Free France - Knowledge

2198: 4777: 2321: 2678: 491: 7894: 2255: 2984: 95: 4526: 5025: 2123: 7803: 2889: 7755: 1860: 81: 3621:. An Anglo-American force of 63,000 men landed in French Morocco and Algeria. The long-term goal was to clear German and Italian troops from North Africa, enhance naval control of the Mediterranean, and prepare an invasion of Italy in 1943. The Allies had hoped that Vichy forces would offer only token resistance to the Allies, but instead they fought hard, incurring heavy casualties. As a French foreign legionnaire put it after seeing his comrades die in an American bombing raid: "Ever since the fall of France, we had dreamed of deliverance, but we did not want it that way". 6777:"The Anglo-Americans again pointed out that the behavior of the French troops caused the most serious difficulties: they were continuously receiving complaints about robberies and homicides, the authenticity of which could not be put in doubt" For the essential, the American archives confirmed the accusations made by the Italian government "The most extraordinary and painful aspect of this issue is the attitude of the French officers. Far from intervening to stop those crimes, they abused the civilian population which were trying to oppose such acts", Tommaso Baris 12519: 7570: 12680: 160: 7608: 3498: 7539: 7513: 11188: 5083: 4861: 2477: 11253: 4309: 3953: 7685: 3478: 2372: 3603: 2836: 3286: 3049:(Kouang-Tchéou-Wan or Fort-Boyard), in South China, remained under the administration of Free France. The Republic of China, after the fall of Paris in 1940, recognised the London-exiled Free French government as Guangzhouwan's legitimate authority and established diplomatic relations with them, something facilitated by the fact that the colony was surrounded by the Republic of China's territory and was not in physical contact with French Indochina. In February 1943 the 7655: 2784: 13982: 7906: 3843: 3736: 7882: 7870: 7725: 1884: 1640: 3323: 4211: 5154: 3245: 1025: 449: 424: 1692: 2041: 1040: 4064: 3117: 11504: 2600:

our common enemy is Germany. Should we conquer we solemnly declare that we shall restore the greatness and territory of France. For this purpose we must make sure that the best ships of the French Navy are not used against us by the common foe. In these circumstances, His Majesty's Government have instructed me to demand that the French Fleet now at Mers el Kebir and

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between the creation of the Free French forces in the Summer 1940 and the merger with the Army of Africa in summer 1943, 73,300 men fought for Free France. This included 39,300 French (from metropolitan France and colonial settlers), 30,000 colonial soldiers (mostly from sub-Saharan Africa) and 3,800 foreigners. They were divided up as follows:

2078:"For us Frenchmen, the fact is that a government still exists in France, a government supported by a Parliament established in non-occupied territory and which in consequence cannot be considered irregular or deposed. The establishment elsewhere of another government, and all support for this other government would clearly be rebellion." 3774:. The latter wanted to pursue a political position in France and agreed to have Giraud as commander in chief, as the more qualified military person of the two. It is questionable that he ordered that many French resistance leaders who had helped Eisenhower's troops be arrested, without any protest by Roosevelt's representative, 4552:, if possible, but this was very difficult because of the large numbers of black West Africans in their ranks. General Leclerc sent a small advance party to enter Paris, with the message that the 2e DB (composed of 10,500 French, 3,600 Maghrebis and about 350 Spaniards in the 9th company of the 3rd Battalion of the 133: 137: 136: 135: 1649:

Historically, an individual became "Free French" by enlisting in the military units organised by the CFN or by employment by the civilian arm of the Committee. On 1 August 1943 after the merger of CFN and representatives of the former Vichy regime in North Africa to form the CFLN earlier in June, the

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and manpower pools of experienced fighters to allow a very large and rapid expansion of the French Liberation Army. It was well equipped and well supplied despite the economic disruption brought by the occupation thanks to Lend-Lease, and their number rose to 1 million by the end of the year. French

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You hear, Gentlemen? It is a new evidence that I have always been right! The French are, after us, the best soldiers! Even with its current birthrate, France will always be able to mobilise a hundred divisions! After this war, we will have to find allies able to contain a country which is capable of

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suggests the spirit of the times in the Free French Forces; a commander reproaches one of Clostermann's comrades for having yellow shoes and a yellow sweater under his uniform, to which the comrade responds: "My Commander, I am a civilian who voluntarily came to fight the war that the soldiers don't

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and the Pacific island volunteers. It also included the Foreign Legion Brigades. In late September and early October 1944, both the Tirailleurs Sénégalais brigades and Pacific Islanders were replaced by brigades of troops recruited from mainland France. This was also when many new Infantry divisions

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had the means or opportunity to escape. Like all military personnel trapped on the mainland, they were functionally subject to the Pétain government: "French authorities made it clear that those who acted on their own initiative would be classed as deserters, and guards were placed to thwart efforts

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De Gaulle's influence had also grown in France, and in 1942 one resistance leader called him "the only possible leader for the France that fights". Other Gaullists, those who could not leave France (that is, the overwhelming majority of them), remained in the territories ruled by Vichy and the Axis

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After the signing of the cease-fire, the Germans lost faith in the Vichy regime, and on 11 November 1942 German and Italian forces occupied Vichy France (Case Anton), violating the 1940 armistice, and triggering the scuttling of the French fleet in Toulon on 27 November 1942. In response, the Vichy

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feared that, in German or Italian hands, the ships of the French Navy would pose a grave threat to the Allies. He therefore insisted that French warships either join the Allies or else adopt neutrality in a British, French, or neutral port. Churchill was determined that French warships would not be

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Before the addition of the assemblies of Northern Africa and the loss of the runaways who fled France and went to Spain in the spring of 1943 (10,000 according to Jean-Noël Vincent's calculations), a report by the major state general of the Free French Forces in London from October 30, 1942 records

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argued "It will not be enough that, with the help of our dear and admirable Allies, we have got rid of him from our home for us to be satisfied after what happened. We want to enter his territory as it should be, as victors", clearly showing his ambition that France be considered one of the World

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in the first major reverse for the Nazis. Gradually the tide of war began to shift, and with it the perception that Hitler could at last be beaten. Support for Free France began to grow, though the Vichy French forces would continue to resist Allied armies—and the Free French—when attacked by them

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It is impossible for us, your comrades up to now, to allow your fine ships to fall into the power of the German enemy. We are determined to fight on until the end, and if we win, as we think we shall, we shall never forget that France was our Ally, that our interests are the same as hers, and that

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In 2009, in his work on the Free French Forces, Jean-François Muracciole, a French historian specializing in Free France, reevaluated his count with that of Henri Écochard, while considering that Écochard's list had greatly underestimated the number of colonial combatants. According to Muracciole,

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French India, New Caledonia/New Hebrides and French Polynesia, were totally dependent economically and for their communication on British and Australian goodwill and support for Vichy was not a realistic option. Jean-Marc Regnault and Ismet Kurtovitch, "Les ralliements du Pacifique en 1940. Entre

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in Algeria, sinking or crippling three battleships. Because the Vichy government only said that there had been no alternatives offered, the attack caused great bitterness in France, particularly in the Navy (over 1,000 French sailors were killed), and helped to reinforce the ancient stereotype of

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General Leclerc's second armored division included two units of female volunteers: The Rochambeau Group with the Army (dozens of women) and the Woman Service of the Naval Fleet with the Navy (9 women). Their role consisted of administering first aid to the first line of injured soldiers (often to

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In May 1943, citing the Joint Planning Staff, Jean-Louis Crémieux-Brilhac alludes to 79,600 men who constitute ground forces, including 21,500 men from special Syro-Lebanese troops, 2,000 men of color supervised by Free French Forces in northern Palestine, and 650 soldiers assigned to the general

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The ethnic composition of divisions varied. The main common difference, before the period of August to November 1944, was armoured divisions and armour and support elements within infantry divisions were constituted of mainly white French soldiers and infantry elements of infantry divisions were

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had been recognised as the leader of Free France by British Prime Minister Winston Churchill back on 28 June 1940, his GPRF presidency had not resulted from democratic elections. However, two months after the liberation of Paris and one month after the new "unanimity government", the Big Three

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Later that day Darlan ordered a ceasefire and Vichy French forces began, en masse, to join the Free French cause. Initially at least the effectiveness of these new recruits was hampered by a scarcity of weaponry and, among some of the officer class, a lack of conviction in their new cause.

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again broadcast to the French nation saying that in France, "all forms of authority had disappeared" and since its government had "fallen under the bondage of the enemy and all our institutions have ceased to function", that it was "the clear duty" of all French servicemen to fight on.

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said on 12 June 1942, of the battle: "The United Nations need to be filled with admiration and gratitude, in respect of these French troops and their brave General Koenig". Even Hitler was impressed, announcing to the journalist Lutz Koch, recently returned from Bir Hakeim:

3972:. Together with British and Commonwealth forces, the FFF advanced from the south while the formerly Vichy-loyal Army of Africa advanced from the west together with the Americans. The fighting in Tunisia ended with the Axis forces surrendering to the Allies in July 1943. 4624:

arrived in London from Algiers on Churchill's invitation, and three days before D-Day. Its creation marked the re-establishment of France as a republic, and the official end of Free France. Among its most immediate concerns were to ensure that France did not come under

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on the northern coast of South America—finally joined Free France in the first months of 1943. In November 1943, the French forces received enough military equipment through Lend-Lease to re-equip eight divisions and allow the return of borrowed British equipment.

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By the end of November 1940 French Equatorial Africa was wholly under the control of Free France, but the failures at Dakar had led French West Africa to declare allegiance to Vichy, to which they would remain loyal until the fall of the regime in November 1942.

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Italians civilians on a massive scale during those operations, often under the indifferent eye of their French officers, if not their encouragement. Acts of violence by French troops against civilians continued even after the liberation of Rome. French Marshal

2824:, leaving Éboué with more direct authority over Chad. On 26 August, with the help of his top military official, Éboué pledged his colony's allegiance to Free France. By the end of August, all of French Equatorial Africa (including the League of Nations mandate 1495:'s appeal and reaffirmed their loyalty to Marshall Pétain and the Vichy government. It was only progressively, often with the decisive military intervention of the Allies, that Free France took over more Vichy possessions, securing the majority of colonies by 1992:

existed following the Armistice, as both Free France and Vichy France refrained from making that implicit claim by studiously avoiding using the word "republic" when referring to themselves. In Vichy's case, underlying reasons were compounded by ideals of a

1968:, that the armistice soon to be signed with the Nazis was not merely dishonourable but illegal, and that in signing it, the French government would itself be committing treason. On the other hand, if Vichy was the legal French government as some such as 1824:

was 73 years old and like Pétain, an Anglophobe who viewed Dunkirk as another example of Britain's unreliability as an ally; de Gaulle later recounted he 'gave up hope' when the Germans renewed their attack on 8 June and demanded an immediate Armistice.

2168:, her crew showing little inclination to side with the British in their continued fight against the Nazis. Already obsolete at the start of the war, she would remain in Martinique for the next four years, her aircraft rusting in the tropical climate. 2059:'s call to continue the struggle, few French forces initially pledged their support. By the end of July 1940, only about 7,000 soldiers had joined the Free French Army in England. Three-quarters of French servicemen in Britain requested repatriation. 4788:

By September 1944, the Free French forces stood at 560,000 (including 176,500 White French from North Africa, 63,000 metropolitan French, 233,000 Maghrebis and 80,000 from Black Africa). The GPRF set about raising new troops to participate in the

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was established to organise and administer the imperial possessions under Free French rule, and as an alternative provisional French government. It was constituted of high-ranking officers and the governors of the free colonies, notably governor

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in Vichy France and sentenced to death for treason. He, on the other hand, regarded himself as the last remaining member of the legitimate Reynaud government and considered Pétain's assumption of power to be an unconstitutional coup d'état.

5118:, in the shape of the Cross of Lorraine combined with an anchor, was raised by subscription as a memorial to sailors on the Free French Naval Forces vessels that sailed from the Firth of Clyde to take part in the Battle of the Atlantic. 1770:. A defensive line was re-established along the Somme but much of the armour was lost in Northern France; they were also crippled by shortages of aircraft, the vast majority incurred when airfields were over-run, rather than air combat. 1944:) was not widely heard that day but, together with his BBC broadcasts in subsequent days and his later communications, came to be widely remembered throughout France and its colonial empire as the voice of national honour and freedom. 132: 3763:) for North and West Africa. He ordered them to cease resisting and co-operate with the Allies, which they did. By the time the Tunisia Campaign was fought, the ex-Vichy French forces in North Africa had been merged with the FFF. 2082:

Equally, few Frenchmen believed that Britain could stand alone. In June 1940, Pétain and his generals told Churchill that "in three weeks, England will have her neck wrung like a chicken". Of France's far-flung empire, only the

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and 140,000 French troops were evacuated from Dunkirk. Neither side viewed this as the end of the battle; French evacuees were quickly returned to France and many fought in the June battles. After being evacuated from Dunkirk,

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was made up of 65% Mahgrebians and 35% Europeans. The three North African divisions had one brigade of North African soldiers in each division replaced with a brigade of French Forces of the Interior in January 1945. Both the

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The Vichy forces in North Africa had been under Darlan's command and had surrendered on his orders. The Allies recognised his self-nomination as High Commissioner of France (French military and civilian commander-in-chief,

2320: 5049:(Roosevelt, Stalin and Churchill), was that the President of the Provisional Government of the French Republic (GPRF), established on 3 June 1944, was not recognised as the legitimate representative of France. Even though 4406:(France's largest commercial port) in order to secure a vital supply line for the incoming troops. Most of the German troops there were second-line, consisting mainly of static and occupation units with a large number of 134: 3825:

The CFLN set up a temporary French government in Algiers, raised more troops and re-organised, re-trained and re-equipped the Free French military, in co-operation with Allied forces in preparation of future operations

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by the 1940s, the Free French government once operating there considered itself to be physically seated within France proper, to the same extent as if it were located in European France, and not a government-in-exile.

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De Gaulle was optimistic that France's colonies in western and central Africa, which had strong trading links with British territories, might be sympathetic to the Free French. Pierre Boisson, the governor-general of

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in April 1942, had negotiated with the Americans for leadership in the invasion. He arrived in Algiers on 10 November, and agreed to subordinate himself to Admiral Darlan as the commander of the French African army.

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during 1943–1944, a total of between 70,000 and 130,000 Free French soldiers fought on the Allied side. The French Expeditionary Corps consisted of 60% colonial soldiers, mostly Moroccans and 40% Europeans, mostly

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and the New Hebrides joined Free France in the summer 1940, drawing official American interest. These South Pacific colonies would later provide vital Allied bases in the Pacific Ocean during the war with Japan.

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forces after the June 1940 armistice. Postwar, to settle disputes over the Free French heritage, the French government issued an official definition of the term. Under this "ministerial instruction of July 1953"

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had assured Churchill that the French units in Syria would rise to the call of Free France, but this was not the case. After bitter fighting, with around 1,000 dead on each side (including Vichy and Free French

4910:(21 April 1945). On 22 April 1945, it captured Sigmaringen in Baden-Württemberg, where the last Vichy regime exiles, including Marshal Pétain, were hosted by the Germans in one of the ancestral castles of the 490: 2862:. The local authorities were not impressed by the Allied show of strength, and had the better of the naval bombardment which followed, leading to a humiliating withdrawal by the Allied ships. So strong was 3907:

between 22 March 1943, and 9 May 1945, during which time it destroyed 273 enemy aircraft and received numerous orders, citations and decorations from both France and the Soviet Union, including the French

2616:(c) Alternatively if you feel bound to stipulate that your ships should not be used against the Germans lest they break the Armistice, then sail them with us with reduced crews to some French port in the 2211:

The Free French forces included men from the French Pacific Islands. Mainly coming from Tahiti, there were 550 volunteers in April 1941. They would serve through the North African campaign (including the

6883:"Aspect méconnu de la composition de la 2e DB: en avril 1944, celle-ci comporte sur un effectif total de 14 490, une proportion de 25% de soldats nord-africains : 3 600", Christine Levisse-Touzé, 5903: 1348: 2706:

In November 1940, around 1,700 officers and men of the French Navy took advantage of the British offer of repatriation to France, and were transported home on a hospital ship travelling under the

1568:, CFLN) was formed as the provisional government of all French, uniting the disparate forces that opposed the Axis and their collaborators. On 1 August 1943, Free French Forces united with the 3594:, driving Rommel's Afrika Korps out of Egypt and back into Libya. This was the first major success of a Western Allied army against the Axis powers, and marked a key turning point in the war. 2220:

and much of the Liberation of France. In November 1944, 275 remaining volunteers were repatriated and replaced with men of French Forces of the Interior to deal better with the cold weather.

4731: 3880:. The regiment is notable for being the only air combat unit from an Allied western country to participate on the Eastern Front during World War II (except brief interventions from RAF and 1424: 159: 4684:" because of alleged sexual relationships with Germans during the occupation were arrested and had their heads shaved, were publicly exhibited and some were allowed to be mauled by mobs. 4351:, and provided general intelligence to the allied forces. The constant harassment took its toll on the German troops. Large remote areas were no-go zones for them and free zones for the 1766:, the only remaining fully equipped formation in Britain. Contrary to what is often assumed, French morale was higher in June than May and they easily repulsed an attack in the south by 4234:

in the Italian campaign in September 1943, the easily defensible terrain of the narrow peninsula required only a relatively limited number of German troops to protect and occupy their

4426:. Within 12 days the French forces were able to secure both ports, destroying two German Divisions in the process. Then on 12 September, French forces were able to connect to General 2881:

personally surveyed the situation in Chad, the first African colony to join Free France, located on the southern border of Libya, and the battle resulted in free French forces taking

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for instance—where they can be demilitarised to our satisfaction, or perhaps be entrusted to the United States and remain safe until the end of the war, the crews being repatriated.

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in a position to support a German invasion of Britain, though he feared that a direct attack on the French Navy might cause the Vichy regime to actively ally itself with the Nazis.

2066:, voiced the opinion of many of those who decided not to join the Free French forces, when in June 1940, he explained to the exasperated British why he would not order his ships in 12034: 3461:. On 5 November 1942, Annet, at last, surrendered. As in Syria, only a minority of the captured Vichy soldiers chose to join the Free French. After the battle, Free French general 2062:

France was bitterly divided by the conflict. Frenchmen everywhere were forced to choose sides, and often deeply resented those who had made a different choice. One French admiral,

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Gensoul's orders allowed him to accept internment in the West Indies, but after a discussion lasting ten hours, he rejected all offers, and British warships commanded by Admiral

5005:, Germany had been divided into Soviet, American and British occupation zones, but France was then given an occupation zone in Germany, as well as in Austria and in the city of 4324:, bitter fighting led to the almost total destruction of the city, and stalemated the Allies. They had more success in the western American sector of the front, where after the 3211:

until they became independent in 1946 and 1943 respectively. However, despite this success, the numbers of the FFF did not grow as much as had been wished for. Of nearly 38,000

11953: 2156:, en route from the United States loaded with a precious cargo of American fighter and bomber aircraft. Unwilling to return to occupied France, but likewise reluctant to join 4145: 13528: 5957: 2012:

on 24 June; both of these came into force on 25 June. After a parliamentary vote on 10 July, Pétain became the leader of the newly established authoritarian regime known as

12070: 6195: 4371:, but this and numerous other actions behind German lines contributed to a much faster advance following the Provence landings than the Allied leadership had anticipated. 9759: 6824: 3903:, leader of the Free French Forces, who felt it important that French servicemen serve on all fronts in the war. The regiment fought in three campaigns on behalf of the 2355:

stop bleeding) before evacuating them by stretcher to ambulances and then driving these ambulances under enemy fire to care centers several kilometers behind the lines.

1623:, and by end of the war totaled over 1.3 million troops—the fourth-largest Allied army in Europe. The provisional government ruled France until the establishment of the 9504: 2630:

Finally, failing the above, I have the orders from His Majesty's Government to use whatever force may be necessary to prevent your ships from falling into German hands.

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If either of these courses is adopted by you we will restore your ships to France at the conclusion of the war or pay full compensation if they are damaged meanwhile.

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Martin Thomas, "The Discarded Leader: General Henri Giraud and the Foundation of the French Committee of National Liberation", French History (1996) 10#12 pp. 86–111.

4418:. The Allies sustained only relatively light casualties during the amphibious assault, and were soon in an all-out pursuit of a German army in full retreat along the 14747: 11989: 11110: 9121: 13158: 13153: 13006: 12052: 3543:, their lowest ebb in the North African campaign. Koenig defended Bir Hakeim from 26 May to 11 June against superior German and Italian forces led by Generaloberst 12431: 12174: 11944: 4641: 3163:(Operation Exporter), Free French Forces fighting alongside British Commonwealth forces faced substantial numbers of troops loyal to Vichy France—this time in the 1643: 9448: 1915:, she can form a bloc that controls the seas and continue the struggle. She may, like England, draw upon the limitless industrial resources of the United States". 15075: 14527: 13047: 12167: 11762: 11648: 11637: 9044: 9016: 8160: 7086: 5178: 4632:

After the liberation of Paris on 25 August 1944, it moved back to the capital, establishing a new "national unanimity" government on 9 September 1944, including

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cut off the Franco-British strike force in Belgium. By the end of May, the British and French northern armies were trapped in a series of pockets, including

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The French 2nd Armoured Division, tip of the spear of the Free French forces that had participated in the Normandy Campaign and liberated Paris, went on to

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War II victors just like the Big Three. This perspective was not shared by the western Allies, as was demonstrated in the German Instrument of Surrender's

4438:'s 12th Army Group, which included Patton's Army. For its part, troops from de Lattre's French First Army were the first Allied troops to reach the Rhine. 2851:'s army. From July to November 1940, the FFF would engage in fighting with troops loyal to Vichy France in Africa, with success and failure on both sides. 94: 2752:

In total during the war, around 50 major ships and a few dozen minor and auxiliary ships were part of the Free French navy. It also included half a dozen

15105: 11349: 9541: 9030: 8646: 6149: 4626: 2197: 1927:'s speech, fearing that such a broadcast could provoke the Pétain government into handing the French fleet over to the Nazis, but British Prime Minister 1068: 11492: 6049: 3893:

or 3rd Fighter Group) in the Free French Air Force, first commanded by Jean Tulasne. The unit originated in mid-1943 during World War II. Initially the

3212: 13108: 8056: 1628: 1537:, before larger commands were established directly under the control of the government-in-exile. On 13 July 1942, "Free France" was officially renamed 4636:, nationalists, socialists, communists and anarchists, and uniting the politically divided Resistance. Among its foreign policy goals was to secure a 12467: 11803: 9427: 8867: 8743: 1102: 17: 7148: 7030: 7011: 6990: 4446: 12485: 11391: 8720: 8100: 7502: 5848: 12415: 12360: 11485: 9157: 8469: 5172: 4545: 11219: 13439: 12507: 8976: 8278: 7493: 5611: 5207: 10982: 6451: 3023: 1324: 14853: 14419: 13683: 13378: 12791: 12275: 11780: 9775: 9738: 9715: 9229: 8151: 8121: 6790:

Tommaso Baris: "Despite the Anglo-American command's request, acts of violence by French troops continued, even after the liberation of Rome"

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61,670 combatants in the Army, of which 20,200 were from colonies and 20,000 were from the Levant's special troops (non-Free French forces).

1587: 891: 442: 387: 9490: 6091: 5009:. It was not only the role that France played in the war which was recognised, but its important strategic position and significance in the 4837:"), the front stabilised along Belgium's northern and eastern borders and in Lorraine. From then on it moved at a slower pace, first to the 2171:

Many of the men in the French colonies felt a special need to defend France, their distant "motherland," eventually making up two-thirds of

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in London. A third option might be that neither considered that a fully free, legitimate, sovereign, and independent successor state to the

15085: 15065: 13923: 13794: 9868: 9724: 9708: 9680: 8921: 8128: 7443: 4711:. The Vichy regime's exile ended when Free French forces reached the town and captured its members on 22 April 1945, the same day that the 3100:

and become the dictator of France), other French possessions in the New World were among the last to defect from Vichy to the Allies (with

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France also had possessions in Asia and the Pacific, and these far-flung colonies would experience similar problems of divided loyalties.

2518: 13503: 12577: 12472: 12212: 11932: 11241: 10625: 9692: 9604: 9548: 9511: 8786: 4569: 2142:'s call to arms. Most units initially stayed loyal to Vichy, but about 3,600 sailors operating 50 ships around the world joined with the 1650:

FFF and the Army of Africa (constituting a major part of the Vichy regular forces allowed by the 1940 armistice) were merged to form the

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was one of a small group of government ministers who favoured continued resistance and Reynaud sent him to London in order to negotiate

12457: 11384: 9597: 8322: 4735: 4645: 4398:(also known as Operation Anvil), the Allied invasion of southern France. The objective of the French 2nd Corps was to capture ports at 2652:

Despite this, some French warships and sailors did remain on the Allied side or join the FNFL later, such as the mine-laying submarine

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was furious about the delay and was unwilling to allow the people of Paris to be slaughtered as had happened in the Polish capital of

15095: 14192: 12423: 11356: 11103: 9731: 8114: 8072: 7460: 3517:, British Empire forces fought a desperate land campaign against the Germans and Italians to prevent the loss of Egypt and the vital 2115:. Many more, however, made their way through long and circuitous routes to French territories overseas, eventually regrouping as the 6392: 3632:

from responding effectively to the allied landings around Algiers the same day, most Vichy figures were arrested (including General

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to the use of military means by colonial powers in the western hemisphere and recognised Vichy as the official French government.

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on 15 August 1944 that escalated into a full-scale uprising of the FFI a few days later. As the Allied forces waited near Paris,

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ordered General Leclerc to attack single-handedly without the aid of Allied forces. Eventually, Eisenhower agreed to detach the

3789:, which granted French citizenship to Jews in Algeria and which had been repealed by Vichy, was immediately restored by General 2610:(b) Sail with reduced crews under our control to a British port. The reduced crews would be repatriated at the earliest moment. 15090: 14567: 14552: 14469: 12771: 10050: 9562: 8405: 7943: 7667: 4880: 4790: 4767: 1616: 7433: 4745: 2254: 1198: 14320: 13814: 13752: 13598: 13404: 11427: 10646: 10551: 10078: 9824: 9699: 8778: 8752: 8609: 8315: 8232: 7417: 7386: 7365: 7320: 7301: 7282: 7228: 7058: 6906: 6855: 6619: 6557: 5719: 5304: 4519: 3957: 2468: 1887:

4 Carlton gardens, London. During WWII the building served as provisional headquarters of the Free French Resistance movement

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by the Germans. On 20 August, under German military escort, Pétain was forcibly moved to Belfort, and on 7 September to the

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was not an endeavour to be taken lightly. It required extensive preparations such as the construction of artificial ports (

3153: 2788: 2583:. With 22 ships sunk (12 of them German men-of-war) on 22 operational patrols, she achieved the highest kill number of the 1755: 1336: 12400: 4305:

in Normandy on 1 August 1944 together with other follow-on Free French forces, and eventually led the drive toward Paris.

4226:

Opening a "Second Front" was a top priority for the Allies, and especially for the Soviets to relieve their burden on the

15080: 14674: 14437: 14093: 14083: 13846: 13617: 13523: 10794: 10258: 9590: 9576: 8782: 4955: 4375: 3804:. The Allies discussed their general strategy for the war, and recognised joint leadership of North Africa by Giraud and 1817:. However, he was not personally popular; significantly, none of his immediate military subordinates joined him in 1940. 829: 12904: 11718: 7123: 6942:

Benjamin Stora, " L'Armée d'Afrique : les oubliés de la libération ", TDC, no 692, 15 mars 1995, Paris, CNDP, 1995.

5013:

as a major democratic, capitalist nation of Western Europe in holding back the influence of communism on the continent.

3096:

playing a key part in that, with him being firmly convinced that the general's aim was to create a South-American style

14522: 13358: 12500: 12462: 12307: 12007: 11735: 11471: 11003: 10872: 10750: 10328: 10043: 9994: 9752: 9307: 8552: 8391: 8239: 8093: 7834: 7486: 7438: 7074: 5490: 5465: 5388: 5167: 5067: 5028: 4794: 4771: 4530: 4298: 4126:" (Forces Françaises de l'Intérieur, or FFI). From October 1944 – March 1945, many FFI units were amalgamated into the 4058: 2236: 1620: 1054: 3793:. Democratic rule was restored in French Algeria, and the Communists and Jews liberated from the concentration camps. 2820:, a subsection of the overall colony. Boisson was soon promoted to "High Commissioner of Colonies" and transferred to 14494: 14479: 13804: 13735: 13586: 12786: 11478: 11119: 10001: 9973: 9790: 9372: 9084: 9051: 7257: 7193: 6961: 6584: 6469: 6317: 5413:

Alexander, Martin (2007). "After Dunkirk: The French Army's Performance Against 'Case Red', 25 May to 25 June 1940".

3702: 3388: 3370: 3272: 2983: 990: 13391: 12554: 12549: 12515: 8267: 6778: 4335:

The invasion was preceded by weeks of intense resistance activity. Coordinated with the massive bombardments of the

3352: 3173: 2419:, patron saint of France, whose symbol it had been, the province where she was born, and now partially annexed into 2332:

According to the tally of Henri Écochard, an ex-Free French Forces serviceman, there were at least 54,500 soldiers.

2243:

were made up of around 75% Europeans and 25% Mahgrebians, which is why the 2e Division Blindée was selected for the

1841:

on the 17th but returned to London the same day when he realised Pétain had already agreed to an armistice with the

14762: 14603: 14557: 13740: 13644: 12738: 12247: 11865: 11156: 10314: 10251: 9386: 9215: 8338: 7543: 4887:

made by its commanding officer General Leclerc almost four years earlier. The unit under his command, barely above

4558:

made up mainly of Spanish Republican exiles) would be there the following day. This party was commanded by Captain

4413: 4099:

back to France as his formal link to the irregulars throughout the occupied country to co-ordinate the eight major

3873: 3770:

successor in French Africa with Allied support. This occurred through a series of consultations between Giraud and

3526: 3407: 3019: 2874: 2721:

and Georges Thierry d'Argenlieu, played a role in the liberation of French colonies throughout the world including

1480:

or CNF)—formed to govern French territories in central Africa, Asia, and Oceania that had heeded the 18 June call.

1088: 943: 12544: 11727: 8892: 4707:'s GPRF. As a sign of protest over his forced move, Pétain refused to take office, and was eventually replaced by 2151: 13764: 13556: 13496: 13348: 12612: 12539: 11249: 11234: 10680: 10521: 10510: 10346: 10105: 10064: 9957: 9895: 9275: 8545: 8414: 8382: 7893: 6802:

Reconquérir: 1944-1945. Textes du maréchal Lattre de Tassigny réunis et présentés par Jean-Luc Barre (in French)

4954:

making it the fourth largest Allied army in Europe behind the Soviet Union, the US and Britain. The GPRF sent an

3976: 3943: 3695: 3680: 2217: 1496: 1012: 730: 11763: 9062: 8630: 4937:, and cleared and occupied south-western Germany. At the end of the war, the motto of the French First Army was 2461:, which also featured the cross of Lorraine. Modern ships that share the same name as ships of the FNFL—such as 2107:

to get on board ships." In the summer of 1940, around a dozen pilots made it to England and volunteered for the

14782: 14357: 13304: 13210: 12657: 12652: 12647: 11905: 11066: 11038: 10916: 10709: 9946: 9397: 9323: 9112: 8483: 8202: 8107: 7992: 7659: 7149:"AIDE IN U.S. LEAVES TO MEET DE GAULLE; Count de Sieyes Will Discuss How 'Free France' May Best Be Served Here" 6722: 6708:

Extraits de l'entretien d'Annie Rey-Goldzeiguer [1, avec Christian Makarian et Dominique Simonnet, publié dans

5684: 5103: 5063: 5036: 4712: 4271: 3961: 3691: 3348: 2659: 2569:

was potentially a quite substantial threat to British control of the sealanes were she to fall into Axis hands.

2275: 2271: 2267: 2084: 11920: 6145: 4906:, was the first Western Allied unit to reach the Rhône (25 August 1944), the Rhine (19 November 1944) and the 3088:

Mainly because of this and of the often very frosty relations between Free France and the USA (with President

1767: 80: 14705: 14325: 14266: 14261: 13363: 12626: 12607: 12493: 12408: 12233: 11912: 11692: 11683: 11377: 11126: 11059: 11010: 10941: 10766: 10272: 10223: 9987: 9980: 9583: 9344: 9128: 8181: 7697: 7479: 6053: 4947: 4884: 4865: 4781: 4123: 4025: 3881: 3181: 2757: 2653: 2627:

If you refuse these fair offers, I must with profound regret, require you to sink your ships within 6 hours.

2578: 2462: 2248: 2087:(on 23 June at the initiative of Georges Colin, honorary consul of the domains) and the Franco-British ruled 1920: 1428: 1007: 1000: 985: 973: 958: 760: 165: 14347: 13896: 4483:

against him, Hitler had given orders to have Paris destroyed should it fall to the Allies, similarly to the

1550:

Exile officially ended after the reconquest of North Africa, when the Free French government relocated from

15033: 14772: 14251: 14088: 13455: 13450: 11200: 11096: 10471: 10432: 9351: 9179: 9164: 9091: 9070: 8888: 8566: 8352: 8345: 8329: 8040: 7999: 7971: 7807: 6443:

Martin Thomas, "Deferring to Vichy in the Western Hemisphere: The St. Pierre and Miquelon Affair of 1941",

6146:

www.france-libre.net, Le site de la France-Libre, "Les origines des FNFL, par l'amiral Thierry d'Argenlieu"

4903: 4344: 4313: 4227: 4103:

groups into one organisation. Moulin got their agreement to form the "National Council of the Resistance" (

3869: 3749: 3344: 3258: 3015: 2564: 2240: 2040: 1746:

was only made possible by the resistance of these troops, particularly the French army divisions at Lille.

1460:) exhorting the French people to resist the Nazis and join the Free French Forces. On 27 October 1940, the 13421: 4525: 3105: 1678:

after the Franco-German armistice in 1940 and before 1 August 1943 may correctly be called "Free French".

683: 14890: 14610: 14484: 14474: 14222: 14063: 14011: 13309: 13200: 12620: 12392: 11675: 11342: 11328: 11163: 10487: 10439: 10057: 10029: 9882: 9497: 9476: 8990: 8653: 8559: 8049: 7517: 7027: 7006: 6985: 4943:, referring to the two great German rivers that it had reached and crossed during its combat operations. 4899: 4846: 4340: 3854: 3591: 2284: 1981: 1664: 980: 6312:. Contributions in military studies (illustrated ed.). Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 23–26. 5845: 4730:

As the wartime government of France in 1944–1945, its main purposes were to handle the aftermath of the

2695:, mostly those in the colonies that had remained loyal to Vichy until the end of the regime through the 2449:, two days after assuming the post of chief of the naval and air forces of the Free French, created the 2203: 15060: 14801: 14722: 14489: 14399: 14378: 14078: 14068: 14058: 13985: 13841: 13489: 13011: 12840: 12743: 12452: 12240: 11658: 11649: 11307: 11227: 10961: 10457: 10376: 10321: 10209: 10165: 9815: 9441: 9365: 9260: 9137: 9009: 9002: 8962: 8935: 8667: 8600: 8195: 8006: 7936: 7780: 7768: 7759: 7378:

The RAF's French Foreign Legion: De Gaulle, the British and the Re-emergence of French Airpower 1940-45

5217: 5024: 4994: 4458: 4434:. Toulon and Marseille were soon providing supplies not only to the 6th Army Group but also to General 4431: 4383: 4294: 4014: 4010: 2554: 2122: 1288: 1145: 995: 963: 938: 498: 470: 6779:

Le corps expéditionnaire français en Italie. Violences des « libérateurs » durant l'été 1944

6234: 5299:. Histoire du temps présent (in French). Bruxelles: Éditions Complexe – IRPMF-CNRS, coll. p. 71. 2639: 15110: 14981: 14737: 14652: 14625: 14542: 14337: 14182: 13727: 13661: 12776: 12669: 11457: 10863: 10780: 10565: 10425: 10397: 10230: 10135: 9925: 9358: 8425: 8079: 7874: 7729: 7689: 7612: 5603: 5583: 4751: 3827: 3822:, CFLN), which unified the territories controlled by them and was officially founded on 3 June 1943. 3402: 3066: 3062: 2772: 1977: 1731: 1471: 1443: 1300: 1191: 564: 507: 343: 12025: 11980: 8623: 4700: 4278:) to make the Germans believe the invasion would take place where the Channel was at its narrowest. 3577:

n the whole course of the desert war, we never encountered a more heroic and well-sustained defence.

3521:. Here, fighting in the harsh Libyan desert, Free French soldiers distinguished themselves. General 2858:, also known as Operation Menace, an unsuccessful attempt to capture the strategic port of Dakar in 14562: 14532: 14137: 13901: 13470: 13245: 12642: 12335: 12268: 12061: 11602: 11595: 11551: 11398: 10602: 10579: 9831: 9632: 9625: 9282: 8942: 8914: 8907: 8294: 7709: 7204:

Historical Dictionary of World War II France: The Occupation, Vichy, and the Resistance, 1938-1946

6448: 4921:, the very last German major offensive on the western front in January 1945, and in collapsing the 3629: 3564: 3547:, proving that the FFF could be taken seriously by the Allies as a fighting force. British General 3333: 2809: 2665: 2536: 2512: 2403: 2280: 2184: 2147: 2096: 2009: 1488: 1283: 526: 11752: 11743: 8639: 8616: 4738:

as a major Ally. It also made several important reforms and political decisions, such as granting

3899:

comprised a group of French fighter pilots sent to aid Soviet forces at the suggestion of Charles

3298: 2888: 1810: 14818: 14700: 14647: 14593: 14547: 14236: 13353: 13133: 13026: 12602: 12597: 12592: 12572: 11998: 11666: 11544: 11024: 10968: 10838: 10698: 10383: 10036: 9932: 9838: 9406: 9267: 9237: 9201: 9186: 9058: 8950: 8928: 8874: 8860: 8842: 8506: 8287: 8015: 7964: 7773: 6088: 5541:

Shlaim, Avi (July 1974). "Prelude to Downfall: The British Offer of Union to France, June 1940".

4888: 4857:

offensive in November 1944, their German opponents believing they had entrenched for the winter.

4637: 4235: 4005: 3989: 3915: 3672: 3337: 2960: 2795:

With metropolitan France firmly under Germany's thumb and the Allies too weak to challenge this,

2707: 2683: 2095:'s call to arms. It was not until late August that Free France would gain significant support in 2063: 1569: 1259: 1203: 968: 953: 948: 641: 13876: 13819: 11971: 11841: 4033: 2223:

The Free French forces also included 5,000 non-French Europeans, mainly serving in units of the

1996: 673: 30:"Fighting France" redirects here. For the collection of magazine articles by Edith Wharton, see 14923: 14885: 14843: 14828: 14620: 14442: 14342: 14004: 13944: 13782: 13747: 13678: 13656: 13445: 13409: 13179: 13016: 12960: 12766: 12631: 12587: 12219: 12125: 12104: 11558: 11537: 11530: 11450: 10716: 10609: 10411: 10362: 10265: 10158: 10128: 9911: 9799: 9525: 9316: 8900: 8881: 8851: 8398: 8368: 7886: 7815: 6173: 5046: 5016:

Approximately 58,000 men were killed fighting in the Free French forces between 1940 and 1945.

4755: 4442: 4231: 4029: 3884:

units) and the only one to fight together with the Soviets until the end of the war in Europe.

3539:

in June 1942, although they were eventually obliged to withdraw, as Allied forces retreated to

3514: 3451: 3222:

Despite this bleak picture, by the end of 1941, the United States had entered the war, and the

3160: 3050: 3042: 2948: 2908: 2730: 2497: 2408: 2192: 1833:. When this plan collapsed, he resigned on 16 June and Pétain became President of the Council. 1727: 1719: 1675: 1651: 1624: 1579: 1506: 1461: 1432: 1402: 1242: 1218: 901: 780: 374: 329: 187: 5786: 5705: 5380: 5373: 4891:

size when it had captured the Italian fort, had grown into a full-strength armoured division.

4599: 2939:

In 1941–1942, the African FFF slowly grew in strength and even expanded operations north into

2294:(12 overall) began to be recruited from mainland France, including the 10th Infantry Division 2235:

mainly made up of colonial soldiers. Nearly all NCOs and officers were white French. Both the

1450:. Opposed to the idea of an armistice, de Gaulle fled to Britain and from there broadcast the 14848: 14838: 14630: 14454: 14362: 14297: 13906: 13699: 13673: 13384: 13368: 12534: 12111: 11889: 11363: 11207: 10930: 10773: 10669: 10639: 10595: 10335: 10300: 10293: 10216: 10114: 9555: 9532: 9379: 8983: 8520: 8260: 8246: 7929: 7802: 7048: 6816: 6478: 4926: 4669: 4580: 4484: 4352: 4202:

led to a very rapid German retreat, and by September 1944 most of France had been liberated.

4021: 3947: 3797: 3569: 3502: 2917: 2501: 2224: 2116: 2045: 1989: 1911:"France is not alone! She is not alone! She has a great empire behind her! Together with the 1789:

was known for his willingness to challenge accepted ideas; in 1912, he asked to be posted to

1763: 1739: 1376: 911: 838: 800: 740: 429: 13042: 12928: 8818: 7827: 4629:, preserving the sovereignty of France and freeing Allied troops for fighting on the front. 4620:

or GPRF) was officially created by the CNFL and succeeded it on 3 June 1944, the day before

1859: 1798: 1208: 15055: 14873: 14414: 14352: 14241: 14132: 13688: 13622: 13319: 13099: 13078: 13073: 12801: 12723: 12523: 12254: 12201: 11882: 11579: 11370: 11293: 11031: 10886: 10537: 10494: 10464: 10390: 10200: 10179: 9098: 8575: 8253: 7737: 7471: 6265: 4869: 4491: 4159: 4151: 4139: 3775: 3641: 3536: 3482: 3439: 3081:, despite this being the first French possession in the Americas to join the Allies, which 2761: 2592: 2213: 1985: 1830: 1814: 1735: 1597: 1157: 790: 516: 12885: 7848: 4703:) joined him. There they established a government in exile, challenging the legitimacy of 3458: 1586:

AFL). By June 1944, the AFL numbered more than 500,000, and the CFLN was succeeded by the

1312: 8: 14956: 14913: 14833: 14787: 14664: 14657: 14637: 14598: 14510: 14302: 14271: 14246: 14212: 14114: 14109: 13949: 13693: 13627: 13373: 13343: 13217: 13143: 13138: 13123: 13118: 13068: 12986: 12371: 12321: 12261: 11875: 11321: 11279: 11272: 11149: 10923: 10801: 10757: 10279: 9413: 9172: 8699: 8529: 8513: 8462: 7639: 7625: 7620: 6388: 5255: 5200: 5193: 4739: 4696: 4584: 4538: 4474: 4336: 4290: 4275: 4259: 3618: 3522: 3149: 2768: 2454: 2244: 1965: 1663:

In many sources, Free French describes any French individual or unit that fought against

1609: 1522: 1390: 1264: 1230: 750: 659: 598: 588: 243: 182: 146: 13021: 4043: 2913: 2896: 2813: 2005: 1793:'s regiment, whose maxim 'Firepower kills' was then in stark contrast to the prevailing 14868: 14813: 14767: 14615: 14581: 14165: 13799: 13426: 12996: 12981: 12976: 12944: 12713: 12314: 12132: 12091: 11962: 11856: 11827: 11626: 11405: 11286: 11142: 10975: 10900: 10854: 10824: 10732: 10572: 10237: 10121: 10015: 9966: 9904: 9660: 9611: 9420: 9037: 8692: 8490: 7910: 7841: 7820: 7787: 7742: 7632: 6679: 5566: 5558: 5438: 4959: 4918: 4830: 4247: 4171: 4163: 4091:

under his leadership. He changed the name of his movement to "Fighting French Forces" (

4037: 3831: 3690:

Admiral Darlan was assassinated on 24 December 1942 in Algiers by the young monarchist

3645: 3587: 3490: 3462: 3189: 3129: 3089: 2859: 2718: 2428: 2359: 2259: 2188: 1743: 1276: 1223: 13148: 11834: 11700: 4656: 3786: 3637: 3557:

military exploits that astonish the world like they are doing right now in Bir-Hakeim!

1790: 1439: 15014: 14996: 14991: 14976: 14961: 14900: 14863: 14777: 14710: 14688: 14669: 14537: 14464: 14287: 14187: 14073: 14053: 14030: 13959: 13939: 13864: 13571: 13512: 13415: 13189: 13184: 13128: 12923: 12880: 12728: 12708: 12698: 12664: 12582: 12293: 12226: 11896: 11503: 11434: 11416: 11260: 11133: 11017: 10907: 10847: 10808: 10741: 10723: 10689: 10632: 10586: 10530: 10355: 10093: 10085: 10022: 9875: 9469: 8994: 8455: 8434: 8144: 7607: 7582: 7461:

Fights of the population in Gers in the regular army from Nov.8, 1942 to Aug.31, 1944

7413: 7382: 7361: 7316: 7297: 7278: 7253: 7234: 7224: 7189: 7156: 7054: 6957: 6902: 6851: 6625: 6615: 6590: 6580: 6313: 5715: 5570: 5486: 5461: 5442: 5430: 5384: 5300: 5188: 5142:'s Appeal of 18 June 1940 remains one of the most famous speeches in French history. 4967: 4895: 4708: 4395: 4391: 4379: 4378:

which had been fighting there was withdrawn from the Italian front, and added to the

4368: 4364: 4360: 4282: 4195: 4080: 4054: 3969: 3939: 3927: 3743: 3676: 3548: 3443: 3200: 3031: 2892: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2649:. Such actions discouraged many French soldiers from joining the Free French forces. 2645: 2542: 2412: 2386: 2298:

The 3rd Armoured Division was also created in May 1945 but saw no combat in the war.

2289: 2228: 2049: 2025: 1969: 1928: 1868: 1854: 1782: 1723: 1695: 1605: 1601: 1451: 1420: 1385: 1317: 1271: 1252: 1247: 1174: 720: 619: 479: 316: 289: 100: 38: 11819: 11709: 6954:

The Fog of Peace and War Planning: Military and Strategic Planning Under Uncertainty

4986: 4811: 4674:(legal purge or cleansing). Some were executed without trial, in "wild cleansings" ( 4662:

who hunted the Resistance with the Gestapo—were made prisoners in a post-liberation

4534: 4146:

Military history of France during World War II § Campaign of France (1944–1945)

3625: 2710:. This did not stop the Germans from torpedoing the ship, and 400 men were drowned. 2446: 1547:) to mark the struggle against the Axis both externally and within occupied France. 14928: 14880: 14752: 14727: 14217: 13953: 13777: 13607: 13576: 13563: 13298: 13274: 13240: 13194: 13088: 13083: 12748: 12733: 12385: 11586: 11572: 11335: 11314: 11300: 11052: 11045: 10989: 10653: 10418: 10404: 10307: 10244: 10195: 10008: 9861: 9808: 9618: 9569: 9483: 8706: 8683: 8216: 7702: 6874:, Vingtième Siècle, Revue d'histoire, Année 1998, Volume 58, Numéro 58, pp. 144–146 5711: 5550: 5422: 5131: 5002: 4834: 4815: 4724: 4681: 4562:, and was given the honour to be the first Allied unit to enter Paris ahead of the 4356: 4001: 4000:

in one of the worst mass atrocities committed by Allied troops during the war, the

3993: 3861: 3455: 3264: 3227: 3011: 3004: 2988: 2635: 2524: 2306: 2103: 2102:

Unlike the troops at Dunkirk or naval forces at sea, relatively few members of the

1802: 1718:, rapidly defeating the Dutch and Belgians, while armoured units attacking through 1703: 1530: 1514: 1510: 1237: 1186: 1152: 693: 14390: 14229: 12679: 12016: 8225: 4727:, was also condemned to death but his sentence was commuted to life imprisonment. 4347:, partisans systematically sabotaged railway lines, destroyed bridges, cut German 3497: 860: 665: 15023: 14986: 14971: 14966: 14908: 14823: 14383: 14124: 13869: 13052: 12991: 12875: 12821: 12183: 12160: 12139: 12079: 11075: 10787: 10702: 10660: 10558: 10501: 10369: 10151: 10142: 9671: 9246: 9222: 8476: 7557: 7376: 7351: 7336: 7329: 7218: 7034: 7015: 6994: 6718: 6473: 6455: 6307: 6272: 6241: 6153: 6095: 5952: 5852: 5688: 4803: 4511: 4454: 4450: 4325: 4321: 4255: 4251: 4199: 4183: 3724: 3614: 3606: 3196: 3145: 3125: 3082: 2870: 2855: 2844: 2825: 2722: 2432: 2420: 2416: 2302: 1864: 1526: 1364: 1167: 1140: 1135: 1130: 849: 239: 171: 119: 61: 14369: 11187: 7552: 7410:

The French Army 1939–45: Free French, Fighting French and the Army of Liberation

7313:

Rock of Contention: Free French and Americans at War in New Caledonia, 1940–1945

6707: 6576:

Panzer battles : a study of the employment of armor in the Second World War

5082: 4860: 4308: 3030:

by the beginning of May. Japanese rule in Indochina lasted until the successful

2658:, whose crew voted almost unanimously to fight alongside Britain, the destroyer 2476: 2287:

brigades. The 1st Free French Division also contained a mixed brigade of French

811: 14946: 14941: 14933: 14757: 14715: 14292: 13916: 13266: 13001: 12915: 12896: 12867: 12832: 12813: 11788: 11082: 10618: 10544: 8589: 8448: 7538: 7526: 7111:

Representations of the Second World War: Ideological Currents in French History

6426: 5554: 5251: 5183: 4978: 4930: 4929:. Operations by the First Army in April 1945 encircled and captured the German 4838: 4659: 4559: 4495: 4423: 4329: 4267: 3952: 3097: 2670:. The first loss of the FNFL occurred on 7 November 1940, when the patrol boat 2493: 1912: 1821: 1394: 1044: 630: 86: 13314: 13094: 7238: 6629: 3644:

finally accepted his self-nomination as high commissioner of North Africa and

3477: 3446:, hoping to prevent its falling into Japanese hands and especially the use of 2517:. Locally, it is also associated with the memory of the loss of the destroyer 2415:

as a symbol of the Free French. This was chosen to recall the perseverance of

1903:, urging French soldiers, sailors and airmen to join in the fight against the 15049: 15028: 14858: 14642: 14330: 13722: 13250: 12446: 12349: 11618: 10893: 8811: 8660: 8499: 7672: 7357: 7160: 7108: 6899:

La Nueve, 24 août 1944 : ces Républicains espagnols qui ont libéré Paris

6108: 5434: 5426: 5320:

légende gaulliste, enjeux stratégiques mondiaux et rivalités Londres/Vichy",

5159: 4974: 4922: 4823: 4594: 4427: 4243: 3919: 3717: 3633: 3195:

The British did not themselves occupy Syria; rather, the Free French General

3124:

to the Allies, late June 1941. A car carrying Free French commanders General

3000: 2972: 2940: 2439: 2150:(FFNF; in French: FNFL). France's surrender found her only aircraft carrier, 1896: 1715: 1612:

in August 1944, which ushered in the provisional government on French soil.

1295: 1213: 1162: 1029: 770: 265: 253: 7028:"France Excluded from the German Capitulation Signing by the Western Allies" 6594: 5802: 4100: 3454:. Once again the Allied landings faced resistance from Vichy forces, led by 3192:

were eventually defeated by the largely British allied forces in July 1941.

2869:

There was better news in November 1940 when the FFF achieved victory at the

2775:. The French merchant marine siding with the Allies counted over 170 ships. 2371: 1876: 14742: 14447: 14404: 14204: 14175: 13789: 13772: 13280: 13205: 12718: 12328: 12190: 12153: 12146: 11192: 10996: 9289: 9194: 8825: 8188: 7952: 7587: 7396: 7245: 6609: 5927: 5588: 5111: 4934: 4911: 4854: 4688: 4600:

Re-establishment of a provisional French Republic and its government (GPRF)

4480: 4435: 4348: 4072: 3997: 3904: 3877: 3739: 3694:. Although de la Chapelle had been a member of the resistance group led by 3655: 3602: 3561: 3544: 3531: 3447: 3223: 3070: 3046: 2996: 2968: 2829: 2607:(a) Sail with us and continue the fight until victory against the Germans. 2443: 2424: 2088: 2013: 1778: 1711: 1699: 1502: 1484: 1447: 1398: 1380: 878: 609: 303: 6466: 6309:

Tricolor Over the Sahara: The Desert Battles of the Free French, 1940–1942

4363:. For instance, a large number of German units were required to clear the 3960:' (1ere Compagnie de Chasseurs Parachutistes) in the Gabès–Tozeur area of 2835: 14312: 14157: 13465: 13398: 12703: 12518: 12300: 12118: 11252: 10831: 10817: 10479: 9148: 8954: 8308: 7684: 7569: 6574: 6378:

Keegan, John. Six Armies in Normandy. New York: Penguin Books, 1994. p300

5071: 4982: 4850: 4819: 4573: 4387: 4286: 4285:, the Free French forces numbered around 500,000 strong. 900 Free French 4258:), intensive bombardment of railways and German logistics in France (the 4239: 4127: 4096: 4068: 3985: 3923: 3868:, was a fighter regiment of the Free French Air Force that served on the 3782: 3713: 3401:

Reflecting the growing strength of Free France was the foundation of the

3185: 3133: 2817: 2783: 2746: 2617: 2135: 1842: 1781:

appointed him Under Secretary of State for Defence, a junior post in the

1534: 1406: 220: 4107:). Moulin was eventually captured, and died under brutal torture by the 3285: 2309:, and British SAS were mainly composed of men from metropolitan France. 1080: 14918: 14147: 11795: 10186: 9939: 9918: 8804: 8137: 8065: 7654: 6561: 5295:

quel hymne pour le régime de Vichy ?". In Chimènes, Myriam (ed.).

4873: 4408: 4403: 4302: 4167: 3851: 3709: 3540: 3518: 3506: 3466: 3427: 3101: 2882: 2696: 2621: 2560: 2450: 2376: 2325: 2165: 2143: 2067: 1518: 546: 7449: 6683: 5562: 4925:

in January–February 1945, capturing and destroying most of the German

4576:

were also amongst the first of the Free French forces to enter Paris.

4502:

and his Free French government put General Eisenhower under pressure.

3842: 3735: 14256: 10449: 9854: 9651: 9462: 9253: 9208: 6781:, Vingtième Siècle. Revue d'histoire Numéro 2007/1 (no 93), pp 47―61. 6050:"Liste des volontaires des Forces françaises libres d'Henri Écochard" 5107: 5087: 4963: 4950:, the Free French forces comprised 1,300,000 personnel, and included 4716: 4572:

formed from the Free French Navy Fusiliers-Marins that had landed on

4263: 4219: 4187: 3981: 3077:

and a submarine of the FNFL. The action at Saint-Pierre and Miquelon

3035: 3027: 2944: 2753: 2485: 2473:—are entitled to fly the Free French naval jack as a mark of honour. 2127: 2112: 1900: 1806: 1794: 1759: 1371:) was a political entity claiming to be the legitimate government of 13481: 8729: 7277:. Que sais-je (in French). Paris: Presses universitaires de France. 5681: 4494:

was planning to by-pass the city. At this time, Parisians started a

3322: 3069:) joined the Free French after an "invasion" on 24 December 1941 by 2283:

and 9th Colonial Infantry Division contained a strong contingent of

1883: 1875:

as pamphlets and plastered on walls as posters by supporters of the

1639: 1483:

Initially, with the exception of French possessions in the Pacific,

1438:

Following the defeat of the Third Republic by Nazi Germany, Marshal

13911: 8713: 8441: 7905: 6381: 5115: 5091: 5010: 4798: 4633: 4191: 4179: 4116: 3785:

to counsel Giraud and to press him into repeal the Vichy laws. The

3203:

of the Levant, and from this point, Free France would control both

3121: 3074: 2489: 1838: 214: 37:"Les Français Libres" redirects here. For the political party, see 4419: 4210: 3234: 2843:

With these colonies came vital manpower—a large number of African

2802: 2201:

Charles de Gaulle inspecting sailors on the Free French destroyer

27:

1940–1944 government-in-exile led by Charles de Gaulle during WWII

14170: 14038: 7881: 7869: 7512: 7050:

Scotland's Cruel Sea: Heroism and Disaster off the Scottish Coast

5346: 5121:

The memorial is also associated, locally, with the memory of the

5095: 4998: 4958:

to the Pacific to retake French Indochina from the Japanese, but

4720: 4692: 4462: 4301:(2nd Armoured Division or 2e DB)—under General Leclerc—landed at 4115:

occupation forces, building networks of propagandists, spies and

4108: 3208: 2726: 2714: 2458: 1555: 573: 260: 224: 203: 13996: 7266:

Arms, Men and Governments: The War Policies of Canada, 1939–1945

3701:

On 28 December, after a prolonged blockade, the Vichy forces in

3586:

From 23 October to 4 November 1942, Allied forces under general

2604:

shall act in accordance with one of the following alternatives;

2530: 1691: 14459: 14027: 13809: 9330: 7921: 7754: 7724: 7008:

1940–1944 : La France Libre et la France Combattante pt. 1

6987:

1940–1944 : La France Libre et la France Combattante pt. 2

6030: 5006: 4907: 4719:. Laval, Vichy's prime minister in 1942–1944, was executed for 4652: 4507: 4399: 4175: 3752:

in January 1943. Churchill and Roosevelt are in the background.

3486: 3164: 2964: 2549: 2394: 2382: 2227:. There were also escaped Spanish Republicans, veterans of the 1904: 1551: 1372: 577: 209: 190:

over unoccupied and liberated territories (after November 1942)

7454: 5932:

Exils et migration: Italiens et Espagnols en France, 1938–1946

5641: 3725:

Creation of the French Committee of National Liberation (CFLN)

2936:"; Vichy France was a "pseudo government", an illegal entity. 2778: 2745:

in Provence for the liberation of mainland France, and in the

1660:, and all subsequent enlistments were in this combined force. 9518: 4990: 4842: 4699:

in southern Germany, where 1,000 of his followers (including

4663: 4155: 4063: 3204: 3116: 3073:

Emile Muselier and the forces he was able to load onto three

2956: 2952: 2821: 2480:

The Free French Memorial, looking out over the Firth of Clyde

2390: 2274:

were made up of 60% Mahgrebians and 40% Europeans, while the

2017: 1777:

was promoted to brigadier general; on 5 June, Prime Minister

1491:, all the territories of the French colonial empire rejected 198: 7501: 7434:

Composition and situation of the Free French Force in combat

4761: 4644:. This was assured through a large military contribution on 4490:

Mindful of this and other strategic considerations, General

4328:

breakthrough in late July they caught 50,000 Germans in the

4174:. At first hampered by very stiff German resistance and the 4122:

Later, the Resistance was more formally referred to as the "

4013:, claimed that such cases were isolated events exploited by 3079:

created a serious diplomatic incident with the United States

2691:

Most ships that had remained on the Vichy side and were not

2130:

inspecting the Free French forces in England, 24 August 1940

14732: 14142: 13966: 7412:. Men-at-arms Series No. 318. Vol. 2. London: Osprey. 7018:(in French). Charles de Gaulle foundation official website. 6997:(in French). Charles de Gaulle foundation official website. 6331: 6329: 6018: 5631: 5629: 5506: 5504: 5502: 5001:, as he was the commander of the French First Army. At the 4807: 4445:

was covering Alsace-Lorraine (and the Alpine front against

4215: 4071:

and his iconic scarf. He was probably tortured to death by

3411:, CNF) in September 1941 and the official name change from 3215:, just 5,668 men volunteered to join the forces of General 3022:

under nominal Vichy control. On 9 March 1945, the Japanese

2601: 2584: 536: 170:

sky blue = colonies under the control of Free France after

7296:. Histoires D'aujourd'hui (in French). Paris: Tallandier. 7211:

Normandy '44: D-Day and the Epic 77-Day Battle for France

6433:, Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, pp. 349–350 6374: 6372: 6370: 6368: 4595:

Provisional republic and the war against Germany and Japan

2959:. In 1942, Leclerc's forces and soldiers from the British 5977: 5975: 5890: 5888: 3505:"leap up from the desert to rush an enemy strong point", 2971:

to join British Commonwealth and other FFF forces in the

2873:(or Battle of Libreville) under the very skilled General 2854:

In September 1940 an Anglo French naval force fought the

2108: 1698:

was an armoured division commander and a minister in the

6952:

Talbot, C. Imlay; Duffy Toft, Monica (24 January 2007).

6924: 6407: 6353: 6326: 6287: 6069: 5661:

France and Britain 1900–1940: Entente & Estrangement

5626: 5499: 3766:

After Admiral Darlan's assassination, Giraud became his

3144:

In 1941, the FFF fought alongside British Empire troops

2573: 1644:

Commemorative medal for voluntary service in Free France

6652: 6650: 6648: 6365: 6188: 5773: 5771: 5769: 5458:

A Certain Idea of France: The Life of Charles de Gaulle

5179:

List of networks and movements of the French Resistance

4829:

Also in September 1944, the Allies having outrun their

2930:

claimed to represent, or rather, as he put it simply, "

2799:

turned his attention to France's vast overseas empire.

2035: 1505:

troops and served in almost every major campaign, from

8583:

Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany

7466: 6674:

Arthur L. Funk, "Negotiating the 'Deal with Darlan,'"

6341: 5972: 5923: 5921: 5885: 5759: 5757: 5755: 3613:

Soon afterwards in November 1942, the Allies launched

2812:, was a staunch supporter of the Vichy regime, unlike 1596:, GPRF), which was established in anticipation of the 4449:), the centre was made up of US forces in the south ( 4412:

volunteers, and with a single armoured division, the

3636:, chief commander in North Africa, and Vichy admiral 2866:'s sense of failure that he even considered suicide. 1931:, despite his own concerns, agreed to the broadcast. 6645: 6636: 6389:"The Second World War in the French Overseas Empire" 5766: 5327: 5149: 4758:

on 14 October 1946, preparing its new constitution.

4453:) and British and Commonwealth forces in the north ( 4032:, with the landing of elements of the reconstituted 2967:. At the end of 1942, Leclerc moved his forces into 2266:

Records for the Italian campaign show that both the

1848: 6936: 6808: 6506: 6198:. Inverclyde Council. 9 August 2017. Archived from 5918: 5898:

Le bataillon d'infanterie de marine et du Pacifique

5752: 4198:on 14 August 1944, the threat of being caught in a 3219:; the remainder chose to be repatriated to France. 2987:

Insigna of the Free French Forces in the Far East (

1976:and his followers were revolutionaries, unlike the 1749:From 27 May to 4 June, over 200,000 members of the 6170:"The Cross of Lorraine from charles-de-gaulle.org" 5996:Algérie, une mémoire à vif: Ou le caméléon albinos 5942: 5940: 5372: 4723:. Pétain, "Chief of the French State" and hero of 4655:(a paramilitary militia)—which was established by 4617:gouvernement provisoire de la République Française 4190:on 25–31 July 1944. Combined with the landings in 2787:African unit of the Free French forces during the 2453:displaying the French colours with a red cross of 1593:Gouvernement Provisoire de la République française 15071:World War II governments in exile based in London 7463:(1992– O.N.A.C.- S.D. GERS translated in English) 5031:in 1946 after territorial annexations in the East 4205: 3698:, it is believed he was acting as an individual. 3640:). However, Darlan was released and U.S. General 2541:After the fall of France, British Prime Minister 2091:condominium in the Pacific (on 20 July) answered 1801:. He was also a long-time advocate of the modern 15047: 7407: 7183: 6951: 6036: 4651:Several alleged Vichy loyalists involved in the 4591:conducted a now iconic parade through the city. 3760:Commandement en chef français civil et militaire 2828:) had joined Free France, with the exception of 2251:was almost entirely made up of white Frenchmen. 1627:in October 1946, having preempted the country's 859: 7349: 6885:Du capitaine de Hautecloque au général Leclerc? 6872:Du capitaine de Hauteclocque au Général Leclerc 6845: 6490: 6488: 6009:"Le retrait des troupes noires de la 1re Armée" 5937: 3235:Creation of the French National Committee (CNF) 3038:, and the entry of British and Chinese forces. 2943:. In February 1941, Free French Forces invaded 2803:African campaign and the Empire Defence Council 2681:Charles de Gaulle on board the French corvette 2664:, and the then-largest submarine in the world, 2500:. It has plaques commemorating the loss of the 1446:and established a German puppet state known as 15076:Military history of France during World War II 7046: 6701: 5703: 5699: 5697: 5324:, vol. 49, No. 4 (Oct. – Dec., 2002), p. 84–86 5208:Military history of France during World War II 4548:) requested the Free French force in question 4222:from the city hall's balcony on 20 August 1944 3800:in January 1943 with Roosevelt, Churchill and 2324:French commando troops undergoing training at 15101:States and territories disestablished in 1944 14012: 13497: 12501: 11235: 7937: 7487: 7333:The Second World War – an Illustrated History 6431:Historical Dictionary of European Imperialism 5745: 5743: 5347:"VRID Mémorial – Un site utilisant WordPress" 5223:Wallis and Futuna during the Second World War 4612:Provisional Government of the French Republic 4606:Provisional Government of the French Republic 4017:to smear allies, particularly French troops. 3933: 3617:in the west, an invasion of Vichy-controlled 2693:scuttled with the main French fleet in Toulon 2531:Mers El Kébir and the fate of the French Navy 1960:This would form the essential legal basis of 1831:the proposed union between France and Britain 1588:Provisional Government of the French Republic 1096: 1062: 443:Provisional Government of the French Republic 14388: 14367: 14227: 7401:All Hell Let Loose, The World at War 1939–45 7053:. Black & White Publishing. p. 21. 7040: 6485: 5994:Brahim Senouci, Préface de Stéphane Hessel. 5839: 5534: 5290: 5284: 5198: 5173:Bureau Central de Renseignements et d'Action 4938: 4841:and then in the early months of 1945 to the 4754:, and lasted until the establishment of the 4743: 4675: 4667: 4615: 4563: 4553: 4044: 3909: 3894: 3888: 3817: 3758: 3628:by the French resistance that prevented the 3418: 3412: 2931: 2921: 2756:of naval infantry and commandos, as well as 2401: 1994: 1939: 1762:on 2 June to reform the BEF, along with the 1671:instruction ministérielle du 29 juillet 1953 1669: 1655: 1591: 1573: 1563: 1542: 1475: 1465: 1455: 1431:, and gained strategic footholds in several 1414: 144: 116: 53: 7439:Bibliography about 1st Free French Division 6814: 6799: 5983:Le Corps expéditionnaire français en Italie 5694: 4826:until the German capitulation in May 1945. 4570:1er Bataillon de Fusiliers Marins Commandos 3968:The Free French forces participated in the 3351:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 3273:Learn how and when to remove these messages 3053:invaded and occupied the leased territory. 2916:of Chad. Its creation was announced by the 2779:Struggle for control of the French colonies 2595:was provided an ultimatum by the British: 2001:stamping out France's republican heritage. 15106:States and territories established in 1940 14019: 14005: 13504: 13490: 12508: 12494: 11242: 11228: 7944: 7930: 7494: 7480: 7408:Sumner, Ian; Vauvillier, François (1998). 7291: 7272: 7263: 6930: 6731: 6614:. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. p. 417. 6572: 6413: 6359: 6335: 6293: 6075: 6024: 5740: 5635: 5510: 2839:A Chadian soldier fighting for Free France 2138:was better able to immediately respond to 2004:On 22 June 1940, Marshal Pétain signed an 1103: 1089: 1069: 1055: 158: 32:Fighting France: From Dunkerque to Belfort 7350:Axelrod, Alan; Kingston, Jack A. (2007). 6846:Axelrod, Alan; Kingston, Jack A. (2007). 5902:. Museum of the Order of the Liberation. 5601: 5412: 5322:Revue d'histoire moderne et contemporaine 4883:on 23 November 1944, thus fulfilling the 4762:Campaigns in France and Germany 1944–1945 4214:Charles de Gaulle speaks as president of 3389:Learn how and when to remove this message 3371:Learn how and when to remove this message 2999:and the French South Pacific colonies of 2231:. In August 1944, they numbered 350 men. 1631:and secured its status as a major power. 1110: 7503:Governments in exile during World War II 7395: 6896: 6737: 5282: 5276: 5081: 5054:recognised the GPRF on 23 October 1944. 5023: 4859: 4775: 4524: 4307: 4250:) and an underwater pipeline across the 4209: 4062: 3984:. They took part in the fighting on the 3951: 3841: 3734: 3601: 3496: 3476: 3115: 3111: 2982: 2887: 2834: 2782: 2676: 2572: 2548: 2475: 2370: 2319: 2253: 2196: 2121: 2039: 1882: 1858: 1690: 1638: 12782:French Committee of National Liberation 11465:French Committee of National Liberation 7593:French Committee of National Liberation 7374: 7216: 6839: 6815:deRochemont, Richard (24 August 1942). 6607: 6460: 6347: 6305: 6235:Mers-el-Kebir: A Battle Between Friends 5948:"Liberation of Paris: The hidden truth" 5789:The Travellers' Dictionary of Quotation 5647: 5485:(1993 ed.). Penguin. p. 150. 5455: 5213:List of French possessions and colonies 5041:A point of strong disagreement between 5019: 4997:led the French delegation at Berlin on 4818:in ports along the Atlantic coast like 4133: 3864:, founded at the suggestion of Charles 3819:Comité Français de Libération Nationale 3814:French Committee of National Liberation 3731:French Committee of National Liberation 3652:, who refused to recognise his status. 3472: 2978: 2687:at Greenock, Scotland, 24 December 1942 1565:Comité français de Libération nationale 1560:French Committee of National Liberation 1525:. Free French units also served in the 14: 15048: 12772:French Civil and Military High Command 9798: 9776:Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union 7310: 7129:from the original on 10 September 2017 7075:"Sarkozy Marks Anniversary of General 6848:Encyclopedia of World War II, Volume 1 6611:Case Red: The Collapse of France, 1940 6467:When the US wanted to take over France 6220:Jordan, John and Robert Dumas (2009), 5985:. Histoire et collections, 2003. p. 31 5803:"Le Domaine français de Sainte-Hélène" 5540: 5333: 4810:, and besieging the heavily fortified 4768:Allied advance from Paris to the Rhine 4468: 4457:). On the left flank, Canadian forces 4049:and National Council of the Resistance 2674:struck a mine in the English Channel. 2351:Free French Forces committees: 1,900. 1517:operated as an auxiliary force to the 14000: 13511: 13485: 12489: 11781:Organisation de résistance de l'armée 11428:Charles de Gaulle during World War II 11223: 10647:Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign 10079:Japanese invasion of French Indochina 9725:Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union 9681:Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union 8779:Rape during the occupation of Germany 7925: 7861:Unrecognised or non-autonomous bodies 7475: 7184:Crémieux-Brilhac, Jean-Louis (1996). 6742:. Harper & Brothers. p. 348. 6425: 6395:from the original on 11 February 2007 5663:, London, New York, 1996, p. 249 5480: 5370: 4970:before they could arrive in theatre. 4812:French Atlantic coast submarine bases 4537:on 26 August 1944, the day after the 3034:which was led by communist-dominated 2427:, and as a response to the symbol of 1879:. This could be a dangerous activity. 1867:during the war, reproductions of the 1501:The Free French fought both Axis and 1084: 13924:Things named after Charles de Gaulle 12857:Capture of Saint Pierre and Miquelon 11444:Departmental Committee of Liberation 9769:Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union 8794:Rape during the liberation of France 7089:from the original on 19 October 2017 6800:De Tassigny, Jean de Lattre (1985). 6579:. New York: Ballantine. p. 79. 5602:de Gaulle, Charles (28 April 2007). 4898:that had landed in Provence was the 4736:continue to wage war against Germany 4394:. That was the force that conducted 4083:gradually grew in strength. General 3465:was appointed High Commissioner for 3440:attacked the strategically important 3349:adding citations to reliable sources 3316: 3279: 3238: 3132:enters the city, escorted by French 3041:From June 1940 until February 1943, 2699:Axis invasion and occupation of the 2366: 2036:Beginnings of the Free French forces 15086:Armies in exile during World War II 13847:Union of Democrats for the Republic 5906:from the original on 29 August 2018 5704:Pierre Goubert (20 November 1991). 5675: 5614:from the original on 31 August 2013 5057:In his liberation of Paris speech, 4579:The military governor of the city, 4376:French Expeditionary Corps in Italy 4238:in northern Italy. However, as the 4119:to harass and discomfit the enemy. 3996:. In what came to be known as the 3685:French Expeditionary Corps in Italy 3679:until April 1943, when they joined 3430:support to the CNF on 24 November. 3228:stopping the Germans outside Moscow 3020:most of the war the colony remained 2737:in non-Free French territories, in 2296:and many Alpine Infantry Divisions. 1521:and, in the North Atlantic, to the 1389:, Free France was established as a 24: 12678: 11502: 11472:National Council of the Resistance 9995:German invasion of the Netherlands 8268:Weather events during World War II 7343: 7292:Muracciole, Jean-François (2009). 7273:Muracciole, Jean-François (1996). 7047:Robert Jeffrey (6 November 2014). 6850:. Facts on File Inc. p. 363. 6482:, May 2003 (English, French, etc.) 6113:www.marinettes-et-rochambelles.com 5960:from the original on 21 April 2009 5825:Free French Africa in World War II 5379:(2007 ed.). Penguin. p. 5283:Dompnier, Nathalie (2001). "Entre 5168:France during the Second World War 5029:Allied Occupation Zones in Germany 4772:Western Allied invasion of Germany 4402:(France's largest naval port) and 4059:National Council of the Resistance 3597: 3581: 2963:captured parts of the province of 2725:in French north Africa, escorting 1674:), only those who served with the 25: 15122: 14026: 13587:French Military Mission to Poland 12787:Provisional Consultative Assembly 12424:Musée de l'Ordre de la Libération 12401:Mémorial de la France combattante 11479:Provisional Consultative Assembly 10626:Northern Burma and Western Yunnan 7427: 7220:France: The Dark Years, 1940–1944 6976:Sumner and Vauvillier 1998, p. 38 4966:took advantage by the successful 4845:in increments. For instance, the 4638:French occupation zone in Germany 4522:in support of the French attack. 4105:Conseil National de la Résistance 3812:then became co-presidents of the 3658:, a general who had escaped from 3254:This section has multiple issues. 3226:had also joined the Allied side, 2703:and Tunisia, changed sides then. 2638:attacked French ships during the 2348:Communications in France: 5,700; 1849:De Gaulle rallies the Free French 1584:Armée française de la Libération, 1393:in London in June 1940 after the 1375:following the dissolution of the 18:Western Allied invasion of France 15096:1944 disestablishments in France 13981: 13980: 12517: 11866:Organisation civile et militaire 11251: 11186: 7951: 7904: 7892: 7880: 7868: 7801: 7753: 7723: 7683: 7653: 7606: 7568: 7537: 7511: 7450:Flags and Ensigns of Free France 7250:The Armed Forces of World War II 7141: 7101: 7067: 6956:. Routledge, 2007. p. 227. 6887:, Editions Complexe, 2000, p.243 6804:. Éditions Plon. pp. 32–33. 5728:from the original on 27 May 2013 5604:"The flame of French resistance" 5460:. Allen Lane. pp. 110–111. 5152: 4746:École nationale d'administration 4680:). Women accused of "horizontal 4359:that provided ideal terrain for 4152:liberation of continental France 3874:European Theatre of World War II 3837: 3677:fought in Tunisia for six months 3527:1st Free French Infantry Brigade 3321: 3284: 3243: 3056: 3018:in September 1940, although for 2875:Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque 2847:, who would form the nucleus of 1657:Armée française de la Libération 1615:The AFL took part in the Allied 1038: 1023: 489: 447: 422: 130: 93: 79: 15066:France–United Kingdom relations 7457:(Free French Forces foundation) 7381:. London; New York: Continuum. 7188:(in French). Paris: Gallimard. 7021: 7000: 6979: 6970: 6945: 6915: 6890: 6877: 6864: 6827:from the original on 3 May 2016 6793: 6784: 6771: 6746: 6688: 6676:Journal of Contemporary History 6668: 6659: 6601: 6566: 6546: 6533: 6524: 6515: 6497: 6437: 6419: 6299: 6278: 6256: 6247: 6227: 6214: 6162: 6139: 6126: 6101: 6089:différentes évaluations des FFL 6081: 6042: 6001: 5988: 5876: 5867: 5858: 5830: 5817: 5795: 5780: 5749:Axelrod & Kingston, p. 362. 5672:Axelrod & Kingston, p. 373. 5666: 5653: 5595: 5577: 5543:Journal of Contemporary History 5525: 5516: 5483:The Price of Glory; Verdun 1916 5474: 5449: 3988:, distinguishing themselves at 3944:Italian campaign (World War II) 3609:landings in Morocco and Algeria 3481:The FFF's tenacious defence at 3262:or discuss these issues on the 14358:Government of National Defense 10873:Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945 8576:Territorial changes of Germany 8484:Indonesian National Revolution 7177: 6573:Mellenthin, F. W. von (1971). 5406: 5397: 5375:To Lose a Battle; France, 1940 5364: 5339: 5313: 5244: 5235: 5037:German Instrument of Surrender 4917:They participated in stopping 4814:that remained Hitler-mandated 4713:3rd Algerian Infantry Division 4627:allied military administration 4289:landed as part of the British 4206:Normandy and Provence landings 4093:Forces Françaises Combattantes 4046:Forces Françaises Combattantes 3493:at El Alamein from succeeding. 2411:suggested the adoption of the 2276:4th Moroccan Infantry Division 2272:2nd Moroccan Infantry Division 2268:3rd Algerian Infantry Division 2178: 2146:and formed the nucleus of the 2085:French domains of Saint Helena 2020:being the seat of government. 1600:. The AFL participated in the 1467:Conseil de défense de l'Empire 272:Chairman of National Committee 13: 1: 15091:1940 establishments in France 14267:Diplomatic Revolution of 1756 14262:War of the Spanish Succession 13461:Mediterranean and Middle East 13364:End of World War II in Europe 12627:French Forces of the Interior 12409:Museum of National Resistance 11693:French Forces of the Interior 10273:Japanese invasion of Thailand 10224:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 9988:German invasion of Luxembourg 8362:Mediterranean and Middle East 6543:, édition La Pléiade, p. 260. 5805:(in French). 13 November 2009 5265: 4485:planned destruction of Warsaw 4441:While on the right flank the 4124:French Forces of the Interior 4087:set a plan to bring together 3926:for its participation in the 3850:Yak-3 preserved at the Paris 3703:French Somaliland were ousted 3675:joined the Allied side. They 3660:military captivity in Germany 3590:, including the FFI, won the 3450:'s harbour as a base for the 3433: 3213:Vichy French prisoners of war 3182:6th Foreign Infantry Regiment 2713:The FNFL, commanded first by 2379:and French naval honour jack. 2301:The Free French units in the 1634: 1429:French Forces of the Interior 361:National Liberation Committee 10180:Invasion of the Soviet Union 9869:Occupation of Czechoslovakia 9180:Independent State of Croatia 7353:Encyclopedia of World War II 7268:. Queens Printer for Canada. 6447:(1997) 19#4 pp 809–835. 6445:International History Review 6222:French Battleships 1922–1956 6134:Une vie pas comme les autres 5998:. L'Harmattan, 2008, page 84 5707:The Course of French History 5270: 5254:was long considered part of 5086:The Free French memorial on 4904:French 1st Armoured Division 4750:, and laying the grounds of 3696:Henri d'Astier de La Vigerie 3178:13th Demi-Brigade (D.B.L.E.) 2044:Émile Fayolle, pilot of the 1947: 7: 12621:Francs-Tireurs et Partisans 12473:Righteous Among the Nations 11921:Union des femmes françaises 11676:Francs-Tireurs et Partisans 11164:End of World War II in Asia 11004:Western invasion of Germany 10511:Chinese famine of 1942–1943 10488:Second Battle of El Alamein 10058:Hundred Regiments Offensive 10030:Battle of the Mediterranean 9883:Italian invasion of Albania 8050:Air warfare of World War II 7275:Histoire de la France libre 7223:. Oxford University Press. 6306:Bimberg, Edward L. (2002). 6013:Revue historique des armées 5934:, L'Harmattan, 1994, p. 590 5145: 5068:occupation zones in Germany 4864:A plaque commemorating the 4782:2nd French Armored Division 4555:Régiment de Marche du Tchad 3986:Winter Line and Gustav Line 3808:. Henri Giraud and Charles 3592:Second battle of El Alamein 2717:Emile Muselier and then by 2126:General de Gaulle and King 1751:British Expeditionary Force 1629:occupation by Allied forces 1606:invasion of southern France 10: 15127: 15081:National liberation armies 14748:French subdivisions by GDP 14495:2022 presidential election 14480:2017 presidential election 13897:Mémorial Charles-de-Gaulle 13842:Rally of the French People 13805:1965 presidential election 13529:Names and terms of address 13012:Oradour-sur-Glane massacre 12744:Jean de Lattre de Tassigny 12637:French Expeditionary Corps 11913:Housewives' demonstrations 11090:Naval bombardment of Japan 10458:First Battle of El Alamein 10377:Battle of Christmas Island 10322:Japanese invasion of Burma 10086:Italian invasion of Greece 10002:German invasion of Belgium 9974:German invasion of Denmark 9947:1939–1940 Winter Offensive 9816:Second Italo-Ethiopian War 8073:Comparative military ranks 7467:First Free French Division 5787:Yapp, Peter, p. 235. 5555:10.1177/002200947400900302 5297:La vie musicale sous Vichy 5218:Danish collaborator trials 5175:, the intelligence service 5034: 4995:Jean de Lattre de Tassigny 4989:who represented France at 4894:The spearhead of the Free 4765: 4603: 4533:(2e DB) parading down the 4472: 4384:Jean de Lattre de Tassigny 4242:had shown, assaulting the 4143: 4137: 4052: 4011:Jean de Lattre de Tassigny 3937: 3934:Tunisia, Italy and Corsica 3928:Battle of the Niemen River 3922:awarded the unit the name 3781:Later, the Americans sent 3728: 3438:In June 1942, the British 3426:The United States granted 2949:capturing the Italian fort 2534: 2358:The following anecdote by 2182: 2164:instead sought harbour in 1852: 1686: 1681: 36: 29: 15009: 14899: 14809: 14800: 14696: 14687: 14589: 14580: 14518: 14509: 14430: 14311: 14280: 14252:Second Hundred Years' War 14203: 14156: 14123: 14102: 14094:Liberalism and radicalism 14046: 14037: 13976: 13932: 13887: 13855: 13832: 13763: 13715: 13638: 13606: 13597: 13546: 13537: 13519: 13435: 13405:1946 legislative election 13334: 13291: 13264: 13231: 13172: 13061: 13035: 12969: 12953: 12937: 12913: 12894: 12865: 12849: 12830: 12811: 12800: 12777:French National Committee 12757: 12689: 12676: 12670:French Forces of the West 12563: 12530: 12441: 12359: 12285: 12200: 12090: 11931: 11636: 11513: 11500: 11458:French National Committee 11415: 11267: 11179: 11011:Bratislava–Brno offensive 10951: 10942:Dutch famine of 1944–1945 10679: 10566:Allied invasion of Sicily 10520: 10426:Aleutian Islands campaign 10398:Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign 10345: 10336:Greek famine of 1941–1944 10231:Second Battle of Changsha 10136:German invasion of Greece 10104: 9981:Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang 9956: 9894: 9789: 9670: 9396: 9306: 9147: 8850: 8841: 8599: 8424: 8316:North and Central Pacific 8277: 8039: 8032: 7959: 7860: 7799: 7751: 7721: 7681: 7651: 7604: 7566: 7535: 7509: 7264:Munholland, Kim (2007) . 7033:29 September 2011 at the 6901:. Le Cherche Midi, 2011. 6897:Mesquida, Evelyn (2011). 6284:Hastings, Max, p. 125-126 6275:on ordredelaliberation.fr 6244:, Military History Online 5687:27 September 2011 at the 5077: 4752:social security in France 4544:The Allied High Command ( 4459:cleared the Channel coast 4369:eventually succeeded with 4130:to regularise the units. 3862:Normandie-Niemen Regiment 3403:French National Committee 3159:In June 1941, during the 3130:Paul Louis Le Gentilhomme 3063:Saint-Pierre and Miquelon 3026:and took full control of 2328:in Scotland, 17 July 1943 1891:On 18 June 1940, General 1871:were distributed through 1820:The new French commander 1608:, ultimately leading the 1472:French National Committee 1433:French colonies in Africa 1337:Saint Pierre and Miquelon 1121: 401: 397: 384: 371: 356: 344:French National Committee 339: 326: 313: 309: 299: 295: 283: 279: 271: 259: 249: 235: 194: 178: 157: 153:("Song of the Partisans") 111: 75: 70: 48: 14523:Administrative divisions 13902:Adenauer-de Gaulle Prize 13422:Trial of Philippe Pétain 13349:1945 municipal elections 13246:Liberation of Strasbourg 12336:Marie-Madeleine Fourcade 12269:Liberation of Strasbourg 11684:FTP–Foreign Labour Force 11603:Companions of Liberation 11596:1st Free French Division 10603:Allied invasion of Italy 10580:Solomon Islands campaign 10329:Third Battle of Changsha 9926:First Battle of Changsha 9832:Second Sino-Japanese War 8765:German military brothels 8631:United States war crimes 7710:Pieter Sjoerds Gerbrandy 7217:Jackson, Julian (2001). 7014:16 December 2008 at the 6993:16 December 2008 at the 6817:"The French Underground" 6608:Forczyk, Robert (2017). 6476:, Annie Lacroix-Riz, in 6472:27 November 2010 at the 6454:4 September 2015 at the 6233:Kappes, Irwin J. (2003) 5855:. Retrieved October 2012 5792:. Retrieved October 2012 5691:. Retrieved October 2012 5481:Horne, Alistair (1962). 5456:Jackson, Julian (2018). 5427:10.1177/0968344507075873 5371:Horne, Alistair (1969). 5228: 5074:cemented this ambition. 4993:on 7 May, while General 4948:end of the war in Europe 4902:. Its leading unit, the 4816:stay-behind "fortresses" 4802:forces were fighting in 4520:4th US Infantry Division 4266:such as creating entire 4262:), and the wide-ranging 4166:aimed at establishing a 4158:, 6 June 1944, with the 3796:Giraud took part in the 3565:Friedrich von Mellenthin 3408:Comité national français 3184:near Damascus). General 3092:'s profound distrust of 2947:, again led by Leclerc, 2810:French Equatorial Africa 2758:naval aviation squadrons 2591:On 3 July 1940, Admiral 2537:Free French Naval Forces 2317:headquarters in London. 2281:1st Free French Division 2185:French Equatorial Africa 2148:Free French Naval Forces 2097:French Equatorial Africa 2010:a similar one with Italy 1938:'s "Appeal of 18 June" ( 1477:Comité national français 1416:Forces françaises libres 848: 810: 640: 629: 608: 14743:Franc (former currency) 14348:Coup of 2 December 1851 14321:Long nineteenth century 13139:Liberation of Marseille 11025:Second Guangxi campaign 10880:Philippines (1944–1945) 10384:Battle of the Coral Sea 10287:Fall of the Philippines 9933:Battle of South Guangxi 9839:Battles of Khalkhin Gol 9238:Italian Social Republic 7668:Grand Duchess Charlotte 7403:. London: Harper Press. 7375:Bennett, G. H. (2011). 6758:Monte Cassino Belvédère 6754:"General Mark W. Clark" 6738:W. Clark, Mark (1950). 6678:(1973) 8#2 pp. 81–117. 6271:12 January 2014 at the 6136:, éd. Flammarion, 2005. 6037:Crémieux-Brilhac (1996) 6015:, no 2, 1993, p. 34-46. 5584:"A Mesmerising Oratory" 4740:women the right to vote 4230:. While Italy had been 4020:In September 1943, the 3916:Order of the Red Banner 3708:After these successes, 3231:until the end of 1942. 2961:Long Range Desert Group 2907:On 27 October 1940 the 2708:International Red Cross 2640:attack on Mers-el-Kébir 2511:, and of the submarine 2175:'s Free French Forces. 1923:had reservations about 1714:invaded France and the 231:) (after November 1942) 218:) (until November 1942) 168:for color descriptions; 14763:Science and technology 14420:Provisional Government 14389: 14368: 14228: 13945:Operation Resurrection 13783:Algiers putsch of 1961 13684:Provisional Government 13679:Brazzaville Conference 13657:Empire Defense Council 13379:Provisional Government 13043:Liberation of Saint-Lô 13017:Maquis de Saint-Marcel 12997:Liberation of Limousin 12961:Battle of Mont Mouchet 12945:Liberation of Limousin 12841:Syria–Lebanon campaign 12792:Provisional Government 12767:Empire Defense Council 12683: 12632:French Liberation Army 12468:Networks and movements 12432:Free France Foundation 12393:Medal of the Righteous 12276:Provisional Government 12220:French Liberation Army 12126:Empire Defense Council 12105:Brazzaville Conference 12026:Les Lettres Françaises 11981:Les Éditions de Minuit 11559:French Liberation Army 11507: 11451:Empire Defense Council 10610:Armistice of Cassibile 10412:Battle of Dutch Harbor 10363:Battle of the Java Sea 10266:Attack on Pearl Harbor 10166:Syria–Lebanon campaign 10159:Battle of South Shanxi 10129:Invasion of Yugoslavia 9912:Battle of the Atlantic 9526:Korean Liberation Army 9232:(until September 1943) 9189:(until September 1944) 9167:(until September 1944) 7311:Stacey, C.P. (2007) . 6717:1 October 2013 at the 6521:Hastings, Max, p. 403. 5851:3 October 2012 at the 5650:, p. 31, 134–135. 5291: 5285: 5199: 5123:French destroyer 5099: 5032: 4973:At that time, General 4952:around forty divisions 4939: 4876: 4785: 4780:French tankers of the 4744: 4701:Louis-Ferdinand Céline 4676: 4668: 4616: 4564: 4554: 4541: 4443:French liberation army 4317: 4232:knocked out of the war 4223: 4076: 4045: 3965: 3910: 3895: 3889: 3887:The unit was the GC3 ( 3857: 3818: 3759: 3753: 3712:and Martinique in the 3692:Bonnier de La Chapelle 3648:, a move that enraged 3624:After 8 November 1942 3610: 3579: 3559: 3510: 3494: 3452:Imperial Japanese Navy 3419: 3413: 3161:Syria-Lebanon campaign 3141: 3051:Imperial Japanese Army 2992: 2932: 2922: 2909:Empire Defence Council 2900: 2840: 2792: 2731:Battle of the Atlantic 2688: 2632: 2588: 2570: 2563:commissioned in 1937, 2502:Flower-class corvettes 2498:Battle of the Atlantic 2481: 2442:No. 2 of 3 July 1940, 2402: 2398: 2329: 2285:Tirailleurs Sénégalais 2263: 2208: 2193:French colonial empire 2131: 2052: 2006:armistice with Germany 1995: 1940: 1888: 1880: 1707: 1702:government during the 1670: 1656: 1652:French Liberation Army 1646: 1617:advance through France 1592: 1580:French Liberation Army 1574: 1564: 1543: 1476: 1466: 1462:Empire Defense Council 1456: 1444:negotiate an armistice 1415: 1368: 1125:Africa and Middle East 684:Valois-Angoulême kings 388:Provisional Government 375:Brazzaville Conference 330:Empire Defense Council 188:Provisional government 145: 117: 54: 13907:Fifth French Republic 13674:Casablanca Conference 13369:Victory in Europe Day 13048:Battle of Mont Gargan 12905:Liberation of Corsica 12682: 12658:4th Moroccan Mountain 12653:3rd Algerian Infantry 12648:2nd Moroccan Infantry 12416:Museums and memorials 12112:Brazzaville manifesto 11753:Ceux de la Résistance 11744:Ceux de la Libération 11506: 10774:Second Battle of Guam 10670:Bengal famine of 1943 10640:Second Battle of Kiev 10596:Battle of the Dnieper 10301:Battle of Wake Island 10173:East African campaign 10115:Battle of South Henan 9760:atrocities by Germans 9533:Korean Volunteer Army 8507:Occupation of Germany 8261:Music in World War II 7781:Stanisław Mikołajczyk 7769:Władysław Raczkiewicz 6696:The Politics of Torch 6512:Hastings, Max, p. 81. 6479:Le Monde diplomatique 6240:12 March 2016 at the 6152:13 April 2016 at the 6109:"Les Filles de la DB" 5846:History Learning Site 5351:www.vrid-memorial.com 5241:August–September 1940 5138:To this day, General 5085: 5035:Further information: 5027: 4985:, but it was General 4863: 4779: 4604:Further information: 4581:Dietrich von Choltitz 4531:2nd Armoured Division 4528: 4465:on 4 September 1944. 4447:German-occupied Italy 4339:and supported by the 4311: 4218:to the population of 4213: 4184:broke out of Normandy 4089:the fragmented groups 4066: 4022:liberation of Corsica 3955: 3948:Liberation of Corsica 3938:Further information: 3845: 3798:Casablanca conference 3750:Casablanca Conference 3738: 3729:Further information: 3681:the campaign in Italy 3605: 3575: 3567:wrote in his mémoirs 3554: 3500: 3480: 3154:East African Campaign 3119: 3112:Syria and East Africa 2986: 2918:Brazzaville Manifesto 2891: 2838: 2789:East African campaign 2786: 2680: 2597: 2576: 2552: 2523:which blew up at the 2479: 2404:Capitaine de corvette 2374: 2323: 2257: 2200: 2125: 2117:Free French Air Force 2046:Free French Air Force 2043: 1886: 1862: 1811:4th Armoured Division 1805:ideas applied by the 1764:1st Canadian Division 1694: 1642: 1307:Indian Ocean and Asia 430:French Third Republic 236:Common languages 185:(until November 1942) 14568:World Heritage Sites 14485:Coronavirus pandemic 13877:Vive le Québec libre 13820:Later life and death 13689:Liberation of France 13623:Battle of Montcornet 13618:4th Armored Division 13354:Advance to the Rhine 13159:Battle of Montélimar 13154:Liberation of Guéret 13134:Liberation of Toulon 13007:Liberation of Guéret 12724:Dwight D. Eisenhower 12524:Liberation of France 12255:Liberation of France 11972:Défense de la France 11842:Confrérie Notre-Dame 11060:Surrender of Germany 10538:Battle of West Hubei 10495:Guadalcanal campaign 10465:Battle of Stalingrad 10391:Battle of Madagascar 9158:Albania protectorate 8945:(formerly Swaziland) 8654:Wehrmacht war crimes 8470:Expulsion of Germans 8254:Art and World War II 8152:British contribution 8101:Governments in exile 7202:Gordon, Bertram M. 7155:. 20 February 1941. 6656:Hastings, Max, p.376 6642:Hastings, Max, p.375 6530:Hastings, Max, p.136 6253:Hastings, Max, p.125 6132:Pierre Clostermann, 6094:4 March 2016 at the 5882:Hastings, Max, p. 74 5777:Hastings, Max, p.126 5104:Free French Memorial 5020:World War II victory 4946:In May 1945, by the 4791:advance to the Rhine 4732:occupation of France 4587:. French forces and 4492:Dwight D. Eisenhower 4355:so-called after the 4160:invasion of Normandy 4140:Liberation of France 4134:Liberation of France 3832:German Atlantic wall 3642:Dwight D. Eisenhower 3537:Battle of Bir Hakeim 3503:Foreign Legionnaires 3473:Battle of Bir Hakeim 3345:improve this section 3176:fratricide when the 3174:Foreign Legionnaires 3146:against the Italians 3083:doctrinally objected 2979:Asia and the Pacific 2733:, in supporting the 2593:Marcel-Bruno Gensoul 2496:to take part in the 2393:Lorraine cross, the 2241:1er Division Blindée 2214:Battle of Bir Hakeim 1997:Révolution nationale 1986:governments in exile 1919:Some members of the 1815:Battle of Montcornet 1809:, and commanded the 1736:Saint-Valery-en-Caux 1598:liberation of France 1425:Nazi-occupied France 892:Provisional Republic 674:Valois-Orléans kings 14706:Automotive industry 14490:2021 labor protests 14247:Peace of Westphalia 14115:History of Normandy 14110:History of Brittany 13950:Order of Liberation 13628:Battle of Abbeville 13359:Invasion of Germany 13223:Battle of Meximieux 13218:Battle of Arracourt 13180:Liberation of Nancy 13144:Liberation of Paris 13124:Battle of La Ciotat 13119:Battle of Port Cros 13084:Liberation of Brest 13069:Battle for Brittany 12987:Battle of Cherbourg 12372:Order of Liberation 12322:Charles Delestraint 12262:Liberation of Paris 12071:La Vérité française 12062:Témoignage chrétien 11150:Potsdam Declaration 11039:Italy (Spring 1945) 10802:Liberation of Paris 10259:Siege of Sevastopol 9270:(until August 1944) 9173:Wang Jingwei regime 8995:from September 1943 8955:from September 1944 8893:from September 1944 8753:Romanian war crimes 8744:Persecution of Jews 8730:Croatian war crimes 8700:Japanese war crimes 8514:Occupation of Japan 8463:First Indochina War 8175:Military production 8087:Declarations of war 7640:Georgios Papandreou 7626:Emmanouil Tsouderos 7294:Les Français libres 6539:Charles de Gaulle, 5956:. 31 January 2007. 5873:Bennett, pp. 13–18. 5763:Hastings, Max, p.80 5292:Chant des Partisans 5256:Metropolitan France 5201:Chant des Partisans 5194:Roger E. Brunschwig 4956:expeditionary force 4881:liberate Strasbourg 4797:, using the FFI as 4795:invasion of Germany 4697:Sigmaringen enclave 4642:permanent UNSC seat 4585:Liberation of Paris 4565:2e Division Blindée 4539:Liberation of Paris 4475:Liberation of Paris 4469:Liberation of Paris 4415:11. Panzer-Division 4337:Transportation Plan 4299:2e Division Blindée 4291:Special Air Service 4281:By the time of the 4276:Operation Bodyguard 4260:Transportation Plan 3958:French Squadron SAS 3619:French North Africa 3523:Marie Pierre Koenig 3513:Throughout 1942 in 3150:Italian East Africa 2991:), Langlade Mission 2877:(General Leclerc). 2409:Thierry d'Argenlieu 2397:of the Free French. 2249:5e Division Blindée 2245:Liberation of Paris 2237:2e Division Blindée 1966:government in exile 1773:On 1 June, Charles 1621:invasion of Germany 1610:liberation of Paris 1523:Royal Canadian Navy 1391:government-in-exile 183:Government-in-exile 147:Chant des Partisans 14773:Telecommunications 14475:2015 Paris attacks 14338:Revolution of 1848 14166:Visigothic Kingdom 13427:Klaus Barbie trial 13164:Liberation of Nice 12982:Battle of Carentan 12977:Operation Overlord 12714:Bernard Montgomery 12684: 12315:Pierre Brossolette 12133:Free French Africa 11627:Free French Africa 11531:Free French Forces 11508: 11143:Surrender of Japan 10976:Battle of Iwo Jima 10825:Belgrade offensive 10238:Siege of Leningrad 10122:Battle of Shanggao 10051:British Somaliland 10016:Dunkirk evacuation 9967:Norwegian campaign 9905:Invasion of Poland 9732:Japanese prisoners 8693:Italian war crimes 8624:British war crimes 8539:Soviet occupations 8323:South-West Pacific 8210:Allied cooperation 8168:Military equipment 7828:Slobodan Jovanović 7788:Tomasz Arciszewski 7774:Władysław Sikorski 7743:Johan Nygaardsvold 7633:Sofoklis Venizelos 7446:(France-Libre.net) 7444:FFF fighting units 7315:. Berghahn Books. 7153:The New York Times 6921:Hastings, Max, 557 6541:Mémoires de guerre 6202:on 9 November 2017 5823:Jennings, Eric T. 5129:which sank at the 5100: 5033: 4919:Operation Nordwind 4877: 4786: 4542: 4318: 4264:military deception 4248:Operation Mulberry 4224: 4216:interim government 4172:Operation Overlord 4170:for the forces of 4164:amphibious assault 4077: 4038:Operation Vesuvius 4026:Italian occupation 3966: 3890:Groupe de Chasse 3 3858: 3754: 3646:French West Africa 3611: 3588:Bernard Montgomery 3511: 3495: 3491:flanking manoeuvre 3463:Paul Legentilhomme 3420:France combattante 3297:. You can help by 3190:Army of the Levant 3142: 3061:In North America, 2993: 2901: 2860:French West Africa 2841: 2816:, the governor of 2793: 2771:of anti-submarine 2719:Philippe Auboyneau 2689: 2589: 2571: 2482: 2429:national-socialism 2399: 2360:Pierre Clostermann 2330: 2264: 2260:1st Spahi Regiment 2209: 2189:French West Africa 2132: 2111:to help fight the 2064:René-Émile Godfroy 2053: 1889: 1881: 1799:Attaque à outrance 1744:Dunkirk evacuation 1708: 1647: 1558:. From there, the 1544:France combattante 1411:Free French Forces 1045:History portal 541: until 50 BC 317:de Gaulle's appeal 15061:Charles de Gaulle 15043: 15042: 15005: 15004: 14796: 14795: 14683: 14682: 14675:Political parties 14611:Foreign relations 14576: 14575: 14505: 14504: 14288:French Revolution 14242:Thirty Years' War 14223:Absolute monarchy 14188:Kingdom of France 14084:Foreign relations 14064:Political history 13994: 13993: 13960:Trente Glorieuses 13940:French Resistance 13865:Appeal of 18 June 13835:political parties 13828: 13827: 13748:1958 constitution 13711: 13710: 13513:Charles de Gaulle 13479: 13478: 13416:Trente Glorieuses 13392:Épuration sauvage 13330: 13329: 13190:Operation Undergo 13185:Operation Astonia 13129:Provence landings 12929:Battle of Glières 12924:Battle of Vercors 12886:Battle of Réunion 12881:Tunisian campaign 12729:Raymond O. Barton 12709:Winston Churchill 12699:Charles de Gaulle 12483: 12482: 12453:French Resistance 12308:Emmanuel d'Astier 12294:Charles de Gaulle 12241:General de Lattre 12213:Kieffer commandos 12035:Libération (nord) 11435:Appeal of 18 June 11261:French Resistance 11217: 11216: 11175: 11174: 11018:Battle of Okinawa 10917:Burma (1944–1945) 10751:Mariana and Palau 10531:Tunisian campaign 10356:Fall of Singapore 10280:Fall of Hong Kong 10023:Battle of Britain 9876:Operation Himmler 9785: 9784: 9449:Dutch East Indies 9085:Southern Rhodesia 8837: 8836: 8737:Genocide of Serbs 8640:German war crimes 8617:Soviet war crimes 8610:Allied war crimes 8456:Division of Korea 8435:Chinese Civil War 8233:Strategic bombing 8145:Manhattan Project 7919: 7918: 7583:Charles de Gaulle 7419:978-1-8553-2707-8 7388:978-1-4411-8978-3 7367:978-0-8160-6022-1 7322:978-1-8454-5300-8 7303:978-2-8473-4596-4 7284:978-2-1304-7520-0 7230:978-0-1982-0706-1 7079:'s BBC Broadcast" 7060:978-1-84502-887-9 6931:Muracciole (1996) 6908:978-2-7491-2046-1 6870:Olivier Forcade, 6857:978-0-8160-6022-1 6621:978-1-4728-2442-4 6076:Muracciole (2009) 6027:, pp. 34–35. 6025:Muracciole (2009) 6007:Gilles Aubagnac. 5721:978-0-415-06671-6 5306:978-2-87027-864-2 5189:Jacques de Sieyes 4968:August Revolution 4960:Japan surrendered 4896:French First Army 4709:Fernand de Brinon 4677:épuration sauvage 4646:the western front 4479:After the failed 4396:Operation Dragoon 4392:US 6th Army Group 4380:French First Army 4374:The main part of 4365:maquis du Vercors 4361:guerrilla warfare 4283:Normandy Invasion 4196:Operation Dragoon 4081:French Resistance 4055:French Resistance 4030:Italian armistice 4028:began, after the 4015:German propaganda 4002:Moroccan Goumiers 3977:campaign in Italy 3970:Tunisian Campaign 3940:Tunisian campaign 3549:Claude Auchinleck 3525:and his unit—the 3459:Armand Léon Annet 3444:French Madagascar 3399: 3398: 3391: 3381: 3380: 3373: 3315: 3314: 3277: 3201:High Commissioner 3180:clashed with the 3032:August Revolution 2743:Operation Dragoon 2739:Operation Neptune 2735:French Resistance 2543:Winston Churchill 2413:Cross of Lorraine 2367:Cross of Lorraine 2345:Aviation: 3,200; 2290:Troupes de marine 2229:Spanish Civil War 2050:Battle of Britain 1970:Julian T. Jackson 1929:Winston Churchill 1873:underground means 1855:Appeal of 18 June 1696:Charles de Gaulle 1602:Normandy landings 1575:L'Armée d'Afrique 1489:Equatorial Africa 1452:Appeal of 18 June 1419:), supported the 1386:Charles de Gaulle 1383:. Led by General 1357: 1356: 1349:Wallis and Futuna 1079: 1078: 1030:France portal 923: 922: 820: 819: 731:Kingdom of France 721:French Revolution 712:Long 19th century 702: 701: 650: 649: 620:Kingdom of France 555: 554: 463: 462: 459: 458: 455: 454: 435: 434: 351:24 September 1941 290:Charles de Gaulle 285:• 1940–1944 139: 127: 101:Cross of Lorraine 39:Aymeric Chauprade 16:(Redirected from 15118: 15111:Former republics 14807: 14806: 14723:Economic history 14694: 14693: 14587: 14586: 14516: 14515: 14394: 14373: 14272:Seven Years' War 14237:Wars of Religion 14233: 14218:House of Bourbon 14213:Early modern era 14193:Fundamental laws 14069:Military history 14044: 14043: 14021: 14014: 14007: 13998: 13997: 13984: 13983: 13954:Resistance Medal 13778:Constantine Plan 13700:Épuration légale 13653:Administrations 13604: 13603: 13583:Interwar period 13577:Battle of Dinant 13544: 13543: 13506: 13499: 13492: 13483: 13482: 13385:Épuration légale 13337: 13299:Atlantic pockets 13275:Atlantic pockets 13241:Battle of Alsace 13195:Atlantic pockets 13089:Atlantic pockets 13027:Battle of Ushant 13022:Maquis de Saffré 12809: 12808: 12760: 12749:Philippe Kieffer 12739:Philippe Leclerc 12734:George S. Patton 12692: 12578:Commando Kieffer 12566: 12522: 12521: 12510: 12503: 12496: 12487: 12486: 12434: 12427: 12418: 12411: 12404: 12395: 12388: 12386:Resistance Medal 12381: 12374: 12352: 12345: 12343:Jean-Pierre Lévy 12338: 12331: 12324: 12317: 12310: 12303: 12296: 12278: 12271: 12264: 12257: 12250: 12243: 12236: 12229: 12222: 12215: 12193: 12186: 12177: 12170: 12163: 12161:March battalions 12156: 12149: 12142: 12135: 12128: 12121: 12114: 12107: 12083: 12074: 12065: 12056: 12047: 12044:Libération (sud) 12038: 12029: 12020: 12011: 12002: 11993: 11984: 11975: 11966: 11957: 11948: 11924: 11915: 11908: 11899: 11892: 11885: 11878: 11869: 11860: 11851: 11844: 11837: 11830: 11823: 11814: 11807: 11798: 11791: 11784: 11775: 11768: 11765: 11756: 11747: 11738: 11731: 11728:Musée de l'Homme 11722: 11713: 11704: 11695: 11686: 11679: 11670: 11661: 11654: 11651: 11629: 11622: 11613: 11607: 11598: 11589: 11582: 11575: 11568: 11561: 11554: 11547: 11540: 11533: 11526: 11495: 11488: 11481: 11474: 11467: 11460: 11453: 11446: 11437: 11430: 11408: 11401: 11394: 11387: 11380: 11373: 11366: 11359: 11352: 11345: 11338: 11331: 11324: 11317: 11310: 11303: 11296: 11289: 11282: 11275: 11259: 11256: 11255: 11244: 11237: 11230: 11221: 11220: 11210: 11203: 11196: 11193:World portal 11191: 11190: 11166: 11159: 11152: 11145: 11136: 11129: 11122: 11113: 11106: 11099: 11092: 11085: 11078: 11069: 11062: 11055: 11053:Prague offensive 11048: 11046:Battle of Berlin 11041: 11034: 11027: 11020: 11013: 11006: 10999: 10992: 10990:Vienna offensive 10985: 10978: 10971: 10969:Battle of Manila 10964: 10944: 10935: 10926: 10919: 10910: 10903: 10896: 10889: 10882: 10875: 10868: 10859: 10850: 10843: 10834: 10827: 10820: 10813: 10804: 10797: 10790: 10783: 10776: 10769: 10762: 10753: 10746: 10737: 10728: 10719: 10712: 10710:Korsun–Cherkassy 10705: 10694: 10672: 10663: 10656: 10649: 10642: 10635: 10628: 10621: 10612: 10605: 10598: 10591: 10582: 10575: 10568: 10561: 10554: 10552:Bombing of Gorky 10547: 10540: 10533: 10513: 10506: 10497: 10490: 10483: 10474: 10467: 10460: 10453: 10442: 10435: 10428: 10421: 10419:Battle of Midway 10414: 10407: 10405:Battle of Gazala 10400: 10393: 10386: 10379: 10372: 10365: 10358: 10338: 10331: 10324: 10317: 10315:Battle of Borneo 10310: 10308:Malayan campaign 10303: 10296: 10289: 10282: 10275: 10268: 10261: 10254: 10252:Bombing of Gorky 10247: 10245:Battle of Moscow 10240: 10233: 10226: 10219: 10212: 10205: 10189: 10182: 10175: 10168: 10161: 10154: 10145: 10138: 10131: 10124: 10117: 10097: 10088: 10081: 10074: 10067: 10060: 10053: 10046: 10039: 10032: 10025: 10018: 10011: 10009:Battle of France 10004: 9997: 9990: 9983: 9976: 9969: 9949: 9942: 9935: 9928: 9921: 9914: 9907: 9885: 9878: 9871: 9864: 9862:Munich Agreement 9857: 9850: 9841: 9834: 9827: 9818: 9811: 9796: 9795: 9778: 9771: 9762: 9755: 9748: 9747:Soviet prisoners 9741: 9734: 9727: 9718: 9711: 9702: 9695: 9688: 9687:German prisoners 9683: 9663: 9654: 9647: 9640: 9635: 9628: 9621: 9614: 9607: 9600: 9593: 9586: 9579: 9572: 9565: 9558: 9551: 9544: 9535: 9528: 9521: 9514: 9507: 9500: 9493: 9486: 9479: 9472: 9465: 9458: 9451: 9444: 9437: 9430: 9423: 9416: 9409: 9389: 9382: 9375: 9368: 9361: 9354: 9347: 9340: 9333: 9326: 9319: 9299: 9292: 9285: 9278: 9271: 9263: 9256: 9249: 9240: 9233: 9225: 9218: 9216:French Indochina 9211: 9204: 9197: 9190: 9182: 9175: 9168: 9160: 9140: 9131: 9124: 9115: 9108: 9101: 9094: 9087: 9080: 9073: 9066: 9063:from August 1944 9054: 9047: 9040: 9033: 9026: 9019: 9012: 9005: 8998: 8986: 8979: 8972: 8965: 8958: 8946: 8938: 8931: 8924: 8917: 8910: 8903: 8896: 8884: 8877: 8870: 8863: 8848: 8847: 8828: 8821: 8814: 8807: 8800: 8789: 8774: 8767: 8760: 8755: 8746: 8739: 8732: 8723: 8716: 8709: 8707:Nanjing Massacre 8702: 8695: 8686: 8684:Nuremberg trials 8677: 8670: 8663: 8656: 8649: 8642: 8633: 8626: 8619: 8612: 8592: 8585: 8578: 8569: 8562: 8555: 8548: 8541: 8534: 8525: 8516: 8509: 8502: 8495: 8486: 8479: 8472: 8465: 8458: 8451: 8444: 8437: 8417: 8408: 8401: 8394: 8385: 8378: 8371: 8364: 8355: 8348: 8341: 8332: 8325: 8318: 8311: 8304: 8297: 8290: 8288:Asia and Pacific 8270: 8263: 8256: 8249: 8242: 8235: 8228: 8219: 8217:Mulberry harbour 8212: 8205: 8198: 8191: 8184: 8177: 8170: 8163: 8154: 8147: 8140: 8131: 8124: 8117: 8110: 8103: 8096: 8089: 8082: 8075: 8068: 8059: 8052: 8037: 8036: 8025: 8018: 8009: 8002: 7995: 7988: 7981: 7974: 7967: 7946: 7939: 7932: 7923: 7922: 7909: 7908: 7897: 7896: 7885: 7884: 7873: 7872: 7853: 7846: 7839: 7835:Miloš Trifunović 7832: 7825: 7819:Prime Minister: 7806: 7805: 7792: 7785: 7778: 7772:Prime Minister: 7758: 7757: 7741:Prime Minister: 7728: 7727: 7714: 7707: 7703:Dirk Jan de Geer 7701:Prime Minister: 7698:Queen Wilhelmina 7688: 7687: 7671:Prime Minister: 7658: 7657: 7644: 7637: 7630: 7624:Prime Minister: 7611: 7610: 7597: 7573: 7572: 7556:Prime Minister: 7542: 7541: 7525:Prime Minister: 7516: 7515: 7496: 7489: 7482: 7473: 7472: 7455:France-Libre.net 7423: 7404: 7392: 7371: 7330:Taylor, A. J. P. 7326: 7307: 7288: 7269: 7242: 7209:Holland, James. 7199: 7172: 7171: 7169: 7167: 7145: 7139: 7138: 7136: 7134: 7128: 7121: 7105: 7099: 7098: 7096: 7094: 7085:. 17 June 2010. 7078: 7071: 7065: 7064: 7044: 7038: 7037:. Reims Academy. 7025: 7019: 7004: 6998: 6983: 6977: 6974: 6968: 6967: 6949: 6943: 6940: 6934: 6928: 6922: 6919: 6913: 6912: 6894: 6888: 6881: 6875: 6868: 6862: 6861: 6843: 6837: 6836: 6834: 6832: 6812: 6806: 6805: 6797: 6791: 6788: 6782: 6775: 6769: 6768: 6766: 6764: 6750: 6744: 6743: 6735: 6729: 6728: 6705: 6699: 6694:Arthur L. Funk, 6692: 6686: 6672: 6666: 6663: 6657: 6654: 6643: 6640: 6634: 6633: 6605: 6599: 6598: 6570: 6564: 6550: 6544: 6537: 6531: 6528: 6522: 6519: 6513: 6510: 6504: 6501: 6495: 6492: 6483: 6464: 6458: 6441: 6435: 6434: 6423: 6417: 6411: 6405: 6404: 6402: 6400: 6385: 6379: 6376: 6363: 6357: 6351: 6345: 6339: 6333: 6324: 6323: 6303: 6297: 6291: 6285: 6282: 6276: 6264: 6260: 6254: 6251: 6245: 6231: 6225: 6218: 6212: 6211: 6209: 6207: 6192: 6186: 6185: 6183: 6181: 6172:. Archived from 6166: 6160: 6159: 6143: 6137: 6130: 6124: 6123: 6121: 6119: 6105: 6099: 6085: 6079: 6073: 6067: 6065: 6063: 6061: 6052:. Archived from 6046: 6040: 6034: 6028: 6022: 6016: 6005: 5999: 5992: 5986: 5979: 5970: 5969: 5967: 5965: 5944: 5935: 5925: 5916: 5915: 5913: 5911: 5892: 5883: 5880: 5874: 5871: 5865: 5862: 5856: 5843: 5837: 5834: 5828: 5821: 5815: 5814: 5812: 5810: 5799: 5793: 5784: 5778: 5775: 5764: 5761: 5750: 5747: 5738: 5737: 5735: 5733: 5712:Psychology Press 5701: 5692: 5679: 5673: 5670: 5664: 5657: 5651: 5645: 5639: 5633: 5624: 5623: 5621: 5619: 5599: 5593: 5592:, 29 April 2007. 5581: 5575: 5574: 5538: 5532: 5529: 5523: 5520: 5514: 5508: 5497: 5496: 5478: 5472: 5471: 5453: 5447: 5446: 5410: 5404: 5401: 5395: 5394: 5378: 5368: 5362: 5361: 5359: 5357: 5343: 5337: 5331: 5325: 5317: 5311: 5310: 5294: 5288: 5280: 5259: 5248: 5242: 5239: 5204: 5162: 5157: 5156: 5155: 5141: 5132:Tail of the Bank 5060: 5052: 5044: 5003:Yalta Conference 4942: 4835:Red Ball Express 4749: 4706: 4679: 4673: 4670:épuration légale 4623: 4619: 4590: 4567: 4557: 4517: 4505: 4501: 4386:—and joined the 4357:maquis shrubland 4236:new puppet state 4086: 4048: 4006:raped and killed 3994:Operation Diadem 3956:Members of the ' 3913: 3911:Légion d'Honneur 3902: 3898: 3892: 3867: 3848:Normandie-Niemen 3821: 3811: 3807: 3803: 3792: 3773: 3762: 3746: 3651: 3456:Governor-General 3422: 3416: 3394: 3387: 3376: 3369: 3365: 3362: 3356: 3325: 3317: 3310: 3307: 3288: 3280: 3269: 3247: 3246: 3239: 3218: 3170: 3138:Gardes Tcherkess 3095: 3016:invaded by Japan 3012:French Indochina 3005:French Polynesia 2989:French Indochina 2935: 2929: 2925: 2880: 2865: 2850: 2798: 2791:in February 1941 2741:in Normandy and 2636:James Somerville 2525:Tail of the Bank 2407: 2375:The Free French 2363:want to fight!" 2326:Achnacarry House 2307:Soviet Air Force 2297: 2218:Italian Campaign 2174: 2159: 2141: 2104:French Air Force 2094: 2073: 2070:harbour to join 2058: 2023: 2000: 1975: 1963: 1955: 1943: 1941:Appel du 18 juin 1937: 1926: 1894: 1836: 1828: 1803:armoured warfare 1788: 1776: 1710:On 10 May 1940, 1704:Battle of France 1673: 1659: 1595: 1577: 1567: 1546: 1531:Soviet Air Force 1515:Free French Navy 1494: 1479: 1469: 1459: 1457:Appel du 18 juin 1418: 1409:forces with the 1401:. It joined the 1388: 1116: 1105: 1098: 1091: 1082: 1081: 1071: 1064: 1057: 1043: 1042: 1041: 1028: 1027: 1026: 919: 835: 834: 717: 716: 670: 669: 631:Direct Capetians 570: 569: 513: 512: 493: 483: 465: 464: 451: 450: 439: 438: 426: 425: 419: 418: 403: 402: 363: 352: 346: 162: 150: 141: 140: 125: 124: 97: 83: 65: 57: 46: 45: 21: 15126: 15125: 15121: 15120: 15119: 15117: 15116: 15115: 15046: 15045: 15044: 15039: 15038: 15019: 15001: 14982:Public holidays 14895: 14854:Life expectancy 14792: 14679: 14572: 14501: 14470:Great Recession 14443:Fourth Republic 14438:1900 to present 14426: 14343:Second Republic 14307: 14276: 14199: 14152: 14119: 14098: 14033: 14025: 13995: 13990: 13972: 13928: 13889: 13883: 13870:Bayeux speeches 13857: 13851: 13834: 13833:Governments and 13824: 13815:1969 referendum 13795:1962 referendum 13759: 13732:1958 elections 13728:May 1958 crisis 13707: 13642: 13634: 13609: 13593: 13539: 13533: 13515: 13510: 13480: 13475: 13431: 13410:Fourth Republic 13335: 13326: 13287: 13260: 13233: 13227: 13168: 13149:Maillé massacre 13057: 13053:Operation Cobra 13031: 12992:Battle for Caen 12965: 12949: 12933: 12909: 12890: 12876:Operation Torch 12861: 12845: 12826: 12822:Battle of Gabon 12803: 12796: 12758: 12753: 12690: 12685: 12674: 12643:1st Free French 12564: 12559: 12526: 12516: 12514: 12484: 12479: 12478: 12437: 12430: 12421: 12414: 12407: 12398: 12391: 12384: 12377: 12370: 12362: 12355: 12348: 12341: 12334: 12327: 12320: 12313: 12306: 12299: 12292: 12281: 12274: 12267: 12260: 12253: 12248:General Leclerc 12246: 12239: 12232: 12225: 12218: 12211: 12203: 12196: 12189: 12184:Operation Marie 12182: 12173: 12166: 12159: 12152: 12145: 12140:French Cameroon 12138: 12131: 12124: 12117: 12110: 12103: 12095: 12093: 12086: 12080:La Voix du Nord 12077: 12068: 12059: 12050: 12041: 12032: 12023: 12014: 12005: 11996: 11987: 11978: 11969: 11960: 11951: 11942: 11934: 11927: 11918: 11911: 11904: 11895: 11888: 11881: 11874: 11863: 11854: 11849: 11840: 11833: 11826: 11817: 11810: 11801: 11794: 11787: 11778: 11771: 11761: 11750: 11741: 11734: 11725: 11719:Mouvements unis 11716: 11707: 11701:Libération-Nord 11698: 11691: 11682: 11673: 11664: 11657: 11647: 11639: 11632: 11625: 11616: 11605: 11601: 11594: 11585: 11578: 11571: 11566: 11557: 11550: 11543: 11536: 11529: 11522: 11509: 11498: 11491: 11484: 11477: 11470: 11463: 11456: 11449: 11442: 11433: 11426: 11418: 11411: 11404: 11397: 11390: 11383: 11376: 11369: 11362: 11355: 11348: 11341: 11334: 11327: 11320: 11313: 11306: 11299: 11292: 11285: 11278: 11271: 11263: 11257: 11250: 11248: 11218: 11213: 11206: 11199: 11185: 11183: 11171: 11162: 11155: 11148: 11141: 11132: 11125: 11118: 11109: 11104:Atomic bombings 11102: 11095: 11088: 11081: 11074: 11065: 11058: 11051: 11044: 11037: 11030: 11023: 11016: 11009: 11002: 10995: 10988: 10981: 10974: 10967: 10960: 10947: 10940: 10929: 10922: 10915: 10906: 10899: 10892: 10885: 10878: 10871: 10862: 10853: 10846: 10837: 10830: 10823: 10816: 10807: 10800: 10795:Eastern Romania 10793: 10788:Warsaw Uprising 10786: 10781:Tannenberg Line 10779: 10772: 10767:Western Ukraine 10765: 10756: 10749: 10740: 10731: 10722: 10715: 10708: 10697: 10688: 10675: 10668: 10659: 10652: 10645: 10638: 10631: 10624: 10617: 10608: 10601: 10594: 10585: 10578: 10571: 10564: 10559:Battle of Kursk 10557: 10550: 10543: 10536: 10529: 10516: 10509: 10500: 10493: 10486: 10477: 10470: 10463: 10456: 10447: 10438: 10431: 10424: 10417: 10410: 10403: 10396: 10389: 10382: 10375: 10370:St Nazaire Raid 10368: 10361: 10354: 10341: 10334: 10327: 10320: 10313: 10306: 10299: 10292: 10285: 10278: 10271: 10264: 10257: 10250: 10243: 10236: 10229: 10222: 10215: 10208: 10194: 10185: 10178: 10171: 10164: 10157: 10152:Anglo-Iraqi War 10150: 10143:Battle of Crete 10141: 10134: 10127: 10120: 10113: 10100: 10091: 10084: 10077: 10072:Eastern Romania 10070: 10063: 10056: 10049: 10042: 10035: 10028: 10021: 10014: 10007: 10000: 9993: 9986: 9979: 9972: 9965: 9952: 9945: 9938: 9931: 9924: 9917: 9910: 9903: 9890: 9881: 9874: 9867: 9860: 9853: 9846: 9837: 9830: 9823: 9814: 9807: 9781: 9774: 9767: 9758: 9751: 9746: 9737: 9730: 9723: 9714: 9707: 9698: 9691: 9686: 9679: 9666: 9659: 9650: 9643: 9638: 9633:Western Ukraine 9631: 9624: 9617: 9610: 9603: 9596: 9589: 9582: 9577:Northeast China 9575: 9568: 9561: 9554: 9547: 9540: 9531: 9524: 9517: 9510: 9503: 9496: 9489: 9482: 9475: 9468: 9461: 9454: 9447: 9440: 9433: 9426: 9419: 9412: 9405: 9392: 9385: 9378: 9371: 9364: 9357: 9350: 9343: 9336: 9329: 9322: 9315: 9302: 9295: 9288: 9281: 9276:Slovak Republic 9274: 9266: 9259: 9252: 9247:Empire of Japan 9245: 9236: 9228: 9221: 9214: 9207: 9200: 9193: 9185: 9178: 9171: 9163: 9156: 9143: 9136: 9127: 9120: 9111: 9104: 9097: 9090: 9083: 9076: 9069: 9057: 9050: 9043: 9036: 9029: 9022: 9015: 9008: 9001: 8989: 8982: 8975: 8968: 8961: 8949: 8941: 8934: 8927: 8920: 8913: 8906: 8899: 8887: 8880: 8873: 8866: 8859: 8833: 8824: 8817: 8810: 8803: 8792: 8777: 8770: 8763: 8759:Sexual violence 8758: 8751: 8742: 8735: 8728: 8719: 8712: 8705: 8698: 8691: 8682: 8673: 8666: 8659: 8652: 8645: 8638: 8629: 8622: 8615: 8608: 8595: 8588: 8581: 8574: 8565: 8558: 8551: 8544: 8537: 8528: 8519: 8512: 8505: 8498: 8489: 8482: 8477:Greek Civil War 8475: 8468: 8461: 8454: 8447: 8440: 8433: 8420: 8413: 8404: 8397: 8390: 8381: 8374: 8367: 8360: 8351: 8344: 8337: 8328: 8321: 8314: 8307: 8302:South-East Asia 8300: 8293: 8286: 8273: 8266: 8259: 8252: 8245: 8238: 8231: 8224: 8215: 8208: 8201: 8194: 8187: 8180: 8173: 8166: 8161:Military awards 8159: 8150: 8143: 8136: 8127: 8120: 8113: 8106: 8099: 8092: 8085: 8078: 8071: 8064: 8055: 8048: 8028: 8021: 8014: 8005: 7998: 7991: 7986: 7977: 7970: 7963: 7955: 7950: 7920: 7915: 7903: 7891: 7879: 7867: 7856: 7851: 7844: 7837: 7830: 7823: 7818: 7800: 7795: 7790: 7783: 7776: 7771: 7752: 7747: 7740: 7738:King Haakon VII 7722: 7717: 7712: 7705: 7700: 7682: 7677: 7670: 7652: 7647: 7642: 7635: 7628: 7623: 7605: 7600: 7595: 7567: 7562: 7555: 7536: 7531: 7510: 7505: 7500: 7430: 7420: 7389: 7368: 7356:. Vol. 1. 7346: 7344:Further reading 7339:, London, 1975. 7337:Hamish Hamilton 7323: 7304: 7285: 7231: 7196: 7186:La France libre 7180: 7175: 7165: 7163: 7147: 7146: 7142: 7132: 7130: 7126: 7119: 7107: 7106: 7102: 7092: 7090: 7076: 7073: 7072: 7068: 7061: 7045: 7041: 7035:Wayback Machine 7026: 7022: 7016:Wayback Machine 7005: 7001: 6995:Wayback Machine 6984: 6980: 6975: 6971: 6964: 6950: 6946: 6941: 6937: 6929: 6925: 6920: 6916: 6909: 6895: 6891: 6882: 6878: 6869: 6865: 6858: 6844: 6840: 6830: 6828: 6813: 6809: 6798: 6794: 6789: 6785: 6776: 6772: 6762: 6760: 6752: 6751: 6747: 6740:Calculated Risk 6736: 6732: 6726: 6719:Wayback Machine 6712:du 14 mars 2002 6706: 6702: 6693: 6689: 6673: 6669: 6664: 6660: 6655: 6646: 6641: 6637: 6622: 6606: 6602: 6587: 6571: 6567: 6551: 6547: 6538: 6534: 6529: 6525: 6520: 6516: 6511: 6507: 6502: 6498: 6493: 6486: 6474:Wayback Machine 6465: 6461: 6456:Wayback Machine 6442: 6438: 6427:Olson, James S. 6424: 6420: 6414:Munholland 2007 6412: 6408: 6398: 6396: 6387: 6386: 6382: 6377: 6366: 6360:Munholland 2007 6358: 6354: 6346: 6342: 6336:Munholland 2007 6334: 6327: 6320: 6304: 6300: 6294:Munholland 2007 6292: 6288: 6283: 6279: 6273:Wayback Machine 6262: 6261: 6257: 6252: 6248: 6242:Wayback Machine 6232: 6228: 6219: 6215: 6205: 6203: 6196:"War Memorials" 6194: 6193: 6189: 6179: 6177: 6168: 6167: 6163: 6157: 6154:Wayback Machine 6144: 6140: 6131: 6127: 6117: 6115: 6107: 6106: 6102: 6096:Wayback Machine 6086: 6082: 6074: 6070: 6059: 6057: 6056:on 16 June 2011 6048: 6047: 6043: 6035: 6031: 6023: 6019: 6006: 6002: 5993: 5989: 5980: 5973: 5963: 5961: 5953:The Independent 5946: 5945: 5938: 5926: 5919: 5909: 5907: 5894: 5893: 5886: 5881: 5877: 5872: 5868: 5864:Bennett, p. 13. 5863: 5859: 5853:Wayback Machine 5844: 5840: 5836:Bennett, p. 16. 5835: 5831: 5822: 5818: 5808: 5806: 5801: 5800: 5796: 5785: 5781: 5776: 5767: 5762: 5753: 5748: 5741: 5731: 5729: 5722: 5714:. p. 298. 5702: 5695: 5689:Wayback Machine 5680: 5676: 5671: 5667: 5659:P. M. H. Bell, 5658: 5654: 5646: 5642: 5636:Munholland 2007 5634: 5627: 5617: 5615: 5600: 5596: 5582: 5578: 5539: 5535: 5531:Jackson, p. 112 5530: 5526: 5522:Jackson, p. 110 5521: 5517: 5511:Munholland 2007 5509: 5500: 5493: 5479: 5475: 5468: 5454: 5450: 5411: 5407: 5402: 5398: 5391: 5369: 5365: 5355: 5353: 5345: 5344: 5340: 5332: 5328: 5318: 5314: 5307: 5286:La Marseillaise 5281: 5277: 5273: 5268: 5263: 5262: 5249: 5245: 5240: 5236: 5231: 5158: 5153: 5151: 5148: 5139: 5080: 5058: 5050: 5042: 5039: 5022: 4804:Alsace-Lorraine 4799:military cadres 4774: 4766:Main articles: 4764: 4742:, founding the 4704: 4657:Sturmbannführer 4621: 4608: 4602: 4597: 4588: 4550:to be all-white 4515: 4512:Warsaw uprising 4503: 4499: 4477: 4471: 4455:21st Army Group 4451:12th Army Group 4422:valley and the 4382:—under General 4326:Operation Cobra 4322:battle for Caen 4256:Operation Pluto 4252:English Channel 4208: 4200:pincer movement 4148: 4142: 4136: 4084: 4061: 4053:Main articles: 4051: 3950: 3936: 3914:and the Soviet 3900: 3865: 3840: 3809: 3805: 3801: 3790: 3787:Cremieux decree 3771: 3744: 3733: 3727: 3683:as part of the 3649: 3638:François Darlan 3615:Operation Torch 3607:Operation Torch 3600: 3598:Operation Torch 3584: 3582:First successes 3509:, 12 June 1942. 3475: 3436: 3395: 3384: 3383: 3382: 3377: 3366: 3360: 3357: 3342: 3326: 3311: 3305: 3302: 3295:needs expansion 3289: 3248: 3244: 3237: 3216: 3197:Georges Catroux 3168: 3126:Georges Catroux 3114: 3106:until July 1943 3093: 3059: 3024:launched a coup 2981: 2927: 2923:La France libre 2878: 2871:Battle of Gabon 2863: 2856:Battle of Dakar 2848: 2845:colonial troops 2826:French Cameroun 2805: 2796: 2781: 2723:Operation Torch 2539: 2533: 2421:Alsace-Lorraine 2385:rhomboid field 2380: 2369: 2342:Naval: 12,500; 2303:Royal Air Force 2295: 2195: 2181: 2172: 2157: 2139: 2092: 2071: 2056: 2038: 2021: 1973: 1961: 1953: 1950: 1935: 1924: 1921:British Cabinet 1892: 1865:Occupied France 1857: 1851: 1834: 1826: 1786: 1774: 1689: 1684: 1637: 1625:Fourth Republic 1619:and subsequent 1539:Fighting France 1527:Royal Air Force 1492: 1442:led efforts to 1440:Philippe Pétain 1427:, known as the 1384: 1358: 1353: 1117: 1111: 1109: 1075: 1039: 1037: 1024: 1022: 1017: 925: 924: 917: 902:Fourth Republic 883: 850:Interwar period 832: 822: 821: 781:Second Republic 714: 704: 703: 662: 652: 651: 567: 557: 556: 510: 481: 474: 448: 423: 390: 380:8 February 1944 377: 364: 359: 350: 347: 342: 332: 319: 286: 223: 219: 208: 186: 174: 172:Operation Torch 169: 152: 142: 131: 128: 120:La Marseillaise 107: 106: 105: 102: 98: 90: 89: 84: 66: 59: 51: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 15124: 15114: 15113: 15108: 15103: 15098: 15093: 15088: 15083: 15078: 15073: 15068: 15063: 15058: 15041: 15040: 15037: 15036: 15031: 15026: 15020: 15018: 15017: 15011: 15010: 15007: 15006: 15003: 15002: 15000: 14999: 14994: 14989: 14984: 14979: 14974: 14969: 14964: 14959: 14954: 14949: 14944: 14939: 14938:Cultural icons 14936: 14931: 14926: 14921: 14916: 14911: 14905: 14903: 14897: 14896: 14894: 14893: 14888: 14883: 14878: 14877: 14876: 14866: 14861: 14856: 14851: 14846: 14841: 14836: 14831: 14826: 14821: 14816: 14810: 14804: 14798: 14797: 14794: 14793: 14791: 14790: 14785: 14780: 14775: 14770: 14765: 14760: 14758:Stock exchange 14755: 14750: 14745: 14740: 14735: 14730: 14725: 14720: 14719: 14718: 14708: 14703: 14697: 14691: 14685: 14684: 14681: 14680: 14678: 14677: 14672: 14667: 14662: 14661: 14660: 14655: 14650: 14640: 14635: 14634: 14633: 14628: 14618: 14613: 14608: 14607: 14606: 14596: 14590: 14584: 14578: 14577: 14574: 14573: 14571: 14570: 14565: 14560: 14558:National parks 14555: 14550: 14545: 14540: 14535: 14533:Climate change 14530: 14525: 14519: 14513: 14507: 14506: 14503: 14502: 14500: 14499: 14498: 14497: 14492: 14487: 14482: 14477: 14472: 14467: 14462: 14455:Fifth Republic 14452: 14451: 14450: 14440: 14434: 14432: 14428: 14427: 14425: 14424: 14423: 14422: 14417: 14412: 14407: 14397: 14396: 14395: 14381: 14376: 14375: 14374: 14363:Third Republic 14360: 14355: 14350: 14345: 14340: 14334: 14333: 14328: 14323: 14317: 14315: 14309: 14308: 14306: 14305: 14300: 14298:First Republic 14295: 14293:Napoleonic era 14290: 14284: 14282: 14278: 14277: 14275: 14274: 14269: 14264: 14259: 14254: 14249: 14244: 14239: 14234: 14225: 14220: 14215: 14209: 14207: 14201: 14200: 14198: 14197: 14196: 14195: 14185: 14180: 14179: 14178: 14168: 14162: 14160: 14154: 14153: 14151: 14150: 14145: 14140: 14138:Greek colonies 14135: 14129: 14127: 14121: 14120: 14118: 14117: 14112: 14106: 14104: 14100: 14099: 14097: 14096: 14091: 14086: 14081: 14076: 14071: 14066: 14061: 14056: 14050: 14048: 14041: 14035: 14034: 14024: 14023: 14016: 14009: 14001: 13992: 13991: 13989: 13988: 13977: 13974: 13973: 13971: 13970: 13963: 13956: 13947: 13942: 13936: 13934: 13930: 13929: 13927: 13926: 13921: 13920: 13919: 13917:Gaullist Party 13909: 13904: 13899: 13893: 13891: 13885: 13884: 13882: 13881: 13872: 13867: 13861: 13859: 13853: 13852: 13850: 13849: 13844: 13838: 13836: 13830: 13829: 13826: 13825: 13823: 13822: 13817: 13812: 13807: 13802: 13797: 13792: 13787: 13786: 13785: 13780: 13769: 13767: 13761: 13760: 13758: 13757: 13756: 13755: 13745: 13744: 13743: 13738: 13730: 13725: 13719: 13717: 13713: 13712: 13709: 13708: 13706: 13705: 13704: 13703: 13696: 13686: 13681: 13676: 13671: 13670: 13669: 13664: 13659: 13650: 13648: 13636: 13635: 13633: 13632: 13631: 13630: 13625: 13614: 13612: 13601: 13595: 13594: 13592: 13591: 13590: 13589: 13581: 13580: 13579: 13574: 13566: 13561: 13560: 13559: 13550: 13548: 13541: 13535: 13534: 13532: 13531: 13526: 13524:Foreign policy 13520: 13517: 13516: 13509: 13508: 13501: 13494: 13486: 13477: 13476: 13474: 13473: 13468: 13463: 13458: 13453: 13448: 13443: 13440:WW II theatres 13436: 13433: 13432: 13430: 13429: 13424: 13419: 13412: 13407: 13402: 13395: 13388: 13381: 13376: 13371: 13366: 13361: 13356: 13351: 13346: 13340: 13338: 13332: 13331: 13328: 13327: 13325: 13324: 13323: 13322: 13317: 13312: 13307: 13295: 13293: 13289: 13288: 13286: 13285: 13284: 13283: 13271: 13269: 13262: 13261: 13259: 13258: 13253: 13248: 13243: 13237: 13235: 13229: 13228: 13226: 13225: 13220: 13215: 13214: 13213: 13208: 13203: 13192: 13187: 13182: 13176: 13174: 13170: 13169: 13167: 13166: 13161: 13156: 13151: 13146: 13141: 13136: 13131: 13126: 13121: 13116: 13111: 13106: 13105: 13104: 13103: 13102: 13097: 13086: 13081: 13076: 13065: 13063: 13059: 13058: 13056: 13055: 13050: 13045: 13039: 13037: 13033: 13032: 13030: 13029: 13024: 13019: 13014: 13009: 13004: 13002:Tulle massacre 12999: 12994: 12989: 12984: 12979: 12973: 12971: 12967: 12966: 12964: 12963: 12957: 12955: 12951: 12950: 12948: 12947: 12941: 12939: 12935: 12934: 12932: 12931: 12926: 12920: 12918: 12911: 12910: 12908: 12907: 12901: 12899: 12892: 12891: 12889: 12888: 12883: 12878: 12872: 12870: 12863: 12862: 12860: 12859: 12853: 12851: 12847: 12846: 12844: 12843: 12837: 12835: 12828: 12827: 12825: 12824: 12818: 12816: 12806: 12798: 12797: 12795: 12794: 12789: 12784: 12779: 12774: 12769: 12763: 12761: 12759:Administration 12755: 12754: 12752: 12751: 12746: 12741: 12736: 12731: 12726: 12721: 12716: 12711: 12706: 12701: 12695: 12693: 12687: 12686: 12677: 12675: 12673: 12672: 12667: 12662: 12661: 12660: 12655: 12650: 12645: 12634: 12629: 12624: 12617: 12616: 12615: 12610: 12605: 12600: 12595: 12593:3rd Army Corps 12590: 12580: 12575: 12573:Army of Africa 12569: 12567: 12561: 12560: 12558: 12557: 12552: 12547: 12542: 12537: 12531: 12528: 12527: 12513: 12512: 12505: 12498: 12490: 12481: 12480: 12477: 12476: 12470: 12465: 12460: 12455: 12449: 12443: 12442: 12439: 12438: 12436: 12435: 12428: 12419: 12412: 12405: 12396: 12389: 12382: 12375: 12367: 12365: 12357: 12356: 12354: 12353: 12346: 12339: 12332: 12325: 12318: 12311: 12304: 12297: 12289: 12287: 12283: 12282: 12280: 12279: 12272: 12265: 12258: 12251: 12244: 12237: 12230: 12223: 12216: 12208: 12206: 12198: 12197: 12195: 12194: 12187: 12180: 12179: 12178: 12171: 12157: 12150: 12143: 12136: 12129: 12122: 12115: 12108: 12100: 12098: 12088: 12087: 12085: 12084: 12075: 12066: 12057: 12048: 12039: 12030: 12021: 12012: 12008:Front National 12003: 11994: 11985: 11976: 11967: 11958: 11949: 11939: 11937: 11929: 11928: 11926: 11925: 11916: 11909: 11902: 11901: 11900: 11893: 11886: 11879: 11872: 11871: 11870: 11847: 11846: 11845: 11838: 11831: 11824: 11815: 11808: 11799: 11792: 11785: 11776: 11759: 11758: 11757: 11748: 11739: 11736:National Front 11732: 11723: 11714: 11710:Libération-Sud 11705: 11696: 11689: 11688: 11687: 11671: 11662: 11644: 11642: 11634: 11633: 11631: 11630: 11623: 11614: 11599: 11592: 11591: 11590: 11583: 11576: 11564: 11563: 11562: 11555: 11548: 11545:Army of Africa 11541: 11527: 11519: 11517: 11511: 11510: 11501: 11499: 11497: 11496: 11489: 11482: 11475: 11468: 11461: 11454: 11447: 11440: 11439: 11438: 11423: 11421: 11413: 11412: 11410: 11409: 11402: 11395: 11388: 11381: 11374: 11367: 11360: 11353: 11346: 11339: 11332: 11325: 11318: 11311: 11304: 11297: 11290: 11283: 11276: 11268: 11265: 11264: 11247: 11246: 11239: 11232: 11224: 11215: 11214: 11212: 11211: 11204: 11197: 11180: 11177: 11176: 11173: 11172: 11170: 11169: 11168: 11167: 11160: 11153: 11139: 11138: 11137: 11123: 11120:South Sakhalin 11116: 11115: 11114: 11100: 11093: 11086: 11079: 11072: 11071: 11070: 11056: 11049: 11042: 11035: 11028: 11021: 11014: 11007: 11000: 10993: 10986: 10979: 10972: 10965: 10957: 10955: 10949: 10948: 10946: 10945: 10938: 10937: 10936: 10920: 10913: 10912: 10911: 10897: 10890: 10883: 10876: 10869: 10860: 10851: 10844: 10835: 10828: 10821: 10814: 10805: 10798: 10791: 10784: 10777: 10770: 10763: 10754: 10747: 10738: 10729: 10720: 10713: 10706: 10695: 10685: 10683: 10677: 10676: 10674: 10673: 10666: 10665: 10664: 10657: 10643: 10636: 10629: 10622: 10615: 10614: 10613: 10599: 10592: 10583: 10576: 10569: 10562: 10555: 10548: 10545:Battle of Attu 10541: 10534: 10526: 10524: 10518: 10517: 10515: 10514: 10507: 10498: 10491: 10484: 10475: 10468: 10461: 10454: 10445: 10444: 10443: 10436: 10422: 10415: 10408: 10401: 10394: 10387: 10380: 10373: 10366: 10359: 10351: 10349: 10343: 10342: 10340: 10339: 10332: 10325: 10318: 10311: 10304: 10297: 10294:Battle of Guam 10290: 10283: 10276: 10269: 10262: 10255: 10248: 10241: 10234: 10227: 10220: 10217:Battle of Kiev 10213: 10206: 10192: 10191: 10190: 10176: 10169: 10162: 10155: 10148: 10147: 10146: 10132: 10125: 10118: 10110: 10108: 10102: 10101: 10099: 10098: 10089: 10082: 10075: 10068: 10061: 10054: 10047: 10040: 10033: 10026: 10019: 10012: 10005: 9998: 9991: 9984: 9977: 9970: 9962: 9960: 9954: 9953: 9951: 9950: 9943: 9936: 9929: 9922: 9915: 9908: 9900: 9898: 9892: 9891: 9889: 9888: 9887: 9886: 9879: 9872: 9865: 9858: 9844: 9843: 9842: 9835: 9821: 9820: 9819: 9804: 9802: 9793: 9787: 9786: 9783: 9782: 9780: 9779: 9772: 9765: 9764: 9763: 9756: 9744: 9743: 9742: 9728: 9721: 9720: 9719: 9716:United Kingdom 9712: 9705: 9704: 9703: 9684: 9676: 9674: 9668: 9667: 9665: 9664: 9657: 9656: 9655: 9648: 9636: 9629: 9622: 9615: 9608: 9601: 9594: 9587: 9580: 9573: 9566: 9559: 9552: 9545: 9538: 9537: 9536: 9529: 9515: 9508: 9501: 9494: 9487: 9480: 9473: 9466: 9459: 9452: 9445: 9438: 9431: 9424: 9417: 9410: 9402: 9400: 9394: 9393: 9391: 9390: 9383: 9376: 9369: 9362: 9355: 9348: 9341: 9334: 9327: 9320: 9312: 9310: 9304: 9303: 9301: 9300: 9293: 9286: 9279: 9272: 9264: 9257: 9250: 9243: 9242: 9241: 9226: 9219: 9212: 9205: 9198: 9191: 9183: 9176: 9169: 9161: 9153: 9151: 9145: 9144: 9142: 9141: 9134: 9133: 9132: 9118: 9117: 9116: 9113:British Empire 9106:United Kingdom 9102: 9095: 9088: 9081: 9074: 9067: 9055: 9048: 9041: 9034: 9027: 9020: 9013: 9006: 8999: 8987: 8980: 8973: 8966: 8959: 8947: 8939: 8932: 8925: 8922:Czechoslovakia 8918: 8911: 8904: 8897: 8885: 8878: 8871: 8864: 8856: 8854: 8845: 8839: 8838: 8835: 8834: 8832: 8831: 8830: 8829: 8822: 8819:Rape of Manila 8815: 8808: 8801: 8790: 8775: 8768: 8756: 8749: 8748: 8747: 8740: 8726: 8725: 8724: 8717: 8710: 8696: 8689: 8688: 8687: 8680: 8679: 8678: 8671: 8657: 8650: 8636: 8635: 8634: 8627: 8620: 8605: 8603: 8597: 8596: 8594: 8593: 8590:United Nations 8586: 8579: 8572: 8571: 8570: 8563: 8556: 8549: 8535: 8526: 8517: 8510: 8503: 8496: 8487: 8480: 8473: 8466: 8459: 8452: 8449:Decolonization 8445: 8438: 8430: 8428: 8422: 8421: 8419: 8418: 8411: 8410: 8409: 8395: 8388: 8387: 8386: 8379: 8372: 8358: 8357: 8356: 8349: 8335: 8334: 8333: 8326: 8319: 8312: 8305: 8298: 8283: 8281: 8275: 8274: 8272: 8271: 8264: 8257: 8250: 8243: 8236: 8229: 8222: 8221: 8220: 8213: 8199: 8192: 8185: 8178: 8171: 8164: 8157: 8156: 8155: 8141: 8134: 8133: 8132: 8125: 8122:United Kingdom 8118: 8104: 8097: 8090: 8083: 8076: 8069: 8062: 8061: 8060: 8045: 8043: 8034: 8030: 8029: 8027: 8026: 8019: 8012: 8011: 8010: 8003: 7996: 7984: 7983: 7982: 7968: 7960: 7957: 7956: 7949: 7948: 7941: 7934: 7926: 7917: 7916: 7914: 7913: 7901: 7889: 7877: 7864: 7862: 7858: 7857: 7855: 7854: 7812: 7810: 7797: 7796: 7794: 7793: 7764: 7762: 7749: 7748: 7746: 7745: 7734: 7732: 7719: 7718: 7716: 7715: 7694: 7692: 7679: 7678: 7676: 7675: 7664: 7662: 7649: 7648: 7646: 7645: 7621:King George II 7617: 7615: 7602: 7601: 7599: 7598: 7590: 7585: 7579: 7577: 7564: 7563: 7561: 7560: 7548: 7546: 7544:Czechoslovakia 7533: 7532: 7530: 7529: 7527:Hubert Pierlot 7522: 7520: 7507: 7506: 7499: 7498: 7491: 7484: 7476: 7470: 7469: 7464: 7458: 7452: 7447: 7441: 7436: 7429: 7428:External links 7426: 7425: 7424: 7418: 7405: 7393: 7387: 7372: 7366: 7345: 7342: 7341: 7340: 7327: 7321: 7308: 7302: 7289: 7283: 7270: 7261: 7243: 7229: 7214: 7207: 7200: 7194: 7179: 7176: 7174: 7173: 7140: 7100: 7066: 7059: 7039: 7020: 6999: 6978: 6969: 6962: 6944: 6935: 6923: 6914: 6907: 6889: 6876: 6863: 6856: 6838: 6823:. p. 86. 6807: 6792: 6783: 6770: 6745: 6730: 6700: 6687: 6667: 6658: 6644: 6635: 6620: 6600: 6585: 6565: 6545: 6532: 6523: 6514: 6505: 6496: 6484: 6459: 6436: 6429:, ed. (1991), 6418: 6406: 6380: 6364: 6352: 6350:, p. 391. 6340: 6325: 6318: 6298: 6286: 6277: 6255: 6246: 6226: 6213: 6187: 6161: 6138: 6125: 6100: 6080: 6068: 6041: 6039:, p. 548. 6029: 6017: 6000: 5987: 5971: 5936: 5917: 5884: 5875: 5866: 5857: 5838: 5829: 5816: 5794: 5779: 5765: 5751: 5739: 5720: 5693: 5674: 5665: 5652: 5640: 5625: 5594: 5576: 5533: 5524: 5515: 5498: 5492:978-0140170412 5491: 5473: 5467:978-1846143519 5466: 5448: 5421:(2): 226–227. 5415:War in History 5405: 5396: 5390:978-0141030654 5389: 5363: 5338: 5336:, p. 373. 5326: 5312: 5305: 5274: 5272: 5269: 5267: 5264: 5261: 5260: 5252:French Algeria 5243: 5233: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5226: 5225: 5220: 5215: 5210: 5205: 5196: 5191: 5186: 5184:France Forever 5181: 5176: 5170: 5164: 5163: 5147: 5144: 5079: 5076: 5021: 5018: 4987:François Sevez 4979:chief of staff 4940:Rhin et Danube 4931:XVIII SS Corps 4839:Siegfried Line 4784:in August 1944 4763: 4760: 4687:On 17 August, 4660:Joseph Darnand 4601: 4598: 4596: 4593: 4560:Raymond Dronne 4535:Champs Elysées 4496:general strike 4473:Main article: 4470: 4467: 4424:Route Napoleon 4330:Falaise pocket 4207: 4204: 4138:Main article: 4135: 4132: 4050: 4042: 4034:French I Corps 3935: 3932: 3839: 3836: 3726: 3723: 3673:Army of Africa 3599: 3596: 3583: 3580: 3570:Panzer Battles 3529:—resisted the 3474: 3471: 3435: 3432: 3423:in July 1942. 3397: 3396: 3379: 3378: 3329: 3327: 3320: 3313: 3312: 3292: 3290: 3283: 3278: 3252: 3251: 3249: 3242: 3236: 3233: 3199:was appointed 3188:and his Vichy 3113: 3110: 3058: 3055: 3043:the concession 2980: 2977: 2804: 2801: 2780: 2777: 2646:perfide Albion 2553:A very modern 2532: 2529: 2494:Firth of Clyde 2484:A monument on 2447:Émile Muselier 2368: 2365: 2339:Army: 50,000; 2262:in Egypt, 1941 2258:North African 2225:Foreign Legion 2180: 2177: 2080: 2079: 2037: 2034: 2016:, the town of 2008:, followed by 1990:Third Republic 1949: 1946: 1917: 1916: 1913:British Empire 1869:18 June appeal 1853:Main article: 1850: 1847: 1822:Maxime Weygand 1783:French cabinet 1688: 1685: 1683: 1680: 1636: 1633: 1578:) to form the 1570:Army of Africa 1497:November 1942. 1403:Allied nations 1395:Fall of France 1377:Third Republic 1355: 1354: 1352: 1351: 1345: 1344: 1340: 1339: 1333: 1332: 1328: 1327: 1322: 1315: 1309: 1308: 1304: 1303: 1298: 1293: 1286: 1281: 1280: 1279: 1269: 1268: 1267: 1262: 1250: 1245: 1240: 1235: 1234: 1233: 1221: 1216: 1211: 1206: 1201: 1196: 1189: 1183: 1182: 1178: 1177: 1172: 1165: 1160: 1155: 1150: 1143: 1138: 1133: 1127: 1126: 1122: 1119: 1118: 1108: 1107: 1100: 1093: 1085: 1077: 1076: 1074: 1073: 1066: 1059: 1051: 1048: 1047: 1019: 1018: 1016: 1015: 1010: 1005: 1004: 1003: 998: 993: 983: 978: 977: 976: 966: 961: 956: 951: 946: 941: 935: 932: 931: 927: 926: 921: 920: 914: 912:Fifth Republic 908: 907: 904: 898: 897: 894: 888: 887: 884: 882: 881: 876: 870: 867: 866: 863: 856: 855: 852: 845: 844: 841: 839:Third Republic 833: 828: 827: 824: 823: 818: 817: 814: 807: 806: 803: 801:Third Republic 797: 796: 793: 787: 786: 783: 777: 776: 773: 767: 766: 763: 757: 756: 753: 747: 746: 743: 741:First Republic 737: 736: 733: 727: 726: 723: 715: 710: 709: 706: 705: 700: 699: 696: 690: 689: 686: 680: 679: 676: 663: 658: 657: 654: 653: 648: 647: 644: 637: 636: 633: 626: 625: 622: 616: 615: 612: 605: 604: 601: 595: 594: 591: 585: 584: 581: 568: 563: 562: 559: 558: 553: 552: 551:50 BC – 486 AD 549: 543: 542: 539: 533: 532: 531:600 BC – 49 BC 529: 527:Greek colonies 523: 522: 519: 511: 506: 505: 502: 501: 495: 494: 486: 485: 476: 475: 468: 461: 460: 457: 456: 453: 452: 445: 436: 433: 432: 427: 415: 414: 409: 399: 398: 395: 394: 391: 385: 382: 381: 378: 372: 369: 368: 365: 357: 354: 353: 348: 340: 337: 336: 333: 327: 324: 323: 320: 314: 311: 310: 307: 306: 301: 300:Historical era 297: 296: 293: 292: 287: 284: 281: 280: 277: 276: 273: 269: 268: 263: 257: 256: 251: 247: 246: 237: 233: 232: 196: 192: 191: 180: 176: 175: 163: 155: 154: 151:" (unofficial) 129: 109: 108: 99: 92: 91: 85: 78: 77: 76: 73: 72: 68: 67: 52: 49: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 15123: 15112: 15109: 15107: 15104: 15102: 15099: 15097: 15094: 15092: 15089: 15087: 15084: 15082: 15079: 15077: 15074: 15072: 15069: 15067: 15064: 15062: 15059: 15057: 15054: 15053: 15051: 15035: 15032: 15030: 15027: 15025: 15022: 15021: 15016: 15013: 15012: 15008: 14998: 14995: 14993: 14990: 14988: 14985: 14983: 14980: 14978: 14975: 14973: 14970: 14968: 14965: 14963: 14960: 14958: 14955: 14953: 14950: 14948: 14945: 14943: 14940: 14937: 14935: 14932: 14930: 14927: 14925: 14922: 14920: 14917: 14915: 14912: 14910: 14907: 14906: 14904: 14902: 14898: 14892: 14889: 14887: 14884: 14882: 14879: 14875: 14872: 14871: 14870: 14867: 14865: 14862: 14860: 14857: 14855: 14852: 14850: 14847: 14845: 14842: 14840: 14837: 14835: 14832: 14830: 14827: 14825: 14822: 14820: 14819:Birth control 14817: 14815: 14812: 14811: 14808: 14805: 14803: 14799: 14789: 14786: 14784: 14781: 14779: 14776: 14774: 14771: 14769: 14766: 14764: 14761: 14759: 14756: 14754: 14751: 14749: 14746: 14744: 14741: 14739: 14736: 14734: 14731: 14729: 14726: 14724: 14721: 14717: 14714: 14713: 14712: 14709: 14707: 14704: 14702: 14699: 14698: 14695: 14692: 14690: 14686: 14676: 14673: 14671: 14668: 14666: 14663: 14659: 14656: 14654: 14651: 14649: 14646: 14645: 14644: 14641: 14639: 14636: 14632: 14629: 14627: 14624: 14623: 14622: 14619: 14617: 14614: 14612: 14609: 14605: 14602: 14601: 14600: 14597: 14595: 14594:Constitutions 14592: 14591: 14588: 14585: 14583: 14579: 14569: 14566: 14564: 14561: 14559: 14556: 14554: 14551: 14549: 14546: 14544: 14541: 14539: 14536: 14534: 14531: 14529: 14526: 14524: 14521: 14520: 14517: 14514: 14512: 14508: 14496: 14493: 14491: 14488: 14486: 14483: 14481: 14478: 14476: 14473: 14471: 14468: 14466: 14463: 14461: 14458: 14457: 14456: 14453: 14449: 14446: 14445: 14444: 14441: 14439: 14436: 14435: 14433: 14429: 14421: 14418: 14416: 14413: 14411: 14408: 14406: 14403: 14402: 14401: 14398: 14393: 14392: 14391:Années folles 14387: 14386: 14385: 14382: 14380: 14377: 14372: 14371: 14366: 14365: 14364: 14361: 14359: 14356: 14354: 14353:Second Empire 14351: 14349: 14346: 14344: 14341: 14339: 14336: 14335: 14332: 14331:July Monarchy 14329: 14327: 14324: 14322: 14319: 14318: 14316: 14314: 14310: 14304: 14301: 14299: 14296: 14294: 14291: 14289: 14286: 14285: 14283: 14279: 14273: 14270: 14268: 14265: 14263: 14260: 14258: 14255: 14253: 14250: 14248: 14245: 14243: 14240: 14238: 14235: 14232: 14231: 14230:Ancien Régime 14226: 14224: 14221: 14219: 14216: 14214: 14211: 14210: 14208: 14206: 14202: 14194: 14191: 14190: 14189: 14186: 14184: 14181: 14177: 14174: 14173: 14172: 14169: 14167: 14164: 14163: 14161: 14159: 14155: 14149: 14146: 14144: 14141: 14139: 14136: 14134: 14131: 14130: 14128: 14126: 14122: 14116: 14113: 14111: 14108: 14107: 14105: 14101: 14095: 14092: 14090: 14087: 14085: 14082: 14080: 14077: 14075: 14072: 14070: 14067: 14065: 14062: 14060: 14057: 14055: 14052: 14051: 14049: 14045: 14042: 14040: 14036: 14032: 14029: 14022: 14017: 14015: 14010: 14008: 14003: 14002: 13999: 13987: 13979: 13978: 13975: 13969: 13968: 13964: 13962: 13961: 13957: 13955: 13951: 13948: 13946: 13943: 13941: 13938: 13937: 13935: 13931: 13925: 13922: 13918: 13915: 13914: 13913: 13910: 13908: 13905: 13903: 13900: 13898: 13895: 13894: 13892: 13886: 13880: 13878: 13873: 13871: 13868: 13866: 13863: 13862: 13860: 13854: 13848: 13845: 13843: 13840: 13839: 13837: 13831: 13821: 13818: 13816: 13813: 13811: 13808: 13806: 13803: 13801: 13800:Élysée Treaty 13798: 13796: 13793: 13791: 13788: 13784: 13781: 13779: 13776: 13775: 13774: 13771: 13770: 13768: 13766: 13762: 13754: 13751: 13750: 13749: 13746: 13742: 13739: 13737: 13734: 13733: 13731: 13729: 13726: 13724: 13723:Levant Crisis 13721: 13720: 13718: 13714: 13702: 13701: 13697: 13695: 13692: 13691: 13690: 13687: 13685: 13682: 13680: 13677: 13675: 13672: 13668: 13665: 13663: 13660: 13658: 13655: 13654: 13652: 13651: 13649: 13646: 13641: 13637: 13629: 13626: 13624: 13621: 13620: 13619: 13616: 13615: 13613: 13611: 13605: 13602: 13600: 13596: 13588: 13585: 13584: 13582: 13578: 13575: 13573: 13570: 13569: 13567: 13565: 13562: 13558: 13555: 13554: 13552: 13551: 13549: 13545: 13542: 13536: 13530: 13527: 13525: 13522: 13521: 13518: 13514: 13507: 13502: 13500: 13495: 13493: 13488: 13487: 13484: 13472: 13471:Sino Japanese 13469: 13467: 13464: 13462: 13459: 13457: 13456:Eastern Front 13454: 13452: 13451:Western Front 13449: 13447: 13444: 13441: 13438: 13437: 13434: 13428: 13425: 13423: 13420: 13418: 13417: 13413: 13411: 13408: 13406: 13403: 13401: 13400: 13396: 13394: 13393: 13389: 13387: 13386: 13382: 13380: 13377: 13375: 13372: 13370: 13367: 13365: 13362: 13360: 13357: 13355: 13352: 13350: 13347: 13345: 13342: 13341: 13339: 13333: 13321: 13320:Saint-Nazaire 13318: 13316: 13313: 13311: 13308: 13306: 13303: 13302: 13300: 13297: 13296: 13294: 13290: 13282: 13279: 13278: 13276: 13273: 13272: 13270: 13268: 13263: 13257: 13254: 13252: 13251:Colmar Pocket 13249: 13247: 13244: 13242: 13239: 13238: 13236: 13230: 13224: 13221: 13219: 13216: 13212: 13209: 13207: 13204: 13202: 13199: 13198: 13196: 13193: 13191: 13188: 13186: 13183: 13181: 13178: 13177: 13175: 13171: 13165: 13162: 13160: 13157: 13155: 13152: 13150: 13147: 13145: 13142: 13140: 13137: 13135: 13132: 13130: 13127: 13125: 13122: 13120: 13117: 13115: 13112: 13110: 13107: 13101: 13100:Saint-Nazaire 13098: 13096: 13093: 13092: 13090: 13087: 13085: 13082: 13080: 13077: 13075: 13072: 13071: 13070: 13067: 13066: 13064: 13060: 13054: 13051: 13049: 13046: 13044: 13041: 13040: 13038: 13034: 13028: 13025: 13023: 13020: 13018: 13015: 13013: 13010: 13008: 13005: 13003: 13000: 12998: 12995: 12993: 12990: 12988: 12985: 12983: 12980: 12978: 12975: 12974: 12972: 12968: 12962: 12959: 12958: 12956: 12952: 12946: 12943: 12942: 12940: 12936: 12930: 12927: 12925: 12922: 12921: 12919: 12917: 12912: 12906: 12903: 12902: 12900: 12898: 12893: 12887: 12884: 12882: 12879: 12877: 12874: 12873: 12871: 12869: 12864: 12858: 12855: 12854: 12852: 12848: 12842: 12839: 12838: 12836: 12834: 12829: 12823: 12820: 12819: 12817: 12815: 12810: 12807: 12805: 12799: 12793: 12790: 12788: 12785: 12783: 12780: 12778: 12775: 12773: 12770: 12768: 12765: 12764: 12762: 12756: 12750: 12747: 12745: 12742: 12740: 12737: 12735: 12732: 12730: 12727: 12725: 12722: 12720: 12717: 12715: 12712: 12710: 12707: 12705: 12702: 12700: 12697: 12696: 12694: 12688: 12681: 12671: 12668: 12666: 12663: 12659: 12656: 12654: 12651: 12649: 12646: 12644: 12641: 12640: 12638: 12635: 12633: 12630: 12628: 12625: 12623: 12622: 12618: 12614: 12613:32nd Infantry 12611: 12609: 12606: 12604: 12601: 12599: 12596: 12594: 12591: 12589: 12588:Cavalry Corps 12586: 12585: 12584: 12581: 12579: 12576: 12574: 12571: 12570: 12568: 12562: 12556: 12553: 12551: 12548: 12546: 12543: 12541: 12538: 12536: 12533: 12532: 12529: 12525: 12520: 12511: 12506: 12504: 12499: 12497: 12492: 12491: 12488: 12474: 12471: 12469: 12466: 12464: 12461: 12459: 12456: 12454: 12451:Categories: ( 12450: 12448: 12445: 12444: 12440: 12433: 12429: 12426: 12425: 12420: 12417: 12413: 12410: 12406: 12403: 12402: 12397: 12394: 12390: 12387: 12383: 12380: 12376: 12373: 12369: 12368: 12366: 12364: 12358: 12351: 12350:Pierre Villon 12347: 12344: 12340: 12337: 12333: 12330: 12326: 12323: 12319: 12316: 12312: 12309: 12305: 12302: 12298: 12295: 12291: 12290: 12288: 12284: 12277: 12273: 12270: 12266: 12263: 12259: 12256: 12252: 12249: 12245: 12242: 12238: 12235: 12231: 12228: 12224: 12221: 12217: 12214: 12210: 12209: 12207: 12205: 12199: 12192: 12188: 12185: 12181: 12176: 12172: 12169: 12165: 12164: 12162: 12158: 12155: 12151: 12148: 12144: 12141: 12137: 12134: 12130: 12127: 12123: 12120: 12116: 12113: 12109: 12106: 12102: 12101: 12099: 12097: 12089: 12082: 12081: 12076: 12073: 12072: 12067: 12064: 12063: 12058: 12055: 12054: 12049: 12046: 12045: 12040: 12037: 12036: 12031: 12028: 12027: 12022: 12019: 12018: 12013: 12010: 12009: 12004: 12001: 12000: 11995: 11992: 11991: 11986: 11983: 11982: 11977: 11974: 11973: 11968: 11965: 11964: 11959: 11956: 11955: 11950: 11947: 11946: 11941: 11940: 11938: 11936: 11930: 11923: 11922: 11917: 11914: 11910: 11907: 11903: 11898: 11894: 11891: 11887: 11884: 11880: 11877: 11873: 11868: 11867: 11862: 11861: 11859: 11858: 11857:Armée secrète 11853: 11852: 11848: 11843: 11839: 11836: 11832: 11829: 11825: 11822: 11821: 11816: 11813: 11809: 11806: 11805: 11800: 11797: 11793: 11790: 11786: 11783: 11782: 11777: 11774: 11770: 11769: 11766: 11760: 11755: 11754: 11749: 11746: 11745: 11740: 11737: 11733: 11730: 11729: 11724: 11721: 11720: 11715: 11712: 11711: 11706: 11703: 11702: 11697: 11694: 11690: 11685: 11681: 11680: 11678: 11677: 11672: 11669: 11668: 11663: 11660: 11656: 11655: 11652: 11646: 11645: 11643: 11641: 11635: 11628: 11624: 11621: 11620: 11619:Radio Londres 11615: 11611: 11604: 11600: 11597: 11593: 11588: 11584: 11581: 11577: 11574: 11570: 11569: 11565: 11560: 11556: 11553: 11549: 11546: 11542: 11539: 11535: 11534: 11532: 11528: 11525: 11521: 11520: 11518: 11516: 11512: 11505: 11494: 11490: 11487: 11483: 11480: 11476: 11473: 11469: 11466: 11462: 11459: 11455: 11452: 11448: 11445: 11441: 11436: 11432: 11431: 11429: 11425: 11424: 11422: 11420: 11414: 11407: 11403: 11400: 11396: 11393: 11389: 11386: 11382: 11379: 11375: 11372: 11368: 11365: 11361: 11358: 11354: 11351: 11347: 11344: 11340: 11337: 11333: 11330: 11326: 11323: 11319: 11316: 11312: 11309: 11305: 11302: 11298: 11295: 11291: 11288: 11284: 11281: 11277: 11274: 11270: 11269: 11266: 11262: 11254: 11245: 11240: 11238: 11233: 11231: 11226: 11225: 11222: 11209: 11205: 11202: 11198: 11195: 11194: 11189: 11182: 11181: 11178: 11165: 11161: 11158: 11154: 11151: 11147: 11146: 11144: 11140: 11135: 11131: 11130: 11128: 11127:Kuril Islands 11124: 11121: 11117: 11112: 11108: 11107: 11105: 11101: 11098: 11094: 11091: 11087: 11084: 11080: 11077: 11073: 11068: 11064: 11063: 11061: 11057: 11054: 11050: 11047: 11043: 11040: 11036: 11033: 11029: 11026: 11022: 11019: 11015: 11012: 11008: 11005: 11001: 10998: 10994: 10991: 10987: 10984: 10980: 10977: 10973: 10970: 10966: 10963: 10959: 10958: 10956: 10954: 10950: 10943: 10939: 10934: 10933: 10928: 10927: 10925: 10921: 10918: 10914: 10909: 10905: 10904: 10902: 10898: 10895: 10894:Syrmian Front 10891: 10888: 10884: 10881: 10877: 10874: 10870: 10867: 10866: 10861: 10858: 10857: 10852: 10849: 10845: 10842: 10841: 10840:Market Garden 10836: 10833: 10829: 10826: 10822: 10819: 10815: 10812: 10811: 10806: 10803: 10799: 10796: 10792: 10789: 10785: 10782: 10778: 10775: 10771: 10768: 10764: 10761: 10760: 10755: 10752: 10748: 10745: 10744: 10739: 10736: 10735: 10730: 10727: 10726: 10721: 10718: 10714: 10711: 10707: 10704: 10700: 10699:Monte Cassino 10696: 10693: 10692: 10687: 10686: 10684: 10682: 10678: 10671: 10667: 10662: 10658: 10655: 10651: 10650: 10648: 10644: 10641: 10637: 10634: 10630: 10627: 10623: 10620: 10616: 10611: 10607: 10606: 10604: 10600: 10597: 10593: 10590: 10589: 10584: 10581: 10577: 10574: 10570: 10567: 10563: 10560: 10556: 10553: 10549: 10546: 10542: 10539: 10535: 10532: 10528: 10527: 10525: 10523: 10519: 10512: 10508: 10505: 10504: 10499: 10496: 10492: 10489: 10485: 10482: 10481: 10476: 10473: 10469: 10466: 10462: 10459: 10455: 10452: 10451: 10446: 10441: 10437: 10434: 10430: 10429: 10427: 10423: 10420: 10416: 10413: 10409: 10406: 10402: 10399: 10395: 10392: 10388: 10385: 10381: 10378: 10374: 10371: 10367: 10364: 10360: 10357: 10353: 10352: 10350: 10348: 10344: 10337: 10333: 10330: 10326: 10323: 10319: 10316: 10312: 10309: 10305: 10302: 10298: 10295: 10291: 10288: 10284: 10281: 10277: 10274: 10270: 10267: 10263: 10260: 10256: 10253: 10249: 10246: 10242: 10239: 10235: 10232: 10228: 10225: 10221: 10218: 10214: 10211: 10207: 10203: 10202: 10197: 10193: 10188: 10184: 10183: 10181: 10177: 10174: 10170: 10167: 10163: 10160: 10156: 10153: 10149: 10144: 10140: 10139: 10137: 10133: 10130: 10126: 10123: 10119: 10116: 10112: 10111: 10109: 10107: 10103: 10096: 10095: 10090: 10087: 10083: 10080: 10076: 10073: 10069: 10066: 10065:Baltic states 10062: 10059: 10055: 10052: 10048: 10045: 10041: 10038: 10034: 10031: 10027: 10024: 10020: 10017: 10013: 10010: 10006: 10003: 9999: 9996: 9992: 9989: 9985: 9982: 9978: 9975: 9971: 9968: 9964: 9963: 9961: 9959: 9955: 9948: 9944: 9941: 9937: 9934: 9930: 9927: 9923: 9920: 9916: 9913: 9909: 9906: 9902: 9901: 9899: 9897: 9893: 9884: 9880: 9877: 9873: 9870: 9866: 9863: 9859: 9856: 9852: 9851: 9849: 9845: 9840: 9836: 9833: 9829: 9828: 9826: 9822: 9817: 9813: 9812: 9810: 9806: 9805: 9803: 9801: 9797: 9794: 9792: 9788: 9777: 9773: 9770: 9766: 9761: 9757: 9754: 9750: 9749: 9745: 9740: 9736: 9735: 9733: 9729: 9726: 9722: 9717: 9713: 9710: 9709:United States 9706: 9701: 9697: 9696: 9694: 9690: 9689: 9685: 9682: 9678: 9677: 9675: 9673: 9669: 9662: 9658: 9653: 9649: 9646: 9645:Quốc dân Đảng 9642: 9641: 9637: 9634: 9630: 9627: 9623: 9620: 9616: 9613: 9609: 9606: 9602: 9599: 9595: 9592: 9588: 9585: 9581: 9578: 9574: 9571: 9567: 9564: 9560: 9557: 9553: 9550: 9546: 9543: 9539: 9534: 9530: 9527: 9523: 9522: 9520: 9516: 9513: 9509: 9506: 9502: 9499: 9495: 9492: 9488: 9485: 9481: 9478: 9474: 9471: 9467: 9464: 9460: 9457: 9453: 9450: 9446: 9443: 9439: 9436: 9432: 9429: 9425: 9422: 9418: 9415: 9411: 9408: 9404: 9403: 9401: 9399: 9395: 9388: 9384: 9381: 9377: 9374: 9370: 9367: 9363: 9360: 9356: 9353: 9349: 9346: 9345:Liechtenstein 9342: 9339: 9335: 9332: 9328: 9325: 9321: 9318: 9314: 9313: 9311: 9309: 9305: 9298: 9297:Collaboration 9294: 9291: 9287: 9284: 9280: 9277: 9273: 9269: 9265: 9262: 9258: 9255: 9251: 9248: 9244: 9239: 9235: 9234: 9231: 9227: 9224: 9220: 9217: 9213: 9210: 9206: 9203: 9199: 9196: 9192: 9188: 9184: 9181: 9177: 9174: 9170: 9166: 9162: 9159: 9155: 9154: 9152: 9150: 9146: 9139: 9135: 9130: 9126: 9125: 9123: 9122:United States 9119: 9114: 9110: 9109: 9107: 9103: 9100: 9096: 9093: 9089: 9086: 9082: 9079: 9075: 9072: 9068: 9064: 9060: 9056: 9053: 9049: 9046: 9042: 9039: 9035: 9032: 9028: 9025: 9021: 9018: 9014: 9011: 9007: 9004: 9000: 8996: 8992: 8988: 8985: 8981: 8978: 8974: 8971: 8967: 8964: 8960: 8956: 8952: 8948: 8944: 8940: 8937: 8933: 8930: 8926: 8923: 8919: 8916: 8912: 8909: 8905: 8902: 8898: 8894: 8890: 8886: 8883: 8879: 8876: 8872: 8869: 8865: 8862: 8858: 8857: 8855: 8853: 8849: 8846: 8844: 8840: 8827: 8823: 8820: 8816: 8813: 8812:Comfort women 8809: 8806: 8802: 8799: 8796: / 8795: 8791: 8788: 8785: / 8784: 8781: / 8780: 8776: 8773: 8772:Camp brothels 8769: 8766: 8762: 8761: 8757: 8754: 8750: 8745: 8741: 8738: 8734: 8733: 8731: 8727: 8722: 8718: 8715: 8711: 8708: 8704: 8703: 8701: 8697: 8694: 8690: 8685: 8681: 8676: 8672: 8669: 8665: 8664: 8662: 8661:The Holocaust 8658: 8655: 8651: 8648: 8647:forced labour 8644: 8643: 8641: 8637: 8632: 8628: 8625: 8621: 8618: 8614: 8613: 8611: 8607: 8606: 8604: 8602: 8598: 8591: 8587: 8584: 8580: 8577: 8573: 8568: 8564: 8561: 8557: 8554: 8550: 8547: 8543: 8542: 8540: 8536: 8533: 8532: 8527: 8524: 8523: 8518: 8515: 8511: 8508: 8504: 8501: 8500:Marshall Plan 8497: 8494: 8493: 8488: 8485: 8481: 8478: 8474: 8471: 8467: 8464: 8460: 8457: 8453: 8450: 8446: 8443: 8439: 8436: 8432: 8431: 8429: 8427: 8423: 8416: 8412: 8407: 8403: 8402: 8400: 8396: 8393: 8389: 8384: 8380: 8377: 8373: 8370: 8366: 8365: 8363: 8359: 8354: 8353:Eastern Front 8350: 8347: 8346:Western Front 8343: 8342: 8340: 8336: 8331: 8327: 8324: 8320: 8317: 8313: 8310: 8306: 8303: 8299: 8296: 8292: 8291: 8289: 8285: 8284: 8282: 8280: 8276: 8269: 8265: 8262: 8258: 8255: 8251: 8248: 8244: 8241: 8240:Puppet states 8237: 8234: 8230: 8227: 8223: 8218: 8214: 8211: 8207: 8206: 8204: 8200: 8197: 8193: 8190: 8186: 8183: 8182:Naval history 8179: 8176: 8172: 8169: 8165: 8162: 8158: 8153: 8149: 8148: 8146: 8142: 8139: 8135: 8130: 8129:United States 8126: 8123: 8119: 8116: 8112: 8111: 8109: 8105: 8102: 8098: 8095: 8091: 8088: 8084: 8081: 8077: 8074: 8070: 8067: 8063: 8058: 8054: 8053: 8051: 8047: 8046: 8044: 8042: 8038: 8035: 8031: 8024: 8020: 8017: 8013: 8008: 8004: 8001: 7997: 7994: 7990: 7989: 7985: 7980: 7976: 7975: 7973: 7969: 7966: 7962: 7961: 7958: 7954: 7947: 7942: 7940: 7935: 7933: 7928: 7927: 7924: 7912: 7907: 7902: 7900: 7895: 7890: 7888: 7883: 7878: 7876: 7871: 7866: 7865: 7863: 7859: 7850: 7843: 7842:Božidar Purić 7836: 7829: 7822: 7821:Dušan Simović 7817: 7816:King Peter II 7814: 7813: 7811: 7809: 7804: 7798: 7789: 7782: 7775: 7770: 7766: 7765: 7763: 7761: 7756: 7750: 7744: 7739: 7736: 7735: 7733: 7731: 7726: 7720: 7711: 7704: 7699: 7696: 7695: 7693: 7691: 7686: 7680: 7674: 7673:Pierre Dupong 7669: 7666: 7665: 7663: 7661: 7656: 7650: 7641: 7634: 7627: 7622: 7619: 7618: 7616: 7614: 7609: 7603: 7594: 7591: 7589: 7586: 7584: 7581: 7580: 7578: 7576: 7571: 7565: 7559: 7554: 7550: 7549: 7547: 7545: 7540: 7534: 7528: 7524: 7523: 7521: 7519: 7514: 7508: 7504: 7497: 7492: 7490: 7485: 7483: 7478: 7477: 7474: 7468: 7465: 7462: 7459: 7456: 7453: 7451: 7448: 7445: 7442: 7440: 7437: 7435: 7432: 7431: 7421: 7415: 7411: 7406: 7402: 7398: 7397:Hastings, Max 7394: 7390: 7384: 7380: 7379: 7373: 7369: 7363: 7359: 7358:Facts on File 7355: 7354: 7348: 7347: 7338: 7334: 7331: 7328: 7324: 7318: 7314: 7309: 7305: 7299: 7295: 7290: 7286: 7280: 7276: 7271: 7267: 7262: 7259: 7258:0-5175-4478-4 7255: 7251: 7247: 7246:Mollo, Andrew 7244: 7240: 7236: 7232: 7226: 7222: 7221: 7215: 7212: 7208: 7205: 7201: 7197: 7195:2-0707-3032-8 7191: 7187: 7182: 7181: 7162: 7158: 7154: 7150: 7144: 7125: 7118: 7116: 7112: 7104: 7088: 7084: 7080: 7070: 7062: 7056: 7052: 7051: 7043: 7036: 7032: 7029: 7024: 7017: 7013: 7010: 7009: 7003: 6996: 6992: 6989: 6988: 6982: 6973: 6965: 6963:9781134210886 6959: 6955: 6948: 6939: 6933:, p. 67. 6932: 6927: 6918: 6910: 6904: 6900: 6893: 6886: 6880: 6873: 6867: 6859: 6853: 6849: 6842: 6826: 6822: 6818: 6811: 6803: 6796: 6787: 6780: 6774: 6759: 6755: 6749: 6741: 6734: 6724: 6720: 6716: 6713: 6711: 6704: 6697: 6691: 6685: 6681: 6677: 6671: 6662: 6653: 6651: 6649: 6639: 6631: 6627: 6623: 6617: 6613: 6612: 6604: 6596: 6592: 6588: 6586:0-345-32158-8 6582: 6578: 6577: 6569: 6563: 6559: 6555: 6549: 6542: 6536: 6527: 6518: 6509: 6500: 6491: 6489: 6481: 6480: 6475: 6471: 6468: 6463: 6457: 6453: 6450: 6446: 6440: 6432: 6428: 6422: 6416:, p. 19. 6415: 6410: 6394: 6390: 6384: 6375: 6373: 6371: 6369: 6362:, p. 17. 6361: 6356: 6349: 6344: 6338:, p. 15. 6337: 6332: 6330: 6321: 6319:9780313316548 6315: 6311: 6310: 6302: 6296:, p. 14. 6295: 6290: 6281: 6274: 6270: 6267: 6259: 6250: 6243: 6239: 6236: 6230: 6223: 6217: 6201: 6197: 6191: 6176:on 2 May 2006 6175: 6171: 6165: 6155: 6151: 6147: 6142: 6135: 6129: 6114: 6110: 6104: 6097: 6093: 6090: 6084: 6078:, p. 36. 6077: 6072: 6055: 6051: 6045: 6038: 6033: 6026: 6021: 6014: 6010: 6004: 5997: 5991: 5984: 5981:Paul Gaujac. 5978: 5976: 5959: 5955: 5954: 5949: 5943: 5941: 5933: 5929: 5924: 5922: 5905: 5901: 5899: 5891: 5889: 5879: 5870: 5861: 5854: 5850: 5847: 5842: 5833: 5827:. p. 66. 5826: 5820: 5804: 5798: 5791: 5790: 5783: 5774: 5772: 5770: 5760: 5758: 5756: 5746: 5744: 5727: 5723: 5717: 5713: 5709: 5708: 5700: 5698: 5690: 5686: 5683: 5678: 5669: 5662: 5656: 5649: 5644: 5638:, p. 11. 5637: 5632: 5630: 5613: 5609: 5605: 5598: 5591: 5590: 5585: 5580: 5572: 5568: 5564: 5560: 5556: 5552: 5548: 5544: 5537: 5528: 5519: 5513:, p. 10. 5512: 5507: 5505: 5503: 5494: 5488: 5484: 5477: 5469: 5463: 5459: 5452: 5444: 5440: 5436: 5432: 5428: 5424: 5420: 5416: 5409: 5400: 5392: 5386: 5382: 5377: 5376: 5367: 5352: 5348: 5342: 5335: 5330: 5323: 5316: 5308: 5302: 5298: 5293: 5287: 5279: 5275: 5257: 5253: 5247: 5238: 5234: 5224: 5221: 5219: 5216: 5214: 5211: 5209: 5206: 5203: 5202: 5197: 5195: 5192: 5190: 5187: 5185: 5182: 5180: 5177: 5174: 5171: 5169: 5166: 5165: 5161: 5160:France portal 5150: 5143: 5136: 5134: 5133: 5128: 5126: 5119: 5117: 5114:, in western 5113: 5109: 5105: 5097: 5093: 5089: 5084: 5075: 5073: 5069: 5066:. The French 5065: 5055: 5048: 5038: 5030: 5026: 5017: 5014: 5012: 5008: 5004: 5000: 4996: 4992: 4988: 4984: 4980: 4976: 4975:Alphonse Juin 4971: 4969: 4965: 4961: 4957: 4953: 4949: 4944: 4941: 4936: 4932: 4928: 4924: 4923:Colmar Pocket 4920: 4915: 4913: 4909: 4905: 4901: 4897: 4892: 4890: 4886: 4885:Oath of Kufra 4882: 4875: 4871: 4870:the cathedral 4867: 4866:Oath of Kufra 4862: 4858: 4856: 4852: 4848: 4844: 4840: 4836: 4832: 4827: 4825: 4824:Saint-Nazaire 4821: 4817: 4813: 4809: 4805: 4800: 4796: 4792: 4783: 4778: 4773: 4769: 4759: 4757: 4756:IVth Republic 4753: 4748: 4747: 4741: 4737: 4733: 4728: 4726: 4722: 4718: 4714: 4710: 4702: 4698: 4694: 4691:was taken to 4690: 4685: 4683: 4682:collaboration 4678: 4672: 4671: 4666:known as the 4665: 4661: 4658: 4654: 4649: 4647: 4643: 4639: 4635: 4630: 4628: 4618: 4613: 4607: 4592: 4586: 4582: 4577: 4575: 4571: 4566: 4561: 4556: 4551: 4547: 4540: 4536: 4532: 4527: 4523: 4521: 4513: 4509: 4497: 4493: 4488: 4486: 4482: 4476: 4466: 4464: 4460: 4456: 4452: 4448: 4444: 4439: 4437: 4433: 4429: 4428:George Patton 4425: 4421: 4417: 4416: 4411: 4410: 4405: 4401: 4397: 4393: 4389: 4385: 4381: 4377: 4372: 4370: 4367:, which they 4366: 4362: 4358: 4354: 4350: 4346: 4342: 4338: 4333: 4331: 4327: 4323: 4315: 4314:Western Front 4310: 4306: 4304: 4300: 4296: 4292: 4288: 4284: 4279: 4277: 4273: 4269: 4265: 4261: 4257: 4253: 4249: 4245: 4244:Atlantic Wall 4241: 4237: 4233: 4229: 4228:Eastern Front 4221: 4217: 4212: 4203: 4201: 4197: 4193: 4189: 4185: 4182:, the Allies 4181: 4177: 4173: 4169: 4165: 4161: 4157: 4153: 4147: 4141: 4131: 4129: 4125: 4120: 4118: 4112: 4110: 4106: 4102: 4098: 4094: 4090: 4082: 4074: 4070: 4065: 4060: 4056: 4047: 4041: 4039: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4018: 4016: 4012: 4007: 4003: 3999: 3995: 3991: 3990:Monte Cassino 3987: 3983: 3978: 3973: 3971: 3963: 3959: 3954: 3949: 3945: 3941: 3931: 3929: 3925: 3921: 3920:Joseph Stalin 3917: 3912: 3906: 3897: 3891: 3885: 3883: 3879: 3875: 3871: 3870:Eastern Front 3863: 3856: 3853: 3849: 3844: 3838:Eastern Front 3835: 3833: 3829: 3828:against Italy 3823: 3820: 3815: 3799: 3794: 3788: 3784: 3779: 3777: 3776:Robert Murphy 3769: 3764: 3761: 3751: 3747: 3741: 3737: 3732: 3722: 3719: 3718:French Guiana 3715: 3711: 3706: 3704: 3699: 3697: 3693: 3688: 3686: 3682: 3678: 3674: 3668: 3664: 3661: 3657: 3653: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3635: 3634:Alphonse Juin 3631: 3627: 3622: 3620: 3616: 3608: 3604: 3595: 3593: 3589: 3578: 3574: 3572: 3571: 3566: 3563: 3558: 3553: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3538: 3534: 3533: 3528: 3524: 3520: 3516: 3508: 3504: 3499: 3492: 3489:'s attempted 3488: 3484: 3479: 3470: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3457: 3453: 3449: 3445: 3441: 3431: 3429: 3424: 3421: 3415: 3410: 3409: 3404: 3393: 3390: 3375: 3372: 3364: 3354: 3350: 3346: 3340: 3339: 3335: 3330:This section 3328: 3324: 3319: 3318: 3309: 3300: 3296: 3293:This section 3291: 3287: 3282: 3281: 3276: 3274: 3267: 3266: 3261: 3260: 3255: 3250: 3241: 3240: 3232: 3229: 3225: 3220: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3198: 3193: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3166: 3162: 3157: 3155: 3151: 3147: 3139: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3123: 3118: 3109: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3091: 3086: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3057:North America 3054: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3039: 3037: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3009: 3006: 3002: 3001:New Caledonia 2998: 2990: 2985: 2976: 2974: 2973:Run for Tunis 2970: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2941:Italian Libya 2937: 2934: 2924: 2919: 2915: 2910: 2905: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2884: 2876: 2872: 2867: 2861: 2857: 2852: 2846: 2837: 2833: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2800: 2790: 2785: 2776: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2765: 2760:, one aboard 2759: 2755: 2750: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2711: 2709: 2704: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2686: 2685: 2679: 2675: 2673: 2669: 2668: 2663: 2662: 2661:Le Triomphant 2657: 2656: 2650: 2648: 2647: 2641: 2637: 2631: 2628: 2625: 2623: 2619: 2614: 2611: 2608: 2605: 2603: 2596: 2594: 2586: 2582: 2581: 2575: 2568: 2567: 2562: 2559: 2557: 2551: 2547: 2544: 2538: 2528: 2526: 2522: 2521: 2516: 2515: 2510: 2506: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2478: 2474: 2472: 2471: 2466: 2465: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2445: 2441: 2440:general order 2436: 2434: 2433:Nazi swastika 2430: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2405: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2378: 2373: 2364: 2361: 2356: 2352: 2349: 2346: 2343: 2340: 2337: 2333: 2327: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2308: 2304: 2299: 2292: 2291: 2286: 2282: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2261: 2256: 2252: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2232: 2230: 2226: 2221: 2219: 2215: 2206: 2205: 2199: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2176: 2169: 2167: 2163: 2155: 2154: 2149: 2145: 2137: 2129: 2124: 2120: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2105: 2100: 2098: 2090: 2086: 2077: 2076: 2075: 2069: 2065: 2060: 2051: 2048:, during the 2047: 2042: 2033: 2030: 2029: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2002: 1999: 1998: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1972:have argued, 1971: 1967: 1958: 1945: 1942: 1932: 1930: 1922: 1914: 1910: 1909: 1908: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1897:French people 1895:spoke to the 1885: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1861: 1856: 1846: 1844: 1840: 1832: 1823: 1818: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1784: 1780: 1771: 1769: 1768:Fascist Italy 1765: 1761: 1757: 1752: 1747: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1716:Low Countries 1713: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1679: 1677: 1672: 1666: 1661: 1658: 1653: 1645: 1641: 1632: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1613: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1594: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1576: 1571: 1566: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1548: 1545: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1499: 1498: 1490: 1486: 1481: 1478: 1473: 1468: 1463: 1458: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1436: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1417: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1387: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1350: 1347: 1346: 1342: 1341: 1338: 1335: 1334: 1331:North America 1330: 1329: 1326: 1323: 1321: 1320: 1316: 1314: 1311: 1310: 1306: 1305: 1302: 1299: 1297: 1296:Colmar Pocket 1294: 1292: 1291: 1287: 1285: 1282: 1278: 1275: 1274: 1273: 1270: 1266: 1263: 1261: 1258: 1257: 1256: 1255: 1251: 1249: 1246: 1244: 1241: 1239: 1236: 1232: 1229: 1228: 1227: 1226: 1222: 1220: 1217: 1215: 1212: 1210: 1207: 1205: 1204:Monte Cassino 1202: 1200: 1197: 1195: 1194: 1190: 1188: 1187:Eastern Front 1185: 1184: 1180: 1179: 1176: 1173: 1171: 1170: 1166: 1164: 1163:Run for Tunis 1161: 1159: 1156: 1154: 1151: 1149: 1148: 1144: 1142: 1139: 1137: 1134: 1132: 1129: 1128: 1124: 1123: 1120: 1114: 1106: 1101: 1099: 1094: 1092: 1087: 1086: 1083: 1072: 1067: 1065: 1060: 1058: 1053: 1052: 1050: 1049: 1046: 1035: 1031: 1021: 1020: 1014: 1011: 1009: 1006: 1002: 999: 997: 994: 992: 989: 988: 987: 984: 982: 979: 975: 972: 971: 970: 967: 965: 962: 960: 957: 955: 952: 950: 947: 945: 942: 940: 937: 936: 934: 933: 929: 928: 915: 913: 910: 909: 905: 903: 900: 899: 895: 893: 890: 889: 885: 880: 877: 875: 872: 871: 869: 868: 864: 862: 861:Années folles 858: 857: 853: 851: 847: 846: 842: 840: 837: 836: 831: 826: 825: 815: 813: 809: 808: 804: 802: 799: 798: 794: 792: 791:Second Empire 789: 788: 784: 782: 779: 778: 774: 772: 771:July Monarchy 769: 768: 764: 762: 759: 758: 754: 752: 749: 748: 744: 742: 739: 738: 734: 732: 729: 728: 724: 722: 719: 718: 713: 708: 707: 697: 695: 694:Bourbon kings 692: 691: 687: 685: 682: 681: 677: 675: 672: 671: 668: 667: 666:Ancien Régime 661: 656: 655: 645: 643: 639: 638: 634: 632: 628: 627: 623: 621: 618: 617: 613: 611: 607: 606: 602: 600: 597: 596: 592: 590: 587: 586: 582: 579: 575: 572: 571: 566: 561: 560: 550: 548: 545: 544: 540: 538: 535: 534: 530: 528: 525: 524: 520: 518: 515: 514: 509: 504: 503: 500: 497: 496: 492: 488: 487: 484: 478: 477: 472: 467: 466: 446: 444: 441: 440: 437: 431: 428: 421: 420: 417: 416: 413: 410: 408: 405: 404: 400: 396: 392: 389: 383: 379: 376: 370: 366: 362: 355: 349: 345: 338: 334: 331: 325: 321: 318: 312: 308: 305: 302: 298: 294: 291: 288: 282: 278: 274: 270: 267: 264: 262: 258: 255: 254:Secular state 252: 248: 245: 241: 238: 234: 230: 226: 222: 217: 216: 211: 206: 205: 200: 197: 193: 189: 184: 181: 177: 173: 167: 161: 156: 149: 148: 123: 121: 114: 110: 104: 96: 88: 82: 74: 69: 63: 56: 47: 44: 40: 33: 19: 14924:Coat of arms 14914:Architecture 14886:Social class 14844:Homelessness 14829:Demographics 14783:Trade unions 14716:Central bank 14658:criminal law 14621:Human rights 14604:presidential 14448:Algerian War 14431:Contemporary 14409: 14405:Vichy France 14400:World War II 14370:Belle Époque 14303:First Empire 14205:Early Modern 14176:West Francia 13965: 13958: 13874: 13856:Speeches and 13790:Fouchet Plan 13773:Algerian War 13736:presidential 13698: 13639: 13599:World War II 13568:World War I 13414: 13397: 13390: 13383: 13344:End of Vichy 12719:Henri Giraud 12619: 12422: 12399: 12329:Henri Frenay 12191:Ubangi-Shari 12154:French Gabon 12147:French Congo 12078: 12069: 12060: 12051: 12042: 12033: 12024: 12015: 12006: 11999:Franc-Tireur 11997: 11988: 11979: 11970: 11961: 11952: 11943: 11919: 11883:Jade-Fitzroy 11864: 11855: 11818: 11802: 11779: 11751: 11742: 11726: 11717: 11708: 11699: 11674: 11667:Franc-Tireur 11665: 11617: 11523: 11514: 11258: 11201:Bibliography 11184: 10997:Project Hula 10962:Vistula–Oder 10931: 10864: 10855: 10839: 10809: 10758: 10742: 10733: 10724: 10690: 10587: 10502: 10478: 10448: 10199: 10092: 10037:North Africa 9739:Soviet Union 9693:Soviet Union 9619:Soviet Union 9387:Vatican City 9290:Vichy France 9195:German Reich 9092:Soviet Union 9078:South Africa 9071:Sierra Leone 9024:Newfoundland 8969: 8843:Participants 8826:Marocchinate 8530: 8521: 8491: 8369:North Africa 8330:Indian Ocean 8189:Nazi plunder 8080:Cryptography 7953:World War II 7849:Ivan Šubašić 7588:Henri Giraud 7574: 7553:Edvard Beneš 7409: 7400: 7377: 7352: 7332: 7312: 7293: 7274: 7265: 7249: 7219: 7213:(2019) 720pp 7210: 7203: 7185: 7164:. 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Retrieved 5797: 5788: 5782: 5730:. Retrieved 5706: 5677: 5668: 5660: 5655: 5648:Jackson 2001 5643: 5616:. Retrieved 5608:The Guardian 5607: 5597: 5589:The Guardian 5587: 5579: 5549:(3): 27–63. 5546: 5542: 5536: 5527: 5518: 5482: 5476: 5457: 5451: 5418: 5414: 5408: 5403:Taylor, p.58 5399: 5374: 5366: 5354:. 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1583: 1549: 1538: 1507:North Africa 1500: 1482: 1470:)—later the 1448:Vichy France 1437: 1410: 1405:in fighting 1399:Nazi Germany 1381:World War II 1369:France libre 1360: 1359: 1318: 1289: 1253: 1243:Saint-Marcel 1224: 1219:Mont Mouchet 1192: 1168: 1146: 1112: 1033: 991:Christianity 879:Vichy France 873: 830:20th century 812:Belle Époque 751:First Empire 664: 660:Early modern 610:West Francia 599:Carolingians 589:Merovingians 412:Succeeded by 411: 406: 335:11 July 1940 322:18 June 1940 304:World War II 228: 213: 202: 112: 55:France libre 43: 15056:Free France 15034:WikiProject 14849:Immigration 14839:Health care 14701:Agriculture 14653:enforcement 14410:Free France 14379:World War I 14326:Restoration 14313:Late Modern 14183:Middle Ages 14158:Middle Ages 14143:Celtic Gaul 13741:legislative 13640:Free France 13553:Early life 13547:Before WWII 13399:Tripartisme 13374:Victory Day 13310:La Rochelle 13201:La Rochelle 12704:Jean Moulin 12665:Second Army 12639:Divisions: 12608:1st Armored 12550:Netherlands 12361:Museums and 12301:Jean Moulin 12119:French Chad 11933:Underground 11876:Jade-Amicol 11524:Free France 11515:Free France 11419:and control 11315:Netherlands 10932:Bodenplatte 10818:Gothic Line 10044:West Africa 9591:Philippines 9570:Netherlands 9435:Czech lands 9373:Switzerland 9317:Afghanistan 9261:Philippines 9129:Puerto Rico 9045:Philippines 9031:New Zealand 9017:Netherlands 8970:Free France 8721:Prosecution 8522:Osoaviakhim 8392:West Africa 8376:East Africa 8023:Conferences 7899:Philippines 7852:(1944–1945) 7845:(1943–1944) 7831:(1942–1943) 7824:(1941–1942) 7791:(1944–1945) 7784:(1943–1944) 7777:(1939–1943) 7767:President: 7713:(1940–1945) 7690:Netherlands 7643:(1944–1945) 7629:(1941–1944) 7596:(1943–1945) 7551:President: 7178:Works cited 7133:9 September 7093:9 September 6831:20 November 6727:(in French) 6399:27 February 6266:Paul Vibert 6263:(in French) 6158:(in French) 5334:Stacey 2007 5098:, Scotland. 5072:West Berlin 4983:French army 4851:Belfort Gap 4849:seized the 4833:tail (the " 4820:La Rochelle 4574:Sword Beach 4510:during the 4388:US 7th Army 4295:SAS Brigade 4240:Dieppe raid 4178:terrain of 4128:French Army 4097:Jean Moulin 4095:) and sent 4075:personally. 4069:Jean Moulin 4067:Picture of 3975:During the 3783:Jean Monnet 3748:during the 3714:West Indies 3507:Bir Hacheim 3186:Henri Dentz 3152:during the 2914:Félix Éboué 2897:Félix Éboué 2818:French Chad 2814:Félix Éboué 2764:Indomitable 2747:Pacific War 2729:during the 2618:West Indies 2417:Joan of Arc 2179:Composition 2136:French Navy 2028:in absentia 1934:In France, 1843:Axis Powers 1756:Alan Brooke 1535:British SAS 1361:Free France 1113:Free French 944:Health care 874:Free France 761:Restoration 565:Middle Ages 537:Celtic Gaul 480:History of 407:Preceded by 393:3 June 1944 367:3 June 1943 221:Brazzaville 103:(1940–1944) 50:Free France 15050:Categories 14977:Philosophy 14962:Literature 14874:secularism 14670:Parliament 14465:2005 riots 14415:Liberation 14281:Revolution 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December 5964:31 January 5610:. London. 5266:References 4927:XIXth Army 4874:Strasbourg 4529:Leclerc's 4432:Third Army 4409:Osttruppen 4404:Marseilles 4353:maquisards 4303:Utah Beach 4168:bridgehead 4144:See also: 4101:Résistance 3982:Pied-Noirs 3852:Le Bourget 3710:Guadeloupe 3630:19th Corps 3541:El Alamein 3519:Suez canal 3485:prevented 3483:Bir Hakeim 3467:Madagascar 3442:colony of 3434:Madagascar 3428:Lend-Lease 3259:improve it 3134:Circassian 3102:Martinique 2920:that day. 2883:Libreville 2754:battalions 2701:zone libre 2697:Case Anton 2622:Martinique 2577:Submarine 2566:Strasbourg 2561:battleship 2535:See also: 2470:Triomphant 2451:naval jack 2387:is defaced 2377:naval jack 2183:See also: 2166:Martinique 2144:Royal Navy 2068:Alexandria 1877:Résistance 1758:landed in 1635:Definition 1519:Royal Navy 1511:Indochina. 1421:resistance 1284:Strasbourg 1265:Marseilles 1158:Bir Hakeim 580:settlement 547:Roman Gaul 517:Prehistory 261:Demonym(s) 166:map legend 126:(official) 14834:Education 14788:Transport 14638:Judiciary 14599:Elections 14553:Mountains 14511:Geography 14257:Louis XIV 14047:Overviews 13716:1945–1958 13645:Campaigns 13608:Battle of 13336:Aftermath 13173:Sept 1944 13036:July 1944 12363:Memorials 12204:of France 11650:Movements 11538:Air Force 11371:Macedonia 11357:Lithuania 11097:Manchuria 10983:Indochina 10759:Bagration 10210:Lithuania 9855:Anschluss 9652:Viet Minh 9549:Lithuania 9491:Hong Kong 9254:Manchukuo 9209:Azad Hind 8868:Australia 8668:Aftermath 8531:Paperclip 8426:Aftermath 8226:Total war 8094:Diplomacy 8057:In Europe 7252:. Crown. 7166:2 October 7161:0362-4331 7077:de Gaulle 6721:, on the 6710:l'Express 6556:, (1950) 6087:Voir les 5910:28 August 5571:159722519 5443:153751513 5435:1477-0385 5271:Citations 5140:de Gaulle 5108:Lyle Hill 5088:Lyle Hill 5064:First Act 5059:de Gaulle 5051:de Gaulle 5047:Big Three 5043:de Gaulle 4964:Viet Minh 4914:dynasty. 4900:Ist Corps 4847:Ist Corps 4717:Stuttgart 4705:de Gaulle 4634:Gaullists 4622:de Gaulle 4589:de Gaulle 4516:De Gaulle 4504:De Gaulle 4500:de Gaulle 4461:, taking 4293:'s (SAS) 4220:Cherbourg 4188:Avranches 4154:began on 4117:saboteurs 4085:de Gaulle 3901:de Gaulle 3876:with the 3866:de Gaulle 3810:de Gaulle 3806:de Gaulle 3802:de Gaulle 3791:de Gaulle 3772:de Gaulle 3745:de Gaulle 3650:de Gaulle 3405:(French: 3361:June 2020 3332:does not 3306:June 2014 3265:talk page 3217:de Gaulle 3169:De Gaulle 3136:cavalry ( 3094:de Gaulle 3090:Roosevelt 3075:corvettes 3036:Viet Minh 3028:Indochina 2945:Cyrenaica 2933:La France 2928:de Gaulle 2926:was what 2893:De Gaulle 2885:, Gabon. 2879:De Gaulle 2864:de Gaulle 2849:de Gaulle 2797:de Gaulle 2773:Catalinas 2762:HMS 2556:Dunkerque 2486:Lyle Hill 2173:de Gaulle 2158:de Gaulle 2140:de Gaulle 2128:George VI 2113:Luftwaffe 2093:de Gaulle 2072:de Gaulle 2057:de Gaulle 2022:De Gaulle 1974:de Gaulle 1962:de Gaulle 1954:de Gaulle 1948:Armistice 1936:de Gaulle 1925:de Gaulle 1901:BBC radio 1893:de Gaulle 1835:De Gaulle 1827:De Gaulle 1807:Wehrmacht 1795:orthodoxy 1787:De Gaulle 1775:de Gaulle 1760:Cherbourg 1493:de Gaulle 1325:Indochina 1115:campaigns 1013:Territory 906:1946–1958 896:1944–1946 886:1940–1944 865:1920–1929 854:1919–1939 843:1870–1940 816:1871–1914 805:1870–1940 795:1852–1870 785:1848–1852 775:1830–1848 765:1814–1830 755:1804–1814 745:1792–1804 735:1791–1792 725:1789–1799 698:1589–1792 688:1515–1589 678:1498–1515 646:1328–1498 250:Religion 71:1940–1944 15024:Category 14957:Language 14869:Religion 14814:Abortion 14768:Taxation 14665:Military 14626:Intersex 14616:Politics 14582:Politics 14384:Interwar 14079:Economic 14074:Language 14059:Timeline 13986:Category 13912:Gaullism 13879: !" 13572:5th Army 13538:Life and 13446:Atlantic 13292:May 1945 13114:Égletons 13062:Aug 1944 12970:Jun 1944 12954:May 1944 12850:Dec 1941 12804:campaign 12227:1st Army 11990:L'Espoir 11954:Bulletin 11835:Morhange 11773:Alliance 11764:Networks 11638:Domestic 11417:Creation 11399:Slovakia 11294:Bulgaria 11208:Category 11157:document 11067:document 10924:Ardennes 10908:Budapest 10856:Crossbow 10734:Overlord 10573:Smolensk 9791:Timeline 9626:Slovakia 9612:Thailand 9463:Ethiopia 9428:Bulgaria 9352:Portugal 9283:Thailand 9165:Bulgaria 8943:Eswatini 8936:Ethiopia 8889:Bulgaria 8714:Unit 731 8675:Response 8492:Keelhaul 8442:Cold War 8415:Americas 8406:timeline 8399:Atlantic 8279:Theaters 7911:Thailand 7399:(2011). 7248:(1981). 7124:Archived 7087:Archived 7031:Archived 7012:Archived 6991:Archived 6825:Archived 6763:29 March 6725:website 6715:Archived 6595:14816982 6470:Archived 6452:Archived 6393:Archived 6269:Archived 6238:Archived 6150:Archived 6092:Archived 5958:Archived 5904:Archived 5849:Archived 5726:Archived 5685:Archived 5618:27 March 5612:Archived 5250:Because 5146:See also 5116:Scotland 5112:Greenock 5092:Greenock 5045:and the 5011:Cold War 4977:was the 4868:in near 4831:logistic 4793:and the 4343:and the 4192:Provence 4180:Normandy 3830:and the 3768:de facto 3122:Damascus 2895:meeting 2769:squadron 2767:and one 2490:Greenock 2457:, and a 2455:Lorraine 2055:Despite 1839:Bordeaux 1837:flew to 1732:Boulogne 1604:and the 1290:Nordwind 1277:Dompaire 1272:Lorraine 1225:Overlord 1147:Exporter 1008:Taxation 986:Religion 981:Politics 974:Consorts 969:Monarchs 964:Military 959:Medicine 635:987–1328 624:987–1792 578:Frankish 576:and the 499:Timeline 471:a series 469:Part of 229:de facto 215:de facto 15015:Outline 14997:Theatre 14992:Symbols 14952:Gardens 14942:Fashion 14934:Cuisine 14901:Culture 14891:Welfare 14864:Poverty 14802:Society 14778:Tourism 14738:Exports 14711:Banking 14689:Economy 14648:history 14543:Islands 14538:Borders 14171:Francia 14125:Ancient 14103:Regions 14054:History 14039:History 13933:Related 13466:Pacific 13315:Lorient 13305:Dunkirk 13211:Dunkirk 13095:Lorient 12691:Leaders 12535:Belgium 12463:Members 12286:Leaders 11897:Vercors 11850:Others: 11606: 11567:Battles 11392:Romania 11329:Germany 11322:Estonia 11308:Denmark 11287:Belgium 11280:Austria 11273:Albania 11134:Shumshu 10901:Hungary 10848:Estonia 10832:Lapland 10810:Dragoon 10743:Neptune 10725:Ichi-Go 10691:Tempest 10633:Changde 10588:Cottage 10480:Jubilee 10196:Finland 10094:Compass 9800:Prelude 9753:Finland 9639:Vietnam 9605:Romania 9477:Germany 9456:Estonia 9442:Denmark 9421:Belgium 9414:Austria 9407:Albania 9338:Ireland 9324:Andorra 9308:Neutral 9268:Romania 9202:Hungary 9187:Finland 9059:Romania 8951:Finland 8929:Denmark 8875:Belgium 8861:Algeria 8567:Romania 8553:Hungary 8309:Pacific 8033:General 7987:Leaders 7972:Battles 7965:Outline 7887:Denmark 7875:Austria 7518:Belgium 6224:, p 77. 5732:6 March 5682:bbm.org 5096:Gourock 5070:and in 4999:V-E day 4981:of the 4933:in the 4889:company 4721:treason 4693:Belfort 4463:Antwerp 4320:In the 4316:in 1944 4109:Gestapo 3962:Tunisia 3872:of the 3687:(FEC). 3535:at the 3353:removed 3338:sources 3209:Lebanon 2951:at the 2899:in Chad 2727:convoys 2715:Admiral 2684:Roselys 2672:Poulmic 2667:Surcouf 2514:Surcouf 2459:cockade 2438:In his 2389:with a 2216:), the 2204:Léopard 1982:Belgian 1813:at the 1724:Dunkirk 1700:Reynaud 1687:Prelude 1682:History 1556:Algiers 1379:during 1343:Oceania 1319:Crimson 1313:Réunion 1254:Dragoon 1248:Vercors 1209:Glières 1199:Corsica 1175:Tunisia 1001:Judaism 939:Economy 918:present 614:843–987 603:751–987 593:481–751 574:Francia 508:Ancient 386:• 373:• 358:• 341:• 328:• 315:• 225:Algiers 204:de jure 195:Capital 113:Anthem: 15029:Portal 14929:Cinema 14909:Anthem 14881:Racism 14859:People 14753:Mining 14728:Energy 14563:Rivers 14528:Cities 14460:May 68 14031:topics 14028:France 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