Wetland - Knowledge

487: 3057:, the term wetland is defined "as land that (A) has a predominance of hydric soils, (B) is inundated or saturated by surface or groundwater at a frequency and duration sufficient to support a prevalence of hydrophytic vegetation typically adapted for life in saturated soil conditions and (C) under normal circumstances supports a prevalence of such vegetation." Related to these legal definitions, "normal circumstances" are expected to occur during the wet portion of the growing season under normal climatic conditions (not unusually dry or unusually wet), and in the absence of significant disturbance. It is not uncommon for a wetland to be dry for long portions of the growing season but under normal environmental conditions, the soils will be saturated to the surface or inundated creating anaerobic conditions persisting through the wet portion of the growing season. 52: 9232: 63: 72: 2909:

functions relative to the levels estimated in other wetlands ("calibration sites") assessed previously in a region. Rapid assessment methods, partly because they often use dozens of indicators pertaining to conditions surrounding a wetland as well as within the wetland itself, aim to provide estimates of wetland functions and services that are more accurate and repeatable than simply describing a wetland's class type. A need for wetland assessments to be rapid arises mostly when government agencies set deadlines for decisions affecting a wetland, or when the number of wetlands needing information on their functions or condition is large.

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people and comprise 15% of an additional 3.5 billion people's protein intake. Another food staple found in wetland systems is rice, a popular grain that is consumed at the rate of one fifth of the total global calorie count. In Bangladesh, Cambodia and Vietnam, where rice paddies are predominant on the landscape, rice consumption reach 70%. Some native wetland plants in the Caribbean and Australia are harvested sustainably for medicinal compounds; these include the red mangrove (

1281:(bacteria, fungi). The most important factor is the wetland's duration of flooding. Other important factors include fertility and salinity of the water or soils. The chemistry of water flowing into wetlands depends on the source of water, the geological material that it flows through and the nutrients discharged from organic matter in the soils and plants at higher elevations. Plants and animals may vary within a wetland seasonally or in response to flood regimes. 9954: 8872: 9942: 1405: 643: 2370: 8861: 3132: 2901:

to existing wetlands. Rapid assessment methods are also applied before and after a wetland has been restored or altered, to help monitor or predict the effects of those actions on various wetland functions and the services they provide. Assessments are typically considered to be "rapid" when they require only a single visit to the wetland lasting less than one day, which in some cases may include interpretation of aerial imagery and

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and fishes, and even frogs, lizards, small mammals and water birds. The platypus mainly feeds during the night on a wide variety of aquatic invertebrates, free-swimming organisms such as shrimps, swimming beetles, water bugs and tadpoles, and at times worms, freshwater pea mussels and snails. The fishing bat feeds on aquatic insects, small fish and flies close to the surface of rainforest streams or large lakes and reservoirs.

3160: 3174: 1852:, transporting sediment in suspension into and through waterways. All types of sediments whether composed of clay, silt, sand or gravel and rock can be carried into wetland systems through erosion. Wetland vegetation acts as a physical barrier to slow water flow and then trap sediment for both short or long periods of time. Suspended sediment can contain heavy metals that are also retained when wetlands trap the sediment. 2530:, mechanical seed dispersal, and tree planting on a large scale. In these circumstances the wetland is impaired and without human assistance it would not recover within an acceptable period of time as determined by ecologists. Methods of restoration used will have to be determined on a site by site basis as each location will require a different approach based on levels of disturbance and the local ecosystem dynamics. 5546: 9560: 2397:. Some of the world's most important agricultural areas were wetlands that have been converted to farmland. Since the 1970s, more focus has been put on preserving wetlands for their natural functions. Since 1900, 65–70% of the world's wetlands have been lost. In order to maintain wetlands and sustain their functions, alterations and disturbances that are outside the normal range of variation should be minimized. 2611: 901: 8033: 7122: 2871:. A warming climate makes extremely wet and very dry occurrences more severe, causing more severe floods and droughts. For this reason, some of the ecosystem services that wetlands provide (e.g. water storage and flood control, groundwater replenishment, shoreline stabilization and storm protection) are important for climate change adaptation measures. In most parts of the world and under all 1679:. "The floodplains of major rivers act as natural storage reservoirs, enabling excess water to spread out over a wide area, which reduces its depth and speed. Wetlands close to the headwaters of streams and rivers can slow down rainwater runoff and spring snowmelt so that it does not run straight off the land into water courses. This can help prevent sudden, damaging floods downstream." 3015: 2594:), which is then released into the atmosphere. Peat fires cause the same process to occur rapidly and in addition create enormous clouds of smoke that cross international borders, which now happens almost yearly in Southeast Asia. While peatlands constitute only 3% of the world's land area, their degradation produces 7% of all CO 2322:. All concentrate water into a main channel and waters that historically spread slowly over a large, shallow area are concentrated. Loss of wetland floodplains results in more severe and damaging flooding. Catastrophic human impact in the Mississippi River floodplains was seen in death of several hundred individuals during a 2923:

and are difficult to isolate which translates into an inability to classify the vegetation that defines the wetland. The growing availability of 3D vegetation and topography data from LiDAR has partially addressed the limitation of traditional multispectral imagery, as demonstrated in some case studies across the world.

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satellites do not have sufficient spatial and spectral resolution to monitor wetland conditions, although multispectral IKONOS and QuickBird data may offer improved spatial resolutions once it is 4 m or higher. Majority of the pixels are just mixtures of several plant species or vegetation types

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To achieve consistency among persons doing the assessment, rapid methods present indicator variables as questions or checklists on standardized data forms, and most methods standardize the scoring or rating procedure that is used to combine question responses into estimates of the levels of specified

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of a wetland or group of wetlands. This is often done to prioritize particular wetlands for conservation (avoidance) or to determine the degree to which loss or alteration of wetland functions should be compensated, such as by restoring degraded wetlands elsewhere or providing additional protections

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The value of a wetland to local communities typically involves first mapping a region's wetlands, then assessing the functions and ecosystem services the wetlands provide individually and cumulatively, and finally evaluating that information to prioritize or rank individual wetlands or wetland types

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designed to address global concerns regarding wetland loss and degradation. The primary purposes of the treaty are to list wetlands of international importance and to promote their wise use, with the ultimate goal of preserving the world's wetlands. Methods include restricting access to some wetland

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and used for agricultural purposes. The construction of dykes, and dams, has negative consequences for individual wetlands and entire watersheds. Their proximity to lakes and rivers means that they are often developed for human settlement. Once settlements are constructed and protected by dykes, the

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Arias, P.A., N. Bellouin, E. Coppola, R.G. Jones, G. Krinner, J. Marotzke, V. Naik, M.D. Palmer, G.-K. Plattner, J. Rogelj, M. Rojas, J. Sillmann, T. Storelvmo, P.W. Thorne, B. Trewin, K. Achuta Rao, B. Adhikary, R.P. Allan, K. Armour, G. Bala, R. Barimalala, S. Berger, J.G. Canadell, C. Cassou, A.

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This most expensive and intrusive method of reconstruction requires engineering and ground up reconstruction. Because there is a redesign of the entire ecosystem it is important that the natural trajectory of the ecosystem be considered and that the plant species promoted will eventually return the

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alone. The focus is to eliminate and prevent further disturbance from occurring and for this type of restoration requires prior research to understand the probability that the wetland will recover naturally. This is likely to be the first method of approach since it is the least intrusive and least

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intend to return wetlands to their natural trajectory by aiding directly with the natural processes of the ecosystem. These direct methods vary with respect to the degree of physical manipulation of the natural environment and each are associated with different levels of restoration. Restoration is

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has begun the concept of managed coastal realignment. This management technique provides shoreline protection through restoration of natural wetlands rather than through applied engineering. In East Asia, reclamation of coastal wetlands has resulted in widespread transformation of the coastal zone,

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Mammals live in wetlands because they are adapted to the wet conditions and there is a plentiful supply of their preferred foods. For example: The swamp rat feeds on grasses, sedges, reeds, seeds and insects. The water rat feeds on a wide range of prey including large insects, crustaceans, mussels

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The economic worth of the ecosystem services provided to society by intact, naturally functioning wetlands is frequently much greater than the perceived benefits of converting them to 'more valuable' intensive land use – particularly as the profits from unsustainable use often go to relatively few

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The low oxygen conditions in wetland water and their frequent flooding and drying (daily in tidal wetlands, seasonally in temporary ponds and floodplains) prevent many invertebrates from inhabiting wetlands, and thus the invertebrate fauna of wetlands is often less diverse than some other kinds of

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Sometimes a precise legal definition of a wetland is required. The definition used for regulation by the United States government is: 'The term "wetlands" means those areas that are inundated or saturated by surface or ground water at a frequency and duration to support, and that under normal

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Practically, many natural wetlands are difficult to monitor from the ground as they quite often are difficult to access and may require exposure to dangerous plants and animals as well as diseases borne by insects or other invertebrates. Remote sensing such as aerial imagery and satellite imaging

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Wetlands, the functions and services they provide as well as their flora and fauna, can be affected by several types of disturbances. The disturbances (sometimes termed stressors or alterations) can be human-associated or natural, direct or indirect, reversible or not, and isolated or cumulative.

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of wetlands include aquatic insects (such as dragonflies, aquatic bugs and beetles, midges, mosquitoes), crustaceans (such as crabs, crayfish, shrimps, microcrustaceans), mollusks (such as clams, mussels, snails), and worms (such as polychaetes, oligochaetes, leeches), among others. Invertebrates

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and aerial photos proves more effective at mapping wetlands than the use of aerial photos alone, especially with the aid of modern machine learning methods (e.g., deep learning). Overall, using digital data provides a standardized data-collection procedure and an opportunity for data integration

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Wetlands naturally produce an array of vegetation and other ecological products that can be harvested for personal and commercial use. Many fishes have all or part of their life-cycle occurring within a wetland system. Fresh and saltwater fish are the main source of protein for about one billion

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need both terrestrial and aquatic habitats in which to reproduce and feed. Because amphibians often inhabit depressional wetlands like prairie potholes and Carolina bays, the connectivity among these isolated wetlands is an important control of regional populations. While tadpoles feed on algae,

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Masso, Luana S.; Marani, Luciano; Gatti, Luciana V.; Miller, John B.; Gloor, Manuel; Melack, John; Cassol, Henrique L. G.; Tejada, Graciela; Domingues, Lucas G.; Arai, Egidio; Sanchez, Alber H.; Corrêa, Sergio M.; Anderson, Liana; Aragão, Luiz E. O. C.; Correa, Caio S. C.; Crispim, Stephane P.;

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Each country and region tends to have its own definition of wetlands for legal purposes. In the United States, wetlands are defined as "those areas that are inundated or saturated by surface or groundwater at a frequency and duration sufficient to support, and that under normal circumstances do

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industry's destruction of mangroves. Even though the damaging impact of large-scale shrimp farming on the coastal ecosystem in many Asian countries has been widely recognized for quite some time now, it has proved difficult to mitigate since other employment avenues for people are lacking. Also

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and plant growth using nucleation planting whereby plants radiate from an initial planting site, and promotion of niche diversity or increasing the range of niches to promote use by a variety of different species. These methods can make it easier for the natural species to flourish by removing

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Although developing a global inventory of wetlands has proven to be a large and difficult undertaking, many efforts at more local scales have been successful. Current efforts are based on available data, but both classification and spatial resolution have sometimes proven to be inadequate for

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can be applied as a holistic approach to the restoration of wetlands. These ideas focus more on responding to the observations detected from the environment considering that each part of a wetland ecosystem is interconnected. Applying these practices on specific locations of wetlands increase

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Wetlands are vital ecosystems that enhance the livelihoods for the millions of people who live in and around them. Studies have shown that it is possible to conserve wetlands while improving the livelihoods of people living among them. Case studies conducted in Malawi and Zambia looked at how

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Saunois, Marielle; Stavert, Ann R.; Poulter, Ben; Bousquet, Philippe; Canadell, Josep G.; Jackson, Robert B.; Raymond, Peter A.; Dlugokencky, Edward J.; Houweling, Sander; Patra, Prabir K.; Ciais, Philippe; Arora, Vivek K.; Bastviken, David; Bergamaschi, Peter; Blake, Donald R. (2020-07-15).

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Some types of wetlands can serve as fire breaks that help slow the spread of minor wildfires. Larger wetland systems can influence local precipitation patterns. Some boreal wetland systems in catchment headwaters may help extend the period of flow and maintain water temperature in connected

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A wetland needs to be monitored over time to assess whether it is functioning at an ecologically sustainable level or whether it is becoming degraded. Degraded wetlands will suffer a loss in water quality, loss of sensitive species, and aberrant functioning of soil geochemical processes.

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wetland vegetation can grow in saline and fresh-water conditions. Some species have underwater flowers, while others have long stems to allow the flowers to reach the surface. Submerged species provide a food source for native fauna, habitat for invertebrates, and also possess filtration

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Cherchi, W. Collins, W.D. Collins, S.L. Connors, S. Corti, F. Cruz, F.J. Dentener, C. Dereczynski, A. Di Luca, A. Diongue Niang, F.J. Doblas-Reyes, A. Dosio, H. Douville, F. Engelbrecht, V. Eyring, E. Fischer, P. Forster, B. Fox-Kemper, J.S. Fuglestvedt, J.C. Fyfe, et al., 2021:

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Salinity has a strong influence on wetland water chemistry, particularly in coastal wetlands and in arid and semiarid regions with large precipitation deficits. Natural salinity is regulated by interactions between ground and surface water, which may be influenced by human activity.

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For each of these definitions and others, regardless of the purpose, hydrology is emphasized (shallow waters, water-logged soils). The soil characteristics and the plants and animals controlled by the wetland hydrology are often additional components of the definitions.

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is continuing to develop rapidly throughout the Asia-Pacific region especially in China where 90% of the total number of aquaculture farms occur, contributing 80% of global value. Some aquaculture has eliminated massive areas of wetland through practices such as the

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which adopts decisions (site designations, resolutions and recommendations) to administer the work of the convention and improve the way in which the parties are able to implement its objectives. In 2022, COP14 was co-held in Wuhan, China, and Geneva, Switzerland.

2303:) reduces the ability of coupled river-floodplain systems to control flood damage. That is because modified and less expansive systems must still manage the same amount of precipitation, causing flood peaks to be higher or deeper and floodwaters to travel faster. 2022:. The impact of maintaining biodiversity is seen at the local level through job creation, sustainability, and community productivity. A good example is the Lower Mekong basin which runs through Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam, supporting over 55 million people. 6795:

Christensen, T. R., A. Ekberg, L. Strom, M. Mastepanov, N. Panikov, M. Oquist, B. H. Svenson, H. Nykanen, P. J. Martikainen, and H. Oskarsson (2003), Factors controlling large scale variations in methane emissions from wetlands, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 1414,

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Prestes, Luiza; Barthem, Ronaldo; Mello-Filho, Adauto; Anderson, Elizabeth; Correa, Sandra B.; Couto, Thiago Belisario D'Araujo; Venticinque, Eduardo; Forsberg, Bruce; Cañas, Carlos; Bentes, Bianca; Goulding, Michael (2022-03-02). Aguirre, Windsor E. (ed.).

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The ability of wetland systems to store or remove nutrients and trap sediment is highly efficient and effective but each system has a threshold. An overabundance of nutrient input from fertilizer run-off, sewage effluent, or non-point pollution will cause

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for conservation, management, restoration, or development. Over the longer term, it requires keeping inventories of known wetlands and monitoring a representative sample of the wetlands to determine changes due to both natural and human factors.

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and up to 65% of coastal wetlands have been destroyed by coastal development. One analysis using the impact of hurricanes versus storm protection provided naturally by wetlands projected the value of this service at US$ 33,000/hectare/year.

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An ecological definition of a wetland is "an ecosystem that arises when inundation by water produces soils dominated by anaerobic and aerobic processes, which, in turn, forces the biota, particularly rooted plants, to adapt to flooding".

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Houghton, J. T., et al. (Eds.) (2001) Projections of future climate change, Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis, Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 881

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Colvin, Susan A. R.; Sullivan, S. Mažeika P.; Shirey, Patrick D.; Colvin, Randall W.; Winemiller, Kirk O.; Hughes, Robert M.; Fausch, Kurt D.; Infante, Dana M.; Olden, Julian D.; Bestgen, Kevin R.; Danehy, Robert J.; Eby, Lisa (2019).

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Populations of many species are confined geographically to only one or a few wetland systems, often due to the long period of time that the wetlands have been physically isolated from other aquatic sources. For example, the number of

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Some wetland invertebrates thrive in habitats that lack predatory fish. Many insects only inhabit wetlands as aquatic immatures (nymphs, larvae) and the flying adults inhabit upland habitats, returning to the wetlands to lay eggs.

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expensive although some biophysical non-intrusive manipulation may be required to enhance the rate of succession to an acceptable level. Example methods include prescribed burns to small areas, promotion of site specific soil

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Factors influencing selected approach may include budget, time scale limitations, project goals, level of disturbance, landscape and ecological constraints, political and administrative agendas and socioeconomic priorities.

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Swindles, Graeme T.; Morris, Paul J.; Mullan, Donal J.; Payne, Richard J.; Roland, Thomas P.; Amesbury, Matthew J.; Lamentowicz, Mariusz; Turner, T. Edward; Gallego-Sala, Angela; Sim, Thomas; Barr, Iestyn D. (2019-10-21).

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support, a prevalence of vegetation typically adapted for life in saturated soil conditions. Wetlands generally include swamps, marshes, bogs and similar areas". This definition has been used in the enforcement of the

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of a wetland. There is no one way to restore a wetland and the level of restoration required will be based on the level of disturbance although, each method of restoration does require preparation and administration.

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in two ways: by conservation, reducing the greenhouse gas emissions arising from the loss and degradation of such habitats, and by restoration, to increase carbon dioxide drawdown and its long-term storage. However,

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productivity, biodiversity, and improve its resilience. These practices include monitoring wetland resources, planting propagules, and addition of key species in order to create a self-sustaining wetland ecosystem.

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Costanza, Robert; Anderson, Sharolyn J.; Sutton, Paul; Mulder, Kenneth; Mulder, Obadiah; Kubiszewski, Ida; Wang, Xuantong; Liu, Xin; Pérez-Maqueo, Octavio; Luisa Martinez, M.; Jarvis, Diane; Dee, Greg (2021-09-01).

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settlements then become vulnerable to land subsidence and ever increasing risk of flooding. The Mississippi River Delta around New Orleans, Louisiana is a well-known example; the Danube Delta in Europe is another.

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of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen, and the solubility of phosphorus thus contributing to the chemical variations in its water. Wetlands with low pH and saline conductivity may reflect the presence of acid

1540:. Wetlands attract many mammals due to abundant seeds, berries, and other vegetation as food for herbivores, as well as abundant populations of invertebrates, small reptiles and amphibians as prey for predators. 1993:) from the water. Constructed wetlands are designed to remove water pollutants such as suspended solids, organic matter and nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus). All types of pathogens (i.e., bacteria, viruses, 1187:

Fen peatlands receive water both from precipitation and ground water in varying amounts so their water chemistry ranges from acidic with low levels of dissolved minerals to alkaline with high accumulation of

514:, or is present either at or near the surface of the soil all year or for varying periods of time during the year, including during the growing season". A patch of land that develops pools of water after a 778:

are a unique kind of wetland where lush plant growth and slow decay of dead plants (under anoxic conditions) results in organic peat accumulating; bogs, fens, and mires are different names for peatlands.

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provides effective tools to map and monitor wetlands across large geographic regions and over time. Many remote sensing methods can be used to map wetlands. The integration of multi-sourced data such as

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Wetland hydrology is associated with the spatial and temporal dispersion, flow, and physio-chemical attributes of surface and ground waters. Sources of hydrological flows into wetlands are predominantly

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For this strategy, a mixture of natural regeneration and manipulated environmental control is used. This may require some engineering, and more intensive biophysical manipulations including ripping of

2326:. Human-made embankments along the Yangtze River floodplains have caused the main channel of the river to become prone to more frequent and damaging flooding. Some of these events include the loss of 3416:

Giri, C.; Pengra, B.; Zhu, Z.; Singh, A.; Tieszen, L.L. (2007). "Monitoring mangrove forest dynamics of the Sundarbans in Bangladesh and India using multi-temporal satellite data from 1973 to 2000".

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stabilize the coastal zone from the interior and will migrate with the shoreline to remain adjacent to the boundary of the water. The main conservation benefit these systems have against storms and

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Other mangrove-derived products include fuelwood, salt (produced by evaporating seawater), animal fodder, traditional medicines (e.g. from mangrove bark), fibers for textiles and dyes and tannins.

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systems and have benefits such as flood mitigation, removing pollutants, carbon sequestration, providing habitat for wildlife and biodiversity in often highly urbanised and fragmented landscapes.

920:, midway between the North or South Poles and the equator. In these zones, summers are warm and winters are cold, but temperatures are not extreme. In subtropical zone wetlands, such as along the 2586:. As a result of peat drainage, the organic carbon that had built up over thousands of years and is normally under water is suddenly exposed to the air. The peat decomposes and is converted into 2345:

is a major problem for sustainable use of wetlands. Concerns are developing over certain aspects of farm fishing, which uses natural wetlands and waterways to harvest fish for human consumption.

968:, where heavy rains occur, they can receive up to 10,000 mm (390 in). In some drier regions, wetlands exist where as little as 180 mm (7.1 in) precipitation occurs each year. 6866:

Tiwari, Shashank; Singh, Chhatarpal; Singh, Jay Shankar (2020). "Wetlands: A Major Natural Source Responsible for Methane Emission". In Upadhyay, Atul Kumar; Singh, Ranjan; Singh, D. P. (eds.).

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because their thin skin permits absorption of nutrients and toxins from the surrounding environment resulting in increased extinction rates in unfavorable and polluted environmental conditions.

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Smith, M. J.; Schreiber, E. S. G.; Kohout, M.; Ough, K.; Lennie, R.; Turnbull, D.; Jin, C.; Clancy, T. (2007). "Wetlands as landscape units: spatial patterns in salinity and water chemistry".

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areas, as well as educating the public to combat the misconception that wetlands are wastelands. The Convention works closely with five International Organisation Partners (IOPs). These are:

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downstream waters. Pollination services are supported by many wetlands which may provide the only suitable habitat for pollinating insects, birds, and mammals in highly developed areas.

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Mudflats, saltmarshes, mangroves, and seagrass beds have high levels of both species richness and productivity, and are home to important nursery areas for many commercial fish stocks.

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are common in wetlands of some regions. In freshwater wetlands of the Southeastern US, alligators are common and a freshwater species of crocodile occurs in South Florida. The Florida

1888:. The wetlands cover 125 square kilometres (48 sq mi), and are used to treat Kolkata's sewage. The nutrients contained in the wastewater sustain fish farms and agriculture. 1120:(the movement of water through and from a wetland) affects hydro-periods (temporal fluctuations in water levels) by controlling the water balance and water storage within a wetland. 630:

circumstances do support, a prevalence of vegetation typically adapted for life in saturated soil conditions. Wetlands generally included swamps, marshes, bogs, and similar areas.'

2330:, a 30% loss of the vegetation cover throughout the river's basin, a doubling of the percentage of the land affected by soil erosion, and a reduction in reservoir capacity through 9391: 9883: 4356:

Nelson, M. L.; Rhoades, C. C.; Dwire, K. A. (2011). "Influences of Bedrock Geology on Water Chemistry of Slope Wetlands and Headwaters Streams in the Southern Rocky Mountains".

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Mazzotti, F.J.; Best, G.R.; Brandt, L.A.; Cherkiss, M.S.; Jeffery, B.M.; Rice, K.G. (2009). "Alligators and crocodiles as indicators for restoration of Everglades ecosystems".

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comes from nitrogen inputs to aquatic systems and have drastically effected the dissolved nitrogen content of wetlands, introducing higher nutrient availability which leads to

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in its gaseous forms (carbon dioxide and methane). The ability of many tidal wetlands to store carbon and minimize methane flux from tidal sediments has led to sponsorship of

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Piczak, Morgan L.; Chow-Fraser, Patricia (2019-06-01). "Assessment of critical habitat for common snapping turtles (Chelydra serpentina) in an urbanized coastal wetland".

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comprise more than half of the known animal species in wetlands, and are considered the primary food web link between plants and higher animals (such as fish and birds).

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Wetlands are found throughout the world in different climates. Temperatures vary greatly depending on the location of the wetland. Many of the world's wetlands are in the

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Minh, L. Q.; Tuong, T. P.; van Mensvoort, M. E. F.; Bouma, J. (1998). "Soil and water table management effects on aluminum dynamics in an acid sulphate soil in Vietnam".

2715:, soil temperature, and the composition of the soil. A warmer, more anaerobic environment with soil rich in organic matter would allow for more efficient methanogenesis. 1959:. The design of the constructed wetland has to be adjusted according to the type of wastewater to be treated. Constructed wetlands have been used in both centralized and 2918:

regional or site-specific environmental management decision making. It is difficult to identify small, long, and narrow wetlands within the landscape. Many of today's

1686:, the Niger river inland delta, the Zambezi River flood plain, the Okavango River inland delta, the Kafue River flood plain, the Lake Bangweulu flood plain (Africa), 5696:"Classification and inventory of freshwater wetlands and aquatic habitats in the Selenga River Delta of Lake Baikal, Russia, using high-resolution satellite imagery" 2410:– wet, grassy valleys or depressions where water seeps to the surface – can be farmed sustainably. Project outcomes included a high yield of crops, development of 7674:

Cook, Bruce D.; Bolstad, Paul V.; Næsset, Erik; Anderson, Ryan S.; Garrigues, Sebastian; Morisette, Jeffrey T.; Nickeson, Jaime; Davis, Kenneth J. (2009-11-16).

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Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

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would not necessarily be considered a "wetland", even though the land is wet. Wetlands have unique characteristics: they are generally distinguished from other

9386: 2650:. Wetlands account for approximately 20–30% of atmospheric methane through emissions from soils and plants, and contribute an approximate average of 161 Tg of 7586: 3766: 1362:. The upland boundary of swamps is determined partly by water levels. This can be affected by dams Some swamps can be dominated by a single species, such as 7469:

Emerton, Lucy (2016), Finlayson, C. Max; Everard, Mark; Irvine, Kenneth; McInnes, Robert J. (eds.), "Economic Valuation of Wetlands: Total Economic Value",

7448: 5543:. (C. Haas, J.R. Mihelcic and M.E. Verbyla) (eds) Part 4 Management Of Risk from Excreta and Wastewater) Michigan State University, E. Lansing, MI, UNESCO. 4532:

Sievers, Michael; Brown, Christopher J.; Tulloch, Vivitskaia J. D.; Pearson, Ryan M.; Haig, Jodie A.; Turschwell, Mischa P.; Connolly, Rod M. (2019-09-01).

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Water management engineering developments in the past century have degraded floodplain wetlands through the construction of artificial embankments such as

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to classify wetland by type: Marine and coastal zone wetlands, inland wetlands and human-made wetlands. In the US, the best known classifications are the

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A simplified definition of wetland is "an area of land that is usually saturated with water". More precisely, wetlands are areas where "water covers the

6127:"Impacts on quality of inland wetlands of the United States: A survey of indicators, techniques, and applications of community-level biomonitoring data" 7676:"Using LiDAR and quickbird data to model plant production and quantify uncertainties associated with wetland detection and land cover generalizations" 4403: 474:

by raising public awareness of the functions that wetlands can provide. Since 1971, work under an international treaty seeks to identify and protect "

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A Directory of Important Wetlands in Australia: Third edition, Chapter 2: Wetland classification system, Criteria for inclusion and Data presentation

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Richardson, J. L.; Arndt, J. L.; Montgomery, J. A. (2001). "Hydrology of wetland and related soils". In Richardson, J. L.; Vepraskas, M. J. (eds.).

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van der Kamp, Garth; Hayashi, Masaki (2009-02-01). "Groundwater-wetland ecosystem interaction in the semiarid glaciated plains of North America".

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removal using coastal blue carbon restoration has questionable cost-effectiveness when considered only as a climate mitigation action, either for

9416: 2001:) are expected to be removed to some extent in a constructed wetland. Subsurface wetlands provide greater pathogen removal than surface wetlands. 5373: 4744:

Messel, H. 1981. Surveys of tidal river systems in the Northern Territory of Australia and their crocodile populations (Vol. 1). Pergamon Press.

10110: 10077: 8645: 6417:

Lander, Brian (2014). "State Management of River Dikes in Early China: New Sources on the Environmental History of the Central Yangzi Region".

5944: 5835:

Béné, Christophe; Barange, Manuel; Subasinghe, Rohana; Pinstrup-Andersen, Per; Merino, Gorka; Hemre, Gro-Ingunn; Williams, Meryl (2015-04-01).

6015:

McInnes, Robert J. (2016), Finlayson, C. Max; Everard, Mark; Irvine, Kenneth; McInnes, Robert J. (eds.), "Managing Wetlands for Pollination",

5303:

IUCN situation analysis on East and Southeast Asian intertidal habitats, with particular reference to the Yellow Sea (including the Bohai Sea)

2034:

Intertidal mudflats have a level of productivity similar to that of some wetlands even while possessing a low number of species. The abundant

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are highly dependent on wetland ecosystems. Seventy-five percent of the United States' commercial fish and shellfish stocks depend solely on

486: 7057: 8908: 3850:

Sharitz, Rebecca R.; Batzer, Darold P.; Pennings, Steven C. (2019-12-31). "Ecology of Freshwater and Estuarine Wetlands: An Introduction".

10131: 10100: 9256: 6153:

Indicators for Monitoring Biological Integrity of Inland Freshwater Wetlands: A Survey of North American Technical Literature (1990–2000)

4610: 4060:

Vitt, D. H.; Chee, W (1990). "The relationships of vegetation to surface water chemistry and peat chemistry in fens of Alberta, Canada".

2548:

In many cases constructed wetlands are often designed to treat stormwater/wastewater runoff. They can be used in developments as part of

1730:

visibly seen in wetlands only represents a portion of the overall water cycle, which also includes atmospheric water (precipitation) and

6297:

Gastescu, P. (1993). The Danube Delta: geographical characteristics and ecological recovery. Earth and Environmental Science, 29, 57–67.

5958:

Leibowitz, Scott G.; Wigington, Parker J.; Schofield, Kate A.; Alexander, Laurie C.; Vanderhoof, Melanie K.; Golden, Heather E. (2018).

9001: 3929: 2323: 2267:, Australia, have overtaken entire wetland systems overwhelming the habitats and reducing the diversity of native plants and animals. 1790:

can help with shoreline stabilization and storm protection. Tidal and inter-tidal wetland systems protect and stabilize coastal zones.

1671:

Floodplains and closed-depression wetlands can provide the functions of storage reservoirs and flood protection. The wetland system of

9231: 7236:

Roulet, N. T. (2000). "Peatlands, Carbon Storage, Greenhouse Gases, And The Kyoto Protocol: Prospects And Significance For Canada".

5780:"Fish as food: aquaculture's contribution: Ecological and economic impacts and contributions of fish farming and capture fisheries" 3087: 2454: 879:, Carolina bays and baygalls of the Southeastern US, mallines of Argentina, Mediterranean seasonal ponds of Europe and California, 51: 5081: 4014:"Peatlands, climate change mitigation and biodiversity conservation | The Convention on Wetlands, The Convention on Wetlands" 9406: 9191: 3193: 575:

In environmental decision-making, there are subsets of definitions that are agreed upon to make regulatory and policy decisions.

7090:"Carbon Removal Using Coastal Blue Carbon Ecosystems Is Uncertain and Unreliable, With Questionable Climatic Cost-Effectiveness" 4206:

Moore, P. A. Jr.; Reddy, K. R. (1994). "Role of Eh and pH on phosphorus geochemistry in sediments of Lake Okeechobee, Florida".

4013: 8750: 8682: 2627: 2603: 1876:

Constructed wetlands are built for wastewater treatment. An example of how a natural wetland is used to provide some degree of

1423:

to survive. Tropical fish species need mangroves for critical hatchery and nursery grounds and the coral reef system for food.

1017:, and other factors, including human involvement. Other important factors include fertility, natural disturbance, competition, 408: 10067: 7966: 7488: 7067: 6883: 6821: 6602: 6575: 6548: 6179:; Dolph, Christine L.; Hansen, Amy T. (February 2018). "Contribution of wetlands to nitrate removal at the watershed scale". 6034: 5920: 4857: 4313:

Bedford, B. L. (1996). "The need to define hydrologic equivalence at the landscape scale for freshwater wetland mitigation".

3867: 3663: 3635: 3605: 2875:, water cycle variability and accompanying extremes are anticipated to rise more quickly than the changes of average values. 905: 3791: 3242: 1765:. Wetlands can also act as recharge areas when the surrounding water table is low and as a discharge zone when it is high. 9421: 6650: 5306:, Occasional Paper of the IUCN Species Survival Commission No. 47, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK: IUCN, p. 70, 2991: 1963:. Primary treatment is recommended when there is a large amount of suspended solids or soluble organic matter (measured as 475: 7129: 5398: 9519: 9381: 8745: 7430:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 33–144. doi:10.1017/9781009157896.002. 3905: 2905:(GIS) analyses of existing spatial data, but not detailed post-visit laboratory analyses of water or biological samples. 1841:. A natural function of wetland vegetation is the up-take, storage, and (for nitrate) the removal of nutrients found in 932:

can exceed 50 °C (122 °F) and these habitats would therefore be subject to rapid evaporation. In northeastern

10516: 8065: 6484:"Good practices and lessons learned in integrating ecosystem conservation and poverty reduction objectives in wetlands" 5762: 5119: 4814: 3967: 3374: 3252: 2774: 1774: 7757:"The Use of Traditional and Modern Tools for Monitoring Wetlands Biodiversity in Africa: Challenges and Opportunities" 875:

Some wetlands have localized names unique to a region such as the prairie potholes of North America's northern plain,

10041: 9411: 6243: 5311: 5165: 4297: 4170: 3091: 2872: 2500:

For this strategy, there is no biophysical manipulation and the ecosystem is left to recover based on the process of

2465:. The partners provide technical expertise, help conduct or facilitate field studies and provide financial support. 6109: 5563: 4441:

The Flooded Forest: Guidance for policy makers and river managers in Europe on the restoration of floodplain forests

3741: 2142:. Disturbance puts different levels of stress on an environment depending on the type and duration of disturbance. 9990: 9046: 8901: 6701:"Methane emissions from wetlands: biogeochemical, microbial, and modeling perspectives from local to global scales" 6235: 3393: 2561: 2101: 2057:

in Russia classifies it as a hotspot for biodiversity and one of the most biodiverse wetlands in the entire world.

7575: 5889: 3770: 3304:

Davidson, N.C. (2014). "How much wetland has the world lost? Long-term and recent trends in global wetland area".

1161:, and the sources of water. Water chemistry varies across landscapes and climatic regions. Wetlands are generally 10423: 10157: 8241: 7440: 7423: 6817:"Amazon methane budget derived from multi-year airborne observations highlights regional variations in emissions" 6570:. Ottawa, Canada: International Program on Traditional Ecological and International Development Research Centre. 5301: 1960: 1928: 1574: 797: 463: 7249: 4031: 1734:. Many wetlands are directly linked to groundwater and they can be a crucial regulator of both the quantity and 1358:

When trees and shrubs comprise much of the plant cover in saturated soils, those areas in most cases are called

10470: 9873: 6483: 4630:

Zamberletti, Patrizia; Zaffaroni, Marta; Accatino, Francesco; Creed, Irena F.; De Michele, Carlo (2018-09-24).

4533: 747:

and the hydrogeomorphic (HGM) classification system. The Cowardin system includes five main types of wetlands:

744: 80:

Wetlands come in different sizes and types. From top left: Upland vs. wetland vs. lacustrine zones; freshwater

7652: 7503: 7148:. Climate Ready Estuaries Program, EPA 430-F-08-024. Washington, DC: US Environmental Protection Agency. 2009. 5158:

Ecosystems and human well-being: wetlands and water synthesis: a report of the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment

3624:

Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Wetlands and Water Synthesis: a report of the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment

2743: 564:, providing a transition between dry land and water bodies. Wetlands exist "...at the interface between truly 8755: 8470: 8194: 3007: 2942: 2902: 1739: 1569:

Depending on a wetland's geographic and topographic location, the functions it performs can support multiple

928:

are subjected to much higher temperatures for a large portion of the year. Temperatures for wetlands on the

10136: 9893: 9878: 8765: 6346: 2549: 9999: 7898: 7853:

Munizaga, Juan; García, Mariano; Ureta, Fernando; Novoa, Vanessa; Rojas, Octavio; Rojas, Carolina (2022).

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and mixing with the air (from winds or water flows). Water chemistry within wetlands is determined by the

137:, either permanently, for years or decades, or only seasonally for a shorter periods. Flooding results in 10531: 10521: 10377: 10062: 9888: 8894: 8650: 7920: 7636: 2704: 2027: 1663:

plants, dams, levees, and other hard infrastructure, and many of the services are impossible to replace.

494: 6126: 4977:"Ecological impact of beavers Castor fiber and Castor canadensis and their ability to modify ecosystems" 10382: 10072: 9196: 8735: 7855:"Mapping Coastal Wetlands Using Satellite Imagery and Machine Learning in a Highly Urbanized Landscape" 7718:"Fusion of Lidar and Aerial Imagery to Map Wetlands and Channels via Deep Convolutional Neural Network" 5146:

Vol. I. Critical Review and Evaluation Concepts. FHWA-IP-82-23. Federal Highway Admin., Washington, DC.

4976: 3622: 2733:-depleting substance emitted in the 21st century. Wetlands can also act as a sink for greenhouse gases. 2662: 2462: 1746:

or occur in areas with highly variable and fluctuating water tables have especially important roles in

651: 594:

or water, whether natural or artificial, permanent or temporary, with water that is static or flowing,

62: 7986:

Rubec, Clayton DA; Hanson, Alan R (2009). "Wetland mitigation and compensation: Canadian experience".

6259:

Keddy, P.A.; Campbell, D.; McFalls, T.; Shaffer, G.P.; Moreau, R.; Dranguet, C.; Heleniak, R. (2007).

5428: 4631: 2795:

Wetlands store approximately 44.6 million tonnes of carbon per year globally (estimate from 2003). In

10480: 10392: 9504: 9398: 8037: 5377: 4883:"Bats and wetlands: synthesising gaps in current knowledge and future opportunities for conservation" 3284: 2857: 2851: 2761: 2222:

Impairment or severe disturbance: Human intervention may be needed in order for ecosystem to recover.

1964: 1747: 1640: 1636: 455: 404: 5024:

Kerk, Madelon; Onorato, David P.; Hostetler, Jeffrey A.; Bolker, Benjamin M.; Oli, Madan K. (2019).

4487:"Headwater Streams and Wetlands are Critical for Sustaining Fish, Fisheries, and Ecosystem Services" 4192: 2747: 403:

of carbon, depending on the specific wetland. If they function as a carbon sink, they can help with

10536: 10511: 10402: 9957: 9750: 9745: 9041: 8714: 2726: 2165: 31: 17: 7942: 3816: 10387: 9658: 9469: 9363: 9091: 9081: 8425: 7675: 7528: 6908: 6308: 5694:

Lane, Charles R.; Anenkhonov, Oleg; Liu, Hongxing; Autrey, Bradley C.; Chepinoga, Victor (2015).

5656: 5590:"Proactively averting the collapse of Amazon fisheries based on three migratory flagship species" 5332: 3962:. Temple Big Thicket Series #5 (Third ed.). Denton, Texas: University of North Texas Press. 3452: 2692: 2411: 2382: 1990: 1154: 846: 412: 7796:

Bhatnagar, Saheba; Gill, Laurence; Regan, Shane; Waldren, Stephen; Ghosh, Bidisha (2021-04-01).

2219:

Moderate disturbance: Ecosystem integrity is damaged but can recover in time without assistance.

2114:

factors such as flooding or drought. Humans are disturbing and damaging wetlands for example by

2080:) which possesses antibacterial, wound-healing, anti-ulcer effects, and antioxidant properties. 952:

The amount of precipitation a wetland receives varies widely according to its area. Wetlands in

9484: 9474: 9176: 9161: 8760: 8637: 8531: 8058: 3187: 3083: 2687:. This high level of water saturation creates conditions conducive to methane production. Most 2458: 2446: 2115: 1968: 1833:, mangroves. Wetlands cycle both sediments and nutrients, sometimes serving as buffers between 427: 71: 936:, which has a polar climate, wetland temperatures can be as low as −50 °C (−58 °F). 10372: 9903: 9830: 9765: 9630: 9605: 9580: 9464: 9211: 8991: 8405: 7717: 6651:"Carbon budgets for 1.5 and 2 °C targets lowered by natural wetland and permafrost feedbacks" 6309:"River channel change during the last 50 years in the middle Yangtze River, the Jianli reach" 6176: 3937: 2501: 2479: 2202: 1881: 1834: 1392: 1253:

and wetlands with average salinity levels can be heavily influenced by calcium or magnesium.

1237: 606:, including areas of marine water the depth of which at low tide does not exceed six meters." 565: 242: 158: 7529:"Rapid Assessment of Wetland Ecosystem Services (RAWES): An example from Colombo, Sri Lanka" 7159: 6565: 5960:"Connectivity of Streams and Wetlands to Downstream Waters: An Integrated Systems Framework" 5026:"Dynamics, Persistence, and Genetic Management of the Endangered Florida Panther Population" 3364: 944:, thus delaying or preventing its thawing during summer, as well as inducing its formation. 10485: 10465: 10407: 10367: 10362: 9983: 9638: 9600: 8931: 8665: 7995: 7809: 7687: 7540: 7284: 7200: 7012: 6920: 6830: 6712: 6665: 6514: 6320: 6188: 6063: 5971: 5707: 5668: 5657:"Food supply in intertidal area for shorebirds during stopover at Chongming Dongtan, China" 5601: 5479: 5347: 5254: 5198: 5037: 4763: 4719: 4643: 4632:"Connectivity among wetlands matters for vulnerable amphibian populations in wetlandscapes" 4545: 4498: 4365: 4322: 4258: 4215: 4119: 3464: 3425: 2995: 2800: 2364: 1605: 1476:

inhabits estuaries and mangroves and can be seen along the Eastern coastline of Australia.

1142: 1108:, surface water (saltwater or freshwater), and groundwater. Water flows out of wetlands by 471: 388: 178: 6699:

Bridgham, Scott D.; Cadillo-Quiroz, Hinsby; Keller, Jason K.; Zhuang, Qianlai (May 2013).

6619:"Wetlands International works to sustain and restore wetlands for people and biodiversity" 5536: 4227: 2979:(wetlands). It is also known as the Convention on Wetlands. It is named after the city of 2717:

Some wetlands are a significant source of methane emissions and some are also emitters of

572:

systems, making them inherently different from each other, yet highly dependent on both."

8: 10438: 10279: 10095: 9860: 9514: 9323: 9281: 9051: 9011: 8845: 8496: 6446:"How much wetland has the world lost? Long-term and recent trends in global wetland area" 3101: 3018: 2969:

Ramsar Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat

2892:

Rapid assessment methods are used to score, rank, rate, or categorize various functions,

2643: 2539: 2474: 2327: 2244: 2039: 2019: 1952: 1912: 1893: 1609: 1473: 1351: 1241: 345: 7999: 7813: 7691: 7544: 7288: 7204: 7016: 6924: 6834: 6716: 6700: 6669: 6518: 6386: 6324: 6192: 6067: 5975: 5711: 5672: 5605: 5483: 5351: 5258: 5202: 5041: 4929: 4882: 4767: 4723: 4647: 4549: 4502: 4486: 4369: 4326: 4262: 4219: 4123: 3891: 3468: 3429: 2377:. The bog has an area of 2,147 hectares (5,310 acres) and has been protected since 1992. 2299:

or development activities that narrow floodplain corridors (such as the construction of

2069:

Wetland at the Broadmoor Wildlife Sanctuary in Massachusetts, United States, in February

10306: 10296: 9780: 9775: 9643: 9585: 9479: 9328: 9246: 9131: 9111: 9021: 8964: 8709: 8627: 8536: 8410: 8395: 8375: 8276: 8271: 8011: 7835: 7798:"A nested drone-satellite approach to monitoring the ecological conditions of wetlands" 7737: 7556: 7382: 7357: 7315: 7272: 7253: 7218: 7038: 6972: 6947: 6946:

Thompson, A. J.; Giannopoulos, G.; Pretty, J.; Baggs, E. M.; Richardson, D. J. (2012).

6889: 6848: 6736: 6681: 6212: 6097: 5992: 5959: 5938: 5866: 5812: 5779: 5751: 5731: 5632: 5589: 5508: 5467: 5429:"Recent research challenges in constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment: A review" 5222: 5063: 4957: 4910: 4863: 4787: 4667: 4587: 4514: 4381: 4338: 4180: 4135: 4077: 3873: 3516: 3491: 3490:

Thompson, A. J.; Giannopoulos, G.; Pretty, J.; Baggs, E. M.; Richardson, D. J. (2012).

3321: 3151: 3097: 3054: 2980: 2893: 2414:

techniques, and water management strategies that generate enough water for irrigation.

2226: 2135: 1982: 1838: 1818: 1660: 1656: 1600: 1570: 1109: 447: 372: 341: 194: 6372:

Man-Made Lowlands: History of water management and land reclamation in the Netherlands

6260: 5680: 5331:

Murray, N. J.; Clemens, R. S.; Phinn, S. R.; Possingham, H. P.; Fuller, R. A. (2014).

4270: 4162: 3930:"NPWRC :: Classification of Wetlands and Deepwater Habitats of the United States" 239: 10506: 10475: 10397: 10326: 10316: 10239: 9790: 9668: 9615: 9534: 9201: 9166: 9106: 9066: 9036: 9006: 8917: 8875: 8785: 8692: 8501: 8443: 8306: 8281: 8051: 7876: 7839: 7827: 7778: 7741: 7656: 7484: 7387: 7320: 7302: 7111: 7063: 7030: 6977: 6893: 6879: 6852: 6778: 6756: 6728: 6685: 6598: 6571: 6544: 6465: 6280: 6239: 6204: 6151: 6101: 6089: 6030: 5997: 5926: 5916: 5858: 5817: 5799: 5758: 5723: 5695: 5637: 5619: 5513: 5495: 5448: 5406: 5307: 5282: 5226: 5214: 5171: 5161: 5125: 5115: 5067: 5055: 5006: 4992: 4961: 4949: 4914: 4902: 4853: 4839: 4820: 4810: 4779: 4659: 4591: 4579: 4571: 4293: 4231: 4166: 3963: 3877: 3863: 3669: 3659: 3631: 3601: 3521: 3370: 3248: 2968: 2960: 2897: 2639: 2579: 2433: 2423: 2236: 2076: 2065: 2015: 1865: 1687: 1578: 1564: 1284: 929: 856: 705: 579: 467: 368: 162: 8015: 7822: 7797: 7560: 7479: 7222: 6948:"Biological sources and sinks of nitrous oxide and strategies to mitigate emissions" 6740: 6505:

Corbin, JD; Holl, KD (2012). "Applied nucleation as a forest restoration strategy".

6403: 6216: 6051: 6025: 5870: 5735: 5491: 5267: 5242: 4867: 4791: 4671: 4655: 4518: 4385: 4139: 4081: 3492:"Biological sources and sinks of nitrous oxide and strategies to mitigate emissions" 3325: 1900: 1084:. Other important factors include soil fertility, natural disturbance, competition, 10526: 10336: 9898: 9590: 9494: 9446: 9358: 9251: 8949: 8506: 8420: 8301: 8110: 8003: 7866: 7817: 7768: 7729: 7695: 7648: 7548: 7474: 7377: 7369: 7338: 7310: 7292: 7257: 7245: 7208: 7101: 7042: 7020: 6967: 6959: 6928: 6871: 6838: 6797: 6768: 6720: 6673: 6522: 6457: 6426: 6332: 6328: 6272: 6196: 6157: 6079: 6071: 6020: 5987: 5979: 5848: 5807: 5791: 5715: 5676: 5627: 5609: 5503: 5487: 5440: 5355: 5272: 5262: 5206: 5045: 4996: 4988: 4941: 4894: 4845: 4771: 4727: 4651: 4561: 4553: 4506: 4373: 4330: 4266: 4223: 4158: 4127: 4069: 3855: 3511: 3503: 3472: 3433: 3313: 3047: 2438:

Convention on Wetlands of International Importance, especially as Waterfowl Habitat

2275:

To increase economic productivity, wetlands are often converted into dry land with

2248: 1940: 1936: 1877: 1826: 1439: 1318: 1303: 1245: 1180:

ionic composition. In contrast, wetlands fed by groundwater or tides have a higher

851: 812: 733: 264: 8460: 7963: 5795: 5550: 5444: 4731: 4709: 3836:

Environmental Laboratory. (1987). Corps of Engineers wetlands delineation manual.

2756:

Studies have favorably identified the potential for coastal wetlands (also called

2711:

activity. However, levels of methanogenesis fluctuates due to the availability of

2623:

A heat map of the planet showing methane emissions from wetlands from 1980 to 2021

1333:

Floating water plants or floating vegetation are usually small, like those in the

1172:

Because bogs receive most of their water from precipitation and humidity from the

10311: 10301: 10204: 9976: 9968: 9868: 9835: 9696: 9648: 9524: 9499: 9308: 9261: 9186: 9031: 9016: 8865: 8740: 8677: 8435: 8430: 8286: 8177: 7970: 7552: 7427: 7416: 7358:"Global blue carbon accumulation in tidal wetlands increases with climate change" 7133: 6526: 6113: 5614: 4286: 3795: 3595: 3258: 3137: 3039: 2780:

When wetlands are restored they have mitigation effects through their ability to

2240: 2139: 2050: 1533: 1477: 1472:

is the only place in the world where both crocodiles and alligators coexist. The

1408: 1254: 997:

Surface flow may occur in some segments, with subsurface flow in other segments.

880: 748: 713: 569: 451: 392: 384: 280: 130: 6875: 6868:

Restoration of Wetland Ecosystem: A Trajectory Towards a Sustainable Environment

6161: 3002: 2381:

Wetlands have historically subjected to large draining efforts for development (

1943:. Constructed wetlands are engineered systems that use the natural functions of 1374:, have large numbers of different tree species. Other examples include cypress ( 1057:

important location to study the many birds which use the preserve as a place to

10352: 10331: 10321: 9732: 9686: 9681: 9653: 9620: 9489: 9348: 9276: 9266: 9116: 9061: 8979: 8974: 8969: 8815: 8622: 8296: 7297: 7126: 6932: 6843: 6816: 6388:

A History of the Drainage of the Great Level of the Fens called Bedford Level 2

4775: 4557: 3476: 3437: 3165: 2919: 2864: 2835: 2789: 2785: 2722: 2688: 2647: 2587: 2583: 2374: 2351: 2252: 2230: 2151: 1998: 1885: 1857: 1842: 1806: 1762: 1703: 1217: 1158: 1131: 1041: 965: 964:

typically receive about 1,500 mm (59 in) per year. In some places in

921: 917: 861: 807: 709: 665: 599: 543: 97: 93: 8007: 7733: 7699: 7273:"Improved estimates on global carbon stock and carbon pools in tidal wetlands" 7106: 7089: 6773: 6677: 6430: 6200: 6075: 5853: 5836: 5757:. Earthscan. London: International Institute for Environment and Development. 5719: 5210: 4849: 4377: 4131: 3859: 3673: 3656:

Wetland and Stream Rapid Assessments: Development, Validation, and Application

3339: 2699:

that live in warm, moist environments consume oxygen more rapidly than it can

10500: 10249: 10199: 10162: 10046: 9946: 9840: 9805: 9706: 9701: 9676: 9206: 9171: 9146: 8996: 8959: 8825: 8579: 8150: 7880: 7831: 7782: 7773: 7756: 7660: 7306: 7115: 6782: 6469: 6445: 6284: 6208: 6093: 5930: 5862: 5803: 5727: 5623: 5499: 5452: 5286: 5218: 5112:

Invertebrates in freshwater wetlands of North America: ecology and management

5059: 5010: 4953: 4906: 4783: 4663: 4575: 3145: 3043: 2856:

The restoration of coastal blue carbon ecosystems is highly advantageous for

2770: 2718: 2696: 2635: 2355:

burgeoning demand for shrimp globally has provided a large and ready market.

2256: 2194: 2175: 2035: 1861: 1735: 1727: 1695: 1589: 1517: 1297: 1278: 1181: 1162: 1123:

Landscape characteristics control wetland hydrology and water chemistry. The

1117: 1105: 836: 498: 420: 400: 376: 300: 190: 142: 7025: 6996: 6261:"The Wetlands of Lakes Pontchartrain and Maurepas: Past, Present and Future" 5983: 5317: 5175: 5129: 4930:"How do muskrats Ondatra zibethicus affect ecosystems? A review of evidence" 4824: 3717: 1651:

individuals or corporations, rather than being shared by society as a whole.

534:

that live within them. Specifically, wetlands are characterized as having a

10357: 10234: 10229: 10224: 9932: 9711: 9691: 9595: 9333: 9216: 9136: 9096: 9086: 9056: 8810: 8596: 8511: 8246: 8236: 8199: 8130: 8105: 7391: 7324: 7034: 6981: 6963: 6732: 6541:

Functional assessment of wetlands: towards evaluation of ecosystem services

6001: 5821: 5641: 5517: 4583: 4443:. FLOBAR2, Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. 4235: 3525: 3507: 3179: 3050:, have separate definitions that may differ from the federal government's. 2831: 2582:

and soils are being drained, burnt, mined, and overgrazed, contributing to

2523: 2011: 1849: 1699: 1691: 1616: 1543: 1529: 1438:

adult frogs forage on insects. Frogs are sometimes used as an indicator of

1371: 1363: 1166: 669: 603: 539: 519: 246: 115: 7504:"A new toolkit for National Wetlands Inventories | Convention on Wetlands" 7373: 6988: 6939: 6900: 6859: 6747: 4534:"The Role of Vegetated Coastal Wetlands for Marine Megafauna Conservation" 2990:

Every three years, representatives of the contracting parties meet as the

2703:

in from the atmosphere, wetlands are the ideal anaerobic environments for

2400: 10214: 9845: 9820: 9815: 9785: 9568: 9544: 9509: 9318: 9221: 9141: 9101: 8954: 8835: 8830: 8697: 8687: 8586: 8465: 8448: 8335: 8316: 8145: 8135: 8125: 7213: 7188: 6801: 6106: 5001: 4881:

Mas, Maria; Flaquer, Carles; Rebelo, Hugo; López-Baucells, Adrià (2021).

4685: 3745: 3117: 2976: 2868: 2839: 2781: 2757: 2751: 2730: 2346: 2342: 2127: 2119: 2054: 1799: 1791: 1731: 1672: 1631: 1367: 1327: 1138: 1070: 1054: 924:, average temperatures might be 11 °C (52 °F). Wetlands in the 868: 729: 595: 554: 550: 535: 527: 439: 431: 396: 361: 328: 305: 292: 174: 150: 122: 4566: 2646:

in the world, and are therefore a major area of concern with respect to

1802:

is the ability to reduce the speed and height of waves and floodwaters.

10443: 10219: 9825: 9760: 9549: 9529: 9313: 9286: 9071: 8984: 8795: 8491: 8475: 8455: 8321: 8311: 8214: 8182: 8165: 8160: 8155: 7871: 7854: 7001:

O): The Dominant Ozone-Depleting Substance Emitted in the 21st Century"

6084: 5277: 4342: 4073: 3109: 2796: 2708: 2680: 2655: 2506: 2394: 2296: 2264: 1956: 1944: 1924: 1830: 1787: 1783: 1683: 1676: 1469: 1434: 1404: 1334: 1323: 1312: 1225: 1173: 1081: 1050: 1014: 1006: 941: 764: 760: 721: 701: 661: 515: 490: 353: 316: 288: 217: 213: 166: 85: 9941: 8189: 7420: 6724: 6174: 5890:"The Ramsar Information Sheet on Wetlands of International Importance" 5834: 5050: 5025: 4975:

Rosell, Frank; Bozser, Orsolya; Collen, Peter; Parker, Howard (2005).

4945: 4898: 4510: 2510:

environmental impediments and can speed up the process of succession.

1904:

Constructed wetland in an ecological settlement in Flintenbreite near

1165:(waters contain dissolved materials from soils) with the exception of 642: 10433: 10428: 10244: 9850: 9755: 9539: 9303: 9296: 9271: 9181: 8886: 8617: 8591: 8326: 8140: 8115: 8095: 4454:

Wilcox, D. A; Thompson, T. A.; Booth, R. K.; Nicholas, J. R. (2007).

2812: 2700: 2369: 2331: 2181: 2123: 1978: 1974: 1920: 1864:

can overwhelm wetlands making them shrink in size and cause dramatic

1757:

allow water to filter down through the soil and underlying rock into

1743: 1582: 1487: 1465: 1461: 1426: 1193: 1085: 1018: 1010: 990: 975: 884: 740: 459: 435: 337: 310: 276: 209: 202: 118: 89: 42: 6461: 6276: 5957: 5110:

Batzer, Darold P.; Rader, Russell Ben.; Wissinger, Scott A. (1999).

4471:

The Fishes and the Forest: Explorations in Amazonian Natural History

4334: 3317: 2860:, coastal protection, food provision and biodiversity conservation. 1905: 1500:

of wetlands include numerous small and medium-sized species such as

1053:, US, comprise an extensive hydrological network that makes them an 320:, water source is excess water from overflowed rivers or lakes; and 10265: 10209: 10172: 9800: 9610: 9156: 9151: 9076: 8805: 8800: 8790: 8612: 8564: 8559: 8542: 8400: 8380: 8345: 8224: 8219: 7716:

Xu, Haiqing; Toman, Elizabeth; Zhao, Kaiguang; Baird, John (2022).

5359: 3105: 2827: 2386: 2292: 2280: 2260: 2170: 2160: 2131: 1994: 1986: 1795: 1779: 1758: 1513: 1381: 1376: 1233: 1150: 1066: 1046: 981: 957: 937: 756: 660:(inundated by tides) or non-tidal. The water in wetlands is either 618: 610: 591: 523: 443: 416: 349: 333: 284: 225: 221: 154: 8261: 6995:

Ravishankara, A. R.; Daniel, John S.; Portmann, Robert W. (2009).

6698: 3415: 104:) marsh that develops with standing water and high soil fertility. 9810: 9770: 9740: 9718: 9126: 9026: 8840: 8820: 8385: 8350: 8172: 5586: 5549:

Material was copied from this source, which is available under a

4629: 3173: 2676: 2651: 2631: 2519: 2111: 1822: 1509: 1445: 1420: 1250: 1189: 1177: 961: 933: 925: 876: 752: 717: 561: 250: 198: 182: 126: 9559: 8929: 7755:

Stephenson, P. J.; Ntiamoa-Baidu, Yaa; Simaika, John P. (2020).

6124: 5545: 5540: 5468:"Constructed wetlands for greywater recycle and reuse: A review" 4456:

Lake-level variability and water availability in the Great Lakes

4095:

Silliman, B. R.; Grosholz, E. D.; Bertness, M. D., eds. (2009).

2834:, are known to be sinks for carbon that otherwise contribute to 2025:

A key fish species which is overfished, the Piramutaba catfish,

1973:

Similar to natural wetlands, constructed wetlands also act as a

1682:

Notable river systems that produce wide floodplains include the

1400:

live in wetlands, while others visit them each year to lay eggs.

904:

Wetlands contrast the hot, arid landscape around Middle Spring,

298:

Examples of wetlands classified by the sources of water include

10141: 10031: 9795: 9121: 8574: 8365: 8355: 8251: 8032: 7637:"Use of IKONOS Imagery to Map Coastal Wetlands of Georgian Bay" 6945: 6150:

Adamus, Paul; J. Danielson, Thomas; Gonyaw, Alex (2001-03-24).

5155: 3892:"Wetland Types | Department of Environmental Conservation" 3489: 3113: 2972: 2712: 2673: 2441: 2311: 1932: 1916: 1768: 1754: 1521: 1497: 1457: 1453: 1229: 1221: 1213: 1124: 900: 673: 614: 380: 357: 186: 138: 7913: 7754: 6347:"Shrimp Market Size, Share & Growth Analysis Report, 2030" 5088:. Department of Planning, Industry and Environment. 2020-02-20 4880: 4807:

Wetland birds: habitat resources and conservation implications

3096:

The world's largest wetlands include the swamp forests of the

2792:, and also through their ability to store and regulate water. 2495: 1337:

subfamily (duckweeds). Emergent vegetation like the cattails (

1065:

The most important factor producing wetlands is hydrology, or

1005:

Wetlands vary widely due to local and regional differences in

228:. The main types of wetland are defined based on the dominant 10036: 10007: 8415: 8370: 8360: 8340: 8291: 8256: 8231: 8204: 8100: 7125:

Text was copied from this source, which is available under a

7121: 6753: 6052:"Widespread drying of European peatlands in recent centuries" 5333:"Tracking the rapid loss of tidal wetlands in the Yellow Sea" 3988:

Texas Parks and Wildlife. Ecological Mapping systems of Texas

2937: 2684: 2669: 2527: 2407: 2315: 2307: 2300: 2276: 2216:

Minor disturbance: Stress that maintains ecosystem integrity.

1723: 1719: 1715: 1585:

significance and societal importance in the following areas:

1537: 1525: 1491: 1449: 1359: 1345: 1339: 1274: 1270: 1258: 1078: 1074: 953: 841: 802: 792: 681: 677: 531: 272: 259: 254: 234: 229: 134: 101: 81: 7189:"Global carbon sequestration in tidal, saline wetland soils" 5330: 5239: 3654:

Dorney, J.; Savage, R.; Adamus, P.; Tiner, R., eds. (2018).

3366:

The World's Largest Wetlands: Their Ecology and Conservation

1821:

can be provided by floodplains, closed-depression wetlands,

10194: 9291: 8569: 8390: 8266: 8043: 7973:. Legal Information Institute, Cornell Law School, Ithaca. 7611: 7576:"Manual for the Wetland Ecosystem Services Protocol (WESP)" 7250:

10.1672/0277-5212(2000)020[0605:pcsgga]2.0.co;2

6618: 6258: 5837:"Feeding 9 billion by 2050 – Putting fish back on the menu" 5243:"The global value of coastal wetlands for storm protection" 4453: 4248: 3854:. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 1–22. 3620: 3014: 2984: 2665: 2450: 2390: 2319: 2086: 1948: 1501: 1483: 1430: 1416: 1397: 1113: 1089: 1069:. The duration of flooding or prolonged soil saturation by 1058: 1022: 909: 819: 775: 725: 697: 693: 657: 511: 426:

Humans are disturbing and damaging wetlands for example by

268: 170: 146: 7964:

16 U.S. Code Chapter 58 Subchapter I, § 3801 – Definitions

6994: 5023: 4531: 4483: 3069:

Other Individual Provincial and Territorial Based Policies

2842:

initiatives that are intended to enhance those processes.

1666: 9353: 9343: 8209: 8120: 7887: 7795: 7673: 7653:

10.1577/1548-8446(2007)32[167:UOIITM]2.0.CO;2

6048: 5964:

JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association

5531: 5529: 5527: 4611:"Ramsar Convention Ecosystem Services Benefit Factsheets" 4044: 3621:

Davidson, N.C.; D'Cruz, R. & Finlayson, C.M. (2005).

1714:

Groundwater replenishment can be achieved for example by

1505: 1097: 1093: 1030: 1026: 829: 824: 689: 685: 587: 322: 27:

Type of land area that is flooded or saturated with water

7852: 6594:

Creating and Restoring Wetlands: From Theory to Practice

6149: 5655:

Jing, Zhu; Kai, Jing; Xiaojing, Gan; Zhijun, Ma (2007).

4974: 4109: 4094: 1480:

are one of the many kinds of turtles found in wetlands.

1315:

that are found in wetland systems throughout the world.

1269:

The life forms of a wetland system includes its plants (

6404:"History of Wetlands in the Conterminous United States" 5693: 3687: 3653: 2401:

Balancing wetland conservation with the needs of people

2324:

levee breach in New Orleans caused by Hurricane Katrina

1411:

are one of the many kinds of turtles found in wetlands.

1146: 185:

to a wide range of aquatic and semi-aquatic plants and

7182: 7180: 7127:

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License

6909:"Nitrous oxide and methane in European coastal waters" 6813: 5524: 5427:

Vymazal, Jan; Zhao, Yaqian; Mander, Ülo (2021-11-01).

5299: 3594:

Mitsch, William J.; Gosselink, James G. (2007-08-24).

3453:"Nitrous oxide and methane in European coastal waters" 3247:(2nd ed.). New York: Cambridge University Press. 2896:, species, communities, levels of disturbance, and/or 2526:

applications of herbicides or insecticides, laying of

1659:, enormous amounts of money would need to be spent on 1551:

habitat (such as streams, coral reefs, and forests).

1073:

determines whether the resulting wetland has aquatic,

5753:

Waterlogged wealth: why waste the world's wet places?

5654: 5300:

MacKinnon, J.; Verkuil, Y. I.; Murray, N. J. (2012),

3849: 3600:(4th ed.). New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons. 2729:

300 times that of carbon dioxide and is the dominant

1931:. It may also be designed for land reclamation after 549:

A more concise definition is a community composed of

493:

are often noted within wetlands, as seen here at the

6567:

Traditional Ecological Knowledge: Concepts and Cases

5551:

Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported

5109: 4426:

A Treatise on Limnology. Vol. 3: Limnological Botany

3127: 2212:

Disturbances can be further categorized as follows:

1169:

bogs that are fed only by water from precipitation.

617:

or bodies of marine water deeper than six meters at

375:, stabilization of shorelines, storm protection and 7177: 5188: 4097:

Human Impacts on Salt Marshes: A Global Perspective

3984:"West Gulf Coastal Plain Seepage Swamp and Baygall" 3744:. Carpinteria Valley Water District. Archived from 3080:

List of Ramsar Wetlands of International Importance

2863:Since the middle of the 20th century, human-caused 2428:

List of Ramsar wetlands of international importance

1794:provide a protective barrier to coastal shoreline. 92:are freshwater wetlands that develop in areas with 9998: 7802:ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing 7088:Williamson, Phillip; Gattuso, Jean-Pierre (2022). 5750: 5564:"What is a wetland? And eight other wetland facts" 4355: 4285: 3817:"The Ramsar 40th Anniversary Message for November" 1675:is formed from major rivers downstream from their 379:. In addition, wetlands also process and condense 7473:, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp. 1–6, 7146:Synthesis of Adaptation Options for Coastal Areas 7087: 6952:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 6019:, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp. 1–4, 5426: 4753: 3649: 3647: 3496:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 2867:has resulted in observable changes in the global 2788:) to solid plant material through the process of 2095: 10498: 7945:. US Environmental Protection Agency. March 2015 7715: 7271:Ouyang, Xiaoguang; Lee, Shing Yip (2020-01-16). 7056:Sonwani, Saurabh; Saxena, Pallavi (2022-01-21). 6865: 5535:Maiga, Y., von Sperling, M., Mihelcic, J. 2017. 3910:. Australian Department of the Environment. 2001 613:and coastal zones adjacent to the wetlands, and 580:Ramsar international wetland conservation treaty 314:, water source is mixed tidal and river waters; 7059:Greenhouse Gases: Sources, Sinks and Mitigation 6486:. The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands. 2008-12-01 5539:. In: J.B. Rose and B. Jiménez-Cisneros, (eds) 4473:. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. 4292:(2nd ed.). San Diego, CA: Academic Press. 4099:. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. 3593: 3569: 3567: 3565: 3563: 3561: 3559: 3557: 3555: 2799:and mangrove swamps in particular, the average 708:as additional wetland types. Sub-types include 676:. There are four main kinds of wetlands – 466:from 2005. Methods exist for assessing wetland 371:that benefit people. These include for example 8646:A Directory of Important Wetlands in Australia 7634: 7526: 6307:Li, Luqian; Lu, XiXi; Chen, Zhongyuan (2007). 3644: 3573: 3553: 3551: 3549: 3547: 3545: 3543: 3541: 3539: 3537: 3535: 3303: 2145:Predominant disturbances of wetlands include: 1575:United Nations Millennium Ecosystem Assessment 586:Article 1.1: "...wetlands are areas of marsh, 542:for a long enough period each year to support 481: 407:. However, wetlands can also be a significant 279:in Europe are dominated by reeds, not trees). 9984: 9192:Stable isotope analysis in aquatic ecosystems 8902: 8731:Bangladesh Haor and Wetland Development Board 8656:Ramsar Classification System for Wetland Type 8059: 7981: 7979: 7055: 6563: 5160:. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute. 4288:Biogeochemistry: An Analysis of Global Change 3976: 3957: 3951: 3630:. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute. 3589: 3587: 3585: 3578:(2nd ed.). Washington, DC: Island Press. 3369:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 3358: 3356: 2005: 1257:in wetlands are determined by soils with low 940:in arctic and subarctic regions insulate the 5777: 4927: 4152: 3852:Ecology of Freshwater and Estuarine Wetlands 3244:Wetland ecology: principles and conservation 3236: 3234: 3232: 2975:for the conservation and sustainable use of 2845: 2737: 2247:, pollution, exploitation of resources, and 2156:Organic loading and reduced dissolved oxygen 1769:Shoreline stabilization and storm protection 1761:which are the source of much of the world's 1709: 1597:Shoreline stabilization and storm protection 149:. Wetlands form a transitional zone between 145:) processes taking place, especially in the 10132:Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub 9257:Freshwater environmental quality parameters 7985: 7943:"EPA Regulations listed at 40 CFR 230.3(t)" 7921:"The Conference of the Contracting Parties" 6648: 5884: 5882: 5880: 5144:A Method for Wetland Functional Assessment. 4844:. Cham: Springer International Publishing. 4605: 4603: 4601: 4283: 3532: 3362: 3297: 3230: 3228: 3226: 3224: 3222: 3220: 3218: 3216: 3214: 3212: 2987:, where the convention was signed in 1971. 2573: 2496:Prescribed natural or assisted regeneration 2038:found within the mud are a food source for 1738:found below the ground. Wetlands that have 1288:Humid wetland in Pennsylvania before a rain 987:Episodic (periodic or intermittent) systems 739:The following three groups are used within 340:. The world's largest wetlands include the 291:woody plants that have evolved to tolerate 9991: 9977: 8909: 8895: 8066: 8052: 7976: 7711: 7709: 7635:Wei, Anhua; Chow-Fraser, Patricia (2007). 6504: 6369: 5943:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4928:Bomske, Caleb M.; Ahlers, Adam A. (2021). 4837: 4423: 4205: 3960:Big Thicket Plant Ecology: An Introduction 3582: 3353: 3066:The Federal Policy on Wetland Conservation 2545:ecosystem towards its natural trajectory. 2533: 2287: 2014:has become a focal point catalysed by the 947: 232:and the source of the water. For example, 7870: 7821: 7772: 7612:"Home | Ramsar Sites Information Service" 7478: 7381: 7314: 7296: 7270: 7212: 7105: 7024: 6971: 6842: 6772: 6611: 6229: 6223: 6083: 6024: 5991: 5852: 5811: 5778:Tidwell, James H; Allan, Geoff L (2001). 5631: 5613: 5507: 5276: 5266: 5049: 5000: 4838:Batzer, Darold; Boix, Dani, eds. (2016). 4809:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 4565: 4251:Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 3658:. London; San Diego, CA: Academic Press. 3515: 2926: 2744:Climate change mitigation § Wetlands 2568: 2513: 2270: 1848:Precipitation and surface runoff induces 1220:within wetlands. Most nutrients, such as 787:Variations of names for wetland systems: 7962:US Government Publishing Office. (2011) 6815:Neves, Raiane A. L. (29 November 2021). 6443: 6306: 5877: 5340:Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 5156:Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005). 4598: 4468: 4059: 3285:"Official page of the Ramsar Convention" 3279: 3277: 3275: 3209: 3088:List of Ramsar wetland sites in Pakistan 3013: 3001: 2953: 2609: 2555: 2486: 2455:International Water Management Institute 2368: 2087:Additional services and uses of wetlands 2064: 1899: 1845:water from the surrounding landscapes. 1403: 1391: 1296: 1283: 1040: 899: 641: 505: 485: 7895:"The Ramsar Convention and its Mission" 7706: 7468: 6870:. Singapore: Springer. pp. 59–74. 6014: 5913:The biology of mangroves and seagrasses 5910: 5465: 5142:Adamus, P.R. and L.T. Stockwell. 1983. 4312: 3769:. Mapping2.orr.noaa.gov. Archived from 2255:, a native plant of South America into 1871: 1868:through excessive sedimentation load. 1667:Storage reservoirs and flood protection 1581:described wetlands as a whole to be of 1355:) rise above the surface of the water. 1236:are found within the soil of wetlands. 458:threatens wetlands more than any other 14: 10499: 8916: 8751:Meadowview Biological Research Station 8683:Greenhouse gas emissions from wetlands 7573: 7403: 7401: 7235: 7186: 7083: 7081: 7079: 6822:Communications Earth & Environment 6416: 6401: 6125:Office of Research & Development. 5748: 4804: 4438: 3715: 3363:Fraser, L.; Keddy, P.A., eds. (2005). 2994:(COP), the policy-making organ of the 2760:ecosystems) to provide some degree of 2628:Greenhouse gas emissions from wetlands 2604:Greenhouse gas emissions from wetlands 895: 9972: 9445: 9444: 8928: 8890: 8047: 6906: 6757:"The Global Methane Budget 2000–2017" 6590: 6384: 6232:Encyclopedia of Environmental Science 4228:10.2134/jeq1994.00472425002300050016x 4032:"Ramsar Convention Technical Reports" 3711: 3709: 3707: 3450: 3272: 3240: 2992:Conference of the Contracting Parties 1813: 1558: 1516:in addition to large herbivorous and 1184:of dissolved nutrients and minerals. 906:Fish Springs National Wildlife Refuge 755:(mixed ocean- and river-associated), 560:Wetlands have also been described as 177:. They are considered among the most 10116:Grasslands, savannas, and shrublands 10078:Grasslands, savannas, and shrublands 7433: 7355: 6913:Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 6402:Dahl, Thomas E.; Allord, Gregory J. 4841:Invertebrates in Freshwater Wetlands 3457:Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 3418:Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 3411: 3409: 3388: 3386: 3332: 2748:Carbon sequestration § Wetlands 2417: 1646:According to the Ramsar Convention: 1137:concentrations of water depend upon 476:wetlands of international importance 470:. These methods have contributed to 9520:Oceanic physical-biological process 9382:List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF) 8746:Irish Peatland Conservation Council 7527:McInnes, R.J.; Everard, M. (2017). 7451:from the original on April 28, 2021 7398: 7076: 7062:. Springer Nature. pp. 47–48. 6543:. Cambridge: Woodhead Publ. 2009. 5086:NSW Environment, Energy and Science 4049:. Boca Raton, FL: Lewis Publishers. 3027: 2826:Coastal wetlands, such as tropical 2775:Nationally Determined Contributions 2691:, or methane production, occurs in 2373:Fog rising over the Mukri bog near 2251:. For example, the introduction of 2130:, alteration of wetlands including 2060: 1726:and cave hydrological systems. The 1199: 582:, wetlands are defined as follows: 442:, alteration of wetlands including 24: 7761:Frontiers in Environmental Science 6230:Alexander, David E. (1 May 1999). 4112:Wetlands, Ecology & Management 3884: 3704: 2239:occurs in wetland systems through 1915:is an artificial wetland to treat 1775:Integrated coastal zone management 216:. The water in wetlands is either 25: 10548: 10042:Montane grasslands and shrublands 8025: 6591:Craft, Christopher (2022-05-12). 4538:Trends in Ecology & Evolution 3688:"Home: Oxford English Dictionary" 3483: 3444: 3406: 3383: 3194:All pages with titles containing 3092:List of Ramsar sites in Australia 3021:in India, an example of wise use. 887:of Australia, among many others. 9953: 9952: 9940: 9926: 9558: 9230: 9047:Colored dissolved organic matter 8871: 8870: 8859: 8031: 7956: 7935: 7846: 7789: 7748: 7667: 7628: 7604: 7567: 7520: 7496: 7462: 7349: 7331: 7264: 7229: 7152: 7138: 7120: 7049: 6807: 6789: 6692: 6642: 6632: 6584: 5544: 5472:Science of the Total Environment 5466:Arden, S.; Ma, X. (2018-07-15). 4993:10.1111/j.1365-2907.2005.00067.x 4208:Journal of Environmental Quality 4157:. Vol. 24. pp. 29–96. 4155:The chemistry of submerged soils 3574:Clewell, AF; Aronson, J (2013). 3172: 3158: 3144: 3130: 3032: 2959:This section is an excerpt from 2630:of concern consist primarily of 2602:This section is an excerpt from 2562:traditional ecological knowledge 2102:Human impacts on the environment 1961:decentralized wastewater systems 1892:This section is an excerpt from 1116:, and subsurface water outflow. 782: 419:, and some are also emitters of 70: 61: 50: 41: 10158:Flooded grasslands and savannas 9392:Latin America and the Caribbean 8242:Flooded grasslands and savannas 7823:10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2021.01.012 7592:from the original on 2018-07-28 7480:10.1007/978-94-007-6172-8_301-1 6557: 6533: 6498: 6476: 6437: 6410: 6395: 6378: 6363: 6339: 6300: 6291: 6252: 6168: 6143: 6118: 6042: 6026:10.1007/978-94-007-6172-8_226-1 6008: 5951: 5904: 5828: 5771: 5742: 5700:Wetlands Ecology and Management 5687: 5648: 5580: 5556: 5492:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.02.218 5459: 5420: 5391: 5366: 5324: 5293: 5268:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2021.102328 5233: 5182: 5149: 5136: 5103: 5074: 5017: 4968: 4921: 4874: 4831: 4798: 4747: 4738: 4703: 4678: 4656:10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2018.05.008 4623: 4525: 4477: 4462: 4447: 4432: 4417: 4392: 4349: 4306: 4277: 4242: 4199: 4146: 4103: 4088: 4053: 4038: 4024: 4006: 3922: 3898: 3843: 3830: 3809: 3794:. Alabama Power. Archived from 3784: 3759: 3734: 3680: 3614: 2784:, converting a greenhouse gas ( 2668:and distinctive communities of 2358: 1939:step for natural areas lost to 1322:capabilities. Examples include 798:Flooded grasslands and savannas 700:). Some experts also recognize 609:Article 2.1: " may incorporate 464:Millennium Ecosystem Assessment 157:, and are different from other 10471:Ecological land classification 10000:Biogeographic regionalisations 9874:Ecological values of mangroves 9417:North Pacific Subtropical Gyre 7722:Transportation Research Record 6450:Marine and Freshwater Research 6374:. Utrecht: Uitgeverij Matrijs. 6333:10.1016/j.geomorph.2006.03.035 5541:Global Water Pathogens Project 4439:Hughes, F. M. R., ed. (2003). 3306:Marine and Freshwater Research 2948: 2661:Wetlands are characterized by 2468: 2337: 2334:build-up in floodplain lakes. 2096:Disturbances and human impacts 2053:in the Selenga River Delta of 1311:There are four main groups of 1176:, their water usually has low 1092:from dead plants accumulates, 745:Cowardin classification system 692:(bogs and fens being types of 181:of all ecosystems, serving as 173:having adapted to oxygen-poor 13: 1: 8766:Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust 8756:Society of Wetland Scientists 7680:Remote Sensing of Environment 6507:Forest Ecology and Management 5681:10.1016/S1872-2032(07)60045-6 5445:10.1016/j.ecoleng.2021.106318 4732:10.1016/j.ecolind.2008.06.008 4271:10.1016/s0167-8809(97)00158-8 4163:10.1016/S0065-2113(08)60633-1 3203: 3008:Upper Navua Conservation Area 2943:geographic information system 2903:geographic information system 2887: 1977:and/or can remove a range of 1590:Water storage (flood control) 1088:, burial, and salinity. When 10137:Deserts and xeric shrublands 9894:Marine conservation activism 9879:Fisheries and climate change 8381:Peatland, mire, and quagmire 8073: 7553:10.1016/j.ecoser.2017.03.024 7193:Global Biogeochemical Cycles 7160:"Coastal Wetland Protection" 6649:Comyn-Platt, Edward (2018). 6527:10.1016/j.foreco.2011.10.013 5615:10.1371/journal.pone.0264490 5405:. 2008-08-01. Archived from 4400:"Blacktown Council wetlands" 4153:Ponnamperuma, F. N. (1972). 2912: 2878: 2683:to the constant presence of 2638:emissions. Wetlands are the 2550:water-sensitive urban design 2478:needed after disturbance or 1494:, use wetlands extensively. 1370:. Others, like those of the 1036: 1021:, burial and salinity. When 1000: 890: 770: 767:(inland nontidal habitats). 646:Sunrise at Viru Bog, Estonia 304:, where the water source is 7: 10378:Temperate Northern Atlantic 10068:Broadleaf and mixed forests 9889:Human impact on marine life 9766:Davidson Seamount § Ecology 9002:Aquatic population dynamics 8651:National Wetlands Inventory 6876:10.1007/978-981-13-7665-8_5 6162:10.13140/rg.2.2.22371.86566 5796:10.1093/embo-reports/kve236 5399:"Letting Nature Do the Job" 5247:Global Environmental Change 4428:. New York, NY: John Wiley. 4284:Schlesinger, W. A. (1997). 3123: 3073: 2118:, building infrastructure, 2028:Brachyplatystoma vaillantii 1951:, and organisms to provide 1244:in the soil influences the 621:lying within the wetlands." 538:that stands at or near the 495:Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge 482:Definitions and terminology 462:on Earth, according to the 430:, building infrastructure, 409:source of methane emissions 391:), and other nutrients and 10: 10553: 10481:Vegetation classifications 10383:Temperate Northern Pacific 8736:Delta Waterfowl Foundation 7298:10.1038/s41467-019-14120-2 6933:10.1016/j.ecss.2006.05.042 6907:Bange, Hermann W. (2006). 6844:10.1038/s43247-021-00314-4 6444:Davidson, Nick C. (2014). 6370:Van de Ven, G. P. (2004). 5915:(Third ed.). Oxford. 5911:Hogarth, Peter J. (2015). 4776:10.1007/s11252-019-00841-1 4558:10.1016/j.tree.2019.04.004 4424:Hutchinson, G. E. (1975). 3477:10.1016/j.ecss.2006.05.042 3438:10.1016/j.ecss.2006.12.019 3108:in South America, and the 3077: 3042:. Some US states, such as 2958: 2849: 2741: 2695:environments. Because the 2601: 2537: 2463:World Wide Fund for Nature 2421: 2362: 2259:in East Africa as well as 2099: 2006:Reservoirs of biodiversity 1891: 1772: 1562: 1264: 652:Classification of wetlands 649: 352:in South America, and the 238:are wetlands dominated by 29: 10517:Environmental terminology 10458: 10416: 10393:Temperate Southern Africa 10345: 10289: 10278: 10258: 10185: 10150: 10124: 10086: 10055: 10024: 10015: 10006: 9920: 9859: 9731: 9667: 9629: 9576: 9567: 9556: 9505:Marine primary production 9457: 9453: 9440: 9399:List of marine ecoregions 9374: 9239: 9228: 8942: 8938: 8924: 8854: 8778: 8723: 8673: 8664: 8636: 8605: 8552: 8524: 8484: 8088: 8081: 8008:10.1007/s11273-008-9078-6 7734:10.1177/03611981221095522 7700:10.1016/j.rse.2009.06.017 7441:"Fact Sheet: Blue Carbon" 7107:10.3389/fclim.2022.853666 6774:10.5194/essd-12-1561-2020 6761:Earth System Science Data 6678:10.1038/s41561-018-0174-9 6431:10.1163/15685322-10045p02 6385:Wells, Samuel A. (1830). 6351:www.grandviewresearch.com 6201:10.1038/s41561-017-0056-6 6076:10.1038/s41561-019-0462-z 5854:10.1007/s12571-015-0427-z 5720:10.1007/s11273-014-9369-z 5211:10.1007/s10040-008-0367-1 4850:10.1007/978-3-319-24978-0 4378:10.1007/s13157-011-0157-8 4132:10.1007/s11273-006-9015-5 3860:10.1525/9780520959118-003 3716:US EPA, OW (2015-09-18). 3060: 2858:climate change adaptation 2852:Climate change adaptation 2846:Climate change adaptation 2762:climate change mitigation 2738:Climate change mitigation 2263:into non-native areas of 1981:(such as organic matter, 1965:biochemical oxygen demand 1748:groundwater replenishment 1710:Groundwater replenishment 1655:To replace these wetland 1637:Climate change mitigation 1594:Groundwater replenishment 759:(within river channels), 456:Environmental degradation 405:climate change mitigation 367:Wetlands contribute many 10403:Tropical Eastern Pacific 10353:Antarctic/Southern Ocean 9751:Coastal biogeomorphology 9746:Marine coastal ecosystem 8715:Wetland indicator status 7774:10.3389/fenvs.2020.00061 6621:. Wetlands International 3394:"WWF Pantanal Programme" 2815:sequester approximately 2727:global warming potential 2574:Greenhouse gas emissions 1860:. Upstream erosion from 1387: 1292: 1255:Biogeochemical processes 637: 395:. Wetlands can act as a 208:Wetlands exist on every 100:; a freshwater cattail ( 32:Wetland (disambiguation) 10424:Biogeographic provinces 10388:Temperate South America 10106:Moist broadleaf forests 9659:Paradox of the plankton 9470:Diel vertical migration 9364:Freshwater swamp forest 9082:GIS and aquatic science 8930:General components and 8426:Freshwater swamp forest 7583:Oregon State University 7362:National Science Review 7026:10.1126/science.1176985 5984:10.1111/1752-1688.12631 4686:"Frogs | Bioindicators" 4315:Ecological Applications 3100:, the peatlands of the 2534:Complete reconstruction 2440:), is an international 2389:to create recreational 2288:Drainage of floodplains 1573:, values, or benefits. 1208: 948:By precipitation amount 847:Freshwater swamp forest 413:anaerobic decomposition 193:by the plants removing 9485:Large marine ecosystem 9177:Shoaling and schooling 8761:Wetlands International 8532:List of wetland plants 7187:Chmura, G. L. (2003). 6964:10.1098/rstb.2011.0415 6564:Inglis, J. T. (1993). 5433:Ecological Engineering 3958:Watson, G. E. (2006). 3576:Ecological restoration 3508:10.1098/rstb.2011.0415 3188:List of wetland plants 3084:Mediterranean wetlands 3022: 3011: 2927:Monitoring and mapping 2640:largest natural source 2624: 2569:Climate change aspects 2514:Partial reconstruction 2475:restoration ecologists 2459:Wetlands International 2447:Birdlife International 2378: 2271:Conversion to dry land 2116:oil and gas extraction 2070: 2010:Wetland systems' rich 1969:chemical oxygen demand 1908: 1653: 1412: 1401: 1349:spp.) and arrow arum ( 1308: 1289: 1062: 913: 763:(lake-associated) and 647: 502: 428:oil and gas extraction 189:, with often improved 10486:Zoogeographic regions 10444:Global 200 ecoregions 10373:Temperate Australasia 10111:Dry broadleaf forests 9904:Marine protected area 9831:Salt pannes and pools 9606:Marine larval ecology 9581:Census of Marine Life 9465:Deep scattering layer 9422:San Francisco Estuary 9387:Africa and Madagascar 9212:Underwater camouflage 8992:Aquatic biomonitoring 8932:freshwater ecosystems 8406:Salt pannes and pools 7277:Nature Communications 6705:Global Change Biology 6265:Environmental Reviews 6177:Efi Foufoula-Georgiou 5661:Acta Ecologica Sinica 5082:"Mammals in Wetlands" 4712:Ecological Indicators 4469:Goulding, M. (1980). 4458:. USGS Circular 1311. 3451:Bange, H. W. (2006). 3017: 3005: 2954:International efforts 2850:Further information: 2742:Further information: 2721:. Nitrous oxide is a 2622: 2556:Traditional knowledge 2538:Further information: 2487:Levels of restoration 2385:or agriculture), and 2372: 2203:Habitat fragmentation 2180:Altered solar input ( 2110:Disturbances include 2068: 1929:industrial wastewater 1903: 1882:East Kolkata Wetlands 1702:(Central Europe) and 1648: 1563:Further information: 1407: 1395: 1300: 1287: 1044: 993:(short-lived) systems 903: 645: 506:Technical definitions 489: 383:(in processes called 243:herbaceous vegetation 10466:Altitudinal zonation 10408:Western Indo-Pacific 10368:Eastern Indo-Pacific 10363:Central Indo-Pacific 9639:Marine bacteriophage 9601:Marine invertebrates 8040:at Wikimedia Commons 7988:Wetlands Ecol Manage 7214:10.1029/2002GB001917 7094:Frontiers in Climate 6802:10.1029/2002GL016848 6391:. London: R. Pheney. 6175:Finlay, Jacques C.; 5892:. September 18, 2009 5537:Constructed Wetlands 5191:Hydrogeology Journal 4636:Ecological Modelling 3718:"What is a Wetland?" 3241:Keddy, P.A. (2010). 2971:is an international 2801:carbon sequestration 2773:or for inclusion in 2365:Wetland conservation 1872:Wastewater treatment 1753:Substrates that are 1750:or water recharge. 1610:constructed wetlands 1606:Wastewater treatment 1520:species such as the 1301:Bud of water lotus ( 1157:, soil composition, 1143:atmospheric pressure 1112:, surface flows and 971:Temporal variation: 751:(ocean-associated), 530:and on the types of 472:wetland conservation 179:biologically diverse 30:For other uses, see 10439:Lists of ecoregions 10096:Tropical rainforest 9515:Ocean fertilization 9324:Trophic state index 9282:Lake stratification 9012:Aquatic respiration 8866:Wetlands portal 8497:Constructed wetland 8082:Types and landforms 8000:2009WetEM..17....3R 7814:2021JPRS..174..151B 7692:2009RSEnv.113.2366C 7574:Adamus, P. (2016). 7545:2017EcoSv..25...89M 7445:American University 7374:10.1093/nsr/nwaa296 7289:2020NatCo..11..317O 7205:2003GBioC..17.1111C 7017:2009Sci...326..123R 6958:(1593): 1157–1168. 6925:2006ECSS...70..361B 6835:2021ComEE...2..246B 6717:2013GCBio..19.1325B 6670:2018NatGe..11..568C 6519:2012ForEM.265...37C 6325:2007Geomo..85..185L 6193:2018NatGe..11..127H 6068:2019NatGe..12..922S 5976:2018JAWRA..54..298L 5749:Maltby, E. (1986). 5712:2015WetEM..23..195L 5673:2007AcEcS..27.2149J 5606:2022PLoSO..1764490P 5568:World Wildlife Fund 5484:2018ScTEn.630..587A 5352:2014FrEE...12..267M 5259:2021GEC....7002328C 5203:2009HydJ...17..203V 5114:. New York: Wiley. 5042:2019WildM.203....3V 5030:Wildlife Monographs 4805:Milton, W. (1999). 4768:2019UrbEc..22..525P 4724:2009EcInd...9.S137M 4648:2018EcMod.384..119Z 4550:2019TEcoE..34..807S 4503:2019Fish...44...73C 4370:2011Wetl...31..251N 4327:1996EcoAp...6...57B 4263:1998AgEE...68..255M 4220:1994JEnvQ..23..955M 4124:2007WetEM..15...95S 3742:"Glossary of Terms" 3502:(1593): 1157–1168. 3469:2006ECSS...70..361B 3430:2007ECSS...73...91G 3102:West Siberian Plain 3019:Sustainable fishing 3010:Ramsar site in Fiji 2830:and some temperate 2644:atmospheric methane 2578:In Southeast Asia, 2540:Constructed wetland 2412:sustainable farming 2328:riparian vegetation 2245:habitat destruction 2207:Other human impacts 2199:Inundation/flooding 2040:migratory waterfowl 2020:World Wildlife Fund 1953:secondary treatment 1913:constructed wetland 1894:Constructed wetland 1722:, and subterranean 1706:River (Australia). 1474:saltwater crocodile 1352:Peltandra virginica 1307:), an aquatic plant 1242:aerobic respiration 896:By temperature zone 736:, and many others. 346:West Siberian Plain 10532:Terrestrial biomes 10522:Freshwater ecology 10476:Floristic kingdoms 10240:Hydrothermal vents 10101:Coniferous forests 10063:Coniferous forests 9781:Intertidal wetland 9776:Intertidal ecology 9644:Marine prokaryotes 9586:Deep-sea community 9480:Iron fertilization 9403:Specific examples 9329:Upland and lowland 9247:Freshwater biology 9112:Microbial food web 9022:Aquatic toxicology 8965:Aquatic adaptation 8918:Aquatic ecosystems 8710:Salt marsh die-off 8628:Salt marsh dieback 8537:List of fen plants 8376:Palustrine wetland 8277:Intertidal wetland 8272:Interdunal wetland 7969:2017-02-06 at the 7872:10.3390/su14095700 7533:Ecosystem Services 7426:2021-08-09 at the 7415:2022-07-21 at the 7132:2017-10-16 at the 6112:2020-07-27 at the 4074:10.1007/bf00032163 3152:Environment portal 3098:Amazon River basin 3055:United States Code 3023: 3012: 2894:ecosystem services 2873:emission scenarios 2625: 2580:peat swamp forests 2379: 2227:Nutrient pollution 2190:Thermal alteration 2187:Vegetation removal 2136:nutrient pollution 2071: 1909: 1839:aquatic ecosystems 1819:Water purification 1814:Water purification 1661:water purification 1657:ecosystem services 1601:Water purification 1571:ecosystem services 1559:Ecosystem services 1413: 1402: 1366:swamps around the 1309: 1290: 1110:evapotranspiration 1063: 914: 706:aquatic ecosystems 648: 503: 448:nutrient pollution 373:water purification 369:ecosystem services 342:Amazon River basin 332:, water source is 283:are wetlands with 163:aquatic ecosystems 10494: 10493: 10454: 10453: 10398:Tropical Atlantic 10274: 10273: 10181: 10180: 10073:Deciduous forests 9966: 9965: 9947:Oceans portal 9916: 9915: 9912: 9911: 9791:Hydrothermal vent 9727: 9726: 9616:Seashore wildlife 9447:Marine ecosystems 9436: 9435: 9432: 9431: 9202:Thermal pollution 9167:Ramsar Convention 9107:Microbial ecology 9067:Fisheries science 9007:Aquatic predation 8884: 8883: 8786:Aquatic ecosystem 8774: 8773: 8693:Ramsar Convention 8520: 8519: 8502:Converted wetland 8444:Peat swamp forest 8307:Inland salt marsh 8036:Media related to 7686:(11): 2366–2379. 7490:978-94-007-6172-8 7410:Technical Summary 7356:Wang, F. (2021). 7069:978-981-16-4482-5 7011:(5949): 123–125. 6997:"Nitrous Oxide (N 6885:978-981-13-7665-8 6725:10.1111/gcb.12131 6604:978-0-12-823982-7 6577:978-0-88936-683-1 6550:978-1-84569-516-3 6181:Nature Geoscience 6056:Nature Geoscience 6036:978-94-007-6172-8 5922:978-0-19-102590-7 5051:10.1002/wmon.1041 4946:10.1111/mam.12218 4899:10.1111/mam.12243 4859:978-3-319-24976-6 4511:10.1002/fsh.10229 3869:978-0-520-95911-8 3838:Tech. Rep. Y‐87–1 3748:on April 25, 2012 3665:978-0-12-805091-0 3637:978-1-56973-597-8 3607:978-0-471-69967-5 2961:Ramsar Convention 2898:ecological health 2771:carbon-offsetting 2620: 2434:Ramsar Convention 2424:Ramsar Convention 2418:Ramsar Convention 2237:Biodiversity loss 2077:Rhizophora mangle 2016:Ramsar Convention 1866:biodiversity loss 1694:(South America), 1688:Mississippi River 1579:Ramsar Convention 1565:Ecosystem service 930:Arabian Peninsula 857:Peat swamp forest 468:ecological health 263:are dominated by 175:waterlogged soils 16:(Redirected from 10544: 10287: 10286: 10022: 10021: 10013: 10012: 9993: 9986: 9979: 9970: 9969: 9956: 9955: 9949: 9945: 9944: 9935: 9933:Lakes portal 9931: 9930: 9929: 9899:Marine pollution 9591:Deep-water coral 9574: 9573: 9562: 9495:Marine chemistry 9455: 9454: 9442: 9441: 9359:Freshwater marsh 9252:Freshwater biome 9234: 8950:Acoustic ecology 8940: 8939: 8926: 8925: 8911: 8904: 8897: 8888: 8887: 8874: 8873: 8864: 8863: 8862: 8846:Will-o'-the-wisp 8779:Related articles 8671: 8670: 8471:Whitewater river 8421:Coniferous swamp 8302:Freshwater marsh 8195:Clearwater river 8111:Blackwater river 8086: 8085: 8068: 8061: 8054: 8045: 8044: 8035: 8020: 8019: 7983: 7974: 7960: 7954: 7953: 7951: 7950: 7939: 7933: 7932: 7930: 7928: 7917: 7911: 7910: 7908: 7906: 7897:. Archived from 7891: 7885: 7884: 7874: 7850: 7844: 7843: 7825: 7793: 7787: 7786: 7776: 7752: 7746: 7745: 7713: 7704: 7703: 7671: 7665: 7664: 7632: 7626: 7625: 7623: 7622: 7608: 7602: 7601: 7599: 7597: 7591: 7580: 7571: 7565: 7564: 7524: 7518: 7517: 7515: 7514: 7500: 7494: 7493: 7482: 7471:The Wetland Book 7466: 7460: 7459: 7457: 7456: 7437: 7431: 7405: 7396: 7395: 7385: 7353: 7347: 7346: 7335: 7329: 7328: 7318: 7300: 7268: 7262: 7261: 7233: 7227: 7226: 7216: 7184: 7175: 7174: 7172: 7171: 7164:Project Drawdown 7156: 7150: 7149: 7142: 7136: 7124: 7119: 7109: 7085: 7074: 7073: 7053: 7047: 7046: 7028: 6992: 6986: 6985: 6975: 6943: 6937: 6936: 6904: 6898: 6897: 6863: 6857: 6856: 6846: 6811: 6805: 6793: 6787: 6786: 6776: 6767:(3): 1561–1623. 6751: 6745: 6744: 6711:(5): 1325–1346. 6696: 6690: 6689: 6655: 6646: 6640: 6636: 6630: 6629: 6627: 6626: 6615: 6609: 6608: 6588: 6582: 6581: 6561: 6555: 6554: 6537: 6531: 6530: 6502: 6496: 6495: 6493: 6491: 6480: 6474: 6473: 6441: 6435: 6434: 6425:(4–5): 325–362. 6414: 6408: 6407: 6399: 6393: 6392: 6382: 6376: 6375: 6367: 6361: 6360: 6358: 6357: 6343: 6337: 6336: 6319:(3–4): 185–196. 6304: 6298: 6295: 6289: 6288: 6256: 6250: 6249: 6227: 6221: 6220: 6172: 6166: 6165: 6147: 6141: 6140: 6138: 6137: 6122: 6116: 6105: 6087: 6046: 6040: 6039: 6028: 6017:The Wetland Book 6012: 6006: 6005: 5995: 5955: 5949: 5948: 5942: 5934: 5908: 5902: 5901: 5899: 5897: 5886: 5875: 5874: 5856: 5832: 5826: 5825: 5815: 5775: 5769: 5768: 5756: 5746: 5740: 5739: 5691: 5685: 5684: 5667:(6): 2149–2159. 5652: 5646: 5645: 5635: 5617: 5584: 5578: 5577: 5575: 5574: 5560: 5554: 5548: 5533: 5522: 5521: 5511: 5463: 5457: 5456: 5424: 5418: 5417: 5415: 5414: 5395: 5389: 5388: 5386: 5385: 5376:. Archived from 5370: 5364: 5363: 5337: 5328: 5322: 5321: 5316:, archived from 5297: 5291: 5290: 5280: 5270: 5237: 5231: 5230: 5186: 5180: 5179: 5153: 5147: 5140: 5134: 5133: 5107: 5101: 5100: 5094: 5093: 5078: 5072: 5071: 5053: 5021: 5015: 5014: 5004: 4987:(3–4): 248–276. 4972: 4966: 4965: 4925: 4919: 4918: 4878: 4872: 4871: 4835: 4829: 4828: 4802: 4796: 4795: 4756:Urban Ecosystems 4751: 4745: 4742: 4736: 4735: 4718:(6): S137−S149. 4707: 4701: 4700: 4698: 4697: 4690:Savethefrogs.com 4682: 4676: 4675: 4627: 4621: 4620: 4618: 4617: 4607: 4596: 4595: 4569: 4529: 4523: 4522: 4481: 4475: 4474: 4466: 4460: 4459: 4451: 4445: 4444: 4436: 4430: 4429: 4421: 4415: 4414: 4412: 4411: 4402:. Archived from 4396: 4390: 4389: 4353: 4347: 4346: 4310: 4304: 4303: 4291: 4281: 4275: 4274: 4246: 4240: 4239: 4203: 4197: 4196: 4190: 4186: 4184: 4176: 4150: 4144: 4143: 4107: 4101: 4100: 4092: 4086: 4085: 4057: 4051: 4050: 4042: 4036: 4035: 4028: 4022: 4021: 4010: 4004: 4003: 4001: 3999: 3990:. Archived from 3980: 3974: 3973: 3955: 3949: 3948: 3946: 3945: 3936:. Archived from 3926: 3920: 3919: 3917: 3915: 3902: 3896: 3895: 3888: 3882: 3881: 3847: 3841: 3834: 3828: 3827: 3825: 3824: 3813: 3807: 3806: 3804: 3803: 3788: 3782: 3781: 3779: 3778: 3763: 3757: 3756: 3754: 3753: 3738: 3732: 3731: 3729: 3728: 3713: 3702: 3701: 3699: 3698: 3684: 3678: 3677: 3651: 3642: 3641: 3629: 3618: 3612: 3611: 3591: 3580: 3579: 3571: 3530: 3529: 3519: 3487: 3481: 3480: 3448: 3442: 3441: 3413: 3404: 3403: 3401: 3400: 3390: 3381: 3380: 3360: 3351: 3350: 3348: 3347: 3336: 3330: 3329: 3301: 3295: 3294: 3292: 3291: 3281: 3270: 3269: 3267: 3266: 3257:. Archived from 3238: 3199: 3182: 3177: 3176: 3168: 3163: 3162: 3161: 3154: 3149: 3148: 3140: 3135: 3134: 3133: 3028:National efforts 2822: 2810: 2621: 2473:Restoration and 2249:invasive species 2241:land use changes 2061:Wetland products 1941:land development 1878:sewage treatment 1827:freshwater marsh 1742:substrates like 1736:quality of water 1624:Wetland products 1478:Snapping turtles 1440:ecosystem health 1415:Many species of 1409:Snapping turtles 1396:Many species of 1304:Nelumbo nucifera 1246:nutrient cycling 1200:Role of salinity 1055:ornithologically 1045:The wetlands of 852:Coniferous swamp 813:Freshwater marsh 710:mangrove forests 656:Wetlands can be 393:water pollutants 265:woody vegetation 195:excess nutrients 74: 65: 54: 45: 21: 10552: 10551: 10547: 10546: 10545: 10543: 10542: 10541: 10537:Bodies of water 10512:Aquatic ecology 10497: 10496: 10495: 10490: 10450: 10412: 10341: 10281: 10270: 10266:Endolithic zone 10254: 10187: 10177: 10146: 10120: 10088: 10082: 10051: 10017: 10002: 9997: 9967: 9962: 9939: 9938: 9927: 9925: 9924: 9908: 9869:Coral bleaching 9855: 9836:Seagrass meadow 9733:Marine habitats 9723: 9697:Coral reef fish 9663: 9649:Marine protists 9625: 9563: 9554: 9525:Ocean turbidity 9500:Marine food web 9449: 9428: 9370: 9309:River ecosystem 9262:Freshwater fish 9235: 9226: 9032:Bioluminescence 9017:Aquatic science 8934: 8920: 8915: 8885: 8880: 8860: 8858: 8850: 8770: 8741:Ducks Unlimited 8719: 8678:Clean Water Act 8660: 8638:Classifications 8632: 8601: 8548: 8516: 8480: 8431:Mangrove forest 8077: 8072: 8028: 8023: 7984: 7977: 7971:Wayback Machine 7961: 7957: 7948: 7946: 7941: 7940: 7936: 7926: 7924: 7919: 7918: 7914: 7904: 7902: 7901:on 9 April 2016 7893: 7892: 7888: 7851: 7847: 7794: 7790: 7753: 7749: 7728:(12): 374–381. 7714: 7707: 7672: 7668: 7633: 7629: 7620: 7618: 7616:rsis.ramsar.org 7610: 7609: 7605: 7595: 7593: 7589: 7578: 7572: 7568: 7525: 7521: 7512: 7510: 7502: 7501: 7497: 7491: 7467: 7463: 7454: 7452: 7439: 7438: 7434: 7428:Wayback Machine 7417:Wayback Machine 7406: 7399: 7354: 7350: 7337: 7336: 7332: 7269: 7265: 7234: 7230: 7185: 7178: 7169: 7167: 7158: 7157: 7153: 7144: 7143: 7139: 7134:Wayback Machine 7086: 7077: 7070: 7054: 7050: 7000: 6993: 6989: 6944: 6940: 6905: 6901: 6886: 6864: 6860: 6812: 6808: 6794: 6790: 6752: 6748: 6697: 6693: 6653: 6647: 6643: 6637: 6633: 6624: 6622: 6617: 6616: 6612: 6605: 6589: 6585: 6578: 6562: 6558: 6551: 6539: 6538: 6534: 6503: 6499: 6489: 6487: 6482: 6481: 6477: 6462:10.1071/MF14173 6442: 6438: 6415: 6411: 6400: 6396: 6383: 6379: 6368: 6364: 6355: 6353: 6345: 6344: 6340: 6305: 6301: 6296: 6292: 6277:10.1139/a06-008 6257: 6253: 6246: 6228: 6224: 6173: 6169: 6148: 6144: 6135: 6133: 6123: 6119: 6114:Wayback Machine 6062:(11): 922–928. 6047: 6043: 6037: 6013: 6009: 5956: 5952: 5936: 5935: 5923: 5909: 5905: 5895: 5893: 5888: 5887: 5878: 5833: 5829: 5790:(11): 958–963. 5776: 5772: 5765: 5747: 5743: 5692: 5688: 5653: 5649: 5600:(3): e0264490. 5585: 5581: 5572: 5570: 5562: 5561: 5557: 5534: 5525: 5464: 5460: 5425: 5421: 5412: 5410: 5397: 5396: 5392: 5383: 5381: 5372: 5371: 5367: 5335: 5329: 5325: 5314: 5298: 5294: 5238: 5234: 5187: 5183: 5168: 5154: 5150: 5141: 5137: 5122: 5108: 5104: 5091: 5089: 5080: 5079: 5075: 5022: 5018: 4973: 4969: 4926: 4922: 4879: 4875: 4860: 4836: 4832: 4817: 4803: 4799: 4752: 4748: 4743: 4739: 4708: 4704: 4695: 4693: 4684: 4683: 4679: 4628: 4624: 4615: 4613: 4609: 4608: 4599: 4530: 4526: 4482: 4478: 4467: 4463: 4452: 4448: 4437: 4433: 4422: 4418: 4409: 4407: 4398: 4397: 4393: 4354: 4350: 4335:10.2307/2269552 4311: 4307: 4300: 4282: 4278: 4247: 4243: 4204: 4200: 4188: 4187: 4178: 4177: 4173: 4151: 4147: 4108: 4104: 4093: 4089: 4058: 4054: 4043: 4039: 4030: 4029: 4025: 4012: 4011: 4007: 3997: 3995: 3982: 3981: 3977: 3970: 3956: 3952: 3943: 3941: 3928: 3927: 3923: 3913: 3911: 3904: 3903: 3899: 3890: 3889: 3885: 3870: 3848: 3844: 3835: 3831: 3822: 3820: 3815: 3814: 3810: 3801: 3799: 3790: 3789: 3785: 3776: 3774: 3765: 3764: 3760: 3751: 3749: 3740: 3739: 3735: 3726: 3724: 3714: 3705: 3696: 3694: 3686: 3685: 3681: 3666: 3652: 3645: 3638: 3627: 3619: 3615: 3608: 3592: 3583: 3572: 3533: 3488: 3484: 3449: 3445: 3424:(1–2): 91–100. 3414: 3407: 3398: 3396: 3392: 3391: 3384: 3377: 3361: 3354: 3345: 3343: 3338: 3337: 3333: 3318:10.1071/MF14173 3312:(10): 934–941. 3302: 3298: 3289: 3287: 3283: 3282: 3273: 3264: 3262: 3255: 3239: 3210: 3206: 3192: 3178: 3171: 3164: 3159: 3157: 3150: 3143: 3138:Wetlands portal 3136: 3131: 3129: 3126: 3094: 3076: 3063: 3040:Clean Water Act 3035: 3030: 3025: 3024: 2964: 2956: 2951: 2929: 2915: 2890: 2881: 2854: 2848: 2820: 2816: 2808: 2804: 2768: 2754: 2740: 2735: 2734: 2610: 2607: 2597: 2593: 2576: 2571: 2560:The ideas from 2558: 2542: 2536: 2516: 2498: 2489: 2471: 2430: 2422:Main articles: 2420: 2403: 2367: 2361: 2340: 2318:, barrages and 2290: 2273: 2210: 2140:water pollution 2104: 2098: 2089: 2063: 2051:endemic species 2008: 2003: 2002: 1906:Lübeck, Germany 1897: 1874: 1816: 1777: 1771: 1712: 1669: 1630:Recreation and 1627:Cultural values 1567: 1561: 1534:Florida panther 1486:, particularly 1390: 1343:spp.), sedges ( 1295: 1273:) and animals ( 1267: 1218:nutrient cycled 1211: 1202: 1135: 1128: 1039: 1003: 950: 918:temperate zones 898: 893: 873: 785: 773: 654: 640: 568:ecosystems and 526:based on their 508: 484: 452:water pollution 385:carbon fixation 281:Mangrove forest 108: 107: 106: 105: 77: 76: 75: 67: 66: 57: 56: 55: 47: 46: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 10550: 10540: 10539: 10534: 10529: 10524: 10519: 10514: 10509: 10492: 10491: 10489: 10488: 10483: 10478: 10473: 10468: 10462: 10460: 10456: 10455: 10452: 10451: 10449: 10448: 10447: 10446: 10441: 10431: 10426: 10420: 10418: 10414: 10413: 10411: 10410: 10405: 10400: 10395: 10390: 10385: 10380: 10375: 10370: 10365: 10360: 10355: 10349: 10347: 10343: 10342: 10340: 10339: 10334: 10329: 10324: 10319: 10314: 10309: 10304: 10299: 10293: 10291: 10284: 10280:Biogeographic 10276: 10275: 10272: 10271: 10269: 10268: 10262: 10260: 10256: 10255: 10253: 10252: 10247: 10242: 10237: 10232: 10227: 10222: 10217: 10212: 10207: 10202: 10197: 10191: 10189: 10183: 10182: 10179: 10178: 10176: 10175: 10170: 10165: 10160: 10154: 10152: 10148: 10147: 10145: 10144: 10139: 10134: 10128: 10126: 10122: 10121: 10119: 10118: 10113: 10108: 10103: 10098: 10092: 10090: 10084: 10083: 10081: 10080: 10075: 10070: 10065: 10059: 10057: 10053: 10052: 10050: 10049: 10044: 10039: 10034: 10028: 10026: 10019: 10010: 10004: 10003: 9996: 9995: 9988: 9981: 9973: 9964: 9963: 9961: 9960: 9950: 9936: 9921: 9918: 9917: 9914: 9913: 9910: 9909: 9907: 9906: 9901: 9896: 9891: 9886: 9881: 9876: 9871: 9865: 9863: 9857: 9856: 9854: 9853: 9848: 9843: 9838: 9833: 9828: 9823: 9818: 9813: 9808: 9803: 9798: 9793: 9788: 9783: 9778: 9773: 9768: 9763: 9758: 9753: 9748: 9743: 9737: 9735: 9729: 9728: 9725: 9724: 9722: 9721: 9716: 9715: 9714: 9709: 9704: 9699: 9694: 9687:Saltwater fish 9684: 9682:Marine reptile 9679: 9673: 9671: 9665: 9664: 9662: 9661: 9656: 9654:Marine viruses 9651: 9646: 9641: 9635: 9633: 9631:Microorganisms 9627: 9626: 9624: 9623: 9621:Wild fisheries 9618: 9613: 9608: 9603: 9598: 9593: 9588: 9583: 9577: 9571: 9565: 9564: 9557: 9555: 9553: 9552: 9547: 9542: 9537: 9535:Thorson's rule 9532: 9527: 9522: 9517: 9512: 9507: 9502: 9497: 9492: 9490:Marine biology 9487: 9482: 9477: 9472: 9467: 9461: 9459: 9451: 9450: 9438: 9437: 9434: 9433: 9430: 9429: 9427: 9426: 9425: 9424: 9419: 9414: 9409: 9401: 9396: 9395: 9394: 9389: 9378: 9376: 9372: 9371: 9369: 9368: 9367: 9366: 9361: 9356: 9351: 9349:Brackish marsh 9346: 9336: 9331: 9326: 9321: 9316: 9311: 9306: 9301: 9300: 9299: 9289: 9284: 9279: 9277:Lake ecosystem 9274: 9269: 9267:Hyporheic zone 9264: 9259: 9254: 9249: 9243: 9241: 9237: 9236: 9229: 9227: 9225: 9224: 9219: 9214: 9209: 9204: 9199: 9194: 9189: 9184: 9179: 9174: 9169: 9164: 9159: 9154: 9149: 9144: 9139: 9134: 9129: 9124: 9119: 9117:Microbial loop 9114: 9109: 9104: 9099: 9094: 9089: 9084: 9079: 9074: 9069: 9064: 9062:Eutrophication 9059: 9054: 9049: 9044: 9042:Cascade effect 9039: 9034: 9029: 9024: 9019: 9014: 9009: 9004: 8999: 8994: 8989: 8988: 8987: 8982: 8977: 8970:Aquatic animal 8967: 8962: 8957: 8952: 8946: 8944: 8936: 8935: 8922: 8921: 8914: 8913: 8906: 8899: 8891: 8882: 8881: 8879: 8878: 8868: 8855: 8852: 8851: 8849: 8848: 8843: 8838: 8833: 8828: 8823: 8818: 8816:Drainage basin 8813: 8808: 8803: 8798: 8793: 8788: 8782: 8780: 8776: 8775: 8772: 8771: 8769: 8768: 8763: 8758: 8753: 8748: 8743: 8738: 8733: 8727: 8725: 8721: 8720: 8718: 8717: 8712: 8707: 8706: 8705: 8695: 8690: 8685: 8680: 8674: 8668: 8662: 8661: 8659: 8658: 8653: 8648: 8642: 8640: 8634: 8633: 8631: 8630: 8625: 8623:Paludification 8620: 8615: 8609: 8607: 8603: 8602: 8600: 8599: 8594: 8589: 8584: 8583: 8582: 8577: 8575:Sapric or muck 8572: 8562: 8556: 8554: 8553:Soil mechanics 8550: 8549: 8547: 8546: 8539: 8534: 8528: 8526: 8522: 8521: 8518: 8517: 8515: 8514: 8509: 8504: 8499: 8494: 8488: 8486: 8482: 8481: 8479: 8478: 8473: 8468: 8463: 8458: 8453: 8452: 8451: 8446: 8441: 8433: 8428: 8423: 8413: 8408: 8403: 8398: 8393: 8388: 8383: 8378: 8373: 8368: 8363: 8358: 8353: 8348: 8343: 8338: 8333: 8332: 8331: 8330: 8329: 8324: 8314: 8309: 8304: 8299: 8297:Brackish marsh 8289: 8284: 8279: 8274: 8269: 8264: 8259: 8254: 8249: 8244: 8239: 8234: 8229: 8228: 8227: 8222: 8217: 8207: 8202: 8197: 8192: 8187: 8186: 8185: 8175: 8170: 8169: 8168: 8163: 8158: 8153: 8148: 8143: 8138: 8133: 8128: 8118: 8113: 8108: 8103: 8098: 8092: 8090: 8083: 8079: 8078: 8071: 8070: 8063: 8056: 8048: 8042: 8041: 8027: 8026:External links 8024: 8022: 8021: 7975: 7955: 7934: 7912: 7886: 7859:Sustainability 7845: 7788: 7747: 7705: 7666: 7647:(4): 167–173. 7627: 7603: 7566: 7519: 7508:www.ramsar.org 7495: 7489: 7461: 7432: 7397: 7368:(9): nwaa296. 7348: 7330: 7263: 7244:(4): 605–615. 7228: 7176: 7151: 7137: 7075: 7068: 7048: 6998: 6987: 6938: 6919:(3): 361–374. 6899: 6884: 6858: 6806: 6788: 6746: 6691: 6664:(8): 568–573. 6641: 6631: 6610: 6603: 6583: 6576: 6556: 6549: 6532: 6497: 6475: 6436: 6409: 6394: 6377: 6362: 6338: 6299: 6290: 6251: 6244: 6222: 6187:(2): 127–132. 6167: 6142: 6117: 6041: 6035: 6007: 5970:(2): 298–322. 5950: 5921: 5903: 5876: 5847:(2): 261–274. 5827: 5770: 5764:978-0905347639 5763: 5741: 5706:(2): 195–214. 5686: 5647: 5579: 5555: 5523: 5458: 5419: 5390: 5365: 5360:10.1890/130260 5346:(5): 267–272. 5323: 5312: 5292: 5232: 5197:(1): 203–214. 5181: 5166: 5148: 5135: 5121:978-0471292586 5120: 5102: 5073: 5016: 4967: 4920: 4893:(3): 369–384. 4873: 4858: 4830: 4816:978-0511011368 4815: 4797: 4762:(3): 525–537. 4746: 4737: 4702: 4677: 4622: 4597: 4544:(9): 807–817. 4524: 4476: 4461: 4446: 4431: 4416: 4391: 4364:(2): 251–261. 4348: 4305: 4298: 4276: 4257:(3): 255–262. 4241: 4214:(5): 955–964. 4198: 4189:|journal= 4171: 4145: 4102: 4087: 4052: 4037: 4023: 4018:www.ramsar.org 4005: 3975: 3969:978-1574412147 3968: 3950: 3921: 3897: 3883: 3868: 3842: 3829: 3808: 3783: 3758: 3733: 3703: 3679: 3664: 3643: 3636: 3613: 3606: 3581: 3531: 3482: 3463:(3): 361–374. 3443: 3405: 3382: 3376:978-0521834049 3375: 3352: 3331: 3296: 3271: 3254:978-0521519403 3253: 3207: 3205: 3202: 3201: 3200: 3190: 3184: 3183: 3169: 3166:Ecology portal 3155: 3141: 3125: 3122: 3075: 3072: 3071: 3070: 3067: 3062: 3059: 3034: 3031: 3029: 3026: 2965: 2957: 2955: 2952: 2950: 2947: 2928: 2925: 2920:remote sensing 2914: 2911: 2889: 2886: 2880: 2877: 2865:climate change 2847: 2844: 2836:climate change 2818: 2806: 2790:photosynthesis 2786:carbon dioxide 2766: 2739: 2736: 2723:greenhouse gas 2689:methanogenesis 2648:climate change 2608: 2600: 2595: 2591: 2588:carbon dioxide 2584:climate change 2575: 2572: 2570: 2567: 2557: 2554: 2535: 2532: 2515: 2512: 2497: 2494: 2488: 2485: 2470: 2467: 2419: 2416: 2402: 2399: 2375:Mukri, Estonia 2363:Main article: 2360: 2357: 2352:shrimp farming 2339: 2336: 2289: 2286: 2272: 2269: 2253:water hyacinth 2231:eutrophication 2224: 2223: 2220: 2217: 2209: 2208: 2205: 2200: 2197: 2191: 2188: 2185: 2178: 2173: 2168: 2163: 2157: 2154: 2152:eutrophication 2147: 2134:and draining, 2097: 2094: 2088: 2085: 2062: 2059: 2007: 2004: 1898: 1890: 1886:Kolkata, India 1873: 1870: 1858:eutrophication 1815: 1812: 1807:United Kingdom 1773:Main article: 1770: 1767: 1763:drinking water 1711: 1708: 1704:Murray-Darling 1668: 1665: 1644: 1643: 1634: 1628: 1625: 1622: 1619: 1615:Reservoirs of 1613: 1603: 1598: 1595: 1592: 1560: 1557: 1389: 1386: 1294: 1291: 1266: 1263: 1210: 1207: 1201: 1198: 1133: 1126: 1038: 1035: 1002: 999: 995: 994: 988: 985: 979: 966:Southeast Asia 960:, and western 949: 946: 922:Gulf of Mexico 897: 894: 892: 889: 872: 871: 866: 865: 864: 862:Mangrove swamp 859: 854: 849: 839: 834: 833: 832: 827: 817: 816: 815: 810: 808:Brackish marsh 800: 795: 789: 784: 781: 772: 769: 650:Main article: 639: 636: 623: 622: 607: 544:aquatic plants 507: 504: 483: 480: 446:and draining, 301:tidal wetlands 114:is a distinct 98:soil fertility 94:standing water 79: 78: 69: 68: 60: 59: 58: 49: 48: 40: 39: 38: 37: 36: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10549: 10538: 10535: 10533: 10530: 10528: 10525: 10523: 10520: 10518: 10515: 10513: 10510: 10508: 10505: 10504: 10502: 10487: 10484: 10482: 10479: 10477: 10474: 10472: 10469: 10467: 10464: 10463: 10461: 10457: 10445: 10442: 10440: 10437: 10436: 10435: 10432: 10430: 10427: 10425: 10422: 10421: 10419: 10415: 10409: 10406: 10404: 10401: 10399: 10396: 10394: 10391: 10389: 10386: 10384: 10381: 10379: 10376: 10374: 10371: 10369: 10366: 10364: 10361: 10359: 10356: 10354: 10351: 10350: 10348: 10344: 10338: 10335: 10333: 10330: 10328: 10325: 10323: 10320: 10318: 10315: 10313: 10310: 10308: 10305: 10303: 10300: 10298: 10295: 10294: 10292: 10288: 10285: 10283: 10277: 10267: 10264: 10263: 10261: 10257: 10251: 10250:Demersal zone 10248: 10246: 10243: 10241: 10238: 10236: 10233: 10231: 10228: 10226: 10223: 10221: 10218: 10216: 10213: 10211: 10208: 10206: 10203: 10201: 10198: 10196: 10193: 10192: 10190: 10184: 10174: 10171: 10169: 10166: 10164: 10161: 10159: 10156: 10155: 10153: 10149: 10143: 10140: 10138: 10135: 10133: 10130: 10129: 10127: 10123: 10117: 10114: 10112: 10109: 10107: 10104: 10102: 10099: 10097: 10094: 10093: 10091: 10085: 10079: 10076: 10074: 10071: 10069: 10066: 10064: 10061: 10060: 10058: 10054: 10048: 10047:Alpine tundra 10045: 10043: 10040: 10038: 10035: 10033: 10030: 10029: 10027: 10025:Polar/montane 10023: 10020: 10014: 10011: 10009: 10005: 10001: 9994: 9989: 9987: 9982: 9980: 9975: 9974: 9971: 9959: 9951: 9948: 9943: 9937: 9934: 9923: 9922: 9919: 9905: 9902: 9900: 9897: 9895: 9892: 9890: 9887: 9885: 9882: 9880: 9877: 9875: 9872: 9870: 9867: 9866: 9864: 9862: 9858: 9852: 9849: 9847: 9844: 9842: 9841:Sponge ground 9839: 9837: 9834: 9832: 9829: 9827: 9824: 9822: 9819: 9817: 9814: 9812: 9809: 9807: 9806:Marine biomes 9804: 9802: 9799: 9797: 9794: 9792: 9789: 9787: 9784: 9782: 9779: 9777: 9774: 9772: 9769: 9767: 9764: 9762: 9759: 9757: 9754: 9752: 9749: 9747: 9744: 9742: 9739: 9738: 9736: 9734: 9730: 9720: 9717: 9713: 9710: 9708: 9707:Demersal fish 9705: 9703: 9702:Deep-sea fish 9700: 9698: 9695: 9693: 9690: 9689: 9688: 9685: 9683: 9680: 9678: 9677:Marine mammal 9675: 9674: 9672: 9670: 9666: 9660: 9657: 9655: 9652: 9650: 9647: 9645: 9642: 9640: 9637: 9636: 9634: 9632: 9628: 9622: 9619: 9617: 9614: 9612: 9609: 9607: 9604: 9602: 9599: 9597: 9594: 9592: 9589: 9587: 9584: 9582: 9579: 9578: 9575: 9572: 9570: 9566: 9561: 9551: 9548: 9546: 9543: 9541: 9538: 9536: 9533: 9531: 9528: 9526: 9523: 9521: 9518: 9516: 9513: 9511: 9508: 9506: 9503: 9501: 9498: 9496: 9493: 9491: 9488: 9486: 9483: 9481: 9478: 9476: 9473: 9471: 9468: 9466: 9463: 9462: 9460: 9456: 9452: 9448: 9443: 9439: 9423: 9420: 9418: 9415: 9413: 9410: 9408: 9405: 9404: 9402: 9400: 9397: 9393: 9390: 9388: 9385: 9384: 9383: 9380: 9379: 9377: 9373: 9365: 9362: 9360: 9357: 9355: 9352: 9350: 9347: 9345: 9342: 9341: 9340: 9337: 9335: 9332: 9330: 9327: 9325: 9322: 9320: 9317: 9315: 9312: 9310: 9307: 9305: 9302: 9298: 9295: 9294: 9293: 9290: 9288: 9285: 9283: 9280: 9278: 9275: 9273: 9270: 9268: 9265: 9263: 9260: 9258: 9255: 9253: 9250: 9248: 9245: 9244: 9242: 9238: 9233: 9223: 9220: 9218: 9215: 9213: 9210: 9208: 9207:Trophic level 9205: 9203: 9200: 9198: 9195: 9193: 9190: 9188: 9185: 9183: 9180: 9178: 9175: 9173: 9172:Sediment trap 9170: 9168: 9165: 9163: 9160: 9158: 9155: 9153: 9150: 9148: 9147:Phytoplankton 9145: 9143: 9140: 9138: 9135: 9133: 9130: 9128: 9125: 9123: 9120: 9118: 9115: 9113: 9110: 9108: 9105: 9103: 9100: 9098: 9095: 9093: 9090: 9088: 9085: 9083: 9080: 9078: 9075: 9073: 9070: 9068: 9065: 9063: 9060: 9058: 9055: 9053: 9050: 9048: 9045: 9043: 9040: 9038: 9035: 9033: 9030: 9028: 9025: 9023: 9020: 9018: 9015: 9013: 9010: 9008: 9005: 9003: 9000: 8998: 8997:Aquatic plant 8995: 8993: 8990: 8986: 8983: 8981: 8978: 8976: 8973: 8972: 8971: 8968: 8966: 8963: 8961: 8960:Anoxic waters 8958: 8956: 8953: 8951: 8948: 8947: 8945: 8941: 8937: 8933: 8927: 8923: 8919: 8912: 8907: 8905: 8900: 8898: 8893: 8892: 8889: 8877: 8869: 8867: 8857: 8856: 8853: 8847: 8844: 8842: 8839: 8837: 8834: 8832: 8829: 8827: 8826:Riparian zone 8824: 8822: 8819: 8817: 8814: 8812: 8809: 8807: 8804: 8802: 8799: 8797: 8794: 8792: 8789: 8787: 8784: 8783: 8781: 8777: 8767: 8764: 8762: 8759: 8757: 8754: 8752: 8749: 8747: 8744: 8742: 8739: 8737: 8734: 8732: 8729: 8728: 8726: 8724:Organizations 8722: 8716: 8713: 8711: 8708: 8704: 8701: 8700: 8699: 8696: 8694: 8691: 8689: 8686: 8684: 8681: 8679: 8676: 8675: 8672: 8669: 8667: 8663: 8657: 8654: 8652: 8649: 8647: 8644: 8643: 8641: 8639: 8635: 8629: 8626: 8624: 8621: 8619: 8616: 8614: 8611: 8610: 8608: 8604: 8598: 8595: 8593: 8590: 8588: 8585: 8581: 8580:Tropical peat 8578: 8576: 8573: 8571: 8568: 8567: 8566: 8563: 8561: 8558: 8557: 8555: 8551: 8545: 8544: 8540: 8538: 8535: 8533: 8530: 8529: 8527: 8523: 8513: 8510: 8508: 8505: 8503: 8500: 8498: 8495: 8493: 8490: 8489: 8487: 8483: 8477: 8474: 8472: 8469: 8467: 8464: 8462: 8461:Várzea forest 8459: 8457: 8454: 8450: 8447: 8445: 8442: 8440: 8438: 8434: 8432: 8429: 8427: 8424: 8422: 8419: 8418: 8417: 8414: 8412: 8409: 8407: 8404: 8402: 8399: 8397: 8394: 8392: 8389: 8387: 8384: 8382: 8379: 8377: 8374: 8372: 8369: 8367: 8364: 8362: 8359: 8357: 8354: 8352: 8349: 8347: 8344: 8342: 8339: 8337: 8334: 8328: 8325: 8323: 8320: 8319: 8318: 8315: 8313: 8310: 8308: 8305: 8303: 8300: 8298: 8295: 8294: 8293: 8290: 8288: 8285: 8283: 8280: 8278: 8275: 8273: 8270: 8268: 8265: 8263: 8260: 8258: 8255: 8253: 8250: 8248: 8245: 8243: 8240: 8238: 8235: 8233: 8230: 8226: 8223: 8221: 8218: 8216: 8213: 8212: 8211: 8208: 8206: 8203: 8201: 8198: 8196: 8193: 8191: 8188: 8184: 8181: 8180: 8179: 8176: 8174: 8171: 8167: 8164: 8162: 8159: 8157: 8154: 8152: 8151:Polygonal bog 8149: 8147: 8144: 8142: 8139: 8137: 8134: 8132: 8129: 8127: 8124: 8123: 8122: 8119: 8117: 8114: 8112: 8109: 8107: 8104: 8102: 8099: 8097: 8094: 8093: 8091: 8087: 8084: 8080: 8076: 8069: 8064: 8062: 8057: 8055: 8050: 8049: 8046: 8039: 8034: 8030: 8029: 8017: 8013: 8009: 8005: 8001: 7997: 7993: 7989: 7982: 7980: 7972: 7968: 7965: 7959: 7944: 7938: 7922: 7916: 7900: 7896: 7890: 7882: 7878: 7873: 7868: 7864: 7860: 7856: 7849: 7841: 7837: 7833: 7829: 7824: 7819: 7815: 7811: 7807: 7803: 7799: 7792: 7784: 7780: 7775: 7770: 7766: 7762: 7758: 7751: 7743: 7739: 7735: 7731: 7727: 7723: 7719: 7712: 7710: 7701: 7697: 7693: 7689: 7685: 7681: 7677: 7670: 7662: 7658: 7654: 7650: 7646: 7642: 7638: 7631: 7617: 7613: 7607: 7588: 7584: 7577: 7570: 7562: 7558: 7554: 7550: 7546: 7542: 7538: 7534: 7530: 7523: 7509: 7505: 7499: 7492: 7486: 7481: 7476: 7472: 7465: 7450: 7446: 7442: 7436: 7429: 7425: 7422: 7418: 7414: 7411: 7404: 7402: 7393: 7389: 7384: 7379: 7375: 7371: 7367: 7363: 7359: 7352: 7344: 7340: 7339:"Blue Carbon" 7334: 7326: 7322: 7317: 7312: 7308: 7304: 7299: 7294: 7290: 7286: 7282: 7278: 7274: 7267: 7259: 7255: 7251: 7247: 7243: 7239: 7232: 7224: 7220: 7215: 7210: 7206: 7202: 7198: 7194: 7190: 7183: 7181: 7165: 7161: 7155: 7147: 7141: 7135: 7131: 7128: 7123: 7117: 7113: 7108: 7103: 7099: 7095: 7091: 7084: 7082: 7080: 7071: 7065: 7061: 7060: 7052: 7044: 7040: 7036: 7032: 7027: 7022: 7018: 7014: 7010: 7006: 7002: 6991: 6983: 6979: 6974: 6969: 6965: 6961: 6957: 6953: 6949: 6942: 6934: 6930: 6926: 6922: 6918: 6914: 6910: 6903: 6895: 6891: 6887: 6881: 6877: 6873: 6869: 6862: 6854: 6850: 6845: 6840: 6836: 6832: 6828: 6824: 6823: 6818: 6810: 6803: 6799: 6792: 6784: 6780: 6775: 6770: 6766: 6762: 6758: 6750: 6742: 6738: 6734: 6730: 6726: 6722: 6718: 6714: 6710: 6706: 6702: 6695: 6687: 6683: 6679: 6675: 6671: 6667: 6663: 6659: 6652: 6645: 6635: 6620: 6614: 6606: 6600: 6596: 6595: 6587: 6579: 6573: 6569: 6568: 6560: 6552: 6546: 6542: 6536: 6528: 6524: 6520: 6516: 6512: 6508: 6501: 6485: 6479: 6471: 6467: 6463: 6459: 6455: 6451: 6447: 6440: 6432: 6428: 6424: 6420: 6413: 6405: 6398: 6390: 6389: 6381: 6373: 6366: 6352: 6348: 6342: 6334: 6330: 6326: 6322: 6318: 6314: 6313:Geomorphology 6310: 6303: 6294: 6286: 6282: 6278: 6274: 6271:(NA): 43–77. 6270: 6266: 6262: 6255: 6247: 6245:0-412-74050-8 6241: 6237: 6233: 6226: 6218: 6214: 6210: 6206: 6202: 6198: 6194: 6190: 6186: 6182: 6178: 6171: 6163: 6159: 6155: 6154: 6146: 6132: 6131:cfpub.epa.gov 6128: 6121: 6115: 6111: 6108: 6103: 6099: 6095: 6091: 6086: 6081: 6077: 6073: 6069: 6065: 6061: 6057: 6053: 6045: 6038: 6032: 6027: 6022: 6018: 6011: 6003: 5999: 5994: 5989: 5985: 5981: 5977: 5973: 5969: 5965: 5961: 5954: 5946: 5940: 5932: 5928: 5924: 5918: 5914: 5907: 5891: 5885: 5883: 5881: 5872: 5868: 5864: 5860: 5855: 5850: 5846: 5842: 5841:Food Security 5838: 5831: 5823: 5819: 5814: 5809: 5805: 5801: 5797: 5793: 5789: 5785: 5781: 5774: 5766: 5760: 5755: 5754: 5745: 5737: 5733: 5729: 5725: 5721: 5717: 5713: 5709: 5705: 5701: 5697: 5690: 5682: 5678: 5674: 5670: 5666: 5662: 5658: 5651: 5643: 5639: 5634: 5629: 5625: 5621: 5616: 5611: 5607: 5603: 5599: 5595: 5591: 5583: 5569: 5565: 5559: 5552: 5547: 5542: 5538: 5532: 5530: 5528: 5519: 5515: 5510: 5505: 5501: 5497: 5493: 5489: 5485: 5481: 5477: 5473: 5469: 5462: 5454: 5450: 5446: 5442: 5438: 5434: 5430: 5423: 5409:on 2013-01-13 5408: 5404: 5400: 5394: 5380:on 2007-09-09 5379: 5375: 5369: 5361: 5357: 5353: 5349: 5345: 5341: 5334: 5327: 5320:on 2014-06-24 5319: 5315: 5313:9782831712550 5309: 5305: 5304: 5296: 5288: 5284: 5279: 5274: 5269: 5264: 5260: 5256: 5252: 5248: 5244: 5236: 5228: 5224: 5220: 5216: 5212: 5208: 5204: 5200: 5196: 5192: 5185: 5177: 5173: 5169: 5167:1-56973-597-2 5163: 5159: 5152: 5145: 5139: 5131: 5127: 5123: 5117: 5113: 5106: 5099: 5087: 5083: 5077: 5069: 5065: 5061: 5057: 5052: 5047: 5043: 5039: 5035: 5031: 5027: 5020: 5012: 5008: 5003: 5002:11250/2438080 4998: 4994: 4990: 4986: 4982: 4981:Mammal Review 4978: 4971: 4963: 4959: 4955: 4951: 4947: 4943: 4939: 4935: 4934:Mammal Review 4931: 4924: 4916: 4912: 4908: 4904: 4900: 4896: 4892: 4888: 4887:Mammal Review 4884: 4877: 4869: 4865: 4861: 4855: 4851: 4847: 4843: 4842: 4834: 4826: 4822: 4818: 4812: 4808: 4801: 4793: 4789: 4785: 4781: 4777: 4773: 4769: 4765: 4761: 4757: 4750: 4741: 4733: 4729: 4725: 4721: 4717: 4713: 4706: 4691: 4687: 4681: 4673: 4669: 4665: 4661: 4657: 4653: 4649: 4645: 4641: 4637: 4633: 4626: 4612: 4606: 4604: 4602: 4593: 4589: 4585: 4581: 4577: 4573: 4568: 4563: 4559: 4555: 4551: 4547: 4543: 4539: 4535: 4528: 4520: 4516: 4512: 4508: 4504: 4500: 4496: 4492: 4488: 4480: 4472: 4465: 4457: 4450: 4442: 4435: 4427: 4420: 4406:on 2011-04-10 4405: 4401: 4395: 4387: 4383: 4379: 4375: 4371: 4367: 4363: 4359: 4352: 4344: 4340: 4336: 4332: 4328: 4324: 4320: 4316: 4309: 4301: 4299:9780126251555 4295: 4290: 4289: 4280: 4272: 4268: 4264: 4260: 4256: 4252: 4245: 4237: 4233: 4229: 4225: 4221: 4217: 4213: 4209: 4202: 4194: 4182: 4174: 4172:9780120007240 4168: 4164: 4160: 4156: 4149: 4141: 4137: 4133: 4129: 4125: 4121: 4118:(2): 95–103. 4117: 4113: 4106: 4098: 4091: 4083: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4068:(2): 87–106. 4067: 4063: 4062:Plant Ecology 4056: 4048: 4047:Wetland Soils 4041: 4033: 4027: 4019: 4015: 4009: 3994:on 2020-07-10 3993: 3989: 3985: 3979: 3971: 3965: 3961: 3954: 3940:on 2014-01-21 3939: 3935: 3931: 3925: 3909: 3908: 3901: 3893: 3887: 3879: 3875: 3871: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3853: 3846: 3839: 3833: 3818: 3812: 3798:on 2012-03-21 3797: 3793: 3787: 3773:on 2012-04-25 3772: 3768: 3762: 3747: 3743: 3737: 3723: 3719: 3712: 3710: 3708: 3693: 3689: 3683: 3675: 3671: 3667: 3661: 3657: 3650: 3648: 3639: 3633: 3626: 3625: 3617: 3609: 3603: 3599: 3598: 3590: 3588: 3586: 3577: 3570: 3568: 3566: 3564: 3562: 3560: 3558: 3556: 3554: 3552: 3550: 3548: 3546: 3544: 3542: 3540: 3538: 3536: 3527: 3523: 3518: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3493: 3486: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3447: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3412: 3410: 3395: 3389: 3387: 3378: 3372: 3368: 3367: 3359: 3357: 3341: 3335: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3300: 3286: 3280: 3278: 3276: 3261:on 2023-03-17 3260: 3256: 3250: 3246: 3245: 3237: 3235: 3233: 3231: 3229: 3227: 3225: 3223: 3221: 3219: 3217: 3215: 3213: 3208: 3198: 3197: 3191: 3189: 3186: 3185: 3181: 3175: 3170: 3167: 3156: 3153: 3147: 3142: 3139: 3128: 3121: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3068: 3065: 3064: 3058: 3056: 3051: 3049: 3045: 3044:Massachusetts 3041: 3033:United States 3020: 3016: 3009: 3004: 3000: 2997: 2993: 2988: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2962: 2946: 2944: 2939: 2933: 2924: 2921: 2910: 2906: 2904: 2899: 2895: 2885: 2876: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2861: 2859: 2853: 2843: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2824: 2814: 2802: 2798: 2793: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2778: 2776: 2772: 2763: 2759: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2719:nitrous oxide 2716: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2664: 2659: 2657: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2636:nitrous oxide 2633: 2629: 2605: 2599: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2566: 2563: 2553: 2551: 2546: 2541: 2531: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2511: 2508: 2503: 2493: 2484: 2481: 2476: 2466: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2443: 2439: 2436:(full title: 2435: 2429: 2425: 2415: 2413: 2409: 2398: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2376: 2371: 2366: 2356: 2353: 2348: 2344: 2335: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2304: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2285: 2282: 2278: 2268: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2257:Lake Victoria 2254: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2232: 2228: 2221: 2218: 2215: 2214: 2213: 2206: 2204: 2201: 2198: 2196: 2195:aridification 2192: 2189: 2186: 2183: 2179: 2177: 2176:Sedimentation 2174: 2172: 2169: 2167: 2166:Acidification 2164: 2162: 2158: 2155: 2153: 2149: 2148: 2146: 2143: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2108: 2103: 2093: 2084: 2081: 2079: 2078: 2067: 2058: 2056: 2052: 2046: 2043: 2041: 2037: 2036:invertebrates 2032: 2030: 2029: 2023: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1907: 1902: 1895: 1889: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1869: 1867: 1863: 1862:deforestation 1859: 1853: 1851: 1846: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1811: 1808: 1803: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1776: 1766: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1751: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1728:surface water 1725: 1721: 1717: 1707: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1696:Yangtze River 1693: 1689: 1685: 1680: 1678: 1674: 1664: 1662: 1658: 1652: 1647: 1642: 1638: 1635: 1633: 1629: 1626: 1623: 1620: 1618: 1614: 1611: 1607: 1604: 1602: 1599: 1596: 1593: 1591: 1588: 1587: 1586: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1566: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1545: 1544:Invertebrates 1541: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1518:apex predator 1515: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1441: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1422: 1418: 1410: 1406: 1399: 1394: 1385: 1383: 1379: 1378: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1356: 1354: 1353: 1348: 1347: 1342: 1341: 1336: 1331: 1329: 1325: 1320: 1316: 1314: 1306: 1305: 1299: 1286: 1282: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1262: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1216:is the major 1215: 1206: 1197: 1195: 1191: 1185: 1183: 1182:concentration 1179: 1175: 1170: 1168: 1164: 1163:minerotrophic 1160: 1156: 1153:, nutrients, 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1129: 1121: 1119: 1118:Hydrodynamics 1115: 1111: 1107: 1106:precipitation 1101: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1043: 1034: 1032: 1028: 1025:accumulates, 1024: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1008: 998: 992: 989: 986: 983: 980: 977: 974: 973: 972: 969: 967: 963: 959: 955: 945: 943: 939: 935: 931: 927: 923: 919: 911: 907: 902: 888: 886: 882: 878: 870: 867: 863: 860: 858: 855: 853: 850: 848: 845: 844: 843: 840: 838: 837:Riparian zone 835: 831: 828: 826: 823: 822: 821: 818: 814: 811: 809: 806: 805: 804: 801: 799: 796: 794: 791: 790: 788: 783:Wetland names 780: 777: 768: 766: 762: 758: 754: 750: 746: 742: 737: 735: 731: 727: 723: 719: 715: 711: 707: 703: 699: 695: 691: 687: 683: 679: 675: 671: 667: 663: 659: 653: 644: 635: 631: 627: 620: 616: 612: 608: 605: 601: 597: 593: 589: 585: 584: 583: 581: 576: 573: 571: 567: 563: 558: 556: 552: 547: 545: 541: 537: 533: 529: 525: 521: 517: 513: 500: 499:New York City 496: 492: 488: 479: 477: 473: 469: 465: 461: 457: 453: 449: 445: 441: 437: 433: 429: 424: 422: 421:nitrous oxide 418: 414: 410: 406: 402: 398: 394: 390: 389:sequestration 386: 382: 378: 377:flood control 374: 370: 365: 363: 359: 355: 351: 347: 343: 339: 335: 331: 330: 325: 324: 319: 318: 313: 312: 307: 303: 302: 296: 294: 290: 286: 282: 278: 274: 270: 266: 262: 261: 256: 252: 248: 244: 241: 237: 236: 231: 227: 223: 219: 215: 211: 206: 204: 200: 196: 192: 191:water quality 188: 184: 180: 176: 172: 168: 165:due to their 164: 160: 156: 152: 148: 144: 140: 136: 132: 128: 124: 120: 117: 113: 103: 99: 95: 91: 87: 83: 73: 64: 53: 44: 33: 19: 10417:Subdivisions 10307:Australasian 10297:Afrotropical 10259:Other biomes 10235:Benthic zone 10230:Pelagic zone 10225:Neritic zone 10215:Kelp forests 10167: 10087:Tropical and 9861:Conservation 9712:Pelagic fish 9692:Coastal fish 9596:Marine fungi 9338: 9334:Water garden 9217:Water column 9162:Productivity 9137:Pelagic zone 9097:Macrobenthos 9087:Hydrobiology 9057:Ecohydrology 8811:List of bogs 8666:Conservation 8597:Ombrotrophic 8541: 8512:Water-meadow 8436: 8247:Grass valley 8237:Flood-meadow 8200:Cypress dome 8131:Cataract bog 8106:Beach meadow 8074: 7991: 7987: 7958: 7947:. Retrieved 7937: 7925:. Retrieved 7915: 7903:. Retrieved 7899:the original 7889: 7862: 7858: 7848: 7805: 7801: 7791: 7764: 7760: 7750: 7725: 7721: 7683: 7679: 7669: 7644: 7640: 7630: 7619:. Retrieved 7615: 7606: 7594:. Retrieved 7582: 7569: 7536: 7532: 7522: 7511:. Retrieved 7507: 7498: 7470: 7464: 7453:. Retrieved 7444: 7435: 7365: 7361: 7351: 7342: 7333: 7280: 7276: 7266: 7241: 7237: 7231: 7196: 7192: 7168:. Retrieved 7166:. 2020-02-06 7163: 7154: 7145: 7140: 7097: 7093: 7058: 7051: 7008: 7004: 6990: 6955: 6951: 6941: 6916: 6912: 6902: 6867: 6861: 6826: 6820: 6809: 6791: 6764: 6760: 6749: 6708: 6704: 6694: 6661: 6657: 6644: 6634: 6623:. Retrieved 6613: 6597:. Elsevier. 6593: 6586: 6566: 6559: 6540: 6535: 6510: 6506: 6500: 6488:. Retrieved 6478: 6453: 6449: 6439: 6422: 6418: 6412: 6397: 6387: 6380: 6371: 6365: 6354:. Retrieved 6350: 6341: 6316: 6312: 6302: 6293: 6268: 6264: 6254: 6231: 6225: 6184: 6180: 6170: 6152: 6145: 6134:. Retrieved 6130: 6120: 6059: 6055: 6044: 6016: 6010: 5967: 5963: 5953: 5912: 5906: 5896:November 19, 5894:. Retrieved 5844: 5840: 5830: 5787: 5784:EMBO Reports 5783: 5773: 5752: 5744: 5703: 5699: 5689: 5664: 5660: 5650: 5597: 5593: 5582: 5571:. Retrieved 5567: 5558: 5475: 5471: 5461: 5436: 5432: 5422: 5411:. Retrieved 5407:the original 5402: 5393: 5382:. Retrieved 5378:the original 5368: 5343: 5339: 5326: 5318:the original 5302: 5295: 5250: 5246: 5235: 5194: 5190: 5184: 5157: 5151: 5143: 5138: 5111: 5105: 5096: 5090:. Retrieved 5085: 5076: 5033: 5029: 5019: 4984: 4980: 4970: 4940:(1): 40–50. 4937: 4933: 4923: 4890: 4886: 4876: 4840: 4833: 4806: 4800: 4759: 4755: 4749: 4740: 4715: 4711: 4705: 4694:. Retrieved 4689: 4680: 4639: 4635: 4625: 4614:. Retrieved 4567:10072/391960 4541: 4537: 4527: 4497:(2): 73–91. 4494: 4490: 4479: 4470: 4464: 4455: 4449: 4440: 4434: 4425: 4419: 4408:. 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Retrieved 3259:the original 3243: 3195: 3180:Water portal 3095: 3052: 3036: 2989: 2977:Ramsar sites 2966: 2934: 2930: 2916: 2907: 2891: 2882: 2862: 2855: 2832:salt marshes 2825: 2797:salt marshes 2794: 2779: 2755: 2705:fermentation 2663:water-logged 2660: 2626: 2577: 2559: 2547: 2543: 2524:agrichemical 2517: 2499: 2490: 2480:perturbation 2472: 2437: 2431: 2404: 2393:or generate 2380: 2359:Conservation 2341: 2305: 2291: 2274: 2235: 2225: 2211: 2171:Salinization 2159:Contaminant 2144: 2109: 2105: 2090: 2082: 2075: 2072: 2047: 2044: 2033: 2026: 2024: 2012:biodiversity 2009: 1991:heavy metals 1910: 1875: 1854: 1850:soil erosion 1847: 1817: 1804: 1800:storm surges 1778: 1752: 1713: 1700:Danube River 1692:Amazon River 1681: 1670: 1654: 1649: 1645: 1617:biodiversity 1568: 1553: 1549: 1542: 1530:swamp rabbit 1496: 1492:wading birds 1482: 1444: 1425: 1414: 1375: 1372:Amazon basin 1364:silver maple 1357: 1350: 1344: 1338: 1332: 1317: 1310: 1302: 1268: 1212: 1203: 1186: 1171: 1167:ombrotrophic 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3–35. 4642:: 119–127. 3934:www.fws.gov 3692:www.oed.com 3118:Brahmaputra 2949:Legislation 2869:water cycle 2840:blue carbon 2782:sink carbon 2758:blue carbon 2752:Blue carbon 2707:as well as 2693:oxygen-poor 2658:per year. 2469:Restoration 2383:real estate 2347:Aquaculture 2343:Overfishing 2338:Overfishing 2297:floodplains 2150:Enrichment/ 2128:overfishing 2120:overgrazing 2055:Lake Baikal 1835:terrestrial 1792:Coral reefs 1784:coral reefs 1732:groundwater 1673:floodplains 1621:Pollination 1435:salamanders 1368:Great Lakes 1313:hydrophytes 1261:potential. 1139:temperature 1071:groundwater 869:Vernal pool 722:floodplains 702:wet meadows 566:terrestrial 555:hydrophytes 551:hydric soil 536:water table 528:water level 440:overfishing 432:overgrazing 362:Brahmaputra 317:floodplains 306:ocean tides 293:salty water 277:reed swamps 159:terrestrial 151:waterbodies 10501:Categories 10434:Ecoregions 10429:Bioregions 10337:Palearctic 10245:Cold seeps 10205:Intertidal 9826:Salt marsh 9761:Coral reef 9550:Whale fall 9530:Photophore 9407:Everglades 9375:Ecoregions 9314:Stream bed 9287:Macrophyte 9240:Freshwater 9072:Food chain 8985:Water bird 8796:Bog butter 8492:Bog garden 8485:Artificial 8456:Wet meadow 8322:High marsh 8312:Salt marsh 8215:Fen-meadow 8183:Alder carr 8166:Upland bog 8161:String bog 8156:Raised bog 7949:2014-02-18 7905:11 October 7621:2022-11-28 7539:: 89–105. 7513:2022-11-28 7455:2021-04-28 7283:(1): 317. 7170:2020-09-13 7100:: 853666. 6829:(1): 246. 6625:2014-01-21 6419:T'oung Pao 6356:2022-11-19 6136:2018-07-27 5573:2022-11-18 5439:: 106318. 5413:2012-05-23 5384:2011-09-25 5253:: 102328. 5092:2021-10-11 4696:2014-01-21 4616:2011-09-25 4410:2011-09-25 3944:2018-07-28 3823:2011-10-10 3802:2012-05-23 3792:"Glossary" 3777:2012-05-23 3767:"Glossary" 3752:2012-05-23 3727:2022-07-08 3697:2022-07-08 3674:1017607532 3399:2011-09-25 3346:2011-09-25 3290:2011-09-25 3265:2020-06-03 3204:References 3110:Sundarbans 3078:See also: 2996:convention 2888:Assessment 2817:20–30 g CO 2709:methanogen 2679:that have 2656:atmosphere 2598:emissions. 2507:microbiota 2502:succession 2395:hydropower 2265:Queensland 2100:See also: 1995:protozoans 1979:pollutants 1957:wastewater 1945:vegetation 1937:mitigation 1935:, or as a 1927:runoff or 1925:stormwater 1831:salt marsh 1788:salt marsh 1684:Nile River 1677:headwaters 1641:adaptation 1470:Everglades 1466:crocodiles 1462:alligators 1427:Amphibians 1335:Lemnoideae 1324:seagrasses 1226:phosphorus 1174:atmosphere 1082:vegetation 1051:New Jersey 1015:vegetation 1007:topography 942:permafrost 885:billabongs 765:palustrine 761:lacustrine 662:freshwater 578:Under the 516:rain storm 491:Marshlands 415:of soaked 354:Sundarbans 289:halophytic 275:(although 218:freshwater 214:Antarctica 203:phosphates 167:vegetation 86:Bangladesh 84:forest in 10312:Holarctic 10302:Antarctic 10210:Mangroves 10056:Temperate 9851:Tide pool 9756:Cold seep 9540:Upwelling 9304:Rheotaxis 9297:Fish pond 9272:Limnology 9197:Substrate 9182:Siltation 9052:Dead zone 8618:Hydrosere 8606:Processes 8592:Marsh gas 8437:Myristica 8327:Low marsh 8141:Kermi bog 8116:Bofedales 8096:Backswamp 7881:2071-1050 7840:233522024 7832:0924-2716 7783:2296-665X 7742:251780248 7661:0363-2415 7641:Fisheries 7307:2041-1723 7116:2624-9553 6894:198421761 6853:244711959 6783:1866-3508 6686:134078252 6513:: 37–46. 6470:1323-1650 6285:1181-8700 6209:1752-0908 6156:. 13214. 6102:202908362 6094:1752-0908 5939:cite book 5931:907773290 5863:1876-4525 5804:1469-221X 5728:0923-4861 5624:1932-6203 5500:0048-9697 5453:0925-8574 5287:0959-3780 5227:129332187 5219:1435-0157 5068:199641325 5060:0084-0173 5011:0305-1838 4962:224916636 4954:0305-1838 4915:233974999 4907:0305-1838 4784:1573-1642 4664:0304-3800 4592:164219103 4576:0169-5347 4491:Fisheries 4191:ignored ( 4181:cite book 3878:198427881 2941:within a 2913:Inventory 2879:Valuation 2828:mangroves 2813:peatlands 2332:siltation 2310:, bunds, 2182:turbidity 2124:livestock 2112:exogenous 1999:helminths 1987:pathogens 1983:nutrients 1975:biofilter 1921:greywater 1796:Mangroves 1780:Mangroves 1744:limestone 1740:permeable 1698:(China), 1583:biosphere 1488:waterfowl 1421:estuaries 1319:Submerged 1238:Anaerobic 1194:magnesium 1100:develop. 1086:herbivory 1037:Hydrology 1019:herbivory 1011:hydrology 1001:Processes 991:Ephemeral 976:Perennial 938:Peatlands 891:Locations 881:turloughs 776:Peatlands 771:Peatlands 753:estuarine 741:Australia 726:peatlands 694:peatlands 524:landforms 460:ecosystem 436:livestock 364:delta. 338:meltwater 311:estuaries 285:mangroves 226:saltwater 212:, except 210:continent 155:dry lands 131:saturated 119:ecosystem 90:peat bogs 10507:Wetlands 10459:See also 10332:Oceanian 10322:Nearctic 10200:Littoral 10173:Mangrove 10163:Riparian 9958:Category 9884:HERMIONE 9801:Mangrove 9611:Seagrass 9157:Pleuston 9152:Plankton 9132:Particle 9077:Food web 8876:Category 8806:Bog-wood 8801:Bog iron 8791:Bog body 8613:Halosere 8565:Histosol 8560:Acrotelm 8543:Sphagnum 8401:Reed bed 8346:Moorland 8225:Rich fen 8220:Poor fen 8075:Wetlands 8038:Wetlands 8016:32876048 7967:Archived 7927:31 March 7923:. 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