1318: 1314: 1312: 1307: 1302: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1270: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1259:Harry Hopkins 1256: 1251: 1247: 1242: 1240: 1234: 1231: 1227: 1222: 1214: 1200: 1198: 1193: 1192:John L. Lewis 1189: 1184: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1165: 1161: 1159: 1155: 1149: 1147: 1143: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1125: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1106: 1102: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1086: 1084: 1079: 1073: 1071: 1070:The Broadmoor 1067: 1062: 1061:John Hamilton 1053: 1048: 1038: 1033: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1015: 1011: 1006: 1002: 999: 994: 988: 985: 980: 977: 972: 970: 967: 963: 958: 954: 945: 941: 939: 935: 931: 927: 923: 919: 912: 902: 900: 896: 892: 886: 884: 880: 876: 872: 868: 864: 863:Orem Root Jr. 859: 857: 853: 849: 843: 839: 836: 832: 830: 824: 822: 817: 813: 810: 801: 799: 793: 789: 787: 783: 778: 774: 770: 766: 762: 758: 754: 750: 749:isolationists 746: 742: 731: 721: 718: 714: 708: 706: 705: 699: 695: 690: 688: 687: 682: 677: 675: 665: 661: 659: 655: 645: 643: 638: 630: 626: 621: 617: 615: 611: 610:flood control 607: 597: 595: 592: 589:, and former 588: 585: 581: 577: 573: 569: 564: 562: 556: 553: 552: 547: 543: 539: 535: 525: 523: 519: 515: 511: 506: 504: 500: 496: 495:John W. Davis 492: 488: 484: 479: 477: 473: 469: 453: 451: 447: 443: 439: 435: 430: 426: 422: 417: 415: 411: 407: 403: 399: 395: 391: 386: 383: 379: 375: 371: 367: 362: 359: 354: 349: 347: 343: 339: 335: 330: 328: 318: 316: 312: 307: 301: 299: 295: 291: 287: 283: 278: 276: 272: 268: 264: 260: 256: 252: 247: 245: 241: 240:1940 election 237: 233: 229: 225: 221: 217: 213: 209: 205: 201: 197: 188: 183: 178: 175: 172: 168: 145: 141: 134: 131: 128: 125: 124: 122: 118: 114: 110: 106: 103: 99: 96: 93: 91:Resting place 89: 84: 83:New York City 74: 70: 66: 62: 45: 41: 34: 29: 22: 19: 8096:. 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