791:
399:
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1311:, it is the largest hypersaline system in the world. The shallow depth, clear water, and warm climate of this lagoon are conducive to seagrass production. Nearly 80% of all seagrass beds in Texas are now found in the Laguna Madre. The food web of the Laguna Madre is predominantly based on this submerged aquatic vegetation (seagrass and algae), rather than free-floating phytoplankton. Because of the hypersalinity, oysters are not commercially harvested to a large extent, although the region does contain the only strain of high-salinity adapted oysters in North America. The blue crab harvest is also smaller than the other two coastal regions to the north. Pink shrimp make up an important part of the commercial harvest while white shrimp are more abundant to the north in 34g. The historically highly productive commercial fisheries have now given way to an important sport fishery for species such as red drum, black drum, and spotted sea trout. Marshes are less extensive on the southern coast. A few stands of black mangrove tidal shrub occur in this region.
1046:
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1274:
906:
778:
44:
35:
527:
770:. It is roughly coextensive with the Western Gulf coastal grasslands, with the important exception that the EPA-defined area terminates at the national boundary, while the natural ecoregion extends into northeastern Mexico. In the EPA's definition, the principal distinguishing characteristics of the Western Gulf Coastal Plain are its relatively flat topography and mainly grassland potential natural vegetation. Inland from this region the plains are older, more irregular, and have mostly forest or
1320:
720:
295:
774:-type vegetation potentials. The EPA identifies ten Level IV ecoregions: Northern Humid Gulf Coastal Prairies; Southern Subhumid Gulf Coastal Prairies; Floodplains and Low Terraces; Coastal Sand Plain; Lower Rio Grande Valley; Lower Rio Grande Alluvial Floodplain; Texas–Louisiana Coastal Marshes; Mid-Coast Barrier Islands and Coastal Marshes; Laguna Madre Barrier Islands and Coastal Marshes; and Lafayette Loess Plains.
1685:
1663:
1635:
1338:. Well to poorly drained Alfisols and Mollisols with silt loam surface textures developed on the late Pleistocene-age terraces. The historical vegetation dominated by big bluestem, little bluestem, yellow Indiangrass, switchgrass, and other herbaceous species has been replaced by crops of rice, soybeans, cotton, sugarcane, sweet potatoes, and wheat, along with
1302:
population, numerous protected species, great fishery productivity, and a narrow barrier island with a number of washover fans. The lower coastal zone in Texas has a more semi-arid climate and has less precipitation, 27–29 inches (69–74 cm), compared to 34g and 34h. There is extreme variability
1178:
The Mid-Coast
Barrier Islands and Coastal Marshes portion of the Texas coast is subhumid compared to the humid climate of Ecoregion 34g to the northeast and to the semiarid climate of ecoregion 34i to the south. Annual precipitation within ecoregion 34h increases to the northeast, ranging from 34 to
1073:
floodplain forests. It is the most subtropical climate of Texas, but hard freezes occasionally occur, affecting plants and animals that are at the northern limit of their range. Crops include cotton, citrus, grain sorghum, sugar cane, vegetables, and melons. The Rio Grande’s water is mostly diverted
1056:
The Lower Rio Grande
Alluvial Floodplain ecoregion includes the Holocene-age alluvial sands and clays of the Rio Grande floodplain that are now almost completely in cropland or urban land cover. The soils, mostly Vertisols and Mollisols, are deep, loamy and clayey, and tend to be finer-textured than
1082:
funnel through the southern tip of Texas and many species of birds reach their extreme northernmost range in this region. In addition, subtropical, temperate, coastal, and desert influences converge here, allowing for great species diversity. Nearly 500 bird species, including neotropical migratory
1036:
at the western edge. Mollisols are extensive, and the soils are deep, mostly clay loams and sandy clay loams. The freeze-free growing season is often over 320 days compared to 250–260 days along the northern Texas coastal area of the
Northern Humid Gulf Coastal Prairies (34a). Along with the Lower
1235:
area, the barrier islands support extensive foredunes and back-island dune fields. Scarps can characterize bay margins due to beach erosion. Salt marsh and wind-tidal flats are mostly confined to the back side of the barrier islands with fresh or brackish marshes associated with river-mouth delta
1651:
Daigle, J.J., Griffith, G.E., Omernik, J.M., Faulkner, P.L., McCulloh, R.P., Handley, L.R., Smith, L.M., and
Chapman, S.S., 2006, Ecoregions of Louisiana (color poster with map, descriptive text, summary tables, and photographs): Reston, Virginia, U.S. Geological Survey (map scale 1:1,000,000).
461:
Separating the grassier habitats are bottomland forests and woodlands, which are present within the floodplains of the region's many waterways. In the wetter climate covering the zone from
Southwest Louisiana west through the upper Texas coast, these bottomlands contain many species typical in
963:
landscape consists of active and (mostly) stabilized sand dune deposits with lesser amounts of silt sheet deposits (silt and fine sand) to the north. This depositional plain is characterized by a closed internal drainage system with only occasional discontinuous drainage remnants due to sand
968:
precipitation. Soils developed on these parent sediments are
Entisols and Alfisols with thick sand surfaces. The dominant grasses on the coastal sand ridges and islands extend inland covering parts of the sand plain. Vegetation is mostly mid and tall grasses such as seacoast bluestem
855:
with sandy clay loam surface texture, while darker, clayey soils associated with
Vertisols are more typical of the Beaumont Formation. Annual precipitation varies from 37 inches (94 cm) in the southwest portion to 58 inches (150 cm) in the northeast, with a summer maximum.
705:
potential, a higher percentage of the land is in cropland than in bordering ecological regions. Rice, grain sorghum, cotton, and soybeans are the principal crops. Urban and industrial land uses have expanded greatly in recent decades, and oil and gas production is common.
1623:
Griffith, G.E., Bryce, S.A., Omernik, J.M., Comstock, J.A., Rogers, A.C., Harrison, B., Hatch, S.L., and
Bezanson, D., 2004, Ecoregions of Texas (color poster with map, descriptive text, and photographs): Reston, Virginia, U.S. Geological Survey (map scale 1:2,500,000).
868:. Annual precipitation ranges from 26 inches (66 cm) in the southwest to 37 inches (94 cm) in the northeast, with May and September peaks. Soils are hyperthermic compared to thermic in most of Ecoregion 34a. Little bluestem, yellow Indiangrass, and
354:, the mechanical properties of which make it difficult for many tree species to grow and establish. As a result, extensive forest cover is precluded, allowing grasses and other herbaceous species to dominate. However, there are interspersed areas of higher
1005:
es and sedges. Most of the
Coastal Sand Plain has been moderately to heavily grazed, and large areas have been converted to non-native range or pasture grasses. The region has little cropland compared to the Southern Subhumid Gulf Coastal Prairies (34b).
896:
increase in importance in
Ecoregion 34b compared to 34a. Invasive species such as honey mesquite and huisache are a concern. Almost all of the coastal prairies have been converted to other land uses: cropland, pasture, or urban and industrial.
1342:
aquaculture. Urban expansion in the area has been substantial. There is more pasture compared to the large extent of small grains production in ecoregion 34a to the west. Narrow hardwood forests occur along some streams and lowlands.
1725:
390:, featuring significal annual precipitation. The climate becomes more arid farther south along the Texas coast into northeastern Mexico, though precipitation totals still remain high enough for the humid subtropical classification.
1110:, lack of barrier islands and fewer bays, and its wetter, more humid climate. Annual precipitation is 48 to 54 inches (120 to 140 cm) in Texas and up to 60 inches (150 cm) in Louisiana. There are many rivers, lakes,
1061:, and early Spanish explorers called the river "Rio de las Palmas." Most large palm trees and floodplain forests had been cleared by the early 1900s. A few small pieces of unique floodplain forests remain, including
958:
The Coastal Sand Plain ecoregion provides a distinct break in both vegetation and surficial materials from the fine-textured soil grasslands of the Southern Subhumid Gulf Coastal Prairies (34b) to the north. This
1264:
to the north are low to moderate-salinity bays and attract whooping cranes and other birdlife. To the south in 34i, hypersaline Laguna Madre forms a unique ecosystem and supports greater expanses of seagrasses.
1028:), and a variety of brush and shrub species invaded the landscape. Now, it is almost all in cropland, pasture, and urban land cover. The region is underlain by a mix of Quaternary clays and sands with some
688:
Less than 1% of the ecoregion remains in pristine condition, almost entirely in Texas, while most of the coast has been converted to farmland, including rice paddies, grazing land, or urban areas including
921:
deposits, the Floodplains and Low Terraces ecoregion, especially to the southwest, has a different bottomland forest than the floodplains of the South Central Plains (ecoregion 35). Bottomland forests of
1114:, tidal channels, and canals. The streams and rivers that supply nutrients and sediments to this region are primarily from the humid pine belt of the South Central Plains (ecoregion 35). Extensive
547:
This coast is rich in wildlife, and 700 species of birds, animals and reptiles have been counted here, although many are now threatened or endangered. This coast is a critical habitat for the
1715:
790:
864:
The Southern Subhumid Gulf Coastal Prairies ecoregion is drier than Ecoregion 34a to the north, not only receiving less annual precipitation, but also typically experiencing summer
398:
1037:
Rio Grande Alluvial Floodplain (34f), the Lower Rio Grande Valley contains important nesting grounds for the white-winged dove, a favored hunting species in southern Texas.
252:
73:
1567:
1158:
1436:
Hoekstra, J. M.; Molnar, J. L.; Jennings, M.; Revenga, C.; Spalding, M. D.; Boucher, T. M.; Robertson, J. C.; Heibel, T. J.; Ellison, K. (2010). Molnar, J. L. (ed.).
971:
1307:
is generally two to three times greater than precipitation. As no rivers drain into the Texas Laguna Madre, the lagoon water can be hypersaline. Combined with the
977:
1118:
marshes occur. The estuarine and marsh complex supports marine life, supplies wintering grounds for ducks and geese, and provides habitat for small mammals and
693:. Estuaries and other coastal wetlands are better preserved than the prairie and indeed the protected areas of the coast are mainly sanctuaries for waterbirds.
1537:
490:. Farther south, from the lower one third of the Texas coast and through the Tamaulipan stretch, the drier climate supports shrubby areas of honey mesquite (
555:), over one million of which inhabited the prairie in Texas and Louisiana in the 19th century, but extreme reduction of their habitat put them on the U.S.
1244:
south. This area of the coast has all three commercially important species of shrimp as well as important oyster and blue crab fisheries. Convergence of
840:
811:. The original vegetation was mostly grasslands with a few clusters of oaks, known as oak mottes or maritime woodlands. Little bluestem, Indiangrass,
1330:
The Lafayette Loess Plains had coastal prairie natural vegetation similar to the Northern Humid Gulf Coastal Prairies (34a), but are capped with a
1045:
1261:
1057:
in the Lower Rio Grande Valley (34e) to the north. Some Entisols and Inceptisols occur near the river. The floodplain ridges once had abundant
1049:
730:
1491:
1358:
767:
763:
1589:
556:
823:(ecoregion 32). Almost all of the coastal prairies have been converted to cropland, rangeland, pasture, or urban land uses. The exotic
660:) more abundant in Mexico. Rancho Nuevo beach in Tamaulipas and along the Texas coast are the only nesting sites in the world for the
1740:
1730:
1710:
1294:
Barrier Islands and Coastal Marshes ecoregion is distinguished by its hypersaline lagoon system, vast seagrass meadows, wide tidal
1091:
1689:
1273:
942:
floodplains are a broad expanse of alluvial sediments, while floodplains to the south are more narrow. Soils include Vertisols,
567:). Many species of wading birds, shorebirds, and other waterbirds are abundant. Birds in the Mexican part of the region include
1770:
1575:
1024:
Valley ecoregion once supported dense, diverse grassland and shrub communities and low woodlands. However, mesquite, granjeno (
831:
have invaded large areas in this region. Some loblolly pine occurs in the northern part of the region in the transition to the
1126:, the most commercially important marine species in Texas, is common along the whole coast, but in this northern coastal zone
1765:
1453:
742:
497:
905:
1195:, Pleistocene barrier island deposits occur. Typical soils on the coastal marshes are Entisols, with a minor extent of
950:. Large portions of floodplain forest have been removed and land cover is now a mix of forest, cropland, and pasture.
807:-age deltaic sands, silts, and clays underlie much of the Northern Humid Gulf Coastal Prairies on this gently sloping
1775:
1095:
670:
1545:
1445:
1277:
1253:
1735:
1720:
1705:
548:
298:
Williams Prairie, a 10-acre (40,000 m2) remnant prairie preserve west of Houston in Waller County, Texas, USA
1199:. Mollisols occur on tidal flats and coastal marshes, and Entisols form in sandy barrier islands and dunes.
1780:
1755:
1745:
1353:
1291:
1285:
106:
1211:
dominate in more saline zones. Other native vegetation is mainly grassland composed of seacoast bluestem,
1074:
from its channel for irrigation and urban use, and little or no flow reaches the Gulf of Mexico. Both the
302:
The ecoregion covers an area of 77,425 km (29,894 sq mi), extending along the shore of the
1750:
1102:
The Texas–Louisiana Coastal Marshes region is distinguished from ecoregions 34h and 34i by its extensive
738:
96:
1469:
1323:
1134:
and blue crabs are also common and commercially important in the region. Sport fishery species such as
819:, and switchgrass were the dominant grassland species, with some similarities to the grasslands of the
653:
375:
91:
1653:
1625:
1657:
1629:
387:
205:
340:
of the Laguna Madre. The coast is vulnerable to tropical storms that can seriously damage habitats.
1200:
820:
668:) while other herpetofauna of the southern part of the ecoregion include RĂo Grande chirping frog (
1256:. Corpus Christi Bay serves as the ecozone or boundary between two distinct estuarine ecosystems.
1760:
1241:
816:
568:
436:
1001:
with an overstory of southern live oak and honey mesquite trees. The potholes have a variety of
362:
content that break up the otherwise heavy clay environment: these areas typically correspond to
1179:
46 inches (86 to 117 cm). The region encompasses primarily Holocene deposits with saline,
676:
463:
116:
1440:
The Atlas of Global Conservation: Changes, Challenges, and Opportunities to Make a Difference
1308:
1249:
1127:
869:
637:
323:
446:) the primary tallgrass species that are typical of the coastal prairie, with several other
1220:
1216:
1025:
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777:
532:
111:
8:
1237:
1224:
1147:
812:
645:
604:
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404:
101:
56:
1438:
1304:
1232:
1208:
1204:
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1119:
1079:
844:
632:
627:
508:
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424:
43:
1449:
1335:
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1143:
1070:
998:
990:
982:
918:
828:
824:
623:
596:
576:
419:
311:
839:, or sandy clay loam. Within the region, there are some differences from the higher
1103:
1033:
965:
796:
661:
619:
514:
487:
483:
451:
442:
332:
279:
244:
1726:
Tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands of the United States
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1408:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1378:
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1368:
1363:
1245:
1228:
1164:
1123:
1062:
889:
881:
1299:
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areas. Marsh hay cordgrass becomes less important to the south in this region.
1180:
1131:
1075:
1066:
939:
690:
560:
371:
327:
303:
34:
1699:
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1319:
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927:
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808:
367:
259:
166:
526:
935:
386:
From Southwest Louisiana west to the Upper Texas coast, the climate is wet
1268:
848:
479:
455:
1497:. Commission for Environmental Cooperation. April 2011. pp. 85–86.
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1139:
1107:
1021:
1015:
885:
804:
537:
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344:
319:
187:
1153:
1058:
960:
877:
702:
584:
307:
255:
182:
1150:
occur throughout the coastal bays of this region and ecoregion 34h.
964:
movement. Closed depressions pond water in response to seasonal and
1654:
https://gaftp.epa.gov/EPADataCommons/ORD/Ecoregions/la/la_front.pdf
1626:
https://gaftp.epa.gov/EPADataCommons/ORD/Ecoregions/tx/tx_front.pdf
1339:
1196:
1184:
1135:
1115:
986:
943:
914:
348:
294:
61:
1658:
https://gaftp.epa.gov/EPADataCommons/ORD/Ecoregions/la/la_back.pdf
1630:
https://gaftp.epa.gov/EPADataCommons/ORD/Ecoregions/tx/tx_back.pdf
762:
The Western Gulf Coastal Plain is a Level III ecoregion in the US
1666:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
1638:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
1295:
1187:
fans, and tidal flat sands and clays. In the inland section from
1029:
1002:
994:
947:
893:
865:
852:
771:
859:
1684:
615:
541:
263:
161:
16:
Subtropical grassland ecoregion of Mexico and the United States
1083:
birds, shorebirds, raptors, and waterfowl, can be found here.
347:
origins: the soils of this ecoregion are largely dominated by
1716:
Tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands
1435:
1331:
1111:
1040:
934:, are typical, with some bald cypress on larger streams. The
923:
785:
337:
315:
192:
74:
Tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands
68:
851:
age. The Lissie Formation has lighter colored soils, mostly
836:
835:(ecoregion 35). Soils are mostly fine-textured: clay, clay
359:
355:
351:
1590:"Texas Ecoregions — Texas Parks & Wildlife Department"
1404:
Laguna Madre Barrier Islands and Coastal Marshes (34i) map
422:
similar to those found in inland Texas, with Indiangrass (
931:
1086:
909:
Brazos Bend State Park, on the boundary of ecoregion 34c
1399:
Mid-Coast Barrier Islands and Coastal Marshes (34h) map
1269:
Laguna Madre Barrier Islands and Coastal Marshes (34i)
1183:, and freshwater marshes, barrier islands with minor
900:
781:
Map of the Western Gulf Coastal Plain USEPA ecoregion
559:
in 1967. Another endangered bird of the coast is the
370:, and are more permissive of tree-growth, featuring
1154:
Mid-Coast Barrier Islands and Coastal Marshes (34h)
1492:"North American Terrestrial Ecoregions: Level III"
1437:
1369:Southern Subhumid Gulf Coastal Prairies (34b) map
1697:
1009:
1314:
1389:Lower Rio Grande Alluvial Floodplain (34f) map
1364:Northern Humid Gulf Coastal Prairies (34a) map
1050:Palo Alto Battlefield National Historical Park
1544:. National Geographic Society. Archived from
1359:List of ecoregions in the United States (WWF)
860:Southern Subhumid Gulf Coastal Prairies (34b)
701:Largely because of the region's flatness and
1231:, and dwarf southern live oak trees. In the
418:The natural habitat of the area is a mix of
953:
683:
1538:"Western Gulf coastal grasslands (NA0701)"
1041:Lower Rio Grande Alluvial Floodplain (34f)
786:Northern Humid Gulf Coastal Prairies (34a)
709:
1394:Texas–Louisiana Coastal Marshes (34g) map
1248:from north and south occurs south of the
1530:
1318:
1272:
1157:
1090:
1044:
904:
789:
776:
525:
397:
293:
249:Pastizales costeros del Golfo Occidental
1431:
1429:
1427:
1425:
733:on the Mexican portion of the ecoregion
150:77,425 km (29,894 sq mi)
1698:
1374:Floodplains and Low Terraces (34c) map
1619:
1506:
1504:
1087:Texas–Louisiana Coastal Marshes (34g)
326:. Specific areas include a number of
1617:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1607:
1605:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1422:
713:
975:), switchgrass, gulfdune paspalum (
13:
1501:
901:Floodplains and Low Terraces (34c)
266:. It is known in Louisiana as the
14:
1792:
1677:
1596:
1512:"Western Gulf coastal grasslands"
1470:"Western Gulf Coastal Grasslands"
1384:Lower Rio Grande Valley (34e) map
1130:are also commercially important.
1096:McFaddin National Wildlife Refuge
674:) and Mexican white-lipped frog (
671:Eleutherodactylus cystignathoides
402:Grassland with Texas bullnettle (
1683:
1661:
1633:
1409:Lafayette Loess Plains (34j) map
718:
42:
33:
1741:Grasslands of the United States
1731:Ecoregions of the United States
1711:Gulf Coast of the United States
1690:Western Gulf coastal grasslands
764:Environmental Protection Agency
241:Western Gulf coastal grasslands
24:Western Gulf coastal grasslands
1645:
1582:
1560:
1484:
1462:
1446:University of California Press
1278:Padre Island National Seashore
1254:Padre Island National Seashore
876:grasses, including the genera
318:and into the Mexican state of
1:
1771:Natural history of Tamaulipas
1415:
1010:Lower Rio Grande Valley (34e)
462:forests elsewhere across the
343:This ecosystem, in part, has
1766:Natural history of Louisiana
1542:WildWorld Ecoregion Profiles
1379:Coastal Sand Plain (34d) map
1354:List of ecoregions in Mexico
1315:Lafayette Loess Plains (34j)
1286:Laguna Madre (United States)
1223:. Some areas have clumps of
872:were once dominant grasses.
741:or discuss the issue on the
696:
614:Mammals of the area include
553:Tympanuchus cupido attwateri
107:Southeastern conifer forests
7:
1346:
1334:veneer associated with the
642:Puma yagouaroundi cacomitli
549:Attwater's prairie chickens
97:Mississippi lowland forests
10:
1797:
1324:Palmetto Island State Park
1309:Laguna Madre of Tamaulipas
1283:
1171:
1013:
654:Mexican spiny pocket mouse
381:
289:
92:East Central Texas forests
1219:, gulfdune paspalum, and
1108:saltwater coastal marshes
930:, southern live oak, and
229:
221:
216:
201:
175:
154:
146:
141:
133:
125:
79:
67:
55:
50:
41:
32:
23:
1776:Natural history of Texas
1303:in annual rainfall, and
954:Coastal Sand Plain (34d)
821:Texas Blackland Prairies
684:Threats and preservation
521:
512:), and Texas persimmon (
408:) and Plains coeropsis (
393:
1660:. Accessed 2024-03-26.
1632:. Accessed 2024-03-25.
972:Schizachyrium littorale
913:Covering primarily the
768:scheme of US ecoregions
710:EPA Level IV ecoregions
557:endangered species list
437:Schizachyrium scoparium
1516:Terrestrial Ecoregions
1327:
1298:, large overwintering
1281:
1240:begins to appear from
1221:soilbind morning-glory
1169:
1099:
1069:, and sugar hackberry–
1053:
1032:-age sediments of the
910:
801:
782:
677:Leptodactylus fragilis
544:
464:Southern United States
415:
374:or even closed-canopy
299:
283:
248:
117:Veracruz moist forests
1578:on February 25, 2013.
1518:. World Wildlife Fund
1322:
1276:
1161:
1094:
1048:
978:Paspalum monostachyum
908:
793:
780:
638:Gulf Coast jaguarundi
529:
506:), lime prickly-ash (
401:
297:
253:subtropical grassland
1736:Grasslands of Mexico
1721:Ecoregions of Mexico
1706:Gulf Coast of Mexico
1692:at Wikimedia Commons
1162:Saltmarsh fleabane (
833:South Central Plains
739:improve this article
581:Columba flavirostris
573:Sporophila morelleti
533:Parabuteo unicinctus
499:Vachellia farnesiana
440:), and switchgrass (
434:), little bluestem (
284:Pastizal Tamaulipeco
112:Tamaulipan mezquital
1781:Nearctic ecoregions
1756:Flora of Tamaulipas
1746:Grasslands of Texas
1326:is in ecoregion 34j
1205:marsh hay cordgrass
1120:American alligators
1080:Mississippi flyways
1052:is in ecoregion 34f
983:fringeleaf paspalum
917:floodplain and low
825:Chinese tallow tree
794:Texas bluebonnets (
666:Lepidochelys kempii
646:southern yellow bat
628:eastern cottontails
609:Icterus graduacauda
601:Leptotila verrequxi
593:Neotropic cormorant
569:Morelet’s seedeater
493:Prosopis glandulosa
411:Coreopsis tinctoria
405:Cnidoscolus texanus
376:bottomland expanses
276:Tamaulipan pastizal
102:Piney Woods forests
27:Tamaulipan pastizal
1751:Flora of Louisiana
1572:gulfcoast.harc.edu
1336:Mississippi Valley
1328:
1305:evapotranspiration
1282:
1246:longshore currents
1193:Corpus Christi Bay
1174:Texas Coastal Bend
1170:
1168:) in ecoregion 34h
1100:
1054:
911:
845:Beaumont Formation
813:brownseed paspalum
802:
800:) in ecoregion 34a
783:
633:Leopardus pardalis
545:
509:Zanthoxylum fagara
488:southern hackberry
431:Andropogon gerardi
425:Sorghastrum nutans
416:
306:from southeastern
300:
272:"Coastal Prairie,"
1688:Media related to
1568:"Coastal Prairie"
1455:978-0-520-26256-0
1144:southern flounder
760:
759:
731:balanced coverage
624:white-tailed deer
597:white-winged dove
577:red-billed pigeon
468:southern live oak
428:), big bluestem (
420:tallgrass prairie
388:humid subtropical
312:Mississippi Delta
262:and northeastern
237:
236:
206:Humid subtropical
28:
1788:
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1664:
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1574:. Archived from
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1466:
1460:
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1433:
1280:in ecoregion 34i
1201:Smooth cordgrass
1148:spotted seatrout
1098:in ecoregion 34g
1034:Goliad Formation
841:Lissie Formation
797:Lupinus texensis
755:
752:
746:
729:may not provide
722:
721:
714:
658:Liomys irroratus
620:collared peccary
605:Audubon's oriole
589:Cyanocorax morio
515:Diospyros texana
443:Panicum virgatum
258:of the southern
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1132:Eastern oysters
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1026:spiny hackberry
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991:purple threeawn
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630:, with ocelot (
530:Harris's hawk (
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448:shorter grasses
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328:barrier islands
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268:"Cajun Prairie"
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1761:Flora of Texas
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1678:External links
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1559:
1548:on May 4, 2001
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1284:Main article:
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1250:Corpus Christi
1238:Black mangrove
1209:gulf saltgrass
1155:
1152:
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1067:Texas palmetto
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966:tropical storm
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561:whooping crane
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322:as far as the
304:Gulf of Mexico
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727:This section
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260:United States
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1584:
1576:the original
1571:
1562:
1550:. Retrieved
1546:the original
1541:
1532:
1520:. Retrieved
1515:
1486:
1474:. Retrieved
1464:
1439:
1329:
1300:redhead duck
1292:Laguna Madre
1289:
1233:Coastal Bend
1177:
1163:
1128:white shrimp
1124:Brown shrimp
1101:
1055:
1019:
976:
970:
957:
912:
863:
803:
795:
761:
748:
728:
700:
687:
675:
669:
665:
664:sea turtle (
657:
650:Lasiurus ega
649:
641:
631:
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608:
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588:
580:
572:
564:
552:
546:
531:
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472:bald cypress
460:
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385:
342:
331:
324:Laguna Madre
301:
275:
271:
267:
240:
238:
222:Habitat loss
217:Conservation
209:
202:Climate type
126:Bird species
18:
1552:October 20,
1522:October 20,
1217:common reed
1063:Texas ebony
995:pricklypear
874:Eragrostoid
849:Pleistocene
336:or natural
274:and as the
270:, Texas as
1700:Categories
1472:. OneEarth
1416:References
1252:area near
1172:See also:
1140:black drum
1104:freshwater
1059:palm trees
1022:Rio Grande
1020:The Lower
1016:Rio Grande
1014:See also:
961:sand sheet
886:Eragrostis
847:, both of
817:gulf muhly
805:Quaternary
538:Tamaulipas
503:farnesiana
452:herbaceous
364:floodplain
330:, and the
320:Tamaulipas
314:) through
188:Tamaulipas
1296:mud flats
1197:Histosols
1116:cordgrass
1071:cedar elm
944:Mollisols
928:water oak
878:Bouteloua
743:talk page
703:grassland
697:Human use
585:brown jay
458:species.
450:and many
372:galleries
308:Louisiana
256:ecoregion
230:Protected
183:Louisiana
155:Countries
142:Geography
1347:See also
1340:crawfish
1225:sweetbay
1213:sea-oats
1185:washover
1181:brackish
1136:red drum
948:Entisols
915:Holocene
853:Alfisols
751:May 2024
484:post oak
476:magnolia
349:vertisol
251:) are a
62:Nearctic
1476:May 23,
1076:Central
1030:Miocene
1003:bulrush
999:catclaw
987:sandbur
919:terrace
894:Setaria
890:Hilaria
882:Buchloe
866:drought
772:savanna
737:Please
652:), and
616:bobcats
382:Climate
345:edaphic
333:resacas
290:Setting
280:Spanish
245:Spanish
225:48.734%
80:Borders
51:Ecology
1452:
1258:Copano
1229:redbay
1207:, and
1146:, and
1112:bayous
997:, and
946:, and
936:Brazos
892:, and
603:) and
542:Mexico
486:, and
338:levees
264:Mexico
233:10.31%
176:States
162:Mexico
1495:(PDF)
1332:loess
924:pecan
522:Fauna
501:var.
456:woody
394:Flora
352:clays
316:Texas
193:Texas
69:Biome
57:Realm
1554:2010
1524:2010
1478:2024
1450:ISBN
1290:The
1260:and
1106:and
1078:and
938:and
837:loam
827:and
454:and
360:silt
358:and
356:sand
239:The
147:Area
86:List
1191:to
981:),
932:elm
766:'s
680:).
644:),
636:),
611:).
591:),
583:),
575:),
536:),
518:).
210:Cfa
129:335
1702::
1656:;
1628:;
1598:^
1570:.
1540:.
1514:.
1503:^
1448:.
1444:.
1424:^
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366:/
278:(
243:(
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208:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
