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as far as I knew, there were no blacks working regularly in the industry, especially on the networks – ABC, CBS and NBC. asked me if the fact that the
Musicians Unions were segregated contributed to the scarcity of blacks in the industry. It certainly could have been a contributing factor in that
308:
The West coast sound perhaps didn't have the gravitas that the East coast had, but, after all, these were
Californians enjoying the sun and the surf and the extent that celebrity offered itself through the studio work that the entertainment industry was offering. So I think, you know, you think of
398:
While many Los
Angeles area jazz musicians, particularly the former members of the Herman and Kenton bands, found regular employment in broadcast and motion picture studios, most of these musicians were white, leading to accusations that the studios deliberately excluded African Americans. The
487:, and Miles Davis were based in New York. At the same time, many musicians associated with West Coast jazz "were much more involved in a hotter approach to jazz. Communication being what it is, it is hardly likely that any style of jazz was fostered exclusively in one area."
412:
all the contracts for employment of musicians in the broadcast and motion picture studios were negotiated by the then all-white union, Local 47. The black union, Local 767, merely adopted the scales negotiated by Local 47, if and when a black musician got a studio call.
436:
Although West Coast jazz is often compared to the cool style, Los
Angeles musicians locally known as "hard swingers," "blew bop as tough as anything emerging out of Detroit and New York...." In later years, their music was known as "California Hard."
124:. The music relied relatively more on composition and arrangement than on the individually improvised playing of other jazz styles. Although this style dominated, it was not the only form of jazz heard on the American West Coast.
490:
Some observers looked down upon West Coast jazz because many of its musicians were white, and because some listeners, critics, and historians perceived that the music was too cerebral, effete, or effeminate, or that it lacked
478:
Tanner, Gerow, and Megill are largely dismissive of the term "West Coast jazz". As it often refers to Gerry
Mulligan and his associates in California, "West Coast" merely becomes synonymous with "cool jazz", although
461:
West Coast jazz sometimes featured a rhythm section that omitted the use of a piano, guitar, or any chordal instrument, tending to a more open and freer sound, as exemplified by the Gerry
Mulligan collection
277:
disbanded his
Innovations Orchestra in Los Angeles. Many of the musicians, some of whom had also played in Woody Herman's band, chose to remain in California. Trumpeter
309:
California as sun and surf, you think of New York City as cement and grit, and the music somewhat reflected that. One better than the other? Depends what you want.
466:(Blue Note, 1998). Another characteristic is the inclusion of non-standard jazz instruments such as the French horn and tuba. Gil Evans's arrangement on the
321:, and have noted that Hamilton's "subtle rhythmic control and use of different drum pitches and timbres" were well-suited for this style of music.
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were the biggest hard-bop labels. Some of the major pioneers of West Coast jazz were Shorty Rogers, Gerry
Mulligan, Chet Baker, Stan Getz,
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Manne suggested that these musicians' relaxed lifestyle in
California was reflected in a laid-back, relaxed approach to jazz.
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notes that this is not surprising. By the late 1940s, the
Central Avenue scene had the most bebop musicians outside New York.
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254:(1957). In 1952 Mulligan, who had moved to California, formed an innovative and successful piano-less quartet with trumpeter
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141:, the west coast of the U.S. hosted a bustling music scene, though its activity remained largely localized. In 1917,
20:
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that developed in Los Angeles and San Francisco during the 1950s. West Coast jazz is often seen as a subgenre of
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were central figures among this group of musicians. Much of this activity centered on the Hermosa Beach
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During the 1950s, Chico Hamilton led an ensemble that (unusual for a jazz group) included a cellist,
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during his sojourn in Los Angeles. Meanwhile, a thriving jazz scene had appeared along Los Angeles's
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Young, who also held a law degree, worked with Local 767 musicians (including Buddy Collette,
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situation was a contributing factor toward the integration of the Los Angeles chapters of the
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organized a new band, the Second Herd, in Los Angeles. The group included tenor saxophonists
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moved to California and remained in Los Angeles until 1922, when he left for Chicago.
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332:, forming a quartet. Desmond's playing style ran counter to bebop, as he seldom used
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album featured these instruments at a time when the West Coast style was emerging.
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909:"Marl Young dies at 92; pianist was key in desegregating L.A. musicians unions"
823:. "Jazz: American Classic" (Interview: video). Interviewed by Reginald Buckner.
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record labels were two of the best known that carried West Coast jazz, just as
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795:(6th ed.). Dubuque, IA: William C. Brown, College Division. pp.
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formed a band in Los Angeles after moving to California in 1919. In 1944,
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This article is about the jazz styles. For the album by Stan Getz, see
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232:," which highlighted this group) was a precursor of the cool style.
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A Century of Jazz: A Hundred Years of the Greatest Music Ever Made
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scene, but at the time it was little-known outside Los Angeles.
1940:
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383:, and Dave Brubeck with Paul Desmond. In 1952–1962 jazz singer
787:; Maurice Gerow; David W. Megill (1988) . "Cool (1949-1955)".
248:
band, contributing arrangements to the recordings that became
2523:
2398:
2272:
1251:
971:(2). International Association for the Study of Popular Music
546:
333:
117:
42:
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420:, and Benny Carter) along with Local 47 members (including
109:
1041:
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Jazz West Coast: The Los Angeles Jazz Scene of the 1950s
961:"Clarifying Labels: Cool Jazz, West Coast, and Hard Bop"
387:
recorded 17 albums for Norman Granz's Los Angeles-based
262:, and bassist Bob Whitlock. Mulligan would later form a
197:. Central Avenue's activity rivaled that of the earlier
1096:
317:. Tanner, Gerow, and Megill liken Hamilton's music to
224:. The resulting "Four Brothers" sound (named for the
1070:
West Coast Jazz: Modern Jazz in California 1945-1960
655:
542:
788:
453:established harder-sounding bands in Los Angeles.
2540:
729:"Kid Ory, "Tailgate" Trombonist & Composer"
561:List of cool jazz and West Coast jazz musicians
1112:
699:
297:led a house band, the Lighthouse All-Stars.
1020:
700:Wynn, Ron; Erlewine, Michael, eds. (1994).
1119:
1105:
499:musicians played in the style, including
116:, which consisted of a calmer style than
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836:
779:
777:
775:
428:supported the local integration effort.
2153:
989:
983:
952:
879:
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671:Grove Music Online. Oxford Music Online
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1093:(RoseKing Productions, Kenneth Koenig)
1091:Jazz on the West Coast: The Lighthouse
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464:The Original Quartet with Chet Baker
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13:
933:Roach, Geoff (February 27, 2005).
886:"Amalgamation of Local 47 and 767"
720:
431:
240:In 1949–1950 baritone saxophonist
14:
2580:
2474:Album covers of Blue Note Records
819:
752:
706:. San Francisco: Miller Freeman.
21:West Coast Jazz (Stan Getz album)
2522:
907:McLellan, Dennis (May 3, 2009).
726:
545:
403:during the early 1950s. Pianist
401:American Federation of Musicians
336:elements, and was influenced by
1072:(Oxford University Press, 1992)
990:Salerni, Paul (1995). "Review:
965:Tracking: Popular Music Studies
371:, Jimmy Giuffre, Shelly Manne,
67:West Coast of the United States
1854:Institutions and organizations
235:
1:
1551:Cool jazz and West Coast jazz
1030:"The Music (West Coast jazz)"
846:(January 2012). "Papatamus".
591:
132:
1036:(Interview). Interviewed by
473:
344:rather than Charlie Parker.
16:Various styles of jazz music
7:
637:. London: Hamlyn. pp.
538:
220:, and baritone saxophonist
10:
2585:
1059:
1034:Rediscovering Dave Brubeck
884:Young, Marl (March 1999).
424:) to integrate the union.
127:
18:
2569:West Coast jazz musicians
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2011:
1956:
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1880:See Template: Jazz theory
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860:: Cadence Magazine: 136.
733:African American Registry
161:in Los Angeles. In 1946,
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77:
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61:
35:
30:
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1083:
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155:Jazz at the Philharmonic
631:"The Cool on the Coast"
407:recalled that in 1950,
328:hired alto saxophonist
169:in Hollywood to record
159:Philharmonic Auditorium
829:. "Hard Bop – Funky."
703:AllMusic Guide to Jazz
566:Black Hawk (nightclub)
414:
311:
1079:(Quartet Books, 1986)
896:on December 14, 2009.
576:GNP Crescendo Records
513:Harry "Sweets" Edison
409:
306:
2268:Bibliography of jazz
2048:Continental European
449:, Shelly Manne, and
244:participated in the
108:refers to styles of
2564:Music of California
2509:Straight, No Chaser
2298:Straight-ahead jazz
1755:Winter & Winter
1204:French horn in jazz
667:"Jelly Roll Morton"
2453:West African music
2278:British dance band
2068:European free jazz
2041:British dance band
1534:Musicians by genre
1314:Free improvisation
996:Italiana Americana
785:Tanner, Paul O. W.
2536:
2535:
2409:New Orleans blues
2256:
2255:
2199:
2198:
1773:Beaches (Toronto)
1184:Swing performance
959:Gridley, Mark C.
935:"West Coast Jazz"
913:Los Angeles Times
890:Overture Magazine
663:Schuller, Gunther
468:Birth of the Cool
324:In 1951, pianist
268:Birth of the Cool
251:Birth of the Cool
143:Jelly Roll Morton
103:
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36:Stylistic origins
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2293:Continental jazz
2186:Washington, D.C.
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2053:Czech and Slovak
1911:
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1695:India Navigation
1393:Progressive jazz
1247:Avant-garde jazz
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1075:Gordon, Robert.
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892:. Archived from
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858:Richland, Oregon
849:Cadence Magazine
844:Rusch, Robert D.
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825:Cited in Tanner
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497:African American
485:Claude Thornhill
293:, where bassist
199:Kansas City jazz
62:Cultural origins
28:
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2529:Jazz portal
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2495:The Jazz Singer
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2441:Novelty ragtime
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1907:Regional scenes
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1675:Flying Dutchman
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1383:Orchestral jazz
1363:Mainstream jazz
1351:Afro-Cuban jazz
1233:
1142:Outline of jazz
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1026:Crouch, Stanley
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994:by Ted Gioia".
992:West Coast Jazz
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432:California Hard
426:Josephine Baker
291:Lighthouse Café
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106:West Coast jazz
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31:West Coast jazz
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2502:Round Midnight
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1490:Percussionists
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1413:Spiritual jazz
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1135:General topics
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1002:(2): 232–234.
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939:All About Jazz
925:
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871:
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771:
755:"Ross Russell"
753:Yanow, Scott.
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517:Buddy Collette
509:Chico Hamilton
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447:Clifford Brown
433:
430:
260:Chico Hamilton
242:Gerry Mulligan
237:
234:
228:composition, "
218:Herbie Steward
195:Buddy Collette
191:Charles Mingus
175:Central Avenue
171:Charlie Parker
153:began staging
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2181:New York City
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2105:Flamenco jazz
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1628:Discographies
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1515:Vibraphonists
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1435:Swing revival
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1294:Flamenco jazz
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1214:Jazz trombone
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1194:Jazz drumming
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1162:Improvisation
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821:Manne, Shelly
816:
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806:0-697-03663-4
802:
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738:September 28,
734:
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713:0-87930-308-5
709:
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676:September 12,
672:
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648:0-681-03179-4
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536:
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533:Hampton Hawes
530:
529:Eugene Wright
526:
522:
521:Red Callender
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
501:Curtis Counce
498:
494:
488:
486:
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469:
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451:Curtis Counce
448:
444:
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418:Red Callender
413:
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358:
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343:
339:
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331:
327:
322:
320:
319:chamber music
316:
310:
305:
303:
298:
296:
295:Howard Rumsey
292:
288:
284:
281:and drummers
280:
279:Shorty Rogers
276:
271:
269:
266:based on the
265:
261:
257:
253:
252:
247:
243:
233:
231:
230:Four Brothers
227:
226:Jimmy Giuffre
223:
222:Serge Chaloff
219:
215:
211:
207:
202:
200:
196:
192:
188:
187:Teddy Edwards
184:
180:
179:Dexter Gordon
176:
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84:San Francisco
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54:
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46:
44:
41:
40:
38:
34:
29:
26:
22:
2520:
2507:
2500:
2493:
2489:(miniseries)
2486:
2478:
2448:Sophisti-pop
2190:
1878:
1869:Jazz royalty
1859:Jazz funeral
1655:Contemporary
1546:Chamber jazz
1500:Saxophonists
1470:Clarinetists
1442:Third stream
1279:Chamber jazz
1179:Scat singing
1090:
1076:
1069:
1047:February 15,
1045:. Retrieved
1033:
1016:
999:
995:
991:
985:
975:February 15,
973:. Retrieved
968:
964:
954:
942:. Retrieved
938:
928:
916:. Retrieved
912:
902:
894:the original
889:
853:
847:
838:
830:
826:
815:
790:
764:September 8,
762:. Retrieved
758:
748:
736:. Retrieved
732:
722:
702:
674:. Retrieved
670:
657:
634:
586:Third stream
571:Chamber jazz
489:
481:Lester Young
477:
467:
463:
460:
435:
422:Roger Segure
415:
410:
397:
381:André Previn
373:Russ Freeman
353:Contemporary
349:Pacific Jazz
346:
342:Benny Carter
330:Paul Desmond
326:Dave Brubeck
323:
312:
307:
299:
287:Shelly Manne
272:
267:
249:
239:
206:Woody Herman
203:
183:Wardell Gray
177:, featuring
167:Dial Records
165:established
163:Ross Russell
151:Norman Granz
139:World War II
136:
105:
104:
92:Other topics
73:Local scenes
25:
2559:Jazz genres
2431:Quiet storm
2394:Contradanza
2176:New Orleans
2171:Kansas City
1974:Jazz mugham
1969:Azerbaijani
1893:Second line
1888:Rare groove
1874:Jazz theory
1864:Jazz poetry
1849:Contrafacts
1833:Saint Lucia
1813:New Orleans
1745:Strata-East
1720:MPS Records
1650:Cobblestone
1571:Smooth jazz
1561:Jazz fusion
1505:Trombonists
1418:Sacred jazz
1403:Smooth jazz
1336:Jazz fusion
1219:Jazz violin
1199:Jazz guitar
1174:Jam session
1147:Jazz (word)
856:(1 (399)).
727:Carr, Roy.
553:Jazz portal
525:Harold Land
495:. However,
385:Anita O'Day
377:Bill Holman
275:Stan Kenton
246:Miles Davis
236:Development
81:Los Angeles
2543:Categories
2416:Brass band
2404:Jump blues
2248:Ethno jazz
2211:Australian
2191:West Coast
1948:Zimbabwean
1788:Copenhagen
1710:Mainstream
1520:Violinists
1510:Trumpeters
1480:Guitarists
1388:Organ trio
1373:Modal jazz
1346:Latin jazz
1326:Gypsy jazz
1224:Vocal jazz
1209:Jazz piano
1066:Gioia, Ted
1022:Gioia, Ted
944:August 15,
592:References
505:John Lewis
405:Marl Young
369:Bob Cooper
338:Pete Brown
283:Stan Levey
258:, drummer
256:Chet Baker
133:Background
2384:Acid jazz
2241:Worldwide
2227:Brazilian
2024:Bulgarian
1986:Indo jazz
1936:Cape jazz
1823:North Sea
1778:Cape Town
1765:Festivals
1740:Riverside
1715:Milestone
1640:Blue Note
1635:Bethlehem
1619:post-1950
1591:Standards
1576:Soul jazz
1525:Vocalists
1485:Organists
1457:Musicians
1447:Trad jazz
1408:Soul jazz
1331:Jazz-funk
1319:Punk jazz
1309:Free funk
1304:Free jazz
1299:Folk jazz
1289:Dixieland
1284:Cool jazz
1274:Cape jazz
1189:Jazz bass
1152:Jazz band
866:0162-6973
833:, p. 113.
629:(2006) .
627:Carr, Roy
474:Reception
443:Max Roach
365:Bud Shank
357:Blue Note
315:Fred Katz
304:concurs:
302:Bob Rusch
214:Zoot Sims
210:Stan Getz
204:In 1947,
157:shows at
114:cool jazz
98:Cool jazz
53:classical
2389:Afrobeat
2303:Pre-1920
2288:Jazz Age
2204:Oceanian
2154:American
2128:Canadian
2012:European
2003:Japanese
1964:Armenian
1926:Malawian
1921:Ethiopia
1808:Montreux
1803:Montreal
1798:Monterey
1735:Prestige
1705:Landmark
1690:Impulse!
1670:ESP-Disk
1599:Pre-1920
1556:Hard bop
1495:Pianists
1475:Drummers
1465:Bassists
1398:Ska jazz
1341:Jazz rap
1267:Post-bop
1257:Hard bop
1157:Big band
1028:(2001).
1008:29776316
918:March 4,
759:AllMusic
581:The Haig
539:See also
439:Roy Carr
395:labels.
361:Prestige
273:In 1950
122:hard bop
2436:Ragtime
2421:Exotica
2377:Related
2283:Ragtime
2261:History
2166:Chicago
2133:Haitian
2112:Swedish
2100:Spanish
2083:Italian
2036:British
2031:Belgian
1998:Iranian
1914:African
1842:Culture
1818:Newport
1793:Jakarta
1783:Chicago
1680:Freedom
1378:Nu jazz
1262:Neo-bop
1060:Sources
389:Norgran
270:nonet.
147:Kid Ory
137:Before
128:History
65:1940s,
2088:Polish
2078:German
2073:French
2058:Danish
2019:Balkan
1981:Indian
1941:Marabi
1898:Venues
1425:Stride
1368:Marabi
1358:M-Base
1239:Genres
1089:2005:
1006:
864:
803:
799:–111.
710:
645:
639:92–105
216:, and
193:, and
2467:Media
2426:Plugg
2399:Blues
2353:2010s
2348:2000s
2343:1990s
2338:1980s
2333:1970s
2328:1960s
2323:1950s
2318:1940s
2313:1930s
2308:1920s
2273:Blues
2143:Cuban
2063:Dutch
1991:Sitar
1957:Asian
1750:Verve
1614:1940s
1609:1930s
1604:1920s
1581:Swing
1541:Bebop
1430:Swing
1252:Bebop
1084:Films
1004:JSTOR
827:et al
493:swing
457:Sound
393:Verve
334:blues
264:decet
118:bebop
48:swing
43:Bebop
2487:Jazz
2480:Bird
2368:2022
2363:2021
2358:2020
2093:Yass
1828:Pori
1730:Muse
1566:Scat
1167:Jazz
1128:Jazz
1049:2017
977:2017
946:2017
920:2010
862:ISSN
831:Jazz
801:ISBN
791:Jazz
766:2017
740:2011
708:ISBN
678:2011
643:ISBN
531:and
445:and
391:and
359:and
351:and
347:The
340:and
285:and
110:jazz
1725:MPS
1700:JMT
1665:ECM
1660:CTI
1645:BYG
1042:NPR
797:103
120:or
2545::
1068:.
1040:.
1032:.
1024:;
1000:13
998:.
967:.
963:.
937:.
911:.
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874:^
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852:.
774:^
757:.
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686:^
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665:.
641:.
633:.
600:^
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1010:.
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969:2
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868:.
809:.
768:.
742:.
716:.
680:.
651:.
23:.
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