Western jackdaw - Knowledge

31: 1480: 1584:, with higher-ranked individuals dominating lower-ranked birds, and pair-bonded birds sharing the same rank. Young males establish their individual status before pairing with females. Upon pairing, the female assumes the same social position as her partner. Unmated females are the lowest members in the pecking order, and are the last to have access to food and shelter. Lorenz noted one case in which a male, absent during the dominance struggles and pair bondings, returned to the flock, became the dominant male, and chose one of two unpaired females for a mate. This female immediately assumed a dominant position in the social hierarchy and demonstrated this by pecking others. According to Lorenz, the most significant factor in social behaviour was the immediate and intuitive grasp of the new hierarchy by each of the western jackdaws in the flock. 1120: 1218:. Flying western jackdaws are distinguishable from other corvids by their smaller size, faster and deeper wingbeats and proportionately narrower and less fingered wing tips. They also have shorter, thicker necks, much shorter bills and frequently fly in tighter flocks. They can be distinguished from choughs by their uniformly grey underwings and their black beaks and legs. The western jackdaw is very similar in morphology, behaviour, and calls to the Daurian jackdaw, with which its range overlaps in western Asia. Adults are readily distinguished, since the Daurian has a pied plumage, but immature birds are much more similar, both species having dark plumage and dark eyes. The Daurian tends to be darker, with a less contrasting nape than the Western. 2359: 1108: 1637: 803: 2390: 1092: 2374: 1351: 1347:. The range is vast, with an estimated global extent between 1 and 10 million square kilometres (0.4–4 million square miles). It has a large global population, with an estimated 15.6 to 45 million individuals in Europe alone. Censuses of bird populations in marginal uplands in Great Britain show that western jackdaws greatly increased in numbers between the 1970s and 2010, although this increase may be related to recovery from previous periods when they were regarded as pests. The UK population was estimated at 2.5 million individuals in 1998, up from 780,000 in 1970. 1227: 220: 1668: 94: 7534: 1657: 2344: 286: 278: 1492: 69: 1841: 7546: 2192: 2177: 1649: 7522: 1714:

Nest platforms can attain a great size. A mated pair usually constructs a nest by improving a crevice by dropping sticks into it; it is then built on top of the platform formed. This behaviour has led to the blocking of chimneys and even resulted in nests crashing down into fireplaces, sometimes with

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is where one bird moves in and displaces another from a perch-site. The second bird usually retreats without resorting to a fight. Western jackdaws fight by launching themselves at each other feet-first and then wrestling with their feet intertwined and pecking at each other. Other individuals gather

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with pairs collaborating to find a nest site, which they then defend from other pairs and predators during most of the year. They nest in cavities in trees or cliffs, in ruined or occupied buildings and in chimneys, the common feature being a sheltered site for the nest. The availability of suitable

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at about a week of age. As they grow, their voice becomes louder until their call is a penetrating screech around day 18. After this, the voice deepens and softens. From day 25, the young cease calling and become silent if they hear an unfamiliar noise. The European jackdaw can be trained to imitate

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Most populations are resident, but the northern and eastern populations are more migratory, relocating to wintering areas between September and November and returning between February and early May. Their range expands northwards into Russia to Siberia during summer and retracts in winter. They are

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as well as actively gathering wool or hair for nests, and will catch flying ants in flight. Compared with other corvids, the western jackdaw spends more time exploring and turning over objects with its bill; it also has a straighter and less downturned bill and increased binocular vision which are

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and there is little evidence for couple separation even after multiple instances of reproductive failure. Some pairs do separate in the first few months, but almost all pairings of over six months' duration are lifelong, ending only when a partner dies. Widowed or separated birds fare badly, often

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experiments show that the preferred gliding speed is between 6 and 11 metres (20 and 36 ft) per second and that the wingspan decreases as the bird flies faster. On the ground, western jackdaws have an upright posture and strut briskly, their short legs giving them a rapid gait. They feed with

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In some cultures, a jackdaw on the roof is said to predict a new arrival; alternatively, a jackdaw settling on the roof of a house or flying down a chimney is an omen of death, and coming across one is considered a bad omen. A jackdaw standing on the vanes of a cathedral tower is said to foretell

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Western jackdaws practice active food sharing – where the initiative for the transfer lies with the donor – with a number of individuals, regardless of sex or kinship. They also share more of a preferred food than a less preferred food. The active giving of food by most birds is found

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35.0 by 25.2 millimetres (1.38 in × 0.99 in) in size and 11.5 g (0.41 oz) in weight. Clutches usually contain 4 or 5 eggs, although a Slovakian study found clutch sizes ranging from 2 to 9 eggs. The eggs are incubated by the female for 17–18 days until hatching as naked

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populations have a slightly heavier bill. Body colour becomes darker further north, in mountain regions and humid climates, and paler elsewhere. However, individual variation, particularly in juveniles and also during the months before moulting, can often be greater than geographic differences.

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Western jackdaws hatch asynchronously and incubation begins before clutch completion, which often leads to the death of the last-hatched young. If the supply of food is low, parental investment in the brood is kept to a minimum as little energy is wasted on feeding a chick that is unlikely to

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show increases from October to December, possibly due to western jackdaws migrating there from areas further north. The same data from Warsaw, collected from 1977 to 2003, showed that the wintering western jackdaw population had increased four-fold. The cause of the increase is unknown, but a

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Immature birds have duller and less demarcated plumage. The head is a sooty black, sometimes with a faint greenish sheen and brown feather bases visible; the back and side of the neck are dark grey and the underparts greyish or sooty black. The tail has narrower feathers and a greenish sheen.

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There is very little geographic variation in size. The main differences are the presence or absence of a whitish partial collar at the base of the nape, the variations in the shade of the nape and the tone of the underparts. Populations in central Asia have slightly larger wings and western

1511:, Sweden, 40,000 birds have been recorded at a single winter roost with mated pairs often settling together for the night. Western jackdaws frequently congregate with hooded crows or rooks, the latter particularly when migrating or roosting. They have been recorded foraging with the 1438:, pastures, cultivated land, coastal cliffs, and towns. They thrive when forested areas are cleared and converted to fields and open areas. Habitats with a mix of large trees, buildings, and open ground are preferred; open fields are left to the rook, and more wooded areas to the 2120:

introduced a Vermin Act in 1532 "ordeyned to dystroye Choughes (i.e. jackdaws), Crowes and Rokes" to protect grain crops from their predations. Western jackdaws were notorious as they also favoured fruit, especially cherries. This act was taken up in a piecemeal fashion, but

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of adults are greyish or silvery white while those of juveniles are light blue, becoming brownish before whitening at around one year of age. The sexes look alike, though the head and neck plumage of male birds fades more with age and wear, particularly just before

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sites, bins, streets, and gardens are also visited, more often early in the morning when there are fewer people about. Various feeding methods are employed, such as jumping, pecking, clod-turning and scattering, probing the soil, and occasionally, digging.

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are a lighter colour than those of other corvids, being smooth, a glossy pale blue or blue-green with darker speckles ranging from dark brown to olive or grey-violet. Egg size and weight varies slightly between subspecies; those of subspecies

1162:, and tail. The cheeks, nape and neck are light grey to greyish-silver, and the underparts are slate-grey. The legs are black, as is the short stout bill, the length of which is about 75% of the length of the rest of the head. There are 1502:

Highly gregarious, western jackdaws are generally seen in flocks of varying sizes, though males and females pair-bond for life and pairs stay together within flocks. Flocks increase in size in autumn and birds congregate at dusk for

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records the story of a woman who, upon hearing a jackdaw chattering "more loudly than usual," grew pale and became fearful of suffering a "dreadful calamity", and that "while yet speaking, the messenger of her misfortunes arrived".

44: 1612:, a bird holds its body horizontally and thrusts its head forwards. In intense versions, the bird ruffles its feathers and spreads or raises its tail and wings. This extreme is seen when facing off over nests or females. In the 382:

and vocal, living in small groups with a complex social structure in farmland, open woodland, on coastal cliffs, and in urban settings. Like its relatives, jackdaws are intelligent birds, and have been observed using tools. An

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in 1566 that was taken up with more vigour. The species was hunted for its threat to grain crops and for propensity for nesting in belfries until the mid-20th century. Particularly large numbers were culled in the county of

1608:. In this display, a bird lowers its bill and erects its nape and head feathers, and sometimes slightly lifts its wings. Western jackdaws often face off in this posture until one backs down or a fight ensues. In the 399:

and build simple nests of sticks in cavities in trees, cliffs, or buildings. About five pale blue or blue-green eggs with brown speckles are laid and incubated by the female. The young fledge in four to five weeks.

46: 1941:). The diet averages 84% plant material except when breeding, when the main food source is insects. A study in southern Spain examining western jackdaw pellets found that they contained significant amounts of 2143:

The western jackdaw is one of a very small number of birds that it is legal to use as a decoy or to trap in a cage in the United Kingdom. The other pest species that can be controlled by trapping are the

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Skizzirte Entwickelungs-Geschichte und natürliches System der europäischen Thierwelt : Erster Theil welcher die Vogelsäugethiere und Vögel nebst Andeutung der Entstehung der letzteren aus Amphibien

2168:, and hunting has been encouraged by German hunting associations. Permission to shoot western jackdaws in spring and summer exists in Cyprus as they are thought (incorrectly) to prey on gamebirds. 2136:. Western jackdaws were also culled on game estates as they raid nests of other birds for eggs. In a 2003 dissertation on public opinion of corvids, Antonia Hereth notes that the German naturalist 1600:, the western jackdaw tilts its bill and head upwards and sleeks its plumage. Indicating both appeasement and assertiveness, the posture is used by birds intending to enter feeding flocks. A 1952:

Opportunistic and highly adaptable, the western jackdaw varies its diet markedly depending on available food sources. They have been recorded taking eggs and nestlings from the nests of the

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Dies, J. I.; Lorenzo, J. A.; Gutierrez, R.; García, E.; Gorospe, G.; Marti-Aledo, J.; Gutiérrez, P.; Vidal, C.; Sales, S.; López-Velasco, D. (2009). "Report on Rare Birds in Spain 2007".

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A Dictionary of English and Folk-Names of British Birds, With their History, Meaning and First Usage: and the Folk-lore, Weather-lore, Legends, etc., Relating to the More Familiar Species

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and does not need to show that the birds were a nuisance before trapping them. As of 2003 the western jackdaw was listed as a potential species for targeted hunting in the European Union

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A skilled flyer, the western jackdaw can manoeuvre tightly as well as tumble and glide. It has characteristic jerky wing beats when flying, though these are not evident when birds are

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An ancient Greek and Roman adage runs "The swans will sing when the jackdaws are silent", meaning that educated or wise people will speak only after the foolish have become quiet. In

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The western jackdaw measures 34–39 centimetres (13–15 in) in length and weighs around 240 grams (8.5 oz). Most of the plumage is a shiny black, with a purple (in subspecies

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to suggest that milk from bottles which had been pecked open should be discarded. It was recommended that steps be taken to prevent birds from pecking open bottles in the future.

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are not usually extracted from the ground by western jackdaws but are eaten from freshly ploughed soil. Jackdaws will ride on the backs of sheep and other mammals, seeking

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Kryukov, A. P.; Suzuki, H. (2000). "Phylogeography of Carrion, Hooded and Jungle crows (Aves, Corvidae) Inferred From Partial Sequencing of the Mitochondrial Cytochrome

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Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, Secundum Classes, Ordines, Genera, Species, cum Characteribus, Differentiis, Synonymis, Locis. Tomus I. Editio Decima, Reformata

1555:); one gives an alarm call which alerts its conspecifics to gather and attack as a group. Occasionally, a sick or injured western jackdaw is mobbed until it is killed. 1266:. Perched birds often chatter together, and before settling for the night, large roosting flocks make a cackling noise. Western jackdaws also have a hoarse, drawn-out 2032:

mainly in the context of parental care and courtship. Western jackdaws show much higher levels of active giving than has been documented for other species, including

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Western jackdaws entreat their partners to preen them by showing their nape and ruffling their head feathers. Birds mainly preen each other's head and neck. Known as

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The BBS has potential for producing better estimates of habitat-specific densities and population sizes for many UK bird populations than those available previously.

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from June to September in the western parts of their range, and a month later in the east. The purplish sheen of the cap is most prominent just after moulting.

1925:. Vegetable items consumed include farm grains (barley, wheat and oats), weed seeds, elderberries, acorns, and various cultivated fruits. Examination of the 2114:

The western jackdaw has been hunted as vermin, though not as heavily culled as other species of corvid. After a series of poor harvests in the early 1500s,

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Within its range, the western jackdaw is unmistakable; its short bill and grey nape are distinguishing features. From a distance, it can be confused with a

2095: 1760:). Breeding colonies may also edge out those of the red-billed chough, but in turn be ousted by larger corvids such as the carrion crow, rook or magpie. 1246:. This is a contact or greeting call. A feeding call made by adults to call young, or males when offering food to their mates, has been transcribed as 5495: 3996: 30: 2229:, and was punished by the gods for her greed by being transformed into an equally avaricious jackdaw, who still seeks shiny things. The Roman poet 2036:. The function of this behaviour is not fully understood, though it has been found to be detached from nutrition and compatible with hypotheses of 4610: 4529:

Hadjisterkotis, E. (2003). "The Effect of Corvid Shooting on the Populations of Owls, Kestrels and Cuckoos in Cyprus, with Notes on Corvid Diet".

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sites influences their presence in a locale. They may also use church steeples for nesting, a fact reported in verse by 18th century English poet

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Arias-de-Reyna, Luis (1998). "Coevolution of the Great Spotted Cuckoo and its Hosts". In Rothstein, Stephen I.; Robinson, Scott Kuehner (eds.).

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of the western jackdaw, depositing its eggs in their nests in Spain and Israel. Nest robbers include the common raven in Spain, tawny owl, and

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Western jackdaws have learned to peck open the foil caps of milk bottles left on the doorsteps after delivery by the milkman. The bacterium

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An outbreak of a gastrointestinal illness in Spain which was causing mortalities in humans has been linked to western jackdaws. During a

1039:. It is distinguished by the nape and the sides of the neck being paler, creating a contrasting black crown and lighter grey part collar. 2389: 1776:

34.8 by 25.0 millimetres (1.37 in × 0.98 in) in size and 11.3 g (0.40 oz) in weight, and those of subspecies

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in 1811, noting its differences from populations in western Europe. Its subspecific name was given in honour of the German anatomist

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Handbook of the Birds of Europe the Middle East and North Africa, the Birds of the Western Palearctic, Volume VIII: Crows to Finches

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as it nested in church steeples – it was shunned by the Devil because of its choice of residence. Nineteenth century belief in

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average 35.0 by 24.7 millimetres (1.38 in × 0.97 in) and 11.1 g (0.39 oz) in weight, those of subspecies

517:, became known initially as the "Cornish chough" and then just the "chough", the name transferring from one species to the other. 8016: 7674: 1051: 2140:

considered the western jackdaw to be a lovable bird, and did not describe any negative impacts of this species on agriculture.

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in northwestern Spain showed that western jackdaws forage there in the early morning and at dusk, and engage in some degree of

5140: 4942:"Characterization of Two Novel Polyomaviruses of Birds by Using Multiply Primed Rolling-Circle Amplification of Their Genomes" 2040:, reciprocity and harassment avoidance. It has also been proposed that food sharing may be motivated by prestige enhancement. 5473: 5454: 5426: 5399: 5372: 5345: 5273: 5239: 5078: 5051: 4297: 4064: 3715: 3459: 3425: 2979: 2954: 2768: 2658: 2633: 2565: 2535: 2504: 2070: 771: 8021: 7679: 3548: 2272:

superstition formerly held that if jackdaws are seen quarreling, war will follow, and that jackdaws will not build nests at

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Western jackdaws become sexually mature in their second year. Genetic analysis of pairs and offspring shows no evidence of

2999: 5500: 3940: 3055: 2308: 1736:, and describes an example of the bird using a rabbit burrow for nesting. The species has been recorded outcompeting the 1560: 7915: 5534: 2333: 7744: 5311: 2683: 2343: 2161: 8142: 8081: 7946: 7752: 7705: 5294: 3672:

Ramadan-Jaradi, Ghassan; Bara, Thierry; Ramadan-Jaradi, Mona (2008). "Revised Checklist of the Birds of Lebanon".

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described and analysed the complex social interactions in a western jackdaw flock that lived around his house in

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Measuring 34–39 centimetres (13–15 in) in length, the western jackdaw is a black-plumaged bird with a grey

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Henderson, I. G.; Hart, P. J. B.; Burke, T. (2000). "Strict Monogamy in a Semi-Colonial Passerine: The Jackdaw

2320:'s father Hermann had a sign in front of his shop with a jackdaw painted next to his name, since "kavka" means 2273: 2099: 2949:. Vol. 2. Washington, D.C. and Barcelona, Spain: Smithsonian Institution and Lynx Edicions. p. 598. 1407:. A small number of western jackdaws reached northeastern North America in the 1980s and have been found from 8099: 8042: 7863: 7687: 4858:

Hudson, S. J.; Sobo, A. O.; Russel, K.; Lightfoot, N. F. (1990). "Jackdaws as potential source of milk-borne

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are caught by jumping from the ground or at times by dropping vertically from a few metres onto the cow pat.

996: 984:. It is darker in colour than the other subspecies and lacks the whitish border at the base of the grey nape. 396: 2457: 7806: 3615:

Newson, Stuart E.; Woodburn, Rick J. W.; Noble, David G.; Baillie, Stephen R.; Gregory, Richard D. (2005).

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Klaasen, H. L.; Koopman, J. P.; Van Den Brink, M. E.; Bakker, M. H.; Poelma, F. G.; Beynen, A. C. (1993).

4755: 2582: 682:(from the frequency with which they are found on coasts). It was also frequently known quasi-nominally as 7627: 7622: 5686: 1238:

Western jackdaws are voluble birds. The main call, frequently given in flight, is a metallic and squeaky

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Gibbons, David Wingfield (June 1987). "Hatching Asynchrony Reduces Parental Investment in the Jackdaw".

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up to 18 millimetres (0.71 in) in length that are found above ground, including various species of

1547:. Western jackdaws sometimes mob and drive off larger birds such as European magpies, common ravens, or 1395:, they are winter vagrants and rare residents with some confirmed breeding taking place. The subspecies 802: 7600: 7512: 4645: 4381:

Lockie, J. D. (November 1956). "The Food and Feeding Behaviour of the Jackdaw, Rook and Carrion Crow".

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Generally wary of people in the forest or countryside, western jackdaws are much tamer in urban areas.

1462:), some western jackdaws spend the winter in urban parks; populations measured in three urban parks in 7757: 5118: 8132: 8086: 7614: 7164: 7155: 5925: 4226:

Tryjanowski, Piotr; Kuczynski, Lechosław; Antczak, Marcin; Skoracki, Maciej; Hromada, Martin (2001).

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is duller and more uniformly dark grey than the other subspecies, with the paler nape less distinct.

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reduction in the number of rooks may have benefited the species locally, or rooks overwintering in

5489: 3617:"Evaluating the Breeding Bird Survey for producing national population size and density estimates" 3234: 2527: 1019:. Its southwestern limits are Serbia and southern Romania. It winters in Iran and northern India ( 701:

A study in 2000 found that the genetic distance between western jackdaws and the other members of

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Emery, Nathan J.; Seed, Amanda M.; von Bayern, Auguste M.P.; Clayton, Nicola S. (29 April 2007).

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de Kort, Selvino R.; Emery, Nathan J.; Clayton, Nicola S. (2006). "Food Sharing in Jackdaws,

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Kulemeyer, Christoph; Asbahr, Kolja; Gunz, Philipp; Frahnert, Sylke; Bairlein, Franz (2009).

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of specimens of the two species from their core ranges show them to be genetically distinct.

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Charter, M.; Bouskila, A.; Aviel, S.; Leshem, Y. (2005). "First Record of Eurasian Jackdaw (

2617: 7845: 7739: 7389: 7073: 6650: 6243: 6045: 6036: 5874: 5795: 5786: 4183: 3143:"Identification of eastern subspecies of Western Jackdaw and occurrence in the Netherlands" 2859: 2365: 2050: 1933:

in spring and summer revealed a diet of cereals (predominantly wheat) and insects (notably

1825: 1797: 1155: 882: 732: 4715:"Kleptoparasitism and Temporal Segregation of Sympatric Corvids Foraging in a Refuse Dump" 3748:"Long-term Spatio-temporal Dynamics of Corvids Wintering in Urban Parks of Warsaw, Poland" 3526: 3093: 606:

Names in English dialects are numerous. Scottish and north English dialects have included

423:. Owing to its supposed fondness for picking up coins, Linnaeus gave it the binomial name 8: 7230: 6975: 6535: 6490: 6394: 6288: 6234: 6027: 5943: 5856: 5737: 5289: 4580: 3762: 2938: 2613: 2037: 1832:) raids isolated nests in Sweden but is less successful when nests are part of a colony. 1605: 1581: 1576:. He ringed them for identification and caged them in the winter to prevent their annual 1159: 925:

and sides of the neck, a dark throat, and a light grey partial collar of variable extent.

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Social hierarchy in western jackdaw flocks is determined by supplanting, fighting, and

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after 28–35 days, and the parents continue to feed them for another four weeks or so.

999:, 1811) is found in northeastern Europe and northern and central Asia from the former 7876: 7868: 7726: 7635: 7311: 7257: 7221: 7109: 7100: 6750: 6614: 6526: 6439: 6376: 6367: 6168: 6158: 5640: 5520: 5469: 5450: 5422: 5395: 5368: 5341: 5307: 5269: 5235: 5185: 5074: 5047: 5012: 4971: 4918: 4879: 4875: 4449: 4293: 4060: 4023: 3711: 3455: 3421: 3398: 3022: 2975: 2950: 2785: 2764: 2679: 2654: 2629: 2618: 2587:. Vol. 15. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 261. 2561: 2531: 2500: 2033: 1946: 1851:

Foraging takes place mostly on the ground in open areas and to some extent in trees.

1504: 1278:, used when warning of predators or when mobbing them. Nestlings begin making a soft 961: 813:

There are four recognized subspecies of the western jackdaw. All European subspecies

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Mazgajski, Tomasz D.; Żmihorski, Michał; Halba, Ryszard; Wozniak, Agnieszka (2008).

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so milk can become contaminated as they drink. This activity was linked to cases of

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occurs in south-central Siberia and extreme northwestern China and is accidental to

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first appeared in the 16th century, and is thought to be a compound of the forename

8127: 7407: 7329: 7266: 7197: 7082: 6723: 6659: 6430: 6349: 5755: 5303: 5144: 5002: 4991:"Intestinal, segmented, filamentous bacteria in a wide range of vertebrate species" 4961: 4953: 4914: 4871: 4807: 4774: 4726: 4629: 4538: 4439: 4429: 4390: 4330: 4262: 4177: 4153: 4105: 4013: 4005: 3836: 3781:"Long-term Population Trends of Corvids Wintering in Urban Parks in Central Poland" 3628: 3586: 3390: 3014: 2942: 2791: 2552: 2013: 1977: 1793:

survive. Replacement clutches are very rarely laid in the event of clutch failure.

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The text reports large declines among summer populations between 1968-80 and 2000.

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for a group of jackdaws is a "clattering". Another name for a flock is a "train".

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have been isolated from the small intestine of a western jackdaw, although their

2062: 1961: 1942: 1535:) in northwestern England. Flocks are targets of coordinated hunting by pairs of 1512: 1408: 779: 736: 690: 570: 440:, the Latin stem of the word "money". Jackdaws are sometimes placed in the genus 419: 8047: 7692: 5170:. Translated by Roger A. Mynors. University of Toronto Press. 1989. p. 314. 4689: 4136:

Johnsson, Kristina (1994). "Colonial Breeding and Nest Predation in the Jackdaw

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held that seeing a jackdaw on the way to a wedding was a good omen for a bride.

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of several corvids. It found that the western jackdaw, and the closely related

375: 332: 328: 5046:. New Haven, Connecticut & London, United Kingdom: Yale University Press. 4826: 3633: 3616: 3591: 3574: 3063: 2009: 1744:) for nest sites in the Netherlands. They can take over old nest sites of the 1667: 499:

name, based on the western jackdaw's call, now refers to corvids of the genus

8116: 8029: 7452: 7434: 6741: 6714: 6562: 6460: 6358: 5631: 5586: 5219: 5117:. BASC: The British Association for Shooting and Conservation. Archived from 3936: 3142: 2876: 2471: 2434: 2313: 2235: 2218: 2180: 1891: 1764: 1725: 1565: 1536: 1364: 1055: 941: 830: 495:

although there has been debate about which species he was referring to. This

447: 414: 344: 263: 205: 78: 73: 4940:

Johne, R.; Wittig, W.; Fernandez-De-Luco, D.; Hofle, U.; Muller, H. (2006).

4044:. Vol. 2. London, United Kingdom: William Pickering. 1853. p. 336. 1656: 7797: 7533: 7526: 7338: 7275: 7022: 6795: 6689: 6632: 6580: 6508: 6469: 6412: 6385: 6225: 5981: 5847: 5728: 5073:. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. pp. 79–81, 162–63. 4975: 4731: 4714: 4453: 4027: 4009: 3735:(5th ed.). Washington, D.C.: National Geographic Society. p. 326. 3691:

Murdoch, D. A.; Betton, K. F. (2008). "A Checklist of the Birds of Syria".

3402: 3394: 3030: 3026: 2846: 2795: 2757:

Mullarney, Killian; Svensson, Lars; Zetterstrom, Dan; Grant, Peter (1999).

2196: 2149: 2145: 2137: 2017: 1877: 1809: 1641: 1447: 1439: 1412: 1300: 1163: 1100: 1000: 496: 388: 8060: 7920: 5337:

Welsh Folk-lore: a Collection of the Folk-tales and Legends of North Wales

5016: 4883: 4434: 2302:'s ancient coat of arms, the town's name allegedly being derived from the 1763:

Nests are lined with hair, wool, dead grass and many other materials. The

285: 277: 7990: 7661: 7594: 7365: 7248: 7142: 7127: 7031: 6852: 6641: 6623: 6589: 6571: 6517: 6279: 5701: 4110: 4081: 4057:

All the Birds of the Air; the Names, Lore and Literature of British Birds

3204: 2317: 2157: 2024:) has been reported stealing food from western jackdaws on powerlines in 1909: 1688: 1528: 1455: 1328: 1308: 1203: 1195: 1172: 1004: 953: 945: 862: 774:

in their official list. The two species of jackdaw have been reported to

559: 501: 462: 7832: 4779: 4342: 2217:

creature, it falls in while looking at its own reflection. The mythical

1684:

being ousted from nests or territories and unable to rear broods alone.

413:

The western jackdaw was one of the many species originally described by

7972: 7765: 7718: 7653: 7483: 7293: 7212: 7179: 7060: 7013: 7004: 6768: 6553: 6499: 6014: 5668: 5580: 5574: 4844: 4542: 3848: 2244: 2090: 1985: 1886: 1881: 1753: 1733: 1491: 1484: 1420: 1372: 1267: 1211: 814: 529: 392: 387:

and opportunistic feeder, it eats a wide variety of plant material and

379: 336: 324: 7666: 3945:. Translated by Marjorie Kerr Wilson. London, United Kingdom: Methuen. 1913:

species, as well as snails and spiders. Also eaten are small rodents,

1840: 1628:, this behaviour is almost always done between birds of a mated pair. 1166:

covering around 40% of the maxilla and 25% of the lower mandible. The

7902: 7425: 7380: 7356: 7320: 7239: 6957: 6834: 6825: 6777: 6421: 3573:

Henderson, I. G.; Fuller, R. J.; Conway, G. J.; Gough, S. J. (2004).

3420:. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. pp. 1466–68. 2481: 2248: 2183:'s 1881 illustration of a vain jackdaw wearing peacock feathers for " 2066: 2025: 1993: 1969: 1865: 1817: 1782: 1737: 1544: 1416: 1380: 1304: 1296: 1016: 949: 886: 870: 728: 723:(2005), a treatment also used in a 1982 systematic list in German by 536:. Formerly, western jackdaws were simply called "daws". The metallic 316: 145: 105: 7995: 7556: 5264:. Amsterdam, Netherlands: North-Holland Publishing Company. p. 4402: 4292:. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. pp. 129–42. 4274: 3314: 1949:

grit to aid digestion of vegetable food and supply dietary calcium.

1785:

chicks, which are completely dependent on the adults for food. They

1507:, with up to several thousand individuals gathering at one site. At 7907: 7894: 7791: 7579: 7545: 7188: 6932: 6870: 6143: 5972: 5898: 5602: 5562: 5556: 5544: 5364:

Cambridgeshire Customs and Folklore: with Fenland Material Provided

5103:(in German). Justus – Liebig – Universität Gießen. pp. 10, 25. 4833:

von Bayern, A. M. P.; de Kort, S. R.; Clayton, N. S.; Emery, N. J.

4334: 4225: 3448:

Crows and Jays: A Guide to the Crows, Jays and Magpies of the World

2288: 2210: 2103: 1922: 1861: 1852: 1400: 1355: 1332: 1316: 1231: 1176: 1128: 894: 787: 514: 384: 320: 155: 125: 4490:) na netopiere (Chiroptera) v Bardejove, severovýchodné Slovensko" 2176: 8094: 7609: 6880: 6076: 5658: 5421:. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 12. 5165: 4988: 4939: 4394: 4266: 3319:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. p. 405. 2756: 2624:. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. p. 2295: 2252: 2133: 2077: 1953: 1926: 1918: 1903: 1728:

notes that western jackdaws used to nest in crevices beneath the

1573: 1508: 1468: 1388: 1368: 1344: 1292: 1132: 1124: 1079: 1075: 1063: 1059: 1020: 973: 965: 906: 905:, and northern and eastern Denmark, with occasional wintering in 878: 874: 866: 842: 838: 826: 783: 566: 485:

sometimes used this word to refer to the western jackdaw, as did

442: 364: 340: 165: 4564:

Soler, Juan José; Soler, Manuel; Martínez, Juan Gabriel (1993).

3746:Żmihorski, Michał; Halba, Ryszard; Mazgajski, Tomasz D. (2010). 3671: 3418:

The Birds of the Western Palearctic: Concise Edition (2 volumes)

3315:

Porter, R. F.; Christensen, S.; Schiermacher-Hansen, F. (1996).

2191: 2160:. An authorised person must comply with the requirements of the 1648: 7817: 6317: 6215: 5837: 5622: 5100:

Das Bild der Rabenvögel (Corvidae) in der heutigen Gesellschaft

2653:. London, United Kingdom: Chatto & Windus. pp. 406–8. 2299: 2269: 2085: 2055: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1786: 1729: 1463: 1435: 1384: 1312: 1215: 1012: 1008: 910: 902: 898: 890: 834: 744: 491: 478: 436: 115: 4566:"Grit Ingestion and Cereal Consumption in Five Corvid Species" 4228:"Within-clutch Repeatability of Egg Dimensions in the Jackdaw 3778: 2499:(5th ed.). London, United Kingdom: Cassell. p. 883. 554:, first used for the bird in the 15th century, is held by the 339:

are recognised, which differ mainly in the colouration of the

7889: 5394:. Toronto, Ontario: University of Toronto Press. p. xv. 3733:

National Geographic Field Guide to the Birds of North America

2692: 2259:

are fabled to have bribed the jackdaws to spare their crops.

2226: 2222: 2200: 1894: 1428: 1404: 1392: 1367:, particularly in the winter and spring, and occasionally to 1340: 1336: 1071: 1028: 957: 918: 759: 748: 705:

was greater than that within the rest of the genus. This led

2233:

described jackdaws as harbingers of rain in his poetic work

1371:. Elsewhere, western jackdaws congregate over winter in the 6307: 5568: 5449:. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford: Oxford University Press. 4671:"Density and Age of Breeding Pairs Influence Feral Pigeon, 4415: 3239:

Mémoires de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou

2230: 1898: 1869: 1324: 1320: 922: 881:

and Poland, and south across eastern central Europe to the

371: 135: 4312: 3989: 3614: 3572: 3517:

Ogilvie, Richard B.; Eisenbeis, Roland F. (6 April 1968).

2998:

Haring, Elisabeth; Gamauf, Anita; Kryukov, Alexey (2007).

2676:

Origins: A Short Etymological Dictionary of Modern English

2255:

cherished jackdaws for destroying grasshoppers' eggs. The

2008:). A field study of a large city dump on the outskirts of 544:

part of the common name, but this is not supported by the

7050: 6994: 5962: 4857: 4832: 2924:. Darmstadt und Leipzig: Carl Wilhelm Leste. p. 114. 2824: 2822: 2088:. The illness appeared to be a co-infection of this with 1914: 1857: 1383:

region of western China. They are winter visitors to the

367:

for "jackdaw", and the native English name for the bird.

2974:(in German). Hamburg & Berlin, Germany: Paul Parey. 1471:

may have caused western jackdaws to relocate to Warsaw.

809:

in Sweden. This subspecies has a whitish partial collar.

4760:) on Power Lines in the Province of Vojvodina (Serbia)" 4290:

Parasitic Birds and their Hosts: Studies in Coevolution

3885:"Cooperative Hunting of Jackdaws by the Lanner Falcon ( 3745: 861:, is found in eastern Europe. Its range extends across 5302:. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press and 5070:

Silent Fields: The Long Decline of a Nation's Wildlife

3710:. London, United Kingdom: A&C Black. p. 308. 2819: 2420: 7510: 5542: 5468:. St Lucia, Queensland: Queensland University Press. 4082:"Long-Term Study on Interactions between Tawny Owls ( 3000:"Phylogeographic patterns in widespread corvid birds" 1543:), although larger groups are more able to elude the 1127:

individual with white feathers in Naantali cemetery,

528:, used in animal names to signify a small form (e.g. 5391:

Galicia: a Historical Survey and Bibliographic Guide

4756:"Nest Occupation and Prey Grabbing by Saker Falcon ( 4793: 4524: 4522: 4079: 3416:Snow, David; Perrins, Christopher M., eds. (1998). 3053: 2997: 2171: 1062:in Northwest Africa. It was also formerly found in 5293: 4836:Frequent food- and Object-sharing during Jackdaw ( 4712: 4668: 4563: 4080:Koning, F. J.; Koning, H. J.; Baeyens, G. (2009). 3992:"Cognitive Adaptations of Social Bonding in Birds" 3822: 3549:"BirdLife International (2012) Species factsheet: 3376:"Gliding Flight in a Jackdaw: A Wind Tunnel Study" 2853:(c.1430) as "A clatering of chowhis", and then in 2612: 2337:, the main character's ship is named the Jackdaw. 5167:Collected Works of Erasmus: Adages: Ivi1 to Ix100 4182:. London: Frederick Warne & Co Ltd. pp. 3997:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 2937: 2883:. London, United Kingdom: N. Hailes. p. 163. 2581:Mayr, Ernst; Greenway, James C. Jr, eds. (1962). 731:undertaken in 2007 compared DNA sequences in the 8114: 4713:Baglione, Vittorio; Canestrari, Daniela (2009). 4669:Hetmański, Tomasz; Barkowska, Miłosława (2007). 4519: 4059:. London, United Kingdom: Book Club Associates. 3516: 2523:An Etymological Dictionary of the Latin Language 2213:, a jackdaw can be caught with a dish of oil. A 1387:in western Pakistan, and are winter vagrants to 6930: 6141: 4845:Ethological Conference, Budapest, Hungary, 2005 3373: 3140: 2832:Provincial Names and Folk Lore of British Birds 2526:. London, United Kingdom: A. J. Valpy. p. 2094:and the virus has been provisionally named the 5501:Feathers of Eurasian jackdaw (Corvus monedula) 5037: 4608: 4528: 4287: 3931: 3929: 3927: 2933: 2931: 1596:—several of which have been described. In the 1446:). Along with other corvids such as the rook, 6102: 5528: 5253: 5251: 4615:in Large Arable Fields in the Czech Republic" 4179:The Birds of the British Isles and their Eggs 3942:King Solomon's Ring: New Light on Animal Ways 3690: 3310: 3308: 3054:Gill, F.; Donsker, D., eds. (30 March 2011). 2893: 1391:, where they were first recorded in 1962. In 5179: 5177: 4131: 4129: 3920:. London, United Kingdom: David and Charles. 3818: 3816: 3730: 3264: 3262: 3260: 3136: 3134: 2580: 2554:The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names 642:. Other dialectal or obsolete names include 331:, although northern and eastern populations 5230:. London, United Kingdom: Penguin. p. 5212: 5092: 5090: 4467: 4465: 4463: 4209: 4207: 4205: 3970: 3968: 3966: 3964: 3924: 3866: 3864: 3862: 3860: 3858: 3803: 3801: 3655: 3653: 3500: 3498: 3473: 3471: 3415: 3357: 3355: 3353: 3351: 3349: 3347: 3345: 3343: 3330: 3328: 3326: 3295: 3293: 3291: 3289: 3226: 3168: 3166: 3164: 3162: 3160: 2928: 2916: 2808: 2790:. London, United Kingdom: Witherby and Co. 2752: 2750: 2748: 2746: 2744: 2742: 2740: 2648: 1876:The western jackdaw tends to feed on small 1427:, and one is reported to have been seen in 1286: 16:Species of bird in the crow family Corvidae 5620: 5535: 5521: 5248: 5204:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4317:) Parasitism by the Great Spotted Cuckoo ( 3911: 3909: 3731:Dunn, John L.; Alderfer, Jonathan (2006). 3374:Rosen, Mikael; Hedenstrom, Anders (2001). 3305: 2187:" (also known as "The Vain Jackdaw") fable 218: 67: 29: 5288: 5174: 5133: 5066: 5006: 4965: 4778: 4730: 4611:"Predators and Nest Success of Sky Larks 4483: 4443: 4433: 4376: 4374: 4372: 4171: 4169: 4167: 4126: 4109: 4017: 3813: 3632: 3590: 3445: 3257: 3131: 3121: 3119: 3117: 3115: 3113: 3111: 3109: 3107: 3105: 3103: 2993: 2991: 2851:Debate between the Horse, Goose and Sheep 2835:. London, United Kingdom: Trübner and Co. 2673: 2043: 1873:advantageous for this foraging strategy. 1415:. They have also occurred as vagrants in 1375:in northwestern Kazakhstan, the northern 6955: 6166: 5381: 5367:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 38–39. 5257: 5183: 5087: 5038:Marzluff, John M.; Angell, Tony (2005). 4590: 4460: 4357: 4202: 4135: 4054: 3985: 3983: 3961: 3949: 3939:(1964) . "11. The Perennial Retainers". 3882: 3855: 3798: 3650: 3495: 3483: 3468: 3441: 3439: 3437: 3340: 3323: 3286: 3157: 2871: 2869: 2828: 2737: 2596: 2594: 2470: 2190: 2175: 1839: 1666: 1655: 1647: 1635: 1490: 1478: 1349: 1225: 1158:, and a green-blue sheen on the throat, 1118: 1106: 1090: 801: 355:. The common name derives from the word 284: 276: 42: 5387: 4753: 4609:Praus, Libor; Weidinger, Karel (2010). 4252: 4232:: a Study Based on a Museum Collection" 3918:Crows, Jays, Ravens and their Relatives 3915: 3906: 3232: 2969: 2863:(c.1480), as "a Clateryng of choughes". 2815:. London, United Kingdom: Henry Frowde. 2550: 2494: 2054:has been isolated from their beaks and 1884:(particularly cockchafers of the genus 1339:. However, it is regionally extinct in 1199:their heads held down or horizontally. 1007:and northwestern Mongolia and south to 678:(from their nesting propensities), and 532:), and the archaic native English word 395:from urban areas. Western jackdaws are 8115: 6878: 5360: 5218: 5096: 4380: 4369: 4175: 4164: 3935: 3705: 3100: 2988: 2520:Valpy, Francis Edward Jackson (1828). 2416: 2414: 2412: 1295:through all of Europe, except for the 1175:. Western jackdaws undergo a complete 7561: 7560: 6929: 6315: 6140: 5599: 5516: 5340:. Kessinger Publishing. p. 324. 4905:"The thieving magpie (and jackdaw)". 3980: 3434: 3007:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 2947:Birds of South Asia: The Ripley Guide 2875: 2866: 2698: 2649:Cocker, Mark; Mabey, Richard (2005). 2642: 2591: 2519: 2283:The jackdaw was considered sacred in 1230:Western jackdaw calling in flight on 772:International Ornithological Congress 8100:53269CDB-4375-4CF4-8155-DACC7B6FC7B3 7960:7eab2171-7cce-41b2-a773-e0d907b30176 5414: 5333: 4042:The Poetical Works of William Cowper 3235:"Notice sur la Choucas de la Russie" 3092:. GlobalTwitcher.com. Archived from 3062:. WorldBirdNames.org. Archived from 2783: 1917:, the eggs and chicks of birds, and 1704:Where, bishoplike, he finds a perch, 1311:. To the east, it occurs throughout 1154:) sheen on the crown, forehead, and 8123:IUCN Red List least concern species 6223: 5600: 5184:Thompson, D'Arcy Wentworth (1895). 3446:Madge, Steve; Burn, Hilary (1994). 3409: 2435:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2409: 2309:The Book of Laughter and Forgetting 1582:linear hierarchical group structure 513:), formerly particularly common in 13: 5190:. Oxford, United Kingdom. p. 5141:"Aesop's Fables: The Vain Jackdaw" 5044:In the Company of Crows and Ravens 4158:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1994.tb01100.x 3060:IOC World Bird List: Version 2.8.3 2484:: Laurentius Salvius. p. 105. 2129:Act for the Preservation of Grayne 1687:Western jackdaws usually breed in 1587: 1291:The western jackdaw is found from 980:comes from the Greek σπερμολόγος, 825:in a transition zone running from 558:to be derived from the postulated 14: 8159: 5490:Jackdaw videos, photos and sounds 5483: 5261:Dictionary of Symbols and Imagery 3841:10.1034/j.1600-048X.2000.310209.x 2263:rain. The 12th-century historian 2162:Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 2069:in northeast England and led the 1700:A great frequenter of the church, 1580:. He found that the birds have a 913:. It has been recorded as a rare 865:, from southern Finland south to 7544: 7532: 7520: 5408: 5354: 5327: 5282: 4531:Zeitschrift für Jagdwissenschaft 4486:"Pozorované útoky kavky tmavej ( 2584:Check-List of Birds of the World 2388: 2372: 2357: 2342: 2172:Cultural depictions and folklore 1847:, foraging in pasture in Russia. 1434:Western jackdaws inhabit wooded 1221: 1058:, 1912) is found in Morocco and 968:in the south. It winters in the 351:it formally, giving it the name 92: 5492:on the Internet Bird Collection 5158: 5107: 5060: 5031: 4982: 4958:10.1128/JVI.80.7.3523-3531.2006 4933: 4898: 4851: 4787: 4767:Archives of Biological Sciences 4747: 4706: 4662: 4602: 4557: 4477: 4409: 4306: 4281: 4246: 4219: 4190: 4073: 4048: 4034: 3876: 3772: 3739: 3724: 3699: 3684: 3665: 3608: 3566: 3541: 3510: 3383:Journal of Experimental Biology 3367: 3274: 3197: 3178: 3078: 3047: 2963: 2910: 2887: 2881:The Natural History of Selborne 2839: 2802: 2777: 2715: 2701:"British Garden Birds: Jackdaw" 2667: 2334:Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag 2294:The jackdaw is featured on the 2109: 1721:The Natural History of Selborne 1115:, Newcastle upon Tyne, England. 770:have since been adopted by the 327:and North Africa; it is mostly 50:Western jackdaw calls (Estonia) 5438: 3555:. Downloaded from birdlife.org 2812:The English Dialect Dictionary 2606: 2574: 2544: 2513: 2488: 2464: 2100:Segmented filamentous bacteria 1640:Occupying a hole in a wall at 1086: 1070:refers to the ancient city of 952:in the north, through western 817:where their populations meet. 540:call may be the origin of the 403: 1: 5687:Black racket-tailed treepie ( 5388:Magocsi, Paul Robert (1983). 5300:A Dictionary of Superstitions 5292:; Tatem, Moira, eds. (1996). 4812:10.1016/j.anbehav.2005.10.016 4798:: What, Why and with Whom?". 4383:The Journal of Animal Ecology 2560:. London: Helm. p. 114. 2403: 2185:The Bird in Borrowed Feathers 1299:north, and eastwards through 1210:), or when in flight, with a 897:. It breeds in south-eastern 797: 630:is potentially a compound of 5463: 5445:Cramp, Stanley, ed. (1994). 4919:10.1016/0140-6736(91)92541-9 4876:10.1016/0140-6736(90)91162-4 4634:10.1080/00063657.2010.506208 4196: 3268: 3125: 3056:"Vireos, Crows & Allies" 2809:Wright, Joseph (1898–1905). 2699:Gains, David (1 July 2010). 2600: 1929:of western jackdaws shot in 1495:A western jackdaw in flight. 1474: 1037:Samuel Thomas von Sömmerring 733:mitochondrial control region 709:to reinstate the genus name 614:since the 14th century. The 408: 7: 8148:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus 7165:White-throated Magpie-jay ( 7156:Black-throated magpie-jay ( 5926:Yellow-billed blue magpie ( 4579:(2): 143–49. Archived from 4140:using old Black Woodpecker 3883:Leonardi, Giovanni (1999). 3019:10.1016/j.ympev.2007.06.016 2900:Russian Journal of Genetics 2379:Flag of Halych land at the 1652:Nest with a chick and eggs. 1631: 1025:Johann Fischer von Waldheim 696: 10: 8164: 5866:Indochinese green magpie ( 5444: 5008:10.1258/002367793780810441 4688:(1): 71–83. Archived from 4596: 4471: 4363: 4213: 3974: 3955: 3916:Wilmore, S. Bruce (1977). 3896:Journal of Raptor Research 3870: 3807: 3761:(2): 61–68. Archived from 3659: 3504: 3489: 3477: 3450:. London, United Kingdom: 3361: 3334: 3299: 3280: 3172: 2829:Swainson, Charles (1885). 2616:; Edwards, Philip (2003). 2497:Cassell's Latin Dictionary 2195:A jackdaw pictured in the 1835: 960:in the southeast, and the 885:and northwestern Romania, 374:and distinctive pale-grey 335:south in the winter. Four 244: winter visitor only 7781: 7569: 7474: 7378: 7210: 7177: 7140: 7058: 7048: 7002: 6992: 6946: 6942: 6925: 6869: 6305: 6212: 6157: 6153: 6136: 6093: 6067: 6012: 5970: 5960: 5896: 5845: 5834: 5808: 5777: 5699: 5666: 5657: 5613: 5609: 5595: 5551: 5543:Extant species of family 5415:Gray, Richard T. (2005). 5187:A Glossary of Greek Birds 5067:Lovegrove, Roger (2007). 4508:: 157–159. Archived from 4255:Journal of Animal Ecology 4090:) and Northern Goshawks ( 3788:Polish Journal of Ecology 3634:10.1080/00063650509461373 3592:10.1080/00063650409461327 2970:Wolters, Hans E. (1982). 2731:Oxford English Dictionary 2620:Hamlet, Prince of Denmark 2480:(in Latin). Vol. 1. 1804:) has been recorded as a 1604:is another commonly used 1425:Saint Pierre and Miquelon 1146:) or blue (in subspecies 556:Oxford English Dictionary 547:Oxford English Dictionary 473:(pronounced with initial 417:in his 18th century work 257: 250: 226: 217: 194: 187: 89:Scientific classification 87: 65: 56: 37: 28: 23: 5917:Red-billed blue magpie ( 5818:Ratchet-tailed treepie ( 5418:Franz Kafka Encyclopedia 5097:Hereth, Antonia (2003). 3829:Journal of Avian Biology 3317:Birds of the Middle East 3141:Offereins, Rudy (2003). 2763:. Collins. p. 335. 2674:Partridge, Eric (1966). 2276:after being banished by 2221:was bribed with gold by 1614:defensive-threat posture 1287:Distribution and habitat 989:Eastern Eurasian jackdaw 930:Western Eurasian jackdaw 857:) (Linnaeus, 1758), the 434:, which is derived from 359:, denoting "small", and 238: summer-only range 8143:Birds described in 1758 7092:Woodhouse's scrub jay ( 6787:Hispaniolan palm crow ( 6112:Stresemann's bushcrow ( 5935:Sri Lanka blue magpie ( 5747:White-bellied treepie ( 3525:(301–A). Archived from 2972:Die Vogelarten der Erde 2784:Swan, H. Kirke (1913). 2551:Jobling, James (2010). 2080:on an affected bird, a 1103:cover much of the bill. 511:Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax 477:) gave modern English " 323:. Found across Europe, 7390:Silvery-throated jay ( 7074:California scrub jay ( 6651:Eastern carrion crow ( 6244:Yellow-billed magpie ( 6046:Turkestan ground jay ( 6037:Mongolian ground jay ( 5875:Bornean green magpie ( 5796:Bornean black magpie ( 5787:Malayan black magpie ( 5040:"Cultural Connections" 4732:10.1525/auk.2009.08146 4492:[Western Jackdaw ( 4176:Coward, T. A. (1920). 4010:10.1098/rstb.2006.1991 3708:The Birds of East Asia 3395:10.1242/jeb.204.6.1153 2796:10.5962/bhl.title.6948 2495:Simpson, D.P. (1979). 2422:BirdLife International 2397:Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast 2351:Principality of Halych 2306:word for the bird. In 2219:Princess Arne Sithonis 2203: 2188: 2084:was isolated from the 2044:Parasites and diseases 2002:Eurasian collared dove 1848: 1712: 1676: 1664: 1653: 1645: 1610:forward-threat posture 1496: 1488: 1359: 1235: 1135: 1116: 1104: 810: 768:Coloeus dauuricus 618:form of this word was 343:on the head and nape. 290: 282: 51: 8069:Paleobiology Database 7231:Purplish-backed jay ( 6976:Azure-winged magpie ( 6536:Eastern jungle crow ( 6491:Slender-billed crow ( 6395:New Caledonian crow ( 6289:Black-rumped magpie ( 6235:Black-billed magpie ( 6028:Xinjiang ground jay ( 5944:White-winged magpie ( 5857:Common green magpie ( 5738:Black-faced treepie ( 5361:Porter, Enid (1969). 5258:de Vries, Ad (1976). 5115:"Trapping Pest Birds" 4435:10.1186/1742-9994-6-2 4055:Greenoak, F. (1979). 3706:Brazil, Mark (2009). 2733:(2nd ed.). 1989. 2265:William of Malmesbury 2194: 2179: 2006:Streptopelia decaocto 1843: 1715:birds still on them. 1698: 1681:extra-pair copulation 1670: 1659: 1651: 1639: 1553:Neophron percnopterus 1494: 1482: 1354:A western jackdaw on 1353: 1229: 1122: 1110: 1094: 805: 764:Coloeus monedula 303:), also known as the 288: 280: 49: 7955:Fauna Europaea (new) 7462:White-collared jay ( 7444:Black-throated jay ( 7417:White-throated jay ( 7399:Black-collared jay ( 6844:Thick-billed raven ( 6817:White-necked raven ( 6669:Brown-necked raven ( 6545:Indian jungle crow ( 6196:Kashmir nutcracker ( 6187:Clark's nutcracker ( 6178:Spotted nutcracker ( 6055:Iranian ground jay ( 5908:Taiwan blue magpie ( 5884:Javan green magpie ( 5464:Goodwin, D. (1983). 5334:Owen, Elias (1896). 4860:Campylobacter jejuni 4754:Puzović, S. (2008). 4422:Frontiers in Zoology 4111:10.5253/078.097.0408 3233:Fischer, G. (1811). 3066:on 17 September 2011 2939:Rasmussen, Pamela C. 2917:Kaup, J. J. (1829). 2860:Book of Saint Albans 2614:Shakespeare, William 2349:Coat of arms of the 2106:or role is unknown. 2071:Department of Health 2051:Campylobacter jejuni 1826:European pine marten 1798:great spotted cuckoo 1675:in southern England. 1033:Corvus soemmerringii 997:Fischer von Waldheim 883:Carpathian Mountains 727:. A study of corvid 587:, and modern German 232: Jackdaw range 7312:Bushy-crested jay ( 7258:Plush-crested jay ( 7222:Black-chested jay ( 7110:Transvolcanic jay ( 7101:Florida scrub jay ( 6751:White-necked crow ( 6615:Mesopotamian crow ( 6527:Large-billed crow ( 6440:White-billed crow ( 6377:Bougainville crow ( 6368:Brown-headed crow ( 5641:Red-billed chough ( 4946:Journal of Virology 4913:(8745): 844. 1991. 4780:10.2298/abs0802271p 4323:The Wilson Bulletin 4319:Clamator glandarius 3768:on October 7, 2011. 3695:(Supplement 2): 12. 3454:. pp. 136–37. 3213:Strong's Greek 4691 1845:C. m. soemmerringii 1802:Clamator glandarius 1606:agonistic behaviour 1561:King Solomon's Ring 1444:Garrulus glandarius 1335:, and northwestern 993:C. m. soemmerringii 859:nominate subspecies 823:C. m. soemmerringii 725:Hans Edmund Wolters 720:Birds of South Asia 59:Conservation status 7408:Azure-hooded jay ( 7330:White-tailed jay ( 7267:Curl-crested jay ( 7083:Island scrub jay ( 6724:Chihuahuan raven ( 6660:Fan-tailed raven ( 6431:Long-billed crow ( 6350:Australian raven ( 5756:Sumatran treepie ( 5506:2016-03-04 at the 5466:Crows of the World 5224:"Scylla and Nisus" 4995:Laboratory Animals 4543:10.1007/BF02192013 4484:Mikula P. (2013). 4092:Accipiter gentilis 3086:"Eurasian Jackdaw 2845:First recorded in 2760:Collins Bird Guide 2456:}}: old-form url ( 2381:Battle of Grunwald 2331:In the video game 2204: 2201:Sauvo municipality 2189: 1849: 1824:) in Finland. The 1816:) in England, and 1710:And dormitory too. 1677: 1665: 1654: 1646: 1621:and call noisily. 1497: 1489: 1483:A family group in 1360: 1236: 1136: 1117: 1105: 877:, through eastern 811: 790:. Analysis of the 676:chimney-sweep bird 578:Middle High German 291: 283: 52: 8110: 8109: 7727:Open Tree of Life 7563:Taxon identifiers 7508: 7507: 7504: 7503: 7500: 7499: 7496: 7495: 7303:Azure-naped jay ( 7285:White-naped jay ( 7044: 7043: 6988: 6987: 6921: 6920: 6917: 6916: 6913: 6912: 6865: 6864: 6760:Cuban palm crow ( 6753:C. leucognaphalus 6733:Tamaulipas crow ( 6717:C. brachyrhynchos 6301: 6300: 6262:Oriental magpie ( 6253:Eurasian magpie ( 6208: 6207: 6132: 6131: 6128: 6127: 6124: 6123: 6089: 6088: 5991:Lanceolated jay ( 5956: 5955: 5919:U. erythrorhyncha 5830: 5829: 5720:Bornean treepie ( 5711:Andaman treepie ( 5653: 5652: 5475:978-0-7022-1015-0 5456:978-0-19-854679-5 5428:978-0-313-30375-3 5401:978-0-8020-2482-4 5374:978-0-7100-6201-7 5347:978-0-88305-487-1 5275:978-0-7204-8021-4 5241:978-0-14-001026-8 5121:on 10 August 2011 5080:978-0-19-852071-9 5053:978-0-300-10076-1 4299:978-0-19-509976-8 4142:Dryocopus martius 4066:978-0-233-97037-0 4004:(1480): 489–505. 3717:978-0-7136-7040-0 3461:978-0-7136-3999-5 3427:978-0-19-854099-1 2981:978-3-490-09118-5 2956:978-84-87334-67-2 2943:Anderton, John C. 2770:978-0-00-219728-1 2660:978-0-7011-6907-7 2635:978-0-521-53252-5 2567:978-1-4081-2501-4 2537:978-1-4021-7384-4 2506:978-0-304-52257-6 2096:crow polyomavirus 1966:Puffinus puffinus 1822:Rattus norvegicus 1750:Dryocopus martius 1673:C. m. spermologus 1660:Eggs, Collection 1602:bill-down posture 1549:Egyptian vultures 1525:Vanellus vanellus 1505:communal roosting 1208:Corvus frugilegus 1113:C. m. spermologus 1097:C. m. spermologus 982:a picker of seeds 962:Iberian peninsula 934:C. m. spermologus 829:south across the 821:intergrades into 792:mitochondrial DNA 741:C. dauuricus 597:Tach, Dähi, Däche 507:red-billed chough 275: 274: 270: 82: 47: 8155: 8133:Birds of Eurasia 8103: 8102: 8090: 8089: 8077: 8076: 8064: 8063: 8051: 8050: 8048:NHMSYS0000530317 8038: 8037: 8025: 8024: 8012: 8011: 7999: 7998: 7986: 7985: 7983:eurasian-jackdaw 7976: 7975: 7963: 7962: 7950: 7949: 7937: 7936: 7924: 7923: 7911: 7910: 7898: 7897: 7885: 7884: 7872: 7871: 7859: 7858: 7849: 7848: 7836: 7835: 7826: 7825: 7813: 7812: 7802: 7801: 7800: 7774: 7773: 7771:Coloeus-monedula 7761: 7760: 7748: 7747: 7735: 7734: 7722: 7721: 7709: 7708: 7696: 7695: 7693:NHMSYS0021178877 7683: 7682: 7670: 7669: 7657: 7656: 7644: 7643: 7631: 7630: 7618: 7617: 7615:D4C32F8E792B65BA 7605: 7604: 7603: 7601:Coloeus monedula 7590: 7589: 7588: 7571:Coloeus monedula 7558: 7557: 7549: 7548: 7537: 7536: 7525: 7524: 7523: 7516: 7486:G. cyanocephalus 7348:Violaceous jay ( 7314:C. melanocyaneus 7149: 7119:Unicolored jay ( 7067: 7056: 7055: 7000: 6999: 6967:Iberian magpie ( 6953: 6952: 6944: 6943: 6937: 6927: 6926: 6876: 6875: 6846:C. crassirostris 6813: 6809:Tropical African 6711: 6707:Central American 6686: 6611: 6529:C. macrorhynchos 6487: 6457: 6404:Torresian crow ( 6370:C. fuscicapillus 6337: 6313: 6312: 6271:Maghreb magpie ( 6221: 6220: 6198:N. multipunctata 6180:N. caryocatactes 6164: 6163: 6155: 6154: 6148: 6138: 6137: 6100: 6099: 6021: 5968: 5967: 5843: 5842: 5765:Rufous treepie ( 5678:Hooded treepie ( 5664: 5663: 5618: 5617: 5611: 5610: 5597: 5596: 5537: 5530: 5523: 5514: 5513: 5479: 5460: 5433: 5432: 5412: 5406: 5405: 5385: 5379: 5378: 5358: 5352: 5351: 5331: 5325: 5324: 5322: 5320: 5304:Fatih University 5297: 5286: 5280: 5279: 5255: 5246: 5245: 5216: 5210: 5209: 5203: 5195: 5181: 5172: 5171: 5162: 5156: 5155: 5153: 5151: 5145:BBC School Radio 5137: 5131: 5130: 5128: 5126: 5111: 5105: 5104: 5094: 5085: 5084: 5064: 5058: 5057: 5035: 5029: 5028: 5010: 4986: 4980: 4979: 4969: 4952:(7): 3523–3531. 4937: 4931: 4930: 4902: 4896: 4895: 4855: 4849: 4848: 4830: 4824: 4823: 4800:Animal Behaviour 4791: 4785: 4784: 4782: 4764: 4751: 4745: 4744: 4734: 4710: 4704: 4703: 4701: 4700: 4694: 4679: 4666: 4660: 4659: 4657: 4656: 4650: 4644:. Archived from 4619: 4606: 4600: 4594: 4588: 4587: 4585: 4570: 4561: 4555: 4554: 4526: 4517: 4516: 4514: 4499: 4481: 4475: 4469: 4458: 4457: 4447: 4437: 4413: 4407: 4406: 4378: 4367: 4361: 4355: 4354: 4310: 4304: 4303: 4285: 4279: 4278: 4250: 4244: 4243: 4223: 4217: 4211: 4200: 4194: 4188: 4187: 4173: 4162: 4161: 4133: 4124: 4123: 4113: 4077: 4071: 4070: 4052: 4046: 4045: 4038: 4032: 4031: 4021: 3987: 3978: 3972: 3959: 3953: 3947: 3946: 3933: 3922: 3921: 3913: 3904: 3903: 3893: 3880: 3874: 3868: 3853: 3852: 3820: 3811: 3805: 3796: 3795: 3785: 3776: 3770: 3769: 3767: 3752: 3743: 3737: 3736: 3728: 3722: 3721: 3703: 3697: 3696: 3688: 3682: 3681: 3669: 3663: 3657: 3648: 3646: 3636: 3612: 3606: 3604: 3594: 3570: 3564: 3563: 3561: 3560: 3545: 3539: 3538: 3536: 3534: 3514: 3508: 3502: 3493: 3487: 3481: 3475: 3466: 3465: 3443: 3432: 3431: 3413: 3407: 3406: 3380: 3371: 3365: 3359: 3338: 3332: 3321: 3320: 3312: 3303: 3297: 3284: 3278: 3272: 3266: 3255: 3254: 3252: 3250: 3230: 3224: 3223: 3221: 3219: 3201: 3195: 3194: 3182: 3176: 3170: 3155: 3154: 3138: 3129: 3123: 3098: 3097: 3082: 3076: 3075: 3073: 3071: 3051: 3045: 3044: 3042: 3041: 3035: 3029:. Archived from 3004: 2995: 2986: 2985: 2967: 2961: 2960: 2935: 2926: 2925: 2914: 2908: 2907: 2891: 2885: 2884: 2873: 2864: 2843: 2837: 2836: 2826: 2817: 2816: 2806: 2800: 2799: 2781: 2775: 2774: 2754: 2735: 2734: 2719: 2713: 2712: 2710: 2708: 2696: 2690: 2689: 2671: 2665: 2664: 2651:Birds Britannica 2646: 2640: 2639: 2623: 2610: 2604: 2598: 2589: 2588: 2578: 2572: 2571: 2559: 2548: 2542: 2541: 2517: 2511: 2510: 2492: 2486: 2485: 2468: 2462: 2461: 2450: 2448: 2446: 2418: 2395:Coat of arms of 2392: 2376: 2364:Coat of arms of 2361: 2346: 2125: 2118: 2014:kleptoparasitism 1978:common guillemot 1746:black woodpecker 1662:Museum Wiesbaden 1521:Northern lapwing 1517:Sturnus vulgaris 1363:vagrants to the 1293:Northwest Africa 1044:Algerian jackdaw 1015:and the eastern 921:. It has a pale 717:in 1829, in her 707:Pamela Rasmussen 595:, and dialectal 520:The common name 363:, a less common 311:, or simply the 309:European jackdaw 305:Eurasian jackdaw 300:Coloeus monedula 262: 243: 237: 231: 222: 200: 198:Coloeus monedula 180:C. monedula 97: 96: 76: 71: 70: 48: 39:Coloeus monedula 33: 24:Western jackdaw 21: 20: 8163: 8162: 8158: 8157: 8156: 8154: 8153: 8152: 8138:Birds of Europe 8113: 8112: 8111: 8106: 8098: 8093: 8085: 8080: 8072: 8067: 8059: 8056:Observation.org 8054: 8046: 8041: 8033: 8028: 8020: 8015: 8007: 8002: 7994: 7989: 7981: 7979: 7971: 7966: 7958: 7953: 7945: 7940: 7932: 7927: 7919: 7914: 7906: 7901: 7893: 7888: 7880: 7875: 7867: 7862: 7854: 7852: 7844: 7839: 7831: 7829: 7823:corvus-monedula 7821: 7816: 7810: 7805: 7796: 7795: 7790: 7783:Corvus monedula 7777: 7769: 7764: 7756: 7751: 7743: 7738: 7730: 7725: 7717: 7714:Observation.org 7712: 7704: 7699: 7691: 7686: 7678: 7673: 7665: 7660: 7652: 7647: 7639: 7634: 7626: 7621: 7613: 7608: 7599: 7598: 7593: 7584: 7583: 7578: 7565: 7555: 7543: 7531: 7521: 7519: 7511: 7509: 7492: 7470: 7453:Turquoise jay ( 7435:Beautiful jay ( 7374: 7341:C. sanblasianus 7269:C. cristatellus 7206: 7198:Steller's jay ( 7173: 7147: 7146: 7136: 7103:A. coerulescens 7065: 7064: 7040: 7034:P. internigrans 6984: 6948: 6938: 6935: 6909: 6900:Western jackdaw 6890:Daurian jackdaw 6861: 6806: 6796:Sinaloan crow ( 6742:Jamaican crow ( 6726:C. cryptoleucus 6715:American crow ( 6700: 6679: 6600: 6563:Collared crow ( 6538:C. levaillantii 6480: 6461:Hawaiian crow ( 6450: 6397:C. moneduloides 6359:Bismarck crow ( 6326: 6297: 6214: 6204: 6149: 6146: 6120: 6095: 6085: 6063: 6019: 6018: 6008: 5952: 5928:U. flavirostris 5892: 5836: 5826: 5804: 5773: 5695: 5649: 5632:Alpine chough ( 5605: 5591: 5547: 5541: 5508:Wayback Machine 5486: 5476: 5457: 5441: 5436: 5429: 5413: 5409: 5402: 5386: 5382: 5375: 5359: 5355: 5348: 5332: 5328: 5318: 5316: 5314: 5287: 5283: 5276: 5256: 5249: 5242: 5217: 5213: 5197: 5196: 5182: 5175: 5164: 5163: 5159: 5149: 5147: 5139: 5138: 5134: 5124: 5122: 5113: 5112: 5108: 5095: 5088: 5081: 5065: 5061: 5054: 5036: 5032: 4987: 4983: 4938: 4934: 4904: 4903: 4899: 4856: 4852: 4840:) Socialisation 4838:Corvus monedula 4831: 4827: 4796:Corvus monedula 4792: 4788: 4762: 4752: 4748: 4711: 4707: 4698: 4696: 4692: 4682:Folia Zoologica 4677: 4667: 4663: 4654: 4652: 4648: 4617: 4613:Alauda arvensis 4607: 4603: 4595: 4591: 4583: 4568: 4562: 4558: 4527: 4520: 4512: 4497: 4494:Corvus monedula 4488:Corvus monedula 4482: 4478: 4470: 4461: 4414: 4410: 4379: 4370: 4362: 4358: 4315:Corvus monedula 4311: 4307: 4300: 4286: 4282: 4251: 4247: 4230:Corvus monedula 4224: 4220: 4212: 4203: 4195: 4191: 4174: 4165: 4138:Corvus monedula 4134: 4127: 4088:Corvus monedula 4078: 4074: 4067: 4053: 4049: 4040: 4039: 4035: 3988: 3981: 3973: 3962: 3954: 3950: 3934: 3925: 3914: 3907: 3891: 3887:Falco biarmicus 3881: 3877: 3869: 3856: 3825:Corvus monedula 3821: 3814: 3806: 3799: 3783: 3777: 3773: 3765: 3750: 3744: 3740: 3729: 3725: 3718: 3704: 3700: 3689: 3685: 3670: 3666: 3658: 3651: 3613: 3609: 3571: 3567: 3558: 3556: 3551:Corvus monedula 3547: 3546: 3542: 3532: 3530: 3529:on 28 July 2014 3523:Nature Bulletin 3519:"Talking Birds" 3515: 3511: 3503: 3496: 3488: 3484: 3476: 3469: 3462: 3452:A & C Black 3444: 3435: 3428: 3414: 3410: 3378: 3372: 3368: 3360: 3341: 3333: 3324: 3313: 3306: 3298: 3287: 3279: 3275: 3267: 3258: 3248: 3246: 3231: 3227: 3217: 3215: 3203: 3202: 3198: 3183: 3179: 3171: 3158: 3139: 3132: 3124: 3101: 3088:Corvus monedula 3084: 3083: 3079: 3069: 3067: 3052: 3048: 3039: 3037: 3033: 3002: 2996: 2989: 2982: 2968: 2964: 2957: 2936: 2929: 2915: 2911: 2892: 2888: 2874: 2867: 2855:Juliana Berners 2844: 2840: 2827: 2820: 2807: 2803: 2782: 2778: 2771: 2755: 2738: 2721: 2720: 2716: 2706: 2704: 2697: 2693: 2686: 2672: 2668: 2661: 2647: 2643: 2636: 2611: 2607: 2599: 2592: 2579: 2575: 2568: 2557: 2549: 2545: 2538: 2518: 2514: 2507: 2493: 2489: 2469: 2465: 2451: 2444: 2442: 2428:Corvus monedula 2419: 2410: 2406: 2399: 2393: 2384: 2377: 2368: 2362: 2353: 2347: 2278:Saint Procopius 2174: 2166:Birds Directive 2123: 2116: 2112: 2063:gastroenteritis 2046: 1962:Manx shearwater 1958:Alauda arvensis 1838: 1814:Mustela nivalis 1706: 1702: 1634: 1598:bill-up posture 1594:threat displays 1590: 1588:Social displays 1541:Falco biarmicus 1513:common starling 1477: 1409:Atlantic Canada 1303:to the eastern 1289: 1224: 1164:rictal bristles 1101:rictal bristles 1089: 1048:C. m. cirtensis 1027:described this 800: 780:Altai Mountains 737:Daurian jackdaw 699: 691:collective noun 638:, a variant of 571:Old High German 427:, choosing the 425:Corvus monedula 420:Systema Naturae 411: 406: 353:Corvus monedula 295:western jackdaw 260:Corvus monedula 246: 245: 241: 239: 235: 233: 229: 213: 202: 196: 183: 91: 83: 72: 68: 61: 43: 41: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8161: 8151: 8150: 8145: 8140: 8135: 8130: 8125: 8108: 8107: 8105: 8104: 8091: 8078: 8065: 8052: 8039: 8026: 8013: 8000: 7987: 7977: 7964: 7951: 7942:Fauna Europaea 7938: 7925: 7912: 7899: 7886: 7873: 7860: 7850: 7837: 7827: 7814: 7803: 7787: 7785: 7779: 7778: 7776: 7775: 7762: 7749: 7736: 7723: 7710: 7697: 7684: 7671: 7658: 7645: 7632: 7619: 7606: 7591: 7575: 7573: 7567: 7566: 7554: 7553: 7541: 7529: 7506: 7505: 7502: 7501: 7498: 7497: 7494: 7493: 7491: 7490: 7480: 7478: 7472: 7471: 7469: 7468: 7464:C. viridicyana 7459: 7450: 7441: 7432: 7423: 7414: 7405: 7396: 7392:C. argentigula 7386: 7384: 7376: 7375: 7373: 7372: 7368:C. yucatanicus 7363: 7354: 7345: 7339:San Blas jay ( 7336: 7327: 7318: 7309: 7300: 7291: 7282: 7276:Purplish jay ( 7273: 7264: 7255: 7246: 7237: 7228: 7218: 7216: 7208: 7207: 7205: 7204: 7195: 7185: 7183: 7175: 7174: 7172: 7171: 7162: 7152: 7150: 7138: 7137: 7135: 7134: 7125: 7116: 7112:A. ultramarina 7107: 7098: 7094:A. woodhouseii 7089: 7080: 7076:A. californica 7070: 7068: 7053: 7046: 7045: 7042: 7041: 7039: 7038: 7029: 7023:Siberian jay ( 7020: 7010: 7008: 6997: 6990: 6989: 6986: 6985: 6983: 6982: 6973: 6963: 6961: 6950: 6940: 6939: 6923: 6922: 6919: 6918: 6915: 6914: 6911: 6910: 6908: 6907: 6897: 6886: 6884: 6873: 6867: 6866: 6863: 6862: 6860: 6859: 6850: 6841: 6832: 6823: 6814: 6803: 6802: 6793: 6784: 6775: 6766: 6757: 6748: 6744:C. jamaicensis 6739: 6730: 6721: 6712: 6697: 6696: 6690:Common raven ( 6687: 6676: 6675: 6666: 6657: 6648: 6639: 6633:Carrion crow ( 6630: 6621: 6612: 6597: 6596: 6587: 6581:Banggai crow ( 6578: 6569: 6560: 6551: 6542: 6533: 6524: 6515: 6509:Palawan crow ( 6506: 6497: 6488: 6483:Tropical Asian 6477: 6476: 6470:Mariana crow ( 6467: 6463:C. hawaiiensis 6458: 6453:Pacific island 6447: 6446: 6437: 6428: 6419: 6413:Forest raven ( 6410: 6401: 6392: 6386:Little raven ( 6383: 6374: 6365: 6356: 6347: 6338: 6323: 6321: 6310: 6303: 6302: 6299: 6298: 6296: 6295: 6291:P. bottanensis 6286: 6277: 6273:P. mauritanica 6268: 6259: 6250: 6241: 6231: 6229: 6218: 6210: 6209: 6206: 6205: 6203: 6202: 6193: 6184: 6174: 6172: 6161: 6151: 6150: 6134: 6133: 6130: 6129: 6126: 6125: 6122: 6121: 6119: 6118: 6114:Z. stresemanni 6108: 6106: 6104:Zavattariornis 6097: 6091: 6090: 6087: 6086: 6084: 6083: 6073: 6071: 6065: 6064: 6062: 6061: 6052: 6043: 6034: 6024: 6022: 6010: 6009: 6007: 6006: 5997: 5993:G. lanceolatus 5988: 5982:Eurasian jay ( 5978: 5976: 5965: 5958: 5957: 5954: 5953: 5951: 5950: 5941: 5932: 5923: 5914: 5904: 5902: 5894: 5893: 5891: 5890: 5881: 5872: 5863: 5853: 5851: 5840: 5832: 5831: 5828: 5827: 5825: 5824: 5814: 5812: 5806: 5805: 5803: 5802: 5793: 5789:P. leucopterus 5783: 5781: 5775: 5774: 5772: 5771: 5762: 5758:D. occipitalis 5753: 5749:D. leucogastra 5744: 5735: 5729:Grey treepie ( 5726: 5722:D. cinerascens 5717: 5707: 5705: 5697: 5696: 5694: 5693: 5684: 5674: 5672: 5661: 5655: 5654: 5651: 5650: 5648: 5647: 5643:P. pyrrhocorax 5638: 5628: 5626: 5615: 5607: 5606: 5593: 5592: 5590: 5589: 5583: 5577: 5571: 5565: 5559: 5552: 5549: 5548: 5540: 5539: 5532: 5525: 5517: 5511: 5510: 5498: 5493: 5485: 5484:External links 5482: 5481: 5480: 5474: 5461: 5455: 5440: 5437: 5435: 5434: 5427: 5407: 5400: 5380: 5373: 5353: 5346: 5326: 5312: 5281: 5274: 5247: 5240: 5220:Graves, Robert 5211: 5173: 5157: 5132: 5106: 5086: 5079: 5059: 5052: 5030: 4981: 4932: 4897: 4870:(8698): 1160. 4850: 4825: 4806:(2): 297–304. 4786: 4746: 4705: 4661: 4601: 4589: 4586:on 2011-10-03. 4556: 4518: 4515:on 2016-03-09. 4476: 4459: 4408: 4368: 4356: 4335:10.1676/04-065 4329:(2): 201–204. 4321:) in Israel". 4305: 4298: 4280: 4245: 4218: 4201: 4189: 4163: 4125: 4104:(4): 453–456. 4072: 4065: 4047: 4033: 3979: 3960: 3948: 3937:Lorenz, Konrad 3923: 3905: 3875: 3854: 3835:(2): 177–182. 3812: 3797: 3771: 3738: 3723: 3716: 3698: 3683: 3664: 3649: 3607: 3565: 3540: 3509: 3494: 3482: 3467: 3460: 3433: 3426: 3408: 3389:(6): 1153–66. 3366: 3339: 3322: 3304: 3285: 3283:, pp. 138–139. 3273: 3256: 3225: 3196: 3177: 3156: 3130: 3099: 3096:on 2011-07-11. 3077: 3046: 2987: 2980: 2962: 2955: 2927: 2909: 2886: 2877:White, Gilbert 2865: 2838: 2818: 2801: 2776: 2769: 2736: 2714: 2691: 2684: 2666: 2659: 2641: 2634: 2605: 2590: 2573: 2566: 2543: 2536: 2512: 2505: 2487: 2463: 2407: 2405: 2402: 2401: 2400: 2394: 2387: 2385: 2378: 2371: 2369: 2363: 2356: 2354: 2348: 2341: 2285:Welsh folklore 2243:notes how the 2173: 2170: 2111: 2108: 2045: 2042: 1837: 1834: 1806:brood parasite 1694:William Cowper 1633: 1630: 1589: 1586: 1537:lanner falcons 1476: 1473: 1288: 1285: 1283:human speech. 1223: 1220: 1099:, showing the 1088: 1085: 1084: 1083: 1040: 985: 970:Canary Islands 926: 855:C. m. monedula 851:Nordic jackdaw 819:C. m. monedula 807:C. m. monedula 799: 796: 698: 695: 410: 407: 405: 402: 273: 272: 255: 254: 248: 247: 240: 234: 228: 227: 224: 223: 215: 214: 203: 192: 191: 185: 184: 177: 175: 171: 170: 163: 159: 158: 153: 149: 148: 143: 139: 138: 133: 129: 128: 123: 119: 118: 113: 109: 108: 103: 99: 98: 85: 84: 66: 63: 62: 57: 54: 53: 35: 34: 26: 25: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8160: 8149: 8146: 8144: 8141: 8139: 8136: 8134: 8131: 8129: 8126: 8124: 8121: 8120: 8118: 8101: 8096: 8092: 8088: 8083: 8079: 8075: 8070: 8066: 8062: 8057: 8053: 8049: 8044: 8040: 8036: 8031: 8027: 8023: 8018: 8014: 8010: 8005: 8001: 7997: 7992: 7988: 7984: 7978: 7974: 7969: 7965: 7961: 7956: 7952: 7948: 7943: 7939: 7935: 7930: 7926: 7922: 7917: 7913: 7909: 7904: 7900: 7896: 7891: 7887: 7883: 7878: 7874: 7870: 7865: 7861: 7857: 7851: 7847: 7842: 7838: 7834: 7828: 7824: 7819: 7815: 7808: 7804: 7799: 7793: 7789: 7788: 7786: 7784: 7780: 7772: 7767: 7763: 7759: 7754: 7750: 7746: 7741: 7737: 7733: 7728: 7724: 7720: 7715: 7711: 7707: 7702: 7698: 7694: 7689: 7685: 7681: 7676: 7672: 7668: 7663: 7659: 7655: 7650: 7646: 7642: 7637: 7633: 7629: 7624: 7620: 7616: 7611: 7607: 7602: 7596: 7592: 7587: 7581: 7577: 7576: 7574: 7572: 7568: 7564: 7559: 7552: 7547: 7542: 7540: 7535: 7530: 7528: 7518: 7517: 7514: 7489: 7487: 7482: 7481: 7479: 7477: 7473: 7467: 7465: 7460: 7458: 7456: 7451: 7449: 7447: 7442: 7440: 7438: 7433: 7431: 7429: 7424: 7422: 7420: 7415: 7413: 7411: 7406: 7404: 7402: 7397: 7395: 7393: 7388: 7387: 7385: 7383: 7382: 7377: 7371: 7369: 7366:Yucatan jay ( 7364: 7362: 7360: 7355: 7353: 7351: 7346: 7344: 7342: 7337: 7335: 7333: 7332:C. mystacalis 7328: 7326: 7324: 7319: 7317: 7315: 7310: 7308: 7306: 7301: 7299: 7297: 7292: 7290: 7288: 7287:C. cyanopogon 7283: 7281: 7279: 7278:C. cyanomelas 7274: 7272: 7270: 7265: 7263: 7261: 7256: 7254: 7252: 7249:Cayenne jay ( 7247: 7245: 7243: 7238: 7236: 7234: 7229: 7227: 7225: 7220: 7219: 7217: 7215: 7214: 7209: 7203: 7201: 7196: 7194: 7192: 7187: 7186: 7184: 7182: 7181: 7176: 7170: 7168: 7163: 7161: 7159: 7154: 7153: 7151: 7148:(Magpie-Jays) 7145: 7144: 7139: 7133: 7131: 7130:A. wollweberi 7128:Mexican jay ( 7126: 7124: 7122: 7117: 7115: 7113: 7108: 7106: 7104: 7099: 7097: 7095: 7090: 7088: 7086: 7081: 7079: 7077: 7072: 7071: 7069: 7063: 7062: 7057: 7054: 7052: 7047: 7037: 7035: 7032:Sichuan jay ( 7030: 7028: 7026: 7021: 7019: 7017: 7016:P. canadensis 7012: 7011: 7009: 7007: 7006: 7001: 6998: 6996: 6991: 6981: 6979: 6974: 6972: 6970: 6965: 6964: 6962: 6960: 6959: 6954: 6951: 6945: 6941: 6934: 6928: 6924: 6905: 6901: 6898: 6895: 6891: 6888: 6887: 6885: 6883: 6882: 6877: 6874: 6872: 6868: 6858: 6856: 6853:Somali crow ( 6851: 6849: 6847: 6842: 6840: 6838: 6833: 6831: 6829: 6824: 6822: 6820: 6819:C. albicollis 6815: 6812: 6810: 6805: 6804: 6801: 6799: 6794: 6792: 6790: 6785: 6783: 6781: 6780:C. ossifragus 6776: 6774: 6772: 6767: 6765: 6763: 6758: 6756: 6754: 6749: 6747: 6745: 6740: 6738: 6736: 6731: 6729: 6727: 6722: 6720: 6718: 6713: 6710: 6708: 6704: 6699: 6698: 6695: 6693: 6688: 6685: 6683: 6678: 6677: 6674: 6672: 6671:C. ruficollis 6667: 6665: 6663: 6662:C. rhipidurus 6658: 6656: 6654: 6653:C. orientalis 6649: 6647: 6645: 6644:C. frugilegus 6640: 6638: 6636: 6631: 6629: 6627: 6624:Hooded crow ( 6622: 6620: 6618: 6617:C. capellanus 6613: 6610: 6608: 6607:North African 6604: 6599: 6598: 6595: 6593: 6590:Violet crow ( 6588: 6586: 6584: 6579: 6577: 6575: 6572:Piping crow ( 6570: 6568: 6566: 6561: 6559: 6557: 6552: 6550: 6548: 6547:C. culminatus 6543: 6541: 6539: 6534: 6532: 6530: 6525: 6523: 6521: 6518:Flores crow ( 6516: 6514: 6512: 6507: 6505: 6503: 6502:C. samarensis 6498: 6496: 6494: 6489: 6486: 6484: 6479: 6478: 6475: 6473: 6468: 6466: 6464: 6459: 6456: 6454: 6449: 6448: 6445: 6443: 6438: 6436: 6434: 6429: 6427: 6425: 6420: 6418: 6416: 6415:C. tasmanicus 6411: 6409: 6407: 6402: 6400: 6398: 6393: 6391: 6389: 6384: 6382: 6380: 6375: 6373: 6371: 6366: 6364: 6362: 6357: 6355: 6353: 6352:C. coronoides 6348: 6346: 6344: 6341:Little crow ( 6339: 6336: 6334: 6330: 6325: 6324: 6322: 6320: 6319: 6314: 6311: 6309: 6304: 6294: 6292: 6287: 6285: 6283: 6280:Asir magpie ( 6278: 6276: 6274: 6269: 6267: 6265: 6260: 6258: 6256: 6251: 6249: 6247: 6242: 6240: 6238: 6233: 6232: 6230: 6228: 6227: 6222: 6219: 6217: 6211: 6201: 6199: 6194: 6192: 6190: 6189:N. columbiana 6185: 6183: 6181: 6176: 6175: 6173: 6171: 6170: 6165: 6162: 6160: 6156: 6152: 6145: 6139: 6135: 6117: 6115: 6110: 6109: 6107: 6105: 6101: 6098: 6092: 6082: 6080: 6075: 6074: 6072: 6070: 6066: 6060: 6058: 6053: 6051: 6049: 6044: 6042: 6040: 6039:P. hendersoni 6035: 6033: 6031: 6026: 6025: 6023: 6020:(Ground jays) 6017: 6016: 6011: 6005: 6003: 6000:Lidth's jay ( 5998: 5996: 5994: 5989: 5987: 5985: 5984:G. glandarius 5980: 5979: 5977: 5975: 5974: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5959: 5949: 5947: 5946:U. whiteheadi 5942: 5940: 5938: 5933: 5931: 5929: 5924: 5922: 5920: 5915: 5913: 5911: 5906: 5905: 5903: 5901: 5900: 5895: 5889: 5887: 5886:C. thalassina 5882: 5880: 5878: 5873: 5871: 5869: 5864: 5862: 5860: 5855: 5854: 5852: 5850: 5849: 5844: 5841: 5839: 5833: 5823: 5821: 5816: 5815: 5813: 5811: 5807: 5801: 5799: 5794: 5792: 5790: 5785: 5784: 5782: 5780: 5776: 5770: 5768: 5763: 5761: 5759: 5754: 5752: 5750: 5745: 5743: 5741: 5736: 5734: 5732: 5727: 5725: 5723: 5718: 5716: 5714: 5709: 5708: 5706: 5704: 5703: 5698: 5692: 5690: 5685: 5683: 5681: 5676: 5675: 5673: 5671: 5670: 5665: 5662: 5660: 5656: 5646: 5644: 5639: 5637: 5635: 5630: 5629: 5627: 5625: 5624: 5619: 5616: 5612: 5608: 5604: 5598: 5594: 5588: 5587:Passeriformes 5584: 5582: 5578: 5576: 5572: 5570: 5566: 5564: 5560: 5558: 5554: 5553: 5550: 5546: 5538: 5533: 5531: 5526: 5524: 5519: 5518: 5515: 5509: 5505: 5502: 5499: 5497: 5494: 5491: 5488: 5487: 5477: 5471: 5467: 5462: 5458: 5452: 5448: 5443: 5442: 5430: 5424: 5420: 5419: 5411: 5403: 5397: 5393: 5392: 5384: 5376: 5370: 5366: 5365: 5357: 5349: 5343: 5339: 5338: 5330: 5315: 5313:9780192829160 5309: 5305: 5301: 5296: 5291: 5285: 5277: 5271: 5267: 5263: 5262: 5254: 5252: 5243: 5237: 5233: 5229: 5225: 5221: 5215: 5207: 5201: 5193: 5189: 5188: 5180: 5178: 5169: 5168: 5161: 5146: 5142: 5136: 5120: 5116: 5110: 5102: 5101: 5093: 5091: 5082: 5076: 5072: 5071: 5063: 5055: 5049: 5045: 5041: 5034: 5026: 5022: 5018: 5014: 5009: 5004: 5001:(2): 141–50. 5000: 4996: 4992: 4985: 4977: 4973: 4968: 4963: 4959: 4955: 4951: 4947: 4943: 4936: 4928: 4924: 4920: 4916: 4912: 4908: 4901: 4893: 4889: 4885: 4881: 4877: 4873: 4869: 4865: 4861: 4854: 4846: 4842: 4841: 4837: 4829: 4821: 4817: 4813: 4809: 4805: 4801: 4797: 4790: 4781: 4776: 4773:(2): 271–77. 4772: 4768: 4761: 4759: 4758:Falco cherrug 4750: 4742: 4738: 4733: 4728: 4725:(3): 566–78. 4724: 4720: 4716: 4709: 4695:on 2011-10-07 4691: 4687: 4683: 4676: 4675:Reproduction" 4674: 4673:Columba livia 4665: 4651:on 2011-10-05 4647: 4643: 4639: 4635: 4631: 4628:(4): 525–30. 4627: 4623: 4616: 4614: 4605: 4598: 4593: 4582: 4578: 4574: 4567: 4560: 4552: 4548: 4544: 4540: 4536: 4532: 4525: 4523: 4511: 4507: 4503: 4495: 4491: 4489: 4480: 4473: 4468: 4466: 4464: 4455: 4451: 4446: 4441: 4436: 4431: 4427: 4423: 4419: 4412: 4404: 4400: 4396: 4392: 4389:(2): 421–28. 4388: 4384: 4377: 4375: 4373: 4365: 4360: 4352: 4348: 4344: 4340: 4336: 4332: 4328: 4324: 4320: 4316: 4309: 4301: 4295: 4291: 4284: 4276: 4272: 4268: 4264: 4261:(2): 403–14. 4260: 4256: 4249: 4241: 4237: 4233: 4231: 4222: 4215: 4210: 4208: 4206: 4198: 4193: 4185: 4181: 4180: 4172: 4170: 4168: 4159: 4155: 4152:(3): 313–17. 4151: 4147: 4143: 4139: 4132: 4130: 4121: 4117: 4112: 4107: 4103: 4099: 4095: 4093: 4089: 4086:), Jackdaws ( 4085: 4076: 4068: 4062: 4058: 4051: 4043: 4037: 4029: 4025: 4020: 4015: 4011: 4007: 4003: 3999: 3998: 3993: 3986: 3984: 3976: 3971: 3969: 3967: 3965: 3957: 3952: 3944: 3943: 3938: 3932: 3930: 3928: 3919: 3912: 3910: 3901: 3897: 3890: 3888: 3879: 3872: 3867: 3865: 3863: 3861: 3859: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3819: 3817: 3809: 3804: 3802: 3793: 3789: 3782: 3775: 3764: 3760: 3756: 3755:Ornis Fennica 3749: 3742: 3734: 3727: 3719: 3713: 3709: 3702: 3694: 3687: 3679: 3675: 3668: 3661: 3656: 3654: 3644: 3640: 3635: 3630: 3626: 3622: 3618: 3611: 3602: 3598: 3593: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3569: 3554: 3552: 3544: 3528: 3524: 3520: 3513: 3506: 3501: 3499: 3491: 3486: 3479: 3474: 3472: 3463: 3457: 3453: 3449: 3442: 3440: 3438: 3429: 3423: 3419: 3412: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3377: 3370: 3363: 3358: 3356: 3354: 3352: 3350: 3348: 3346: 3344: 3336: 3331: 3329: 3327: 3318: 3311: 3309: 3301: 3296: 3294: 3292: 3290: 3282: 3277: 3270: 3265: 3263: 3261: 3244: 3240: 3236: 3229: 3214: 3210: 3208: 3200: 3192: 3188: 3181: 3174: 3169: 3167: 3165: 3163: 3161: 3153:(4): 209–220. 3152: 3148: 3147:Dutch Birding 3144: 3137: 3135: 3127: 3122: 3120: 3118: 3116: 3114: 3112: 3110: 3108: 3106: 3104: 3095: 3091: 3089: 3081: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3050: 3036:on 2020-11-29 3032: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3013:(3): 840–62. 3012: 3008: 3001: 2994: 2992: 2983: 2977: 2973: 2966: 2958: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2934: 2932: 2923: 2922: 2913: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2890: 2882: 2878: 2872: 2870: 2862: 2861: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2842: 2834: 2833: 2825: 2823: 2814: 2813: 2805: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2788: 2780: 2772: 2766: 2762: 2761: 2753: 2751: 2749: 2747: 2745: 2743: 2741: 2732: 2728: 2726: 2718: 2702: 2695: 2687: 2685:0-203-37182-8 2681: 2678:. Routledge. 2677: 2670: 2662: 2656: 2652: 2645: 2637: 2631: 2627: 2622: 2621: 2615: 2609: 2602: 2597: 2595: 2586: 2585: 2577: 2569: 2563: 2556: 2555: 2547: 2539: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2524: 2516: 2508: 2502: 2498: 2491: 2483: 2479: 2478: 2473: 2467: 2459: 2455: 2441: 2437: 2436: 2431: 2429: 2423: 2417: 2415: 2413: 2408: 2398: 2391: 2386: 2382: 2375: 2370: 2367: 2360: 2355: 2352: 2345: 2340: 2339: 2338: 2336: 2335: 2329: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2314:Milan Kundera 2311: 2310: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2292: 2290: 2286: 2281: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2266: 2260: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2237: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2209: 2208:Ancient Greek 2202: 2198: 2193: 2186: 2182: 2181:Harrison Weir 2178: 2169: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2141: 2139: 2135: 2130: 2126: 2119: 2107: 2105: 2104:pathogenicity 2101: 2097: 2093: 2092: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2074: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2061: 2060:Campylobacter 2057: 2053: 2052: 2041: 2039: 2035: 2029: 2027: 2023: 2022:Falco cherrug 2019: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1998:Columba livia 1995: 1991: 1990:Ardea cinerea 1987: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1950: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1911: 1906: 1905: 1900: 1896: 1893: 1889: 1888: 1883: 1879: 1878:invertebrates 1874: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1854: 1846: 1842: 1833: 1831: 1830:Martes martes 1827: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1794: 1790: 1788: 1784: 1779: 1775: 1774:soemmerringii 1771: 1766: 1761: 1759: 1758:Columba oenas 1755: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1726:Gilbert White 1723: 1722: 1716: 1711: 1708: 1707: 1703: 1697: 1695: 1690: 1685: 1682: 1674: 1669: 1663: 1658: 1650: 1643: 1638: 1629: 1627: 1622: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1585: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1566:Konrad Lorenz 1563: 1562: 1556: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1500: 1493: 1486: 1481: 1472: 1470: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1432: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1397:soemmerringii 1394: 1390: 1386: 1385:Quetta Valley 1382: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1365:Faroe Islands 1357: 1352: 1348: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1284: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1233: 1228: 1222:Vocalisations 1219: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1200: 1197: 1193: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1178: 1174: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1152:soemmerringii 1149: 1145: 1141: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1121: 1114: 1109: 1102: 1098: 1093: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 990: 986: 983: 979: 978:"spermologus" 975: 971: 967: 963: 959: 955: 951: 947: 943: 942:British Isles 939: 935: 931: 927: 924: 920: 916: 912: 908: 904: 900: 896: 892: 888: 884: 880: 876: 872: 868: 864: 860: 856: 852: 848: 847: 846: 844: 840: 836: 832: 828: 824: 820: 816: 808: 804: 795: 793: 789: 785: 781: 777: 773: 769: 765: 761: 758: 754: 750: 746: 743:) of eastern 742: 738: 734: 730: 726: 722: 721: 716: 713:, created by 712: 708: 704: 694: 692: 687: 685: 681: 677: 673: 669: 665: 661: 657: 653: 649: 645: 641: 637: 633: 629: 625: 621: 617: 613: 609: 604: 602: 598: 594: 590: 586: 582: 579: 575: 572: 568: 565:, citing the 564: 561: 557: 553: 549: 548: 543: 539: 535: 531: 527: 523: 518: 516: 512: 508: 504: 503: 498: 494: 493: 488: 484: 480: 476: 472: 468: 464: 461:The original 459: 457: 453: 449: 448:Ancient Greek 445: 444: 439: 438: 433: 430: 429:specific name 426: 422: 421: 416: 415:Carl Linnaeus 401: 398: 394: 391:, as well as 390: 389:invertebrates 386: 381: 377: 373: 368: 366: 362: 358: 354: 350: 346: 342: 338: 334: 330: 326: 322: 318: 314: 310: 306: 302: 301: 296: 287: 279: 271: 269: 265: 261: 256: 253: 249: 225: 221: 216: 211: 207: 201: 199: 193: 190: 189:Binomial name 186: 182: 181: 176: 173: 172: 169: 168: 164: 161: 160: 157: 154: 151: 150: 147: 146:Passeriformes 144: 141: 140: 137: 134: 131: 130: 127: 124: 121: 120: 117: 114: 111: 110: 107: 104: 101: 100: 95: 90: 86: 80: 75: 74:Least Concern 64: 60: 55: 40: 36: 32: 27: 22: 19: 7782: 7570: 7485: 7484:Pinyon jay ( 7475: 7463: 7454: 7445: 7436: 7427: 7419:C. mirabilis 7418: 7410:C. cucullata 7409: 7401:C. armillata 7400: 7391: 7379: 7367: 7358: 7350:C. violaceus 7349: 7340: 7331: 7322: 7313: 7305:C. heilprini 7304: 7295: 7294:Tufted jay ( 7286: 7277: 7268: 7259: 7250: 7242:C. caeruleus 7241: 7232: 7223: 7211: 7199: 7190: 7178: 7166: 7157: 7141: 7129: 7120: 7111: 7102: 7093: 7085:A. insularis 7084: 7075: 7066:(Scrub jays) 7059: 7033: 7025:P. infaustus 7024: 7015: 7014:Canada jay ( 7003: 6977: 6968: 6956: 6947:Azure-winged 6903: 6899: 6894:C. dauuricus 6893: 6879: 6854: 6845: 6836: 6827: 6818: 6808: 6807: 6797: 6788: 6779: 6770: 6769:Cuban crow ( 6761: 6752: 6743: 6735:C. imparatus 6734: 6725: 6716: 6706: 6702: 6701: 6691: 6681: 6680: 6670: 6661: 6652: 6643: 6634: 6625: 6616: 6606: 6602: 6601: 6592:C. violaceus 6591: 6582: 6573: 6565:C. torquatus 6564: 6556:C. splendens 6555: 6554:House crow ( 6546: 6537: 6528: 6520:C. florensis 6519: 6510: 6501: 6500:Small crow ( 6492: 6482: 6481: 6471: 6462: 6452: 6451: 6442:C. woodfordi 6441: 6432: 6423: 6414: 6405: 6396: 6387: 6378: 6369: 6361:C. insularis 6360: 6351: 6342: 6332: 6328: 6327: 6316: 6290: 6282:P. asirensis 6281: 6272: 6263: 6254: 6245: 6236: 6224: 6197: 6188: 6179: 6167: 6113: 6103: 6094:Stresemann's 6078: 6068: 6056: 6047: 6038: 6030:P. biddulphi 6029: 6013: 6001: 5992: 5983: 5971: 5945: 5936: 5927: 5918: 5909: 5897: 5885: 5876: 5868:C. hypoleuca 5867: 5859:C. chinensis 5858: 5846: 5819: 5809: 5798:P. aterrimus 5797: 5788: 5778: 5767:D. vagabunda 5766: 5757: 5748: 5740:D. frontalis 5739: 5730: 5721: 5712: 5700: 5688: 5680:C. cucullata 5679: 5667: 5642: 5633: 5621: 5579:Superorder: 5465: 5446: 5417: 5410: 5390: 5383: 5363: 5356: 5336: 5329: 5317:. Retrieved 5299: 5284: 5260: 5227: 5214: 5186: 5166: 5160: 5148:. Retrieved 5135: 5123:. Retrieved 5119:the original 5109: 5099: 5069: 5062: 5043: 5033: 4998: 4994: 4984: 4949: 4945: 4935: 4910: 4906: 4900: 4867: 4863: 4862:infection". 4859: 4853: 4839: 4835: 4828: 4803: 4799: 4795: 4789: 4770: 4766: 4757: 4749: 4722: 4718: 4708: 4697:. Retrieved 4690:the original 4685: 4681: 4672: 4664: 4653:. 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Retrieved 2439: 2433: 2427: 2332: 2330: 2321: 2307: 2293: 2282: 2261: 2234: 2215:narcissistic 2205: 2197:coat of arms 2142: 2138:Alfred Brehm 2128: 2113: 2110:Pest control 2089: 2082:polyomavirus 2075: 2059: 2049: 2047: 2030: 2021: 2018:saker falcon 2005: 1997: 1989: 1981: 1973: 1965: 1957: 1951: 1908: 1902: 1885: 1875: 1850: 1844: 1829: 1821: 1813: 1810:least weasel 1801: 1795: 1791: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1762: 1757: 1749: 1741: 1719: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1699: 1686: 1678: 1672: 1642:Conwy Castle 1626:allopreening 1625: 1623: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1601: 1597: 1591: 1559: 1558:In his book 1557: 1552: 1540: 1532: 1524: 1516: 1501: 1498: 1459: 1452:Corvus corax 1451: 1448:common raven 1443: 1440:Eurasian jay 1433: 1413:Pennsylvania 1396: 1361: 1301:central Asia 1290: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1237: 1207: 1201: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1137: 1112: 1096: 1067: 1047: 1043: 1032: 1001:Soviet Union 992: 988: 981: 977: 933: 929: 889:in northern 854: 850: 833:and eastern 822: 818: 812: 806: 767: 763: 762:. The names 756: 755:to the core 740: 718: 710: 702: 700: 688: 683: 679: 675: 671: 667: 663: 660:college-bird 659: 655: 651: 647: 643: 639: 635: 631: 627: 623: 619: 611: 607: 605: 600: 596: 592: 588: 584: 580: 573: 562: 555: 551: 545: 541: 537: 533: 525: 521: 519: 510: 500: 497:onomatopoeic 490: 474: 470: 466: 460: 455: 451: 441: 435: 431: 424: 418: 412: 369: 360: 356: 352: 325:western Asia 319:bird in the 312: 308: 304: 299: 298: 294: 292: 259: 258: 197: 195: 179: 178: 166: 38: 18: 7991:iNaturalist 7662:iNaturalist 7595:Wikispecies 7476:Gymnorhinus 7426:Dwarf jay ( 7357:Green jay ( 7321:Brown jay ( 7260:C. chrysops 7240:Azure jay ( 7233:C. beecheii 7200:C. stelleri 7191:C. cristata 7121:A. unicolor 6936:(continued) 6904:C. monedula 6837:C. capensis 6835:Cape crow ( 6826:Pied crow ( 6798:C. sinaloae 6789:C. palmarum 6778:Fish crow ( 6583:C. unicolor 6511:C. pusillus 6422:Grey crow ( 6343:C. bennetti 6246:P. nuttalli 6237:P. hudsonia 6159:Nutcrackers 6147:(continued) 6069:Ptilostomus 5910:U. caerulea 5877:C. jefferyi 5820:T. temnurus 5779:Platysmurus 5731:D. formosae 5702:Dendrocitta 5634:P. graculus 5623:Pyrrhocorax 5439:Works cited 5319:19 December 5228:Greek Myths 4084:Strix aluco 3680:(1): 22–69. 3207:spermologos 2445:26 November 2366:Halych Land 2318:Franz Kafka 2316:notes that 2304:East Slavic 2245:Thessalians 2127:passed the 2124:Elizabeth I 2078:post-mortem 2034:chimpanzees 2028:in Serbia. 1943:silicaceous 1910:Lepidoptera 1778:spermologus 1742:Strix aluco 1618:Supplanting 1533:Larus canus 1529:common gull 1456:hooded crow 1373:Ural Valley 1329:Afghanistan 1309:Lake Baikal 1240:chyak-chyak 1196:Wind tunnel 1156:secondaries 1144:spermologus 1087:Description 1068:"cirtensis" 1066:. The name 1005:Lake Baikal 976:. The name 954:Switzerland 946:Netherlands 901:, southern 863:Scandinavia 782:, southern 715:Johann Kaup 689:An archaic 560:Old English 502:Pyrrhocorax 487:Shakespeare 463:Old English 446:, from the 404:Systematics 321:crow family 8117:Categories 7766:Xeno-canto 7455:C. turcosa 7437:C. pulchra 7296:C. dickeyi 7251:C. cayanus 7224:C. affinis 7213:Cyanocorax 7189:Blue jay ( 7180:Cyanocitta 7167:C. formosa 7158:C. colliei 7061:Aphelocoma 7049:New World 7005:Perisoreus 6855:C. edithae 6771:C. nasicus 6762:C. minutus 6574:C. typicus 6472:C. kubaryi 6433:C. validus 6424:C. tristis 6388:C. mellori 6333:Melanesian 6329:Australian 6264:P. sericea 6057:P. pleskei 6048:P. panderi 5961:Old World 5713:D. bayleyi 5669:Crypsirina 5581:Neognathae 5575:Neornithes 5573:Subclass: 5290:Opie, Iona 4907:The Lancet 4864:The Lancet 4699:2011-08-03 4655:2011-07-04 4622:Bird Study 3693:Sandgrouse 3674:Sandgrouse 3621:Bird Study 3579:Bird Study 3559:2012-05-01 3040:2015-09-04 2723:"Jackdaw, 2404:References 2223:King Minos 2117:Henry VIII 2091:Salmonella 1986:grey heron 1982:Uria aalge 1974:Alca torda 1947:calcareous 1887:Melolontha 1866:Earthworms 1754:stock dove 1734:Stonehenge 1671:Fledgling 1485:Bushy Park 1421:Mauritania 1379:, and the 1268:alarm call 1123:Partially 1052:Rothschild 815:intergrade 798:Subspecies 530:jack snipe 397:monogamous 393:food waste 385:omnivorous 380:gregarious 337:subspecies 7586:Q25345384 7446:C. pumilo 7381:Cyanolyca 7143:Calocitta 6978:C. cyanus 6958:Cyanopica 6682:Holarctic 6635:C. corone 6626:C. cornix 6213:Holarctic 6169:Nucifraga 6077:Piapiac ( 6002:G. lidthi 5937:U. ornata 5555:Kingdom: 5295:"Jackdaw" 5200:cite book 4599:, p. 127. 4474:, p. 125. 4366:, p. 136. 4216:, p. 135. 3977:, p. 131. 3958:, p. 130. 3873:, p. 128. 3810:, p. 129. 3662:, p. 124. 3627:: 42–54. 3585:: 12–19. 3507:, p. 132. 3492:, p. 134. 3480:, p. 133. 3364:, p. 121. 3337:, p. 137. 3302:, p. 139. 3175:, p. 120. 2906:: 922–29. 2454:cite iucn 2296:Ukrainian 2249:Illyrians 2067:Gateshead 2038:mutualism 2026:Vojvodina 1994:rock dove 1970:razorbill 1818:brown rat 1783:altricial 1738:tawny owl 1578:migration 1570:Altenberg 1545:predators 1487:, London. 1475:Behaviour 1460:C. cornix 1417:Gibraltar 1381:Tian Shan 1358:, Ireland 1305:Himalayas 1297:subarctic 1234:, Ireland 1192:migrating 1160:primaries 1148:cirtensis 1125:leucistic 1111:Juvenile 1017:Himalayas 950:Rhineland 887:Vojvodina 871:Haderslev 776:hybridise 729:phylogeny 672:ka-wattie 664:jackerdaw 450:κολοιός ( 409:Etymology 349:described 317:passerine 174:Species: 112:Kingdom: 106:Eukaryota 8035:22705929 8009:10197500 7869:bob15600 7846:22705929 7841:BirdLife 7830:BioLib: 7792:Wikidata 7580:Wikidata 7323:C. morio 6969:C. cooki 6933:Corvidae 6871:Jackdaws 6828:C. albus 6692:C. corax 6603:Eurasian 6379:C. meeki 6144:Corvidae 6096:bushcrow 5973:Garrulus 5899:Urocissa 5835:Oriental 5810:Temnurus 5689:C. temia 5659:Treepies 5603:Corvidae 5563:Chordata 5561:Phylum: 5557:Animalia 5545:Corvidae 5504:Archived 5222:(1955). 5125:19 April 5025:39632270 4976:16537620 4927:54248330 4892:41216961 4820:53160564 4741:86160426 4642:84660427 4551:42994894 4454:19128499 4428:(2): 2. 4351:85885434 4343:20060085 4236:Biologia 4144:Holes". 4120:84634921 4028:17255008 3643:87696240 3601:83909080 3403:11222131 3027:17920300 2945:(2005). 2879:(1833). 2707:27 April 2474:(1758). 2424:(2012). 2312:(1979), 2298:town of 2289:the Fens 2253:Lemnians 2211:folklore 2098:(CPyV). 1927:gizzards 1923:roadkill 1921:such as 1862:cow pats 1853:Landfill 1770:monedula 1689:colonies 1644:, Wales. 1632:Breeding 1401:Hokkaido 1356:Inisheer 1333:Pakistan 1317:Caucasus 1232:Inisheer 1173:moulting 1140:monedula 1129:Naantali 948:and the 938:Vieillot 895:Slovenia 788:Mongolia 697:Taxonomy 680:sea-crow 644:caddesse 616:Midlands 567:cognates 515:Cornwall 432:mǒnēdŭla 378:. It is 345:Linnaeus 329:resident 289:Juvenile 264:Linnaeus 252:Synonyms 206:Linnaeus 156:Corvidae 152:Family: 126:Chordata 122:Phylum: 116:Animalia 102:Domain: 79:IUCN 3.1 8128:Coloeus 8095:ZooBank 7973:2482473 7758:1461962 7654:6100954 7610:Avibase 7551:Biology 7539:Animals 7513:Portals 7428:C. nana 7359:C. ynca 6949:magpies 6931:Family 6881:Coloeus 6811:species 6709:species 6684:species 6609:species 6493:C. enca 6485:species 6455:species 6406:C. orru 6335:species 6255:P. pica 6216:magpies 6142:Family 6079:P. afer 6015:Podoces 5838:magpies 5614:Choughs 5601:Family 5585:Order: 5567:Class: 5017:8501895 4967:1440385 4884:1971891 4719:The Auk 4445:2651141 4199:, p. 47 4197:Goodwin 4019:2346513 3849:3676991 3271:, p. 74 3269:Goodwin 3187:Ardeola 3128:, p. 75 3126:Goodwin 3070:29 June 2921:enthält 2898:Gene". 2603:, p. 78 2601:Goodwin 2482:Holmiae 2322:jackdaw 2199:of the 2134:Norfolk 2056:cloacae 2000:), and 1954:skylark 1939:beetles 1935:cicadas 1919:carrion 1904:Diptera 1860:around 1836:Feeding 1730:lintels 1718:In his 1574:Austria 1527:), and 1509:Uppsala 1469:Belarus 1454:), and 1436:steppes 1389:Lebanon 1377:Caspian 1369:Iceland 1345:Tunisia 1276:kaaaarr 1260:tchaayk 1244:kak-kak 1133:Finland 1080:plumage 1076:Numidia 1064:Tunisia 1060:Algeria 1056:Hartert 1021:Kashmir 974:Corsica 966:Morocco 915:vagrant 907:England 879:Germany 875:Denmark 867:Esbjerg 843:Croatia 839:Romania 827:Finland 784:Siberia 778:in the 751:, were 711:Coloeus 585:tāchele 522:jackdaw 483:Chaucer 452:koloios 443:Coloeus 365:synonym 341:plumage 333:migrate 315:, is a 313:jackdaw 167:Coloeus 162:Genus: 142:Order: 132:Class: 77: ( 8087:232060 8074:369319 8061:927755 8022:179746 7980:GNAB: 7929:EURING 7908:COLOMO 7895:eurjac 7856:eurjac 7818:ARKive 7811:eurjac 7798:Q25394 7732:711848 7680:916629 7667:336399 7628:809067 6642:Rook ( 6318:Corvus 5472: 5453: 5425: 5398: 5371: 5344: 5310: 5272: 5238: 5150:5 June 5077: 5050: 5023: 5015: 4974: 4964: 4925: 4890: 4882: 4818: 4739: 4640: 4549: 4502:Sylvia 4452: 4442: 4401: 4349: 4341: 4296: 4273: 4118: 4063: 4026: 4016: 3847: 3714: 3641: 3599: 3533:1 July 3458: 3424: 3401: 3249:17 May 3218:15 May 3025: 2978: 2953: 2767: 2703:. self 2682: 2657: 2632: 2564: 2534: 2503: 2300:Halych 2274:Sázava 2257:Veneti 2251:, and 2236:Amores 2154:magpie 2086:spleen 2016:. 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