468:. By 1902, UMW membership in West Virginia had reached 5,000 miners. Union membership among West Virginia coal miners remained low, however, especially in southern parts of the state. Striking gained momentum as a tactic with the 1897 Coal Miner's Strike, which included mines in northern West Virginia's Pittsburgh seam. The 1902 New River Coal Strike in Raleigh and Fayette Counties continued momentum into southern West Virginia, and foreshadowed the coming violence with its concluding massacre known as the "Battle of Stanaford".
502:. Striking miners and their families were prohibited from using company bridges and roads, as well as utilities like running water. Company guards killed several miners over the first few months of the strike, and constructed a machine gun equipped armored train known as the "Bull Moose Express", which they used to fire upon the tent camps of striking workers, killing miner Cesco Estep. Miners, with the support of Mother Jones and the
45:
585:
Baldwin-Felts Agency Chief Thomas Felts hired a team of lawyers to prosecute a case against Sid
Hatfield and fifteen other men alleged to have participated in the Matewan Shootout, specifically on the charge of murdering Albert Felts. All sixteen men were, however, acquitted by a Mingo County jury.
581:
Support for unionization in Mingo County increased after the
Matewan Shootout. By July 1, 1920, in the county had unionized and joined the UMW strike. Miners and mine guards engaged in several armed skirmishes over the closure of coal mines and access to rail routes in the summer and fall of 1920.
627:
threatened to declare martial law in counties in West
Virginia affected by the violence if the armed bands of miners did not disperse by noon on September 1. A proclamation to declare martial law in the West Virginia counties of Fayette, Kanawha, Logan, Boone and Mingo was prepared and signed by the
549:
agent Albert C. Felts, who would later be involved in the
Matewan shootout, for illegally evicting miners of the Burnwell Coal and Coke Company as punishment for union activity. Mingo County Sheriff G. T. Blankenship negotiated with miners groups that as long as only Mingo County officials enforced
561:
and
Matewan Mayor Cabel Testerman, who contested the agents' authority in the town. The Baldwin-Felts agents persisted, however, based on permission from a local justice of the peace. Baldwin-Felts agents carried out their evictions under watch of a crowd of miners and their families. Hearing of
383:
equipped with rifles to guard the mines and act as strikebreakers. After the Agents arrived, the miners either moved out or were evicted from the houses they had been renting from the coal companies, and moved into coal camps that were being supported by the Union. Approximately 35,000 people lived
486:
On April 18, 1912, union and non-union miners from Paint Creek, as well as 7,500 miners from the previously non-union Cabin Creek, Kanawha, and
Fayette counties, went on strike. The UMW set up tent camps for miners and their families who had often been evicted without warning. UMW Vice-President
391:
On
September 1, 1912, approximately 6,000 unionized miners from across the Kanawha River crossed the river and declared their intent to kill the mine guards and destroy the company operations. Due to this threat, the mining companies deployed additional armed guards and awaited the miners' attack.
521:
In April, 1913, UMW officials presented the Paint Creek mining companies with a compromise deal, leaving out some miner demands but maintaining support for a 9-hour workday, accountability for miner compensation, and protection from backlash for union membership. After nearly a full year of work
482:
UMW had a strong, if isolated, presence in the Paint Creek area, and most miners there were unionized. In March 1912, Paint Creek UMW miners attempted to renegotiate their contracts for higher pay and automatic union dues. In response, a number of Paint Creek mines withdrew their recognition of
436:
would flourish, however, between 1880 and 1900, after competing railroad companies began carving routes through the mountains of
Appalachia. West Virginia produced 489,000 tons of coal in 1869, 4,882,000 tons of coal in 1889, and 89,384,000 tons of coal in 1917. The quick expansion of mining in
572:
Accounts of the May 19th shootout itself differ. Some reports indicate that
Baldwin-Felts agents attempted to arrest Sid Hatfield, and shot Mayor Testermen when he intervened on Hatfield's behalf. Others indicate that Hatfield initiated the violence, either by firing himself or by signalling a
589:
Sid
Hatfield and his deputy Ed Chambers were also brought up on charges of destroying the Mohawk mining camp in McDowell County. On August 1, 1921, Hatfield, Chambers, and their wives traveled unarmed to the McDowell County courthouse to stand trial. Upon reaching the courthouse, Hatfield and
643:
Though the battle ended in clear defeat for the pro-union miners, they gained some press support in the following years. Approximately 550 miners and labor activists were convicted of murder, insurrection, and treason for their participation in the march from Lens Creek to Logan County and the
619:
Logan County Sheriff Don Chafin had assembled a fighting force of approximately 2,000 county police, state police, state militia, and Baldwin-Felts agents to stop the approaching miners in the mountain range surrounding Logan County. On August 25, the miners began arriving in the mountains
550:
the eviction notices, the miners would peacefully comply. Miners in Mingo County continued to join the UMWA. On May 6, 1920, a United Mine Workers meeting drew 3,000 attendees. By May 17, 1920, the UMWA set up a tent colony for evicted miners outside of Matewan.
590:
Chambers were shot and killed by waiting Baldwin-Felts agents. Miners in West Virginia were outraged at the deaths of Sid Hatfield and Ed Chambers. In the weeks following the August 1st assassinations, miners organized and armed themselves across West Virginia.
392:
Consequently, the Governor proclaimed martial law to be in effect on September 2, 1912, seizing 1,872 rifles, 556 pistols, 6 machine guns, 225,000 rounds of ammunition, and 480 blackjacks – as well as large quantities of daggers, bayonets, and brass knuckles.
387:
A month after the strike began, hostilities began with the arrival of the Baldwin-Felts Agents who provoked the miners. Socialist Party activists began supplying miners with weapons: 6 machine guns, 1,000 rifles, and 50,000 rounds of ammunition.
372:, an important figure in unionizing the mine workers, the miners demanded better pay, better work conditions, the right to trade where they pleased (ending the practice of forcing miners to buy from company-owned stores), and recognition of the
586:
Shortly thereafter, the West Virginia Legislature passed a bill allowing criminal cases to be prosecuted with juries summoned from another county. Murder charges were renewed, only this time for the deaths of the other 6 Baldwin-Felts agents.
441:, in which mining companies own many, if not all housing, amenities, and public services. Miners were often paid in "coal scrip", paper notes issued by mining companies that could only be redeemed at company-owned stores in company towns.
620:
surrounding Logan, and fighting began between the two forces. Though Sheriff Chafin commanded fewer men, they were equipped with machine guns and rented aircraft, from which they dropped rudimentary bombs on the attacking miners.
517:
and sent 1,200 state troops to confiscate weapons and ammunition attempted to quell the rising tensions between miners and mining companies. The declaration of martial law reduced armed conflict in the winter of 1912–1913.
632:, awaiting his order for it to be promulgated. and troops of the 19th and 26th U.S. Infantry divisions were readied at Camp Sherman in Ohio and Camp Dix in New Jersey, respectively, to be sent by railroad to West Virginia.
573:
prepared ambush. In either case, the shootout resulted in ten dead: Mayor Testerman, two miners, and seven Baldwin-Felts agents, including Baldwin-Felts Agency Chief Thomas Felts' younger brothers, Albert and Lee.
635:
The union leaders ignored the order and 2,500 federal troops arrived on September 2, bringing with them machine guns and military aircraft armed with surplus explosive and gas bombs from the recently concluded
545:. In retaliation, the Burnwell Coal and Coke Company fired all union-aligned miners and gave them three days to leave their company-owned residences. On April 27, 1920, Mingo County officials arrested
690:
The West Virginia Mine Wars Museum, located in downtown Matewan, offers artifacts and interpretations of the events. The building that houses the museum still bears the scars of bullet holes from the
582:
The West Virginia government declared martial law and sent federal troops to quell the strike, but backed down under threat of a general strike of all union coal miners in West Virginia.
100:
Law enforcement-military victory; Bill Blizzard acquitted of treason; other miners jailed for murder charges and other offenses; mining union membership decreased by 50% from 1921 to 1924
30:
1910:
1227:
Laurie, Clayton D., "The United States Army and the Return to Normalcy in Labor Dispute Interventions: The Case of the West Virginia Coal Mine Wars, 1920–1921"
644:
ensuing Battle of Blair Mountain. Press support did not extend to union growth; UMW membership in West Virginia dropped by about half between 1921 and 1924.
1930:
1116:
1049:"Miners Ignore President's Order; President Awaits Report From Bandholtz; Soldiers to Go at His Command; Signs Proclamation for Martial Law at a Moment",
1500:
986:
557:
returned to Matewan to evict miners from Stone Mountain Coal Corporation housing. The Baldwin-Felts agents were challenged by Matewan Police Chief
1562:
444:
Mining is a dangerous profession overall, but between 1890 and 1912, West Virginia mines had the highest miner death rates in the country. During
220:
127:
1492:
562:
the trouble stirring in Matewan, miners from surrounding areas armed themselves and made their way to the town in case of a larger conflict.
92:
Coal company security/detectives, West Virginia state and military forces, U.S. Army and U.S. Army Air Service forces against striking miners
1496:
1360:
1036:"Martial Law Is Threatened by Chief Executive – Insurgents Ordered to Return to Homes Before Noon Thursday in White House Proclamation",
328:
1516:
708:
477:
365:
226:
569:
and Mayor Cabel Testerman. Both Hatfield and Baldwin-Felts agent Albert Felts reported that they had warrants for the others arrest.
498:
Mining companies in the Paint Creek area hired strikebreakers and armed guards to suppress the strike, including 300 agents from the
171:
1945:
1920:
1915:
1900:
565:
As the Baldwin-Felts agents were headed to the train station to depart Matewan, they were confronted once more by Police Chief
1239:
Bloodletting in Appalachia: The Story of West Virginia's Four Major Mine Wars and Other Thrilling Incidents of Its Coal Fields
522:
stoppages and fighting, the mining companies accepted the UMW compromise, which was enforced by West Virginia state soldiers.
340:
612:. Estimates of total numbers vary, but on August 24, between 5,000 and 20,000 miners began marching from Lens Creek into
1852:
120:
744:
Wheeler, H. N.. (1976). "Mountaineer Mine Wars: An Analysis of the West Virginia Mine Wars of 1912–1913 and 1920–1921".
1895:
848:
554:
546:
499:
380:
295:
1905:
1403:
1353:
1890:
616:. Many of the miners were armed, and some acquired weapons and ammunition from the towns along the march's path.
322:
841:
Matewan before the massacre : politics, coal, and the roots of conflict in a West Virginia mining community
1940:
1935:
1925:
1572:
1313:
1295:
1270:
1246:
1212:
1198:
937:
810:
703:
542:
404:
400:
289:
279:
201:
154:
113:
240:
1773:
1477:
449:
1826:
1184:
Matewan before the Massacre: Politics, Coal, and the Roots of Conflict in a West Virginia Mining Community
1346:
613:
1712:
503:
1707:
1687:
1506:
1217:
Hamilton, Neil A., "West Virginia Mining District Erupts in Violence at Matewan and Blair Mountain,"
609:
1279:
Scholten, Pat Creech, "The Old Mother and Her Army: The Agitative Strategies of Mary Harris Jones,"
1541:
1468:
1453:
1222:
599:
408:
273:
267:
50:
1256:
1804:
1473:
1138:
299:
246:
803:
Life, work, and rebellion in the coal fields : the southern West Virginia miners, 1880–1922
1419:
680:
653:
488:
232:
25:
1567:
1425:
1409:
1379:
195:
1232:
1076:
1717:
1682:
1603:
1103:
510:
334:
207:
1191:
Life, Work, and Rebellion in the Coal Fields: The Southern West Virginia Miners, 1880–1922
1013:
640:. Facing a large and well equipped fighting force, the miners were forced to stand down.
8:
1809:
1778:
1631:
1618:
1598:
1521:
1483:
1463:
684:
541:
On April 22 and 23, 1920, between 275 and 300 miners in Matewan, Mingo County joined the
461:
373:
961:
683:, it used archival material and interviews to convey the story as part of their ongoing
1885:
1737:
1582:
1219:
Rebels and Renegades: A Chronology of Social and Political Dissent in the United States
896:
429:
412:
183:
1333:
1323:
1299:
1274:
1742:
1677:
1577:
1488:
1309:
1291:
1266:
1242:
1208:
1194:
943:
933:
854:
844:
816:
806:
629:
624:
536:
492:
369:
305:
263:
177:
160:
1692:
1636:
1526:
1511:
914:
888:
691:
396:
309:
187:
379:
The mining companies refused to meet the demands of the workers and instead hired
1783:
1697:
1646:
1531:
283:
236:
1831:
1758:
1458:
873:
166:
1879:
1768:
1732:
1656:
1104:"West Virginia filled with festivals for this upcoming weekend," May 13, 2008
858:
679:
and was originally aired on the network January 26, 2016. Narrated by actor
465:
74:
70:
21:
947:
1846:
1763:
1727:
1651:
1626:
1288:
The Battle of Blair Mountain: The Story of America's Largest Labor Uprising
820:
566:
558:
438:
448:, West Virginia miners faced higher death rates than even soldiers in the
1865:
1815:
1788:
1641:
1608:
1394:
659:
637:
514:
445:
433:
1177:
Working Class Radicals: The Socialist Party in West Virginia, 1898-1920.
1836:
1722:
1661:
1557:
1369:
900:
605:
1821:
1414:
506:, acquired weapons and retaliated against the mining company guards.
191:
137:
892:
1702:
1399:
1158:
44:
608:, approximately ten miles south of West Virginia state capital of
1841:
1433:
1429:
664:
471:
1308:(Charleston, WV: Pictorial Histories Publishing Company, 1991),
1008:
1006:
662:
dramatized the events of the Matewan shootout in his 1987 film
1437:
1338:
1263:
Thunder in the Mountains: The West Virginia Mine War, 1920–21
1003:
1320:
A Guide to Historic Coal Towns of the Big Sandy River Valley
1193:, new ed. (Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1981),
361:, arose out of a dispute between coal companies and miners.
105:
1241:(Morgantown, WV: West Virginia University Library, 1969),
437:
West Virginia prompted many mining companies to construct
428:
West Virginia had only a few active coal mines during the
411:, the largest insurrection in the United States since the
49:
Coal miners displaying a bomb that was dropped during the
1143:
676:
1911:
Labor disputes led by the United Mine Workers of America
930:
Mother Jones : the most dangerous woman in America
1139:"The Mine Wars | American Experience | PBS"
1330:
Hearings before the Committee on Education and Labor
1265:(Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1990),
432:, with fewer than 1,600 miners in the whole state.
1306:The Goldenseal Book of the West Virginia Mine Wars
455:
1877:
1563:Social and economic stratification in Appalachia
495:even visited the state to pledge their support.
652:The Matewan shootout is re-enacted annually in
604:From August 20, 1921, miners began rallying at
464:(UMW) in response to wage reductions following
423:
366:Cabin Creek and Paint Creek strike of 1912–1913
364:The West Virginia mine wars era began with the
1207:(Charleston, WV: Appalachian Editions, 1990),
843:. Morgantown: West Virginia University Press.
576:
472:Cabin Creek and Paint Creek strikes: 1912–1913
1354:
756:
754:
740:
738:
736:
734:
732:
730:
728:
726:
724:
121:
1931:Labor-related violence in the United States
593:
509:In September, 1912, West Virginia Governor
460:Some West Virginian coal miners joined the
1361:
1347:
1251:Owens, John W., "Gumen in West Virginia,"
760:Blizzard, W. C., & Harris, W. (2010).
751:
721:
128:
114:
1205:The West Virginia Mine Wars: An Anthology
987:"The Coal Mining Massacre America Forgot"
984:
805:. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
553:On May 19, 1920, thirteen agents of the
530:
1322:(University of Tennessee Press, 2004),
403:and local miners, who later joined the
1878:
1517:Paint Creek–Cabin Creek strike of 1912
1290:(Boulder, CO.: Westview Press, 2004),
1186:(West Virginia University Press, 2008)
871:
838:
800:
709:Paint Creek–Cabin Creek strike of 1912
478:Paint Creek–Cabin Creek strike of 1912
1342:
1179:West Virginia University Press, 2012.
796:
794:
792:
790:
109:
927:
834:
832:
830:
788:
786:
784:
782:
780:
778:
776:
774:
772:
770:
407:, sparked what became known as the
13:
1062:"Two Camps Hold Men Ready to Go",
881:The Quarterly Journal of Economics
491:and the well-known labor activist
397:shootout in Matewan, West Virginia
14:
1957:
1077:"West Virginia History Volume 50"
915:"E-WV | Battle of Stanaford"
874:"The Coal Miners' Strike of 1897"
827:
767:
16:Armed labor conflicts (1912–1921)
1404:Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians
675:was made about these events for
370:Mary "Mother Jones" Harris Jones
43:
1946:Civil wars in the United States
1921:1921 labor disputes and strikes
1916:1920 labor disputes and strikes
1901:Labor disputes in West Virginia
1151:
1131:
1109:
1093:
1069:
1056:
1043:
1030:
357:(1912–1921), also known as the
1573:Childbirth in rural Appalachia
1368:
978:
954:
921:
907:
865:
704:UMW General coal strike (1922)
623:On August 30, 1921, President
555:Baldwin-Felts Detective Agency
543:United Mine Workers of America
500:Baldwin-Felts Detective Agency
456:Mining unions in West Virginia
405:United Mine Workers of America
1:
1774:John Gordon (militia captain)
1478:Battle of the Grapevine Creek
1169:
418:
135:
1853:The Hatfields and the McCoys
1827:Moonshine in popular culture
1382:in the Eastern United States
1106:, accessed December 14, 2010
525:
450:American Expeditionary Force
424:Coal mining in West Virginia
7:
1014:"West Virginia's Mine Wars"
932:. New York: Hill and Wang.
839:Bailey, Rebecca J. (2008).
764:. Oakland, Calif: PM Press.
746:The Business History Review
697:
614:Logan County, West Virginia
577:After the Battle of Matewan
10:
1962:
1713:Cumberland Gap (folk song)
597:
534:
504:Socialist Party of America
475:
1896:Coal mining in Appalachia
1862:
1797:
1751:
1708:Cripple Creek (folk song)
1688:Blackberry Blossom (tune)
1670:
1617:
1591:
1550:
1507:Kentucky County, Virginia
1446:
1387:
1376:
1203:Corbin, David Alan, ed.,
1066:, September 1, 1921, p. 1
1053:, September 1, 1921, p. 1
928:Gorn, Elliott J. (2001).
647:
329:US Bituminous coal strike
323:US Bituminous coal strike
290:Indiana bituminous strike
145:
96:
88:
80:
66:
58:
42:
1542:1920 Alabama coal strike
1454:Battle of Blair Mountain
1324:available online in part
1300:available online in part
1275:available online in part
1223:available online in part
985:Boissoneault, Lorraine.
714:
600:Battle of Blair Mountain
594:Battle of Blair Mountain
409:Battle of Blair Mountain
399:, between agents of the
268:Battle of Blair Mountain
51:Battle of Blair Mountain
1906:Mining in West Virginia
1805:Appalachian stereotypes
1537:West Virginia coal wars
1283:, vol. 40 (Summer 1979)
1221:(NY: Routledge, 2002),
1064:Washington Evening Star
1051:Washington Evening Star
1040:, August 31, 1921, p. 1
801:David., Corbin (1981).
355:West Virginia coal wars
341:Warrior Met Coal strike
300:Columbine Mine massacre
280:UMW General Coal Strike
260:West Virginia coal wars
247:Hartford coal mine riot
38:West Virginia coal wars
18:
1891:1920s in West Virginia
1752:Historical individuals
1328:United States Senate,
1255:, September 21, 1921,
872:George, J. E. (1898).
654:Matewan, West Virginia
274:Alabama miners' strike
233:Colorado Coalfield War
202:Anthracite coal strike
172:Bituminous coal strike
155:Mahoning Valley strike
31:considered for merging
1941:1921 in West Virginia
1936:1920 in West Virginia
1926:Society of Appalachia
1568:Appalachian Americans
1426:Kanawha Valley people
1410:Chestnut Ridge people
1380:Appalachian Mountains
1281:West Virginia History
1229:West Virginia History
1038:Lexington (KY) Herald
531:The Battle of Matewan
384:in these coal camps.
196:Carterville Mine Riot
1864:Part of a series on
1718:East Tennessee Blues
1683:Appalachian dulcimer
1604:Appalachian folk art
1469:French–Eversole feud
1304:Sullivan, Ken, ed.,
1189:Corbin, David Alan,
1182:Bailey, Rebecca J.,
1126:– via afi.com.
671:A documentary named
511:William E. Glasscock
452:fighting in Europe.
381:Baldwin-Felts agents
335:Pittston Coal strike
296:Colorado Coal Strike
227:Paint Creek mine war
208:Carbon county strike
1810:Appalachian studies
1779:Devil Anse Hatfield
1632:chicken fried steak
1599:Appalachian English
1522:Southwest Territory
1484:Lincoln County feud
1474:Hatfield–McCoy feud
1464:Coal strike of 1902
685:American Experience
493:Mary "Mother" Jones
462:United Mine Workers
395:On May 19, 1920, a
374:United Mine Workers
221:Westmoreland strike
39:
1798:In popular culture
1738:Shady Grove (song)
1583:Urban Appalachians
1318:Torok, George D.,
1231:, vol. 50 (1991),
1159:"About the Museum"
962:"Matewan Massacre"
413:American Civil War
184:Illinois coal wars
37:
1873:
1872:
1743:Tom Dooley (song)
1678:Appalachian music
1671:Traditional music
1578:Settlement school
1489:Hillbilly Highway
1332:(2 vols., 1921),
1102:(Huntington, WV:
1081:www.wvculture.org
1018:www.wvculture.org
966:www.wvculture.org
762:When Miners March
630:Warren G. Harding
625:Warren G. Harding
537:Battle of Matewan
466:The Panic of 1893
368:. With help from
350:
349:
306:Harlan County War
264:Battle of Matewan
178:Lattimer massacre
161:Morewood massacre
104:
103:
1953:
1868:around the world
1693:Bluegrass fiddle
1647:Goo Goo Clusters
1527:Trans-Appalachia
1512:Overmountain Men
1363:
1356:
1349:
1340:
1339:
1334:available online
1286:Shogan, Robert,
1257:available online
1237:Lee, Howard B.,
1233:available online
1175:Barkey, Fred A.
1163:
1162:
1155:
1149:
1148:
1135:
1129:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1117:"Matewan (1987)"
1113:
1107:
1097:
1091:
1090:
1088:
1087:
1073:
1067:
1060:
1054:
1047:
1041:
1034:
1028:
1027:
1025:
1024:
1010:
1001:
1000:
998:
997:
982:
976:
975:
973:
972:
958:
952:
951:
925:
919:
918:
911:
905:
904:
878:
869:
863:
862:
836:
825:
824:
798:
765:
758:
749:
742:
692:Matewan Massacre
310:Battle of Evarts
188:Battle of Virden
140:
130:
123:
116:
107:
106:
47:
40:
36:
34:
1961:
1960:
1956:
1955:
1954:
1952:
1951:
1950:
1876:
1875:
1874:
1869:
1858:
1793:
1784:Abraham Lincoln
1747:
1698:Bluegrass music
1666:
1613:
1587:
1546:
1532:Wilderness Road
1442:
1383:
1372:
1367:
1172:
1167:
1166:
1157:
1156:
1152:
1137:
1136:
1132:
1121:
1119:
1115:
1114:
1110:
1100:Herald Dispatch
1098:
1094:
1085:
1083:
1075:
1074:
1070:
1061:
1057:
1048:
1044:
1035:
1031:
1022:
1020:
1012:
1011:
1004:
995:
993:
983:
979:
970:
968:
960:
959:
955:
940:
926:
922:
913:
912:
908:
893:10.2307/1882118
876:
870:
866:
851:
837:
828:
813:
799:
768:
759:
752:
748:, 50(1), 69–91.
743:
722:
717:
700:
650:
602:
596:
579:
539:
533:
528:
480:
474:
458:
426:
421:
351:
346:
284:Herrin massacre
237:Ludlow Massacre
141:
136:
134:
54:
35:
19:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1959:
1949:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1871:
1870:
1863:
1860:
1859:
1857:
1856:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1832:Mountain white
1829:
1824:
1819:
1812:
1807:
1801:
1799:
1795:
1794:
1792:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1759:Francis Asbury
1755:
1753:
1749:
1748:
1746:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1674:
1672:
1668:
1667:
1665:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1623:
1621:
1615:
1614:
1612:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1595:
1593:
1589:
1588:
1586:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1554:
1552:
1548:
1547:
1545:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1486:
1481:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1459:Coal Creek War
1456:
1450:
1448:
1444:
1443:
1441:
1440:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1397:
1391:
1389:
1385:
1384:
1378:People of the
1377:
1374:
1373:
1366:
1365:
1358:
1351:
1343:
1337:
1336:
1326:
1316:
1302:
1284:
1277:
1259:
1249:
1235:
1225:
1215:
1201:
1187:
1180:
1171:
1168:
1165:
1164:
1150:
1130:
1108:
1092:
1068:
1055:
1042:
1029:
1002:
977:
953:
938:
920:
906:
887:(2): 186–208.
864:
850:978-1933202280
849:
826:
811:
766:
750:
719:
718:
716:
713:
712:
711:
706:
699:
696:
681:Michael Murphy
649:
646:
598:Main article:
595:
592:
578:
575:
535:Main article:
532:
529:
527:
524:
476:Main article:
473:
470:
457:
454:
425:
422:
420:
417:
348:
347:
345:
344:
338:
332:
326:
319:
318:
314:
313:
303:
293:
287:
277:
271:
256:
255:
251:
250:
244:
241:The 10-Day War
230:
224:
217:
216:
212:
211:
205:
199:
181:
175:
169:
167:Coal Creek War
164:
158:
151:
150:
146:
143:
142:
133:
132:
125:
118:
110:
102:
101:
98:
94:
93:
90:
86:
85:
82:
78:
77:
68:
64:
63:
60:
56:
55:
48:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1958:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1883:
1881:
1867:
1861:
1855:
1854:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1817:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1802:
1800:
1796:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1769:Davy Crockett
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1756:
1754:
1750:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1733:Nottamun Town
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1675:
1673:
1669:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1657:sorghum syrup
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1624:
1622:
1620:
1616:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1596:
1594:
1590:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1555:
1553:
1549:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1479:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1451:
1449:
1445:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1405:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1392:
1390:
1388:Ethnic groups
1386:
1381:
1375:
1371:
1364:
1359:
1357:
1352:
1350:
1345:
1344:
1341:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1282:
1278:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1261:Savage, Lon,
1260:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1185:
1181:
1178:
1174:
1173:
1160:
1154:
1146:
1145:
1140:
1134:
1118:
1112:
1105:
1101:
1096:
1082:
1078:
1072:
1065:
1059:
1052:
1046:
1039:
1033:
1019:
1015:
1009:
1007:
992:
988:
981:
967:
963:
957:
949:
945:
941:
935:
931:
924:
916:
910:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
875:
868:
860:
856:
852:
846:
842:
835:
833:
831:
822:
818:
814:
808:
804:
797:
795:
793:
791:
789:
787:
785:
783:
781:
779:
777:
775:
773:
771:
763:
757:
755:
747:
741:
739:
737:
735:
733:
731:
729:
727:
725:
720:
710:
707:
705:
702:
701:
695:
693:
688:
686:
682:
678:
674:
673:The Mine Wars
669:
667:
666:
661:
657:
655:
645:
641:
639:
633:
631:
626:
621:
617:
615:
611:
607:
601:
591:
587:
583:
574:
570:
568:
563:
560:
556:
551:
548:
547:Baldwin-Felts
544:
538:
523:
519:
516:
512:
507:
505:
501:
496:
494:
490:
484:
479:
469:
467:
463:
453:
451:
447:
442:
440:
439:company towns
435:
431:
416:
414:
410:
406:
402:
401:Baldwin-Felts
398:
393:
389:
385:
382:
377:
375:
371:
367:
362:
360:
356:
342:
339:
336:
333:
330:
327:
324:
321:
320:
317:1940s – 2020s
316:
315:
311:
307:
304:
301:
297:
294:
291:
288:
285:
281:
278:
275:
272:
269:
265:
261:
258:
257:
254:1920s – 1930s
253:
252:
248:
245:
242:
238:
234:
231:
228:
225:
222:
219:
218:
214:
213:
209:
206:
203:
200:
197:
193:
189:
185:
182:
179:
176:
173:
170:
168:
165:
162:
159:
156:
153:
152:
149:1870s – 1900s
148:
147:
144:
139:
131:
126:
124:
119:
117:
112:
111:
108:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
81:Also known as
79:
76:
75:United States
72:
71:West Virginia
69:
65:
61:
57:
52:
46:
41:
32:
28:
27:
26:Infobox event
23:
1851:
1847:Redneck joke
1814:
1764:Daniel Boone
1728:In the Pines
1652:Shucky beans
1627:apple butter
1536:
1420:Scotch-Irish
1329:
1319:
1305:
1287:
1280:
1262:
1253:New Republic
1252:
1238:
1228:
1218:
1204:
1190:
1183:
1176:
1153:
1142:
1133:
1120:. Retrieved
1111:
1099:
1095:
1084:. Retrieved
1080:
1071:
1063:
1058:
1050:
1045:
1037:
1032:
1021:. Retrieved
1017:
994:. Retrieved
990:
980:
969:. Retrieved
965:
956:
929:
923:
909:
884:
880:
867:
840:
802:
761:
745:
689:
672:
670:
663:
658:
651:
642:
634:
622:
618:
603:
588:
584:
580:
571:
567:Sid Hatfield
564:
559:Sid Hatfield
552:
540:
520:
508:
497:
485:
481:
459:
443:
430:US Civil War
427:
394:
390:
386:
378:
363:
358:
354:
352:
259:
89:Participants
24:
1866:hill people
1816:Deliverance
1789:Belle Starr
1642:country ham
1609:Affrilachia
1395:Black-Dutch
1122:23 February
991:Smithsonian
660:John Sayles
638:World War I
515:martial law
489:Frank Hayes
446:World War I
434:Coal mining
308:1931–1939 (
186:1898–1900 (
20:‹ The
1880:Categories
1837:Poor White
1723:Hootenanny
1662:soup beans
1558:Appalachia
1370:Appalachia
1314:0929521579
1296:0813340969
1271:0822936348
1247:0870120417
1213:0962748609
1199:0252008952
1170:References
1086:2017-12-23
1023:2017-12-23
996:2017-12-20
971:2017-12-16
939:0809070944
812:0252008952
628:President
610:Charleston
606:Lens Creek
419:Background
1886:Coal Wars
1822:Hillbilly
1637:chow-chow
1493:Baltimore
1424:formerly
1415:Melungeon
859:801665496
526:1920–1922
513:declared
359:mine wars
298:1927–28 (
262:1912–21 (
235:1913–14 (
192:Pana riot
138:Coal Wars
84:Mine wars
62:1912–1921
29:is being
1703:Clogging
1400:Cherokee
948:44468884
698:See also
687:series.
67:Location
33:. ›
22:template
1842:Redneck
1619:Cuisine
1592:Culture
1551:Society
1501:Detroit
1497:Chicago
1447:History
1434:Shawnee
1430:Koasati
901:1882118
821:6890155
665:Matewan
376:(UMW).
343:2021–23
337:1989–90
331:1977–78
223:1910–11
210:1903–04
97:Outcome
53:in 1921
1436:, and
1312:
1294:
1269:
1245:
1211:
1197:
946:
936:
899:
857:
847:
819:
809:
648:Legacy
282:1922 (
1438:Yuchi
897:JSTOR
877:(PDF)
715:Notes
483:UMW.
215:1910s
1310:ISBN
1292:ISBN
1267:ISBN
1243:ISBN
1209:ISBN
1195:ISBN
1124:2022
944:OCLC
934:ISBN
855:OCLC
845:ISBN
817:OCLC
807:ISBN
353:The
325:1974
292:1927
276:1920
249:1914
229:1912
204:1902
180:1897
174:1894
163:1891
157:1873
59:Date
1144:PBS
889:doi
677:PBS
1882::
1499:,
1495:,
1432:,
1428:,
1298:,
1273:,
1141:.
1079:.
1016:.
1005:^
989:.
964:.
942:.
895:.
885:12
883:.
879:.
853:.
829:^
815:.
769:^
753:^
723:^
694:.
668:.
656:.
415:.
266:,
239:,
194:,
190:,
73:,
1503:)
1491:(
1480:)
1476:(
1406:)
1402:(
1362:e
1355:t
1348:v
1161:.
1147:.
1128:.
1089:.
1026:.
999:.
974:.
950:.
917:.
903:.
891::
861:.
823:.
312:)
302:)
286:)
270:)
243:)
198:)
129:e
122:t
115:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
