1035:, the British Prime Minister from 1902 to 1905, who regarded the rise of nationalism in Egypt in the late 19th century as counterproductive to a "benevolent" system of occupational rule. Balfour frames his argument in favor of continued rule over the Egyptian people by appealing to England's great "understanding" of Egypt's civilization and purporting that England's cultural strengths complemented and made them natural superiors to Egypt's racial deficiencies. Regarding this claim, Said says, "Knowledge to Balfour means surveying a civilization from its origins to its prime to its decline – and of course, it means being able to...The object of such knowledge is inherently vulnerable to scrutiny; this object is a 'fact' which, if it develops, changes, or otherwise transforms itself... nevertheless is fundamentally, even ontologically stable. To have such knowledge of such a thing is to dominate it." The act of claiming coherent knowledge of a society in effect objectifies and others it into marginalization, making people who are classified into that race as "almost everywhere nearly the same." Said also argues that this relationship to the "inferior" races, in fact, works to also fortify and make coherent what is meant by "the West"; if "The Oriental is irrational, depraved (fallen), childlike, "different..." then "...the European is rational, virtuous, mature, normal." Thus, "the West" acts as a construction in the similar way as does "the Orient" – it is a created notion to justify a particular set of power relations, in this case, the colonization and rule of a foreign country.
1141:) has been significantly influenced by the Western idea of "love". As examined by author Bonnie Adrian, Taiwanese bridal photos of today provide a striking contrast to past accepted norms, contemporary couples often displaying great physical affection and, at times, placed in typically Western settings to augment the modernity, in comparison to the historically prominent relationship, often stoic and distant, exhibited between bride and groom. Though Western concepts may have initially played a role in creating this cultural shift in Taiwan, the market and desire for bridal photography has not continued without adjustments and social modifications to this Western notion.
2658:
scion of
European civilization, it also incorporates more elements of indigenous American civilizations compared to those of Northern America and Europe. It also currently has a more corporatist and authoritarian culture. Both Europe and Northern America felt the effects of Reformation and the combination of Catholic and Protestant cultures. Historically, many countries in the Americas has been only Catholic, although this may be changing. the Americas could be considered, or a sub-set, within Western civilization, or can also be considered a separate civilization, intimately related to the West, but divided as to whether it belongs with it.
888:(Public Affairs), is very optimistic. It proposes that a new global civilization is being created. The majority of non-Western countries admire and adhere to Western living standards. It says this newly emerging global order has to be ruled through new policies and attitudes. He argues that policymakers all over the world must change their preconceptions and accept that we live in one world. The national interests must be balanced with global interests and the power must be shared. Mahbubani urges that only through these actions can we create a world that converges benignly.
1229:
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171:, a way of thought that is often debated. The overall process of Westernization is often two-sided in that Western influences and interests themselves are joined with parts of the affected society, at minimum, to become a more Westernized society, with the putative goal of attaining a Western life or some aspects of it, while Western societies are themselves affected by this process and interaction with non-Western groups.
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notion that physical activity was meaningful in and of itself, conducive to values such as learning and character-building. Modern athletics and competitive sports, avatars of this new body culture, elicited largely willing local receptions in North Asia, though there were no doubt isolated cases of coercive foisting better characterized as cultural imperialism.”
747:, including many unequal treaties with Western powers and forced concessions of territory; it nevertheless remained the only Southeast Asian country to avoid direct Western colonization. The country became westernized by itself, the Siamese system of government was centralized and initially organized into a modern unitary absolute monarchy during the reign of
1157:, in the 17th century. Every year, the emperor dispatched a few envoy ambassadors to China and while they were staying in Beijing, the Western missionaries were there. Through the missionaries, Korean ambassadors were able to adopt Western technology. In the 19th century, Korea started to send ambassadors to the foreign countries, other than Japan and
930:…the 5.6 billion people who live outside the West no longer believe in the innate or inherent superiority of Western civilization. Instead, many are beginning to question whether the West remains the most civilized part of the world. What we are witnessing today…is the progressive unwrapping of these many layers of Western influences.
1431:
globalization that leads the world to be similar to
Western powers. Being globalized means taking positive aspects of the world, but globalization also brings the debate about being Westernized. Democracy, fast food, and American pop culture can all be examples that are considered as Westernization of the world.
612:: Most countries in Americas are considered Western countries, largely because most of its peoples are descended from Europeans (Spanish and Portuguese settlers and later immigration from other European nations), and their society operates in a highly Westernized way. Most countries in the Americas use either
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2657:
The origin of western civilization is usually dated to 700 or 800 AD. In general, researchers consider that it has three main components, in Europe, North
America and South america. However, South America has followed a quite different development path from Europe and North America. Although it is a
1604:
has been predominantly replaced demographically by non-indigenous settlers due to transmitted disease and conflict. This demographic takeover in settler countries has often resulted in the linguistic, social, and cultural marginalisation of indigenous people. Even in countries where large populations
206:
cultures. Specific to
Westernization and the non-Western culture, foreign societies tend to adopt changes in their social systems relative to Western ideology, lifestyle, and physical appearance, along with numerous other aspects, and shifts in culture patterns can be seen to take root as a community
1430:
With debates still going on, the question of whether globalization can be characterized as
Westernization can be seen in various aspects. Globalization is happening in various aspects, ranging from economics, politics, and even food or culture. Westernization, to some schools, is seen as a form of
2048:
The importance of sports partly comes from its connection to
Westernization. The insight by Edelman, R., & Wilson, W. (2017) explains “This new system of thought and practices imbued with positive values in the exertion and strategic deployment of the human body, embracing the Anglo-American
947:
As the biggest
Eastern populations gain more power, they are moving away from the Western influences they sought after in the past. The "anti-Americanism" sentiment is not temporary, as Westerners like to believe – the change in the Eastern mindset has become far too significant for it to change
1324:
began to change itself according to modern science, practice, and culture. The Empire took some innovations from the West. Also, with the contribution of foreign engineers, the Empire repaired its old arm systems. Newly-found schools, permanent ambassadors, and privy councils were an essential
182:
took on the first process of
Westernization as it was heavily influenced by Greece and created a new culture based on the principles and values of the Ancient Greek society. The Romans emerged with a culture that grew into a new Western identity based on the
1442:. The comparison with Eastern societies, who decided to ban American social media platforms (such as Iran and China with Facebook and Twitter), marks a political desire to avoid the Westernization process of their own populations and ways to communicate.
703:, France promotes French culture and European-style education in Lebanon. At that time, Beirut was known as the "Little Paris of the Middle East". Currently, French language is still widely spoken and Lebanon is a member of the Organization of
913:
Non-Western countries can make an effort to balance
Western power through modernization. They can develop economic, and military power and cooperate with other non-Western countries against the West while still preserving their own values and
698:
empires. Even though it was later ruled by the
Caliphate, Lebanon has the highest proportion of Christians in the Arab world, and Christians have dominated the country politically, economically and culturally. Since it was historically a
606:, the three countries have westernized themselves by adopting democratic forms of government, free market economic systems, major contributions to Western science and technology, and could be described as "hybrid", "semi-Western" states.
1002:, world politics had been moved into a new aspect in which non-Western civilizations were no more the exploited recipients of Western civilization but become another important actor joining the West to shape and move the world history.
299:, Armenia's culture has been increasingly influenced by the process of Westernization. Throughout its history, Armenia has been influenced by Western and Eastern civilizations. Armenia became the first state in the world to adopt
1128:
but have ultimately juxtaposed parts of Western culture into their own, often adding original and unique social influences, as exemplified by the introduction of over 1,300 locations of the traditionally Western fast-food chain
198:. Acculturation is "the process of cultural and psychological change that takes place as a result of contact between cultural groups and their individual members." After contact, changes in cultural patterns are evident within
1220:, "Westernization" was described as an "unavoidable" but "fruitful" change. In contrast, despite many advances in industrial efficiency, Japan has sustained a culture of strict social hierarchy and limited individualization.
1161:. While Korea was being Westernized slowly in the late 19th century, Korea had the idea of "Eastern ways and Western frames (東道西器)", meaning that they accepted the Western "bowl", but used it with Eastern principles inside.
276:. Though it shares a similar historical background, the Western world is not a monolithic bloc, as many cultural, linguistic, religious, political, and economic differences exist between Western countries and populations.
1009:
had ended, the world had only reverted to a normal state of affairs characterized by cultural conflict. In his thesis, he argued that the primary axis of conflict in the future will be along cultural and religious lines.
1357:. This theory proposes that Western thought has led to globalisation, and that globalisation propagates Western culture, leading to a cycle of Westernization. On top of largely Western government systems such as
898:
Non-Western countries can attempt to achieve isolation to preserve their own values and protect themselves from Western invasion. He argues that the cost of this action is high and only a few states can pursue
1197:
continued to play a key role in transmitting Western know-how to the Japanese from the 17th century to the mid-19th century, because the Japanese had only opened their doors to Dutch merchants before US Navy
583:
at Haifa University, Israel is described as a "hybrid," a modern and developed "semi-Western" state. With time, he acknowledged, Israel will become "more and more Western." But as a result of the ongoing
941:
The West has become increasingly biased and close-minded in their perception of "non-Western" countries such as China, declaring it an "un-free" country for not following a democratic form of government.
938:
There is an increasing perception that Western countries will prioritize their domestic problems over international issues, despite their spoken and written promises of having global interests and needs.
210:
The phenomenon of Westernization does not follow any one specific pattern across societies as the degree of adaption and fusion with Western customs will occur at varying magnitudes within different
1206:. After Commodore Perry's visit, Japan began to deliberately accept Western culture to the point of hiring Westerners to teach Western customs and traditions to the Japanese starting in the
1365:, many Western technologies and customs like music, clothing, and cars have been introduced across various parts of the world and copied and created in traditionally non-Western countries.
1337:
took inspiration from Western ideas about democracy and human rights. India's ruling class after independence in 1947 remained somewhat Westernized; India's first Prime Minister,
214:. Specifically, the extent to which domination, destruction, resistance, survival, adaptation, or modification affect a native culture may differ following inter-ethnic contact.
835:
that the French government considered backward and hindered the spread of European ideas, and adopted Latin script (chữ Quốc ngữ). During French rule, a large number of
367:
agreement further strengthens economic and political ties. Armenia is also a member of various European organisations for sports, education, and cultural events such as
364:
426:
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564:
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posits a conflict between "the West and the Rest" and offers three forms of general action that non-Western civilizations can react toward Western countries.
2113:
2026:
Many indigenous languages are on the verge of becoming extinct. Some settler countries have preserved indigenous languages; for example, in New Zealand, the
4551:
167:
Westernization has been a growing influence across the world in the last few centuries, with some thinkers assuming Westernization to be the equivalent of
4787:
244:
from each other. The definition of Western changed as the West was influenced by and spread to other nations. Islamic and Byzantine scholars added to the
344:
4426:
2511:
348:
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690:: Geographically located in Western Asia, Lebanon is the most Westernized country in the Arab world. In ancient history, Lebanon was ruled by the
4938:
4649:
1101:
4566:
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1564:, the cultural, ethnic, and linguistic make-up of the Americas and Oceania has been changed. This is most visible in settler colonies such as:
4591:
3340:. INU societal research. Vol. 1: Coexisting contemporary civilizations: Arabo-Muslim, Bharati, Chinese, and Western. Geneva: INU Press.
2926:
4782:
5011:
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1285:, the process of Westernization dates back to the country's attempt to westernize during the beginning of the 1930s, which was dictated by
3157:
1957:
4943:
4689:
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Leventon, Melissa; Gluckman, Dale Carolyn (June 2013). "Modernity Through the Lens: The Westernization of Thai Women's Court Dress".
790:
45:
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1341:, had such a substantial Britishness that he once described himself as "the last Englishman to rule India." In 2014, however, the
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782:
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He explains the decline of Western influence, stating reasons as to the loss of Western credibility with the rest of the world.
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is one of three official languages, the others being English and New Zealand sign language, another example is Ireland, where
1434:
According to the "Theory of the Globe scrambled by Social network: a new Sphere of Influence 2.0", published by Jura Gentium (
315:, Persian, Arab, Ottoman, and Russian empires. Current Armenia gained its independence in 1991, following the collapse of the
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began. At the end of the 1960s, most colonies were allowed autonomy. Those new states often adopted some aspects of Western
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Gardels, Nathan (1997) 'Clash of civilizations: modernization without Westernization', The National Times, May/June: 8-10.
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Thong, Tezenlo (July 2012). "'To Raise the Savage to a Higher Level': The Westernization of Nagas and their Culture".
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spread gradually over much of the world and controlled different regions during this five centuries long period,
414:
332:
1506:
729:, the country is considered Westernized. Moreover, nearly 90% of the Filipino population practices Christianity.
272:
descendants. Typically included are those countries whose ethnic identity and dominant culture are derived from
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1735:
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1235:
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1210:. Since then, many Japanese politicians have encouraged the Westernization of Japan with the use of the term
1031:, an exercise of essentializing a "subject race" in order to more effectively dominate them. Said references
1699:
Due to colonization and immigration, the formerly prevalent languages in the Americas, Oceania, and part of
5511:
5147:
4496:
4481:
4376:
1488:
1334:
781:, Turkey is one of the most Westernized Turkic countries. The country has a similar economic system, has a
340:
5308:
2900:
Murden, Simon (2011). "Cultures in world affairs". In Baylis, John; Smith, Steve; Owens, Patricia (eds.).
1073:, Western leaders and academics sought to expand innate liberties and international equality. A period of
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2019:
810:
434:
372:
284:
The following countries or regions experienced a significant influence by the process of Westernization:
17:
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improvement for the Empire. As a result, Turkey is one of the most Westernized majority-Muslim nations.
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575:, which is due in large part to Israel's ouster from their respective Asian counterparts. According to
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2419:"92% of the Armenian public considers relations with the EU as very good, FM says at EaP ministerial"
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Dore, Ronald (1984). "Unity and Diversity in World Culture". In Bull, Hedley; Watson, Adam (eds.).
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maintains positive relations with Iran, Russia, and the West, including the United States and the
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5040:
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4299:
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814:
572:
455:, Cape Verde has influences of European culture (particularly Portuguese) and, together with the
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380:
241:
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Westernization has been reversed in some countries following war or regime change. For example:
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The Limits of Westernization: American and East Asian Intellectuals Create Modernity, 1860-1960
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1342:
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2139: – Idea that all people have rights and responsibilities from being a member of the world
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3130:
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1811:
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1138:
907:
673:
356:
320:
97:
1513:
1345:(BJP) won power on the back of perceptions of the ruling class being insufficiently Indian.
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1979:
1423:, many of its component states and allies nevertheless underwent Westernization, including
1373:
972:
961:
891:
852:
677:
417:. Currently, the country participates in various European organizations including the EU's
207:
becomes acculturated to Western customs and characteristics – in other words, Westernized.
168:
971:, consider what is "Western" based on religious affiliation, such as deeming the majority-
8:
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part of Europe and North America the West, and creating 6 other civilizations, including
958:
817:. Relations between Turkey and Western countries have been deteriorating since the 2010s.
770:
625:
418:
406:
328:
260:. Today, most modern uses of the term refer to the societies in the West and their close
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3205:
567:. It is often a member of European organisations for sports and cultural events such as
479:. Due to this, the country has shared close diplomatic and cultural relations with both
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also reinterpreted the definition of the West by excluding the countries of the former
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2618:"Early Westernization & Modernization in Japan 1868-1900 | Japan Experience"
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2523:
2457:"The future of the Trio Plus Strategy 2030: building a future of Eastern Partnership"
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is the first official language, followed by English as the second official language.
1919:
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1911:
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1707:
1385:
1338:
1203:
1199:
1169:
851:. Christianity (especially Catholicism) has a huge influence in Vietnam. After the
824:
621:
613:
265:
233:
133:
2376:
793:, and is a member of traditional European & Western organisations such as the
327:. The country participates in various organizations linked to the EU, such as the
303:
as its official religion in 301 AD. The traditional Armenian homeland composed of
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2786:"The Vietnamese Values System: A Blend of Oriental, Western and Socialist Values"
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2121:
1999:
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632:, there has also been considerable immigration to South America, particularly to
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237:
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50:
31:
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This article is about the influence of Western culture. For the eye surgery, see
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Window on Humanity: A Concise Introduction to General Anthropology with Powerweb
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The Globalization of World Politics: An Introduction to International Relations
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Framing the Bride: Globalizing Beauty and Romance in Taiwan's Bridal Industry
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The New Asian Hemisphere: The Irresistible Shift of Global Power to the East
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The New Asian Hemisphere: The Irresistible Shift of Global Power to the East
739:, through the 18th and 19th centuries, Siam faced imperialist pressure from
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2015:
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such as a constitution, while frequently reacting against Western culture.
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2193:
2190: – Existence of multiple cultural traditions within a single country
2163:
2089: – Establishment and development of settlements by people or animals
2080:
1927:
1815:
1807:
1715:
1670:
1573:
1212:
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1059:
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774:
763:. Currently, Thailand continues to have strong ties to Western countries.
710:
665:
595:
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4627:
2927:"Civilizations, their nature and clash possibilities (c) Rashad Mehbal…"
2488:"Afrol News - EU, Cape Verde display different interests in integration"
2255:
922:. This time, he argues that Western influence is now "unraveling", with
759:, and played a key anti-communist role in the region as a member of the
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6144:
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5711:
5691:
4077:
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4001:
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3623:
2068: – Worldwide political movement against multinational corporations
1945:
1901:
1889:
1739:
1593:
1480: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1400:
1294:
1178:
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The West uses a double standard when dealing with international issues.
860:
448:
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2181: – Explanation for the process of modernization within societies
2007:
1985:
1835:
1827:
1775:
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1654:
1634:
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1565:
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Westernization is often regarded as a part of the ongoing process of
1247:
1216:, which means the argument for "leaving Asia" or "Good-bye Asia". In
1207:
980:
633:
603:
580:
506:
502:
494:
296:
125:
117:
93:
85:
2706:"Philippines' Shallow Capitalism: Westernization Without Prosperity"
2196: – Set of norms or trends dominant in a society at a given time
2077: – Internalized attitude of ethnic or very cultural inferiority
1703:, are now usually Indo-European languages or creoles based on them:
1455:
4501:
4197:
4018:
3846:
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3700:
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2505:
1971:
1787:
1755:
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823::Geographically located in Southeast Asia, due to the influence of
805:. It is also a member of European organisations for sports such as
732:
653:
609:
522:
464:
429:. It is also a member of European organisations for sports such as
390:
292:
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149:
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89:
60:
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2118: – Study of Islamic and western views on clothing and culture
1605:
of indigenous people remain or the indigenous peoples have mixed (
1407:. Often it was regarded as opposite to the worldwide influence of
957:
In contrast to territorial delineation, others, like the American
363:. In 2017, Armenia signed an extensive agreement with the EU; the
4416:
4271:
4183:
2760:
The Rise of Turkey: The Twenty-First Century's First Muslim Power
2145: – Spread of world views, products, ideas, capital and labor
2011:
1993:
1897:
1865:
1783:
1767:
1747:
1674:
1630:
1626:
1606:
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1043:
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886:
The Great Convergence: Asia, the West, and the Logic of One World
820:
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when their stores of Greek and Roman literature jump-started the
81:
65:
5398:
2998:
del Giudice, Marguerite (2008). "Persia: ancient soul of Iran".
1297:
masses of the country which was partly responsible for the 1979
401:). Azerbaijan borrowed Western traditions mainly as a result of
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4436:
1937:
1857:
1843:
1771:
1727:
1723:
1666:
1638:
1618:
1610:
1585:
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An example of 19th-century Westernization of Japanese society:
1134:
840:
766:
740:
637:
599:
548:
544:
536:
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483:
and has even tried to approach Western organizations, like the
456:
4401:
4391:
4386:
3858:
3853:
2817:
Huntington, Samuel P. (2000). "The Clash of Civilizations?".
2172: – Historical period and socio-cultural norm or attitude
1975:
1949:
1893:
1839:
1823:
1799:
1795:
1779:
1658:
1589:
1438:), the increasing role of Westernization is characterized by
1190:
1182:
1158:
1150:
1121:
1117:
988:
844:
718:
661:
649:
641:
591:
535:, many Western cultural influences were brought in Israel by
498:
472:
109:
1313:, the synchronization process with the West is known as the
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1763:
1678:
1614:
1389:
1381:
1282:
806:
802:
794:
568:
488:
430:
368:
3087:"How Hindu Nationalists Redefined Decolonization in India"
2285:
Hayford, Charles. "Westernization". In Pong, David (ed.).
1293:
during the Cold War and agitated the largely conservative
2214: – Political ideology in 19th-century Russian Empire
1953:
755:. In the late 1950s, Thailand became a major ally of the
101:
3256:. Basingstoke, Hampshire; New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
863:. Currently, Vietnam is a member of the Organization of
445:
with considerable human rights and press freedom issues.
4516:
2207:
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2198:
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1153:, the first contact with Westernization was during the
1104:
in the 1920s, but tribal revolts caused his abdication.
588:, full Westernization will be a slow process in Israel.
324:
3206:"The Theory of the Globe Scrambled by Social Networks"
2941:"McDonald's China Plans To Open A New Store Every Day"
2037:
1027:
views Westernization as it occurred in the process of
2630:
2115:
The Culture of Nakedness and the Nakedness of Culture
1399:
The main characteristics are economic and political (
279:
3254:
The Idea of the West: Culture, Politics, and History
2153:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
918:
Mahbubani counters this argument in his other book,
769:: Although geographically only 3% of Turkey lies in
717:, due to heavy influences of European (particularly
3338:
Global communication without universal civilization
3112:"40 Years Later: Iran after the Islamic Revolution"
2590:
2588:
1116:, or embrace to varying degrees. Countries such as
751:, later as a constitutional monarchy following the
525:) culture, they are at-least partially westernized.
3158:"Consequences of the Collapse of the Soviet Union"
2962:. Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press.
1403:) democratisation, combined with the spread of an
2130: – Historical Chinese debate on West vs East
735:: Although Thailand is geographically located in
6264:
2729:
2594:
2585:
2104: – Quality of diverse or different cultures
1609:) considerably with European settlers, such as:
1348:
1108:General reactions to Westernization can include
2879:"Samuel P. Huntington's Clash of Civilizations"
2438:"Europe Square inaugurated in Yerevan, Armenia"
2098: – Adoption of features of another culture
2062: – Adjusting to a new cultural environment
531:: Although Israel is geographically located in
1044:Colonization and Europeanization (1400s–1970s)
602:: Although they are geographically located in
27:Adoption of or assimilation by Western culture
5414:
4643:
3428:
3414:
3222:
998:Huntington claimed that after the end of the
628:as their official language. According to the
68:come under or adopt what is considered to be
2565:Arndt, Richard T.; Rubin, David Lee (1993).
2381:Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times
2304:. Oxford: Elsevier Science & Technology.
2205: – Future era without Western dominance
906:" non-Western countries can join and accept
2997:
2315:McLeish, Kenneth (1993). "Westernization".
5421:
5407:
4650:
4636:
3421:
3407:
3387:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2924:
2816:
2669:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2637:(6th ed.). Washington, D.C. pp.
2564:
2400:"Donald Tusk: "I feel at home in Armenia""
1958:Community of Portuguese Language Countries
1234:Another example of Westernization: Prince
1137:, the industry of bridal photography (see
1005:Huntington believed that while the age of
505:: Despite their geographical positions in
4657:
3109:
3056:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195645866.003.0013
3020:Indian Nationalism and the Early Congress
2849:
2801:
2703:
1685:, relative marginalisation still exists.
1540:Learn how and when to remove this message
405:influence, with the Muslim world's first
228:The "West" was originally defined as the
3227:. Oxford University Press. p. 273.
2756:
2507:The British Presence in Macau, 1637–1793
2375:
2124: – Society becoming more democratic
1168:
1088:
174:Westernization traces its roots back to
3354:
3251:
3223:Edelman, Robert; Wilson, Wayne (2017).
3084:
2314:
2110: – Cultural aspects of imperialism
1688:
1427:of hitherto state-controlled industry.
952:
441:. Despite this, the country remains an
393:mountain range (natural border between
190:Westernization can also be compared to
14:
6265:
3335:
3203:
3016:
2977:. Clarendon Press. pp. 407–424 .
2975:The Expansion of International Society
2957:
2899:
2783:
2571:. Transaction Publishers. p. 53.
2339:
5402:
4631:
3402:
3225:The Oxford Handbook of Sports History
3041:
2231:
995:, to organize the rest of the globe.
475:), it is part of the archipelagos of
5784:New international division of labour
2972:
2624:
2597:"Is Israel Really a Western Nation?"
2500:
1478:adding citations to reliable sources
1449:
876:
437:, and regularly participates in the
3299:The End of History and the Last Man
2856:. PublicAffairs. pp. 129–130.
2568:The Fulbright Difference: 1948-1992
2284:
2038:Sports importance in Westernization
648:, from European nations other than
413:being established there before its
24:
3244:
2876:
2302:Encyclopedia of Applied Psychology
2014:and some areas in the US, such as
926:such as China arising. He states:
827:, Vietnamese completely abandoned
280:Significantly influenced countries
25:
6304:
5428:
4612:Western European and Others Group
3110:Priborkin, Emily (8 April 2019).
2704:Heydarian, Richard (2015-01-12).
2317:Bloomsbury Guide to Human Thought
2083: – Control by foreign groups
791:official candidate for membership
513:, due to the heavy influences of
361:Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council
6245:
6235:
6234:
5445:
2904:. OUP Oxford. pp. 414–427.
2379:(1997). R.G. Hovannisian (ed.).
2346:. McGraw-Hill Higher Education.
1820:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
1454:
1419:in late 1991 and the end of the
1255:
1227:
389:: Geographically located in the
291:: Geographically located in the
217:
160:it often involved the spread of
5446:
3216:
3197:
3150:
3103:
3078:
3035:
3010:
2991:
2966:
2951:
2933:
2918:
2893:
2870:
2843:
2810:
2790:International Education Studies
2777:
2750:
2744:10.1179/0590887613Z.00000000025
2723:
2697:
2677:
2610:
2595:Sheldon Kirshner (2013-10-16).
2558:
2494:
2480:
2466:
2449:
2340:Kottak, Conrad Phillip (2007).
2151: – form of cultural change
1726:without mainly French-speaking
1552:Due to the colonization of the
1465:needs additional citations for
1445:
1242:in typical Western naval dress
1124:attempted to adopt a system of
333:Euronest Parliamentary Assembly
3023:. Princeton University Press.
2925:mehbaliyev (30 October 2010).
2784:Nguyen, Quynh Thi Nhu (2016).
2631:Huntington, Samuel P. (1991).
2430:
2411:
2392:
2368:
2333:
2308:
2293:
2278:
2225:
1760:Federated States of Micronesia
1736:English-based creole languages
1013:
813:, and has participated in the
543:, particularly countries like
377:European Higher Education Area
232:. A thousand years later, the
13:
1:
3085:Dhingra, Sanya (2023-08-14).
2763:. Potomac Books. p. 44.
2219:
2166: – Monocultural metaphor
1988:along with English (parts of
1878:French-based creole languages
1349:Globalization (1970s–present)
5232:Romanisation of the writings
2287:Encyclopedia of Modern China
2160: – Sociological concept
902:According to the theory of "
847:, thus earning the nickname
713:: Geographically located in
341:European Political Community
7:
5502:Environmental globalization
5477:Anti-globalization movement
5351:Forced religious conversion
2850:Mahbubani, Kishore (2009).
2827:10.1007/978-1-349-62397-6_6
2474:"Azerbaijan & the West"
2319:. Bloomsbury Publications.
2052:
1956:, and other members of the
1066:the majority of the globe.
811:European Olympic Committees
435:European Olympic Committees
373:European Olympic Committees
311:came under the rule of the
10:
6309:
5650:Offshore financial centres
3311:The Clash of Civilizations
3252:Bonnett, Alastair (2004).
3044:"13 Nehru and the British"
2599:. Sheldon Kirshner Journal
2520:Hong Kong University Press
2289:. Charles Scribner's Sons.
2041:
1692:
1084:
1047:
1038:
967:The Clash of Civilizations
753:Siamese revolution of 1932
579:, a professor emeritus of
379:, and participates in the
221:
29:
6230:
6188:
6063:
5998:
5915:
5906:
5833:
5670:
5591:
5584:
5464:
5436:
5318:
5309:Vergangenheitsbewältigung
5251:
5219:
5194:Assimilation by religions
5193:
4665:
4382:Anglo-Portuguese Alliance
4362:
4280:
4117:
3952:
3823:Standard Average European
3691:
3520:
3440:
2248:10.1017/S0026749X11000412
2128:East-West Cultural Debate
1870:Saint Pierre and Miquelon
1304:
5492:Democratic globalization
5220:Assimilation by writings
4522:Lancaster House Treaties
4012:Christian existentialism
3972:Ancient Roman philosophy
3962:Ancient Greek philosophy
3204:Peccia, Tiziano (2014).
3017:McLane, John R. (1977).
2757:Cagaptay, Soner (2014).
1600:, where the traditional
1328:
1164:
1144:
1133:into China. Specific to
1064:colonizing or subjecting
871:
789:in addition to being an
670:Immigration to Argentina
563:. It is a member of the
451:: An insular country in
274:Western European culture
64:), is a process whereby
5774:Investor-state disputes
5727:Illicit financial flows
5571:Political globalization
5519:Global financial system
4300:Equality before the law
3507:Romano-Germanic culture
3355:Watters, Ethan (2011).
3322:The Triumph of the West
3287:The Decline of the West
2958:Adrian, Bonnie (2003).
1276:
1236:Yorihito Higashifushimi
1200:Commodore Matthew Perry
1054:From the 1400s onward,
815:Eurovision Song Contest
439:Eurovision Song Contest
415:invasion by the Soviets
381:Eurovision Song Contest
335:and is a member of the
242:Eastern Orthodox Church
6115:Christopher Chase-Dunn
5883:Primitive accumulation
5566:Military globalization
5497:Economic globalization
5482:Cultural globalization
5331:Cultural globalisation
4462:Eastern European Group
4051:Continental philosophy
3982:Judeo-Christian ethics
3967:Hellenistic philosophy
3448:Cradle of civilization
3185:Cite journal requires
3138:Cite journal requires
2634:Clash of Civilizations
1436:University of Florence
1405:individualised culture
1343:Bharatiya Janata Party
1186:
1105:
1102:Westernize his country
932:
859:and North Vietnam was
837:French-style buildings
682:Immigration to Uruguay
6278:Cultural assimilation
4659:Cultural assimilation
4582:Three Seas Initiative
4557:Pacific Islands Forum
4422:British–Irish Council
4170:Greek Orthodox Church
3629:Industrial Revolution
3599:Scientific Revolution
3042:Nanda, B. R. (1998).
2685:"Lebanon at a Glance"
2512:Royal Asiatic Society
2096:Cultural assimilation
1812:Saint Kitts and Nevis
1602:indigenous population
1335:independence movement
1262:Similarity with U.S.
1172:
1139:Photography in Taiwan
1092:
928:
674:Immigration to Brazil
586:Arab–Israeli conflict
357:Partnership for Peace
321:Government of Armenia
6180:Immanuel Wallerstein
5841:Capital accumulation
5707:Endangered languages
5368:Internal colonialism
5336:Cultural imperialism
5012:Northern Afghanistan
4577:Special Relationship
3987:Christian philosophy
3932:Western Christianity
3594:Age of Enlightenment
3468:Hellenistic Kingdoms
3336:Ankerl, Guy (2000).
3316:Samuel P. Huntington
3050:. pp. 253–263.
2819:Culture and Politics
2803:10.5539/ies.v9n12p32
2502:Puga, Rogério Miguel
2235:Modern Asian Studies
2108:Cultural imperialism
1980:Netherlands Antilles
1689:Linguistic influence
1474:improve this article
1384:in aftermath of the
1374:Bolshevik Revolution
1372:in aftermath of the
962:Samuel P. Huntington
953:Samuel P. Huntington
892:Samuel P. Huntington
855:, South Vietnam was
853:partition of Vietnam
678:Immigration to Chile
443:authoritarian regime
46:spelling differences
6252:Business portal
5811:Transnational crime
5717:Forced displacement
5702:Economic inequality
5576:Trade globalization
5472:Alter-globalization
5373:Jewish assimilation
5346:Forced assimilation
4879:or Castilianisation
4602:West Nordic Council
4467:Eastern Partnership
4056:Analytic philosophy
3757:Classical tradition
3579:Early modern period
3535:Classical antiquity
3530:European Bronze Age
3314:(1996), written by
3302:(1992), written by
3290:(1918), written by
3281:Jon Thares Davidann
3116:American University
3000:National Geographic
2821:. pp. 99–118.
2710:The Huffington Post
2203:Post-Westernization
1848:Trinidad and Tobago
1744:Antigua and Barbuda
1246:with white gloves,
1094:King Amanullah Khan
959:political scientist
656:(for example, from
419:Eastern Partnership
329:Eastern Partnership
72:, in areas such as
6283:Cultural geography
6025:Andre Gunder Frank
5799:Race to the bottom
5789:North–South divide
5507:Global citizenship
4992:Montenegrinisation
4061:Post-structuralism
4024:Christian humanism
3654:Universal suffrage
3324:(1985) written by
3162:Norwich University
3091:New Lines Magazine
2690:The New York Times
2385:Palgrave Macmillan
2137:Global citizenship
2102:Cultural diversity
2075:Colonial mentality
2066:Anti-globalisation
2020:Pennsylvania Dutch
1882:Francophone Africa
1386:Revolution in 1959
1299:Iranian Revolution
1187:
1106:
777:) and the rest in
630:CIA World Factbook
6260:
6259:
6226:
6225:
6085:K. Anthony Appiah
6080:Daniele Archibugi
5829:
5828:
5618:COVID-19 pandemic
5524:Global governance
5396:
5395:
5363:Identity politics
5326:Cultural genocide
5247:
5246:
4977:Macedonianisation
4625:
4624:
4452:Council of Europe
4354:International law
4307:Constitutionalism
4165:Eastern Orthodoxy
3671:Post–Cold War era
3604:Age of Revolution
3458:Greco-Roman world
3366:978-1-84901-577-6
3347:978-2-88155-004-1
3326:Oxford University
3234:978-0-19-985892-7
3065:978-0-19-564586-6
2984:978-0-19-821942-2
2911:978-0-19-956909-0
2863:978-1-58648-628-0
2836:978-1-349-62399-0
2770:978-1-61234-651-9
2648:978-0-684-84441-1
2578:978-1-4128-2424-8
2529:978-988-8139-79-8
2353:978-0-07-325893-5
2326:978-0-7475-0991-2
2300:"Acculturation".
1920:Equatorial Guinea
1740:Anglophone Africa
1550:
1549:
1542:
1524:
1378:Continental China
1289:and continued by
1250:, medals and hat.
973:Western Christian
884:'s book entitled
882:Kishore Mahbubani
877:Kishore Mahbubani
849:Paris of the East
799:Council of Europe
515:European heritage
481:Iberian countries
423:Council of Europe
411:secular democracy
337:Council of Europe
56:occidentalization
16:(Redirected from
6300:
6250:
6249:
6238:
6237:
6191:
6100:Jean Baudrillard
6068:
6015:Giovanni Arrighi
6003:
5960:Branko Milanović
5940:Jagdish Bhagwati
5918:
5913:
5912:
5804:pollution havens
5769:Invasive species
5673:
5594:
5589:
5588:
5539:Global workforce
5449:
5448:
5423:
5416:
5409:
5400:
5399:
5341:Dominant culture
5319:Related concepts
5281:De-russification
5269:De-stalinisation
5264:De-communisation
5201:Christianisation
5191:
5190:
5043:or Latinisation
4997:Norwegianisation
4973:or Hungarisation
4947:
4788:Colombianisation
4690:Native Americans
4652:
4645:
4638:
4629:
4628:
4497:EU Customs Union
4029:Secular humanism
3977:Christian ethics
3927:East–West Schism
3910:Physical culture
3634:Great Divergence
3584:Age of Discovery
3423:
3416:
3409:
3400:
3399:
3392:
3386:
3378:
3351:
3304:Francis Fukuyama
3267:
3239:
3238:
3220:
3214:
3213:
3201:
3195:
3194:
3188:
3183:
3181:
3173:
3171:
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3164:. 2 October 2017
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3048:academic.oup.com
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2840:
2814:
2808:
2807:
2805:
2781:
2775:
2774:
2754:
2748:
2747:
2727:
2721:
2720:
2718:
2716:
2701:
2695:
2694:
2681:
2675:
2674:
2668:
2660:
2653:Internet Archive
2628:
2622:
2621:
2614:
2608:
2607:
2605:
2604:
2592:
2583:
2582:
2562:
2556:
2555:
2553:
2552:
2498:
2492:
2491:
2484:
2478:
2477:
2476:. 29 March 2017.
2470:
2464:
2463:
2461:
2453:
2447:
2445:
2434:
2428:
2426:
2415:
2409:
2407:
2396:
2390:
2388:
2372:
2366:
2365:
2337:
2331:
2330:
2312:
2306:
2305:
2297:
2291:
2290:
2282:
2276:
2275:
2229:
2208:
2199:
2188:Multiculturalism
2184:
2175:
2154:
2133:
2092:
2071:
2004:Creole languages
1968:Creole languages
1942:Lusophone Africa
1906:Saint-Barthelemy
1804:Papua New Guinea
1792:Marshall Islands
1545:
1538:
1534:
1531:
1525:
1523:
1489:"Westernization"
1482:
1458:
1450:
1339:Jawaharlal Nehru
1318:(reorganization)
1259:
1231:
1175:ballroom dancing
727:Filipino culture
403:imperial Russian
234:East-West Schism
21:
6308:
6307:
6303:
6302:
6301:
6299:
6298:
6297:
6293:Western culture
6263:
6262:
6261:
6256:
6244:
6222:
6203:Thomas Friedman
6189:
6184:
6135:Anthony Giddens
6110:Manuel Castells
6075:Arjun Appadurai
6066:
6064:
6059:
6001:
5999:
5994:
5990:Joseph Stiglitz
5930:Richard Baldwin
5916:
5908:
5902:
5861:Fiscal localism
5825:
5779:McDonaldization
5697:Development aid
5671:
5666:
5635:Multilingualism
5630:Labor arbitrage
5606:Climate justice
5592:
5580:
5534:Global politics
5487:Deglobalization
5460:
5432:
5427:
5397:
5392:
5388:Monoculturalism
5314:
5303:De-sinicisation
5276:De-nazification
5252:Opposite trends
5243:
5215:
5189:
5071:Sanskritisation
5036:Romanianisation
5002:Pakistanisation
4941:
4877:Hispanicisation
4867:Hawaiianisation
4823:Europeanisation
4818:Estonianisation
4773:Canadianisation
4680:Americanisation
4661:
4656:
4626:
4621:
4587:UKUSA Agreement
4527:Lublin Triangle
4412:Baltic Assembly
4364:
4358:
4276:
4113:
3948:
3818:Eurolinguistics
3687:
3676:Information age
3649:Interwar period
3516:
3436:
3427:
3380:
3379:
3367:
3348:
3292:Oswald Spengler
3264:
3247:
3245:Further reading
3242:
3235:
3221:
3217:
3202:
3198:
3186:
3184:
3175:
3174:
3167:
3165:
3156:
3155:
3151:
3139:
3137:
3128:
3127:
3120:
3118:
3108:
3104:
3095:
3093:
3083:
3079:
3070:
3068:
3066:
3040:
3036:
3015:
3011:
2996:
2992:
2985:
2971:
2967:
2956:
2952:
2947:. 29 July 2011.
2939:
2938:
2934:
2923:
2919:
2912:
2898:
2894:
2884:
2882:
2877:Graham, James.
2875:
2871:
2864:
2848:
2844:
2837:
2815:
2811:
2782:
2778:
2771:
2755:
2751:
2728:
2724:
2714:
2712:
2702:
2698:
2683:
2682:
2678:
2662:
2661:
2649:
2629:
2625:
2616:
2615:
2611:
2602:
2600:
2593:
2586:
2579:
2563:
2559:
2550:
2548:
2530:
2499:
2495:
2486:
2485:
2481:
2472:
2471:
2467:
2459:
2455:
2454:
2450:
2436:
2435:
2431:
2417:
2416:
2412:
2398:
2397:
2393:
2383:. Vol. 1.
2373:
2369:
2354:
2338:
2334:
2327:
2313:
2309:
2299:
2298:
2294:
2283:
2279:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2217:
2206:
2197:
2182:
2173:
2158:McDonaldization
2152:
2131:
2122:Democratisation
2090:
2069:
2055:
2046:
2040:
1832:Solomon Islands
1697:
1691:
1546:
1535:
1529:
1526:
1483:
1481:
1471:
1459:
1448:
1394:1979 revolution
1351:
1331:
1307:
1279:
1274:
1273:
1272:
1271:
1270:
1260:
1252:
1251:
1232:
1167:
1147:
1087:
1056:Europeanization
1052:
1046:
1041:
1016:
993:Slavic-Orthodox
955:
879:
874:
865:la Francophonie
705:la Francophonie
537:Jewish settlers
353:La Francophonie
309:Western Armenia
305:Eastern Armenia
282:
238:Catholic Church
226:
220:
70:Western culture
51:Europeanisation
35:
32:Epicanthoplasty
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6306:
6296:
6295:
6290:
6285:
6280:
6275:
6273:Global culture
6258:
6257:
6255:
6254:
6242:
6231:
6228:
6227:
6224:
6223:
6221:
6220:
6215:
6210:
6205:
6200:
6194:
6192:
6186:
6185:
6183:
6182:
6177:
6172:
6167:
6162:
6157:
6152:
6147:
6142:
6137:
6132:
6127:
6122:
6117:
6112:
6107:
6105:Zygmunt Bauman
6102:
6097:
6092:
6087:
6082:
6077:
6071:
6069:
6061:
6060:
6058:
6057:
6052:
6047:
6042:
6037:
6032:
6027:
6022:
6017:
6012:
6006:
6004:
5996:
5995:
5993:
5992:
5987:
5982:
5977:
5972:
5970:Thomas Piketty
5967:
5965:Kevin O'Rourke
5962:
5957:
5955:Michael Hudson
5952:
5947:
5945:Robert Brenner
5942:
5937:
5932:
5927:
5921:
5919:
5910:
5904:
5903:
5901:
5900:
5895:
5890:
5885:
5880:
5879:
5878:
5873:
5863:
5858:
5853:
5848:
5843:
5837:
5835:
5831:
5830:
5827:
5826:
5824:
5823:
5818:
5816:Westernization
5813:
5808:
5807:
5806:
5796:
5791:
5786:
5781:
5776:
5771:
5766:
5765:
5764:
5759:
5754:
5749:
5744:
5739:
5729:
5724:
5719:
5714:
5709:
5704:
5699:
5694:
5689:
5688:
5687:
5676:
5674:
5668:
5667:
5665:
5664:
5659:
5658:
5657:
5655:Tax inversions
5652:
5642:
5637:
5632:
5627:
5625:Digital divide
5622:
5621:
5620:
5610:
5609:
5608:
5601:Climate change
5597:
5595:
5586:
5582:
5581:
5579:
5578:
5573:
5568:
5563:
5562:
5561:
5556:
5546:
5541:
5536:
5531:
5526:
5521:
5516:
5515:
5514:
5504:
5499:
5494:
5489:
5484:
5479:
5474:
5468:
5466:
5462:
5461:
5459:
5458:
5453:
5443:
5437:
5434:
5433:
5426:
5425:
5418:
5411:
5403:
5394:
5393:
5391:
5390:
5385:
5380:
5378:Language shift
5375:
5370:
5365:
5360:
5355:
5354:
5353:
5343:
5338:
5333:
5328:
5322:
5320:
5316:
5315:
5313:
5312:
5305:
5300:
5299:
5298:
5293:
5288:
5278:
5273:
5272:
5271:
5261:
5259:De-arabisation
5255:
5253:
5249:
5248:
5245:
5244:
5242:
5241:
5240:
5239:
5229:
5223:
5221:
5217:
5216:
5214:
5213:
5208:
5203:
5197:
5195:
5188:
5187:
5185:Zairianisation
5182:
5177:
5175:Westernisation
5172:
5170:Vietnamisation
5167:
5162:
5157:
5155:Turkmenisation
5152:
5151:
5150:
5140:
5135:
5130:
5125:
5123:Talibanisation
5120:
5115:
5110:
5105:
5100:
5095:
5094:
5093:
5083:
5078:
5076:Serbianisation
5073:
5068:
5066:Saffronisation
5063:
5062:
5061:
5051:
5050:
5049:
5038:
5033:
5028:
5027:
5026:
5019:Persianisation
5016:
5015:
5014:
5007:Pashtunisation
5004:
4999:
4994:
4989:
4984:
4979:
4974:
4968:
4966:Lithuanisation
4963:
4961:Latvianization
4958:
4953:
4948:
4936:
4931:
4930:
4929:
4927:Japanification
4919:
4917:Italianisation
4914:
4913:
4912:
4902:
4897:
4895:Indigenisation
4892:
4891:
4890:
4880:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4857:Georgification
4854:
4849:
4848:
4847:
4837:
4832:
4831:
4830:
4828:Westernisation
4820:
4815:
4813:Dutchification
4810:
4805:
4803:Cypriotisation
4800:
4795:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4765:
4763:Bosniakisation
4760:
4759:
4758:
4748:
4747:
4746:
4739:Belarusisation
4736:
4734:Araucanisation
4731:
4730:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4704:
4699:
4698:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4677:
4672:
4670:Africanisation
4666:
4663:
4662:
4655:
4654:
4647:
4640:
4632:
4623:
4622:
4620:
4619:
4617:Westernization
4614:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4597:Visegrád Group
4594:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4537:Nordic Council
4534:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4432:Bucharest Nine
4429:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4397:Arctic Council
4394:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4368:
4366:
4360:
4359:
4357:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4345:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4309:
4304:
4303:
4302:
4292:
4286:
4284:
4278:
4277:
4275:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4263:
4262:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4241:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4195:
4194:
4193:
4192:
4191:
4181:
4180:
4179:
4174:
4173:
4172:
4162:
4161:
4160:
4150:
4149:
4148:
4123:
4121:
4115:
4114:
4112:
4111:
4110:
4109:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4088:
4087:
4075:
4074:
4073:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4032:
4031:
4026:
4016:
4015:
4014:
4007:Existentialism
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3958:
3956:
3950:
3949:
3947:
3946:
3945:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3919:
3918:
3917:
3907:
3906:
3905:
3900:
3890:
3889:
3888:
3878:
3873:
3872:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3851:
3850:
3849:
3839:
3838:
3837:
3827:
3826:
3825:
3820:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3794:
3793:
3783:
3778:
3777:
3776:
3766:
3765:
3764:
3754:
3753:
3752:
3742:
3737:
3736:
3735:
3725:
3720:
3719:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3697:
3695:
3689:
3688:
3686:
3685:
3684:
3683:
3678:
3668:
3667:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3571:
3566:
3565:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3544:
3543:
3542:
3540:Late antiquity
3532:
3526:
3524:
3518:
3517:
3515:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3493:
3492:
3491:
3490:
3485:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3455:
3450:
3444:
3442:
3438:
3437:
3426:
3425:
3418:
3411:
3403:
3397:
3396:
3393:
3365:
3352:
3346:
3333:
3319:
3307:
3295:
3283:
3268:
3262:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3240:
3233:
3215:
3196:
3187:|journal=
3149:
3140:|journal=
3102:
3077:
3064:
3034:
3009:
2990:
2983:
2965:
2950:
2932:
2917:
2910:
2892:
2869:
2862:
2842:
2835:
2809:
2776:
2769:
2749:
2738:(2): 216–233.
2722:
2696:
2676:
2647:
2623:
2609:
2584:
2577:
2557:
2528:
2493:
2479:
2465:
2448:
2429:
2410:
2391:
2377:Garsoïan, Nina
2367:
2352:
2332:
2325:
2307:
2292:
2277:
2242:(4): 893–918.
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2215:
2209:
2200:
2191:
2185:
2176:
2170:Modern culture
2167:
2161:
2155:
2149:Indigenization
2146:
2140:
2134:
2125:
2119:
2111:
2105:
2099:
2093:
2084:
2078:
2072:
2063:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2044:Western sports
2039:
2036:
2028:Māori language
2024:
2023:
1997:
1983:
1961:
1931:
1924:Western Sahara
1909:
1868:in Canada and
1851:
1695:Englishization
1690:
1687:
1548:
1547:
1462:
1460:
1453:
1447:
1444:
1350:
1347:
1330:
1327:
1322:Ottoman Empire
1306:
1303:
1287:Shah Rezā Khan
1278:
1275:
1261:
1254:
1253:
1233:
1226:
1225:
1224:
1223:
1222:
1166:
1163:
1155:Joseon Dynasty
1146:
1143:
1110:fundamentalism
1086:
1083:
1075:decolonization
1048:Main article:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1033:Arthur Balfour
1015:
1012:
954:
951:
950:
949:
945:
942:
939:
924:Eastern powers
916:
915:
911:
908:Western values
900:
878:
875:
873:
870:
869:
868:
839:were built in
818:
787:European Union
764:
745:United Kingdom
737:Southeast Asia
730:
715:Southeast Asia
708:
701:French mandate
685:
607:
589:
557:United Kingdom
526:
517:(particularly
511:Southeast Asia
492:
469:Canary Islands
446:
399:Eastern Europe
384:
281:
278:
236:separated the
222:Main article:
219:
216:
176:Ancient Greece
146:writing system
42:Westernisation
38:Westernization
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6305:
6294:
6291:
6289:
6286:
6284:
6281:
6279:
6276:
6274:
6271:
6270:
6268:
6253:
6248:
6243:
6241:
6233:
6232:
6229:
6219:
6218:Vandana Shiva
6216:
6214:
6211:
6209:
6206:
6204:
6201:
6199:
6196:
6195:
6193:
6187:
6181:
6178:
6176:
6173:
6171:
6170:Saskia Sassen
6168:
6166:
6165:George Ritzer
6163:
6161:
6160:Antonio Negri
6158:
6156:
6155:L. H. M. Ling
6153:
6151:
6148:
6146:
6143:
6141:
6140:Michael Hardt
6138:
6136:
6133:
6131:
6128:
6126:
6123:
6121:
6120:Alfred Crosby
6118:
6116:
6113:
6111:
6108:
6106:
6103:
6101:
6098:
6096:
6093:
6091:
6088:
6086:
6083:
6081:
6078:
6076:
6073:
6072:
6070:
6062:
6056:
6053:
6051:
6050:Susan Strange
6048:
6046:
6043:
6041:
6038:
6036:
6033:
6031:
6028:
6026:
6023:
6021:
6020:Robert W. Cox
6018:
6016:
6013:
6011:
6008:
6007:
6005:
5997:
5991:
5988:
5986:
5983:
5981:
5980:Jeffrey Sachs
5978:
5976:
5973:
5971:
5968:
5966:
5963:
5961:
5958:
5956:
5953:
5951:
5948:
5946:
5943:
5941:
5938:
5936:
5933:
5931:
5928:
5926:
5923:
5922:
5920:
5914:
5911:
5905:
5899:
5898:World-systems
5896:
5894:
5893:World history
5891:
5889:
5888:Social change
5886:
5884:
5881:
5877:
5874:
5872:
5869:
5868:
5867:
5866:Modernization
5864:
5862:
5859:
5857:
5854:
5852:
5849:
5847:
5844:
5842:
5839:
5838:
5836:
5832:
5822:
5819:
5817:
5814:
5812:
5809:
5805:
5802:
5801:
5800:
5797:
5795:
5792:
5790:
5787:
5785:
5782:
5780:
5777:
5775:
5772:
5770:
5767:
5763:
5760:
5758:
5755:
5753:
5750:
5748:
5745:
5743:
5740:
5738:
5735:
5734:
5733:
5730:
5728:
5725:
5723:
5720:
5718:
5715:
5713:
5710:
5708:
5705:
5703:
5700:
5698:
5695:
5693:
5690:
5686:
5683:
5682:
5681:
5678:
5677:
5675:
5669:
5663:
5660:
5656:
5653:
5651:
5648:
5647:
5646:
5643:
5641:
5638:
5636:
5633:
5631:
5628:
5626:
5623:
5619:
5616:
5615:
5614:
5611:
5607:
5604:
5603:
5602:
5599:
5598:
5596:
5590:
5587:
5583:
5577:
5574:
5572:
5569:
5567:
5564:
5560:
5557:
5555:
5552:
5551:
5550:
5547:
5545:
5542:
5540:
5537:
5535:
5532:
5530:
5529:Global health
5527:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5517:
5513:
5510:
5509:
5508:
5505:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5495:
5493:
5490:
5488:
5485:
5483:
5480:
5478:
5475:
5473:
5470:
5469:
5467:
5463:
5457:
5454:
5452:
5444:
5442:
5439:
5438:
5435:
5431:
5430:Globalization
5424:
5419:
5417:
5412:
5410:
5405:
5404:
5401:
5389:
5386:
5384:
5381:
5379:
5376:
5374:
5371:
5369:
5366:
5364:
5361:
5359:
5358:Globalisation
5356:
5352:
5349:
5348:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5323:
5321:
5317:
5311:
5310:
5306:
5304:
5301:
5297:
5294:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5286:Korenizatsiia
5284:
5283:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5274:
5270:
5267:
5266:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5256:
5254:
5250:
5238:
5235:
5234:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5227:Cyrillisation
5225:
5224:
5222:
5218:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5198:
5196:
5192:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5160:Ukrainisation
5158:
5156:
5153:
5149:
5146:
5145:
5144:
5143:Turkification
5141:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5128:Taiwanisation
5126:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5118:Swedification
5116:
5114:
5113:Swahilisation
5111:
5109:
5108:Sovietisation
5106:
5104:
5103:Slovakisation
5101:
5099:
5098:Slavicisation
5096:
5092:
5089:
5088:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5081:Sinhalisation
5079:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5064:
5060:
5057:
5056:
5055:
5054:Russification
5052:
5048:
5045:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5025:
5022:
5021:
5020:
5017:
5013:
5010:
5009:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4987:Mongolisation
4985:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4972:
4971:Magyarisation
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4956:Kurdification
4954:
4952:
4951:Koreanisation
4949:
4945:
4940:
4939:Kazakhisation
4937:
4935:
4932:
4928:
4925:
4924:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4911:
4908:
4907:
4906:
4905:Israelisation
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4889:
4886:
4885:
4884:
4883:Indianisation
4881:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4872:Hellenisation
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4862:Germanisation
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4852:Gaelicisation
4850:
4846:
4843:
4842:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4835:Finnicisation
4833:
4829:
4826:
4825:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4783:Chilenisation
4781:
4779:
4778:Celticisation
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4768:Bulgarisation
4766:
4764:
4761:
4757:
4754:
4753:
4752:
4751:Bengalisation
4749:
4745:
4742:
4741:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4709:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4702:Anglicisation
4700:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4682:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4667:
4664:
4660:
4653:
4648:
4646:
4641:
4639:
4634:
4633:
4630:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4562:PROSUR/PROSUL
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4457:Craiova Group
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4372:ABCANZ Armies
4370:
4369:
4367:
4361:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4314:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4301:
4298:
4297:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4287:
4285:
4283:
4279:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4220:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4200:
4199:
4196:
4190:
4187:
4186:
4185:
4182:
4178:
4177:Protestantism
4175:
4171:
4168:
4167:
4166:
4163:
4159:
4156:
4155:
4154:
4151:
4147:
4143:
4140:
4139:
4138:
4135:
4134:
4133:
4130:
4129:
4128:
4125:
4124:
4122:
4120:
4116:
4108:
4105:
4104:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4097:Sovereigntism
4095:
4093:
4090:
4086:
4085:
4081:
4080:
4079:
4076:
4072:
4069:
4068:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4021:
4020:
4017:
4013:
4010:
4009:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3992:Scholasticism
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3959:
3957:
3955:
3951:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3924:
3923:
3920:
3916:
3913:
3912:
3911:
3908:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3895:
3894:
3891:
3887:
3884:
3883:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3856:
3855:
3852:
3848:
3845:
3844:
3843:
3840:
3836:
3833:
3832:
3831:
3828:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3815:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3792:
3789:
3788:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3775:
3772:
3771:
3770:
3767:
3763:
3760:
3759:
3758:
3755:
3751:
3748:
3747:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3734:
3731:
3730:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3703:
3702:
3699:
3698:
3696:
3694:
3690:
3682:
3681:War on terror
3679:
3677:
3674:
3673:
3672:
3669:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3576:
3575:
3574:Modern period
3572:
3570:
3567:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3549:
3548:
3545:
3541:
3538:
3537:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3527:
3525:
3523:
3519:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3480:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3460:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3445:
3443:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3430:Western world
3424:
3419:
3417:
3412:
3410:
3405:
3404:
3401:
3394:
3390:
3384:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3362:
3358:
3357:Crazy like us
3353:
3349:
3343:
3339:
3334:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3320:
3317:
3313:
3312:
3308:
3305:
3301:
3300:
3296:
3293:
3289:
3288:
3284:
3282:
3279:, written by
3278:
3274:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3259:
3255:
3249:
3248:
3236:
3230:
3226:
3219:
3211:
3207:
3200:
3192:
3179:
3163:
3159:
3153:
3145:
3132:
3117:
3113:
3106:
3092:
3088:
3081:
3067:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3038:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3021:
3013:
3005:
3001:
2994:
2986:
2980:
2976:
2969:
2961:
2954:
2946:
2942:
2936:
2928:
2921:
2913:
2907:
2903:
2896:
2881:. History Orb
2880:
2873:
2865:
2859:
2855:
2854:
2846:
2838:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2813:
2804:
2799:
2796:(12): 32–40.
2795:
2791:
2787:
2780:
2772:
2766:
2762:
2761:
2753:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2726:
2711:
2707:
2700:
2692:
2691:
2686:
2680:
2672:
2666:
2659:
2654:
2650:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2635:
2627:
2619:
2613:
2598:
2591:
2589:
2580:
2574:
2570:
2569:
2561:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2508:
2503:
2497:
2489:
2483:
2475:
2469:
2458:
2452:
2443:
2439:
2433:
2424:
2420:
2414:
2405:
2401:
2395:
2387:. p. 81.
2386:
2382:
2378:
2371:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2349:
2345:
2344:
2336:
2328:
2322:
2318:
2311:
2303:
2296:
2288:
2281:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2236:
2228:
2224:
2213:
2210:
2204:
2201:
2195:
2192:
2189:
2186:
2180:
2179:Modernization
2177:
2171:
2168:
2165:
2162:
2159:
2156:
2150:
2147:
2144:
2143:Globalisation
2141:
2138:
2135:
2129:
2126:
2123:
2120:
2117:
2116:
2112:
2109:
2106:
2103:
2100:
2097:
2094:
2088:
2085:
2082:
2079:
2076:
2073:
2067:
2064:
2061:
2060:Acculturation
2058:
2057:
2050:
2045:
2035:
2033:
2029:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1998:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1984:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1962:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1932:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1910:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1886:French Guiana
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1864:and parts of
1863:
1862:New Brunswick
1859:
1855:
1852:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1720:United States
1717:
1713:
1709:
1706:
1705:
1704:
1702:
1696:
1686:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1578:United States
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1544:
1541:
1533:
1522:
1519:
1515:
1512:
1508:
1505:
1501:
1498:
1494:
1491: –
1490:
1486:
1485:Find sources:
1479:
1475:
1469:
1468:
1463:This section
1461:
1457:
1452:
1451:
1443:
1441:
1437:
1432:
1428:
1426:
1425:privatization
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1397:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1376:around 1917,
1375:
1371:
1366:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1355:globalization
1346:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1326:
1323:
1319:
1316:
1312:
1302:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1268:
1267:John C. Bates
1265:
1258:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1230:
1221:
1219:
1215:
1214:
1209:
1205:
1204:visit in 1853
1201:
1196:
1192:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1171:
1162:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1142:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1114:protectionism
1111:
1103:
1100:attempted to
1099:
1095:
1091:
1082:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1067:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1051:
1036:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1023:
1022:
1011:
1008:
1003:
1001:
996:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
977:Latin America
974:
970:
968:
963:
960:
946:
943:
940:
937:
936:
935:
931:
927:
925:
921:
914:institutions.
912:
909:
905:
904:band-wagoning
901:
897:
896:
895:
893:
889:
887:
883:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
819:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
783:customs union
780:
776:
772:
768:
765:
762:
758:
757:United States
754:
750:
749:Chulalongkorn
746:
742:
738:
734:
731:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
709:
706:
702:
697:
693:
689:
686:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
608:
605:
601:
597:
593:
590:
587:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
561:United States
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
527:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
493:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
447:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
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4312:Human rights
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4132:Christianity
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4041:Conservatism
3886:contemporary
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3659:World War II
3619:Emancipation
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1990:South Africa
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1467:verification
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1411:. After the
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395:Western Asia
317:Soviet Union
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283:
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180:Roman Empire
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6208:Naomi Klein
6090:Ulrich Beck
6065:Politics /
6055:Robert Wade
6045:Ronen Palan
6035:Peter Gowan
5985:Amartya Sen
5975:Dani Rodrik
5925:David Autor
5851:Development
5732:Imperialism
5680:Brain drain
5383:Melting pot
5206:Judaisation
4942: [
4707:Arabisation
4547:Open Balkan
4365:integration
4295:Rule of law
4290:Natural law
4267:Agnosticism
4245:Hellenistic
4223:Anglo-Saxon
4153:Catholicism
4092:Atlanticism
3997:Rationalism
3803:Immigration
3786:Esotericism
3644:World War I
3609:Romanticism
3589:Reformation
3569:Renaissance
3547:Middle Ages
3512:Christendom
3441:Foundations
3006:(2): 34–67.
2715:19 November
2212:Westernizer
2194:Pop culture
2164:Melting pot
2081:Colonialism
2002:along with
1966:along with
1928:Philippines
1876:along with
1816:Saint Lucia
1808:Philippines
1734:along with
1716:New Zealand
1671:El Salvador
1574:New Zealand
1295:Shia Muslim
1269:'s uniform.
1218:Datsu-A Ron
1213:Datsu-A Ron
1195:Netherlands
1098:Afghanistan
1060:colonialism
1050:Colonialism
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1021:Orientalism
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825:French rule
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692:Hellenistic
668:, etc.—see
666:Netherlands
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477:Macaronesia
467:), and the
453:West Africa
250:Renaissance
212:communities
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158:colonialism
130:perceptions
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6267:Categories
6150:Paul Hirst
6145:David Held
6010:Samir Amin
6000:Political
5935:Ravi Batra
5876:history of
5871:ecological
5846:Dependency
5794:Offshoring
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5747:linguistic
5712:Fair trade
5692:Care drain
5645:Tax havens
5640:Population
5549:History of
5148:placenames
4888:placenames
4756:placenames
4685:immigrants
4567:Rio Treaty
4078:Relativism
4036:Liberalism
4002:Empiricism
3954:Philosophy
3942:Secularism
3893:Philosophy
3830:Literature
3624:Capitalism
3359:. London.
3328:historian
3263:1403900345
3096:2024-09-14
3071:2024-09-14
2603:2013-11-09
2551:2022-03-22
2538:2013383538
2442:Armenpress
2423:Armenpress
2362:1245991011
2272:1011622231
2220:References
2042:See also:
1946:East Timor
1934:Portuguese
1926:, and the
1902:Martinique
1890:Guadeloupe
1693:See also:
1594:Costa Rica
1576:, and the
1500:newspapers
1401:free trade
1248:epaulettes
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1069:Following
861:Sovietized
626:Portuguese
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559:, and the
523:Portuguese
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387:Azerbaijan
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295:region of
266:linguistic
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118:traditions
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6175:John Urry
6067:sociology
5917:Economics
5821:World war
5544:Globality
5512:education
5024:societies
4712:Armenians
4512:Five Eyes
4507:EU–UK TCA
4349:Democracy
4238:Old Norse
4127:Abrahamic
4084:Peritrope
4066:Tolerance
4046:Socialism
3876:Mythology
3864:Classical
3813:Languages
3791:Astrology
3639:Modernism
3453:Old World
3383:cite book
3375:751584971
3277:Routledge
2665:cite book
2546:25637013M
2516:Hong Kong
2264:145414470
2008:Afrikaans
1986:Afrikaans
1836:Sri Lanka
1828:Singapore
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1712:Australia
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1655:Guatemala
1635:Venezuela
1582:Argentina
1566:Australia
1562:Europeans
1530:July 2021
1409:communism
1380:by 1949,
1359:democracy
1208:Meiji era
981:Confucian
785:with the
634:Argentina
604:East Asia
581:sociology
539:from the
503:Singapore
495:Hong Kong
297:West Asia
187:society.
156:. During
126:mentality
98:lifestyle
94:economics
86:education
66:societies
6240:Category
5909:scholars
5834:Theories
5742:cultural
5737:academic
5441:Journals
4845:Brussels
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4502:Eurozone
4342:Property
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4119:Religion
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3701:Alphabet
3664:Cold War
3168:1 August
3121:1 August
2945:HuffPost
2885:12 April
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2404:MediaMax
2268:ProQuest
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1000:cold war
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433:and the
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