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347:) makes up a large portion of the shells located in the middens. However, oysters are not present in significant populations in the river today. This has led geologists to the understanding that at some point in time, there was a great deal of change occurring on the banks of the Damariscotta River that influenced the creation of such substantial middens. Oysters tend to like warmer,
385:, middens like Whaleback have been swept away to the ocean. The thousands of other middens can offer equally compelling evidence of early-Maine habitation, geology, biology, and many more important disciplines. For example, one midden site has helped scientists piece together that at one point, there was a great deal of
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technology. Though the need to conduct studies on these studies should be done, it is important to note that they should be carried out with the approval of the landowner on whose property the middens are located, as well as with the associated tribes. To start the process of either studying a shell
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waters – at some point in time, salty, cold oceanic water breached the Johnny Orr sill, mixed with warmer, less salty riverine water and created an environment that could sustain oyster populations about 2400 B.P. The water may have overtaken the sill as sea levels were slowly rising. The reason for
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The
Damariscotta River had been used by humans as early as 5,000 years ago based on archaeological evidence of midden sites along the banks. When the Whaleback shell midden was most heavily populated, it could have been sustaining year-round populations of people. This leads into the question of why
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of these early peoples – some hypotheses posit that settlement occupation would cause populations of people to live inland during the summer and by the coast during the winter. However, there is not much archaeological evidence to suggest this, and it’s more likely that there were ethnic boundaries
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Originally, the
Whaleback midden was more than thirty feet deep, more than 1,650 feet (500 metres) in length, and a width varying from 1,320 to 1,650 feet (400–500 metres). It got its name from its shape. Only a small portion of this midden remains today as much of it was processed into chicken
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The midden originally had three main layers of shells. In the bottom two layers, individual shells were generally 5–8 inches (10–20 cm) long. These two layers are separated by a layer of soil, and the middle layer is mixed with animal bones. The top layer contains smaller shells. Artifacts
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feed from 1886 to 1891 by the
Massachusetts-based Damariscotta Shell and Fertilizer company, eroded by rising sea levels, or looted. Because of this, the Glidden midden, located across the river in Newcastle, is now the largest in Maine and the largest on the U.S. east coast north of Georgia.
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practices that could respond more quickly to changing climates. As the glacier retreated, sea levels dropped, as low as 180 feet below what we now recognize as the coast of Maine. Over the last few thousands of years, the sea level has slowly risen, creating Maine’s
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Borns, Harold W. Jr.; Doner, Lisa A.; Dorion, Christopher C.; Jacobson, George L. Jr.; Kaplan, Michael R.; Kreutz, Karl J.; Lowell, Thomas V.; Thompson, Woodrow B.; and Weddle, Thomas K., "The
Deglaciation of Maine, USA" (2004). Earth Science Faculty Scholarship.
290:, a geological process in which the earth “rebounds” from the depression of a glacier, sea levels fluctuated immensely. At the start of the deglaciation, sea level was much higher inland; the landscape at the time would have resembled modern-day
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The
Damariscotta middens are notable for their size and their many oysters by a stream that has few today. The large presence is connected to coastal change, sea-level rise, and the geology of the region. The midden is located between two
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midden or formally recognizing a midden, interested parties can become involved in the
University of Maine ‘Midden Minders’ project which seeks to catalog the various sites along the coast and document the impact of shoreline change.
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Kelly, J., Belknap, D., Claesson, S., 2010, Drowned coastal deposits with associated archaeological remains from a sea-level “slowstand”: Northwestern Gulf of Maine, USA, Department of Earth
Sciences, University of Maine, Orono,
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environments, and 4) lower water temperatures. In all likelihood, it was probably a combination of all of these factors. Damariscotta is just another example of how changes in the climate have influenced human realities.
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near the middens, significant oyster populations no longer exist within the river due to four possible reasons: 1) predator introduction, 2) suffocation from the dust of the sawmill upshore, 3) increasingly
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282:. The Late Wisconsinan Laurentide Ice Sheet (LIS) covered Maine's landscape 35,000 years ago, extending far into the ocean. As the climate warmed and the ice sheet retreated, Maine's landscape underwent
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Spiess, Aruther E. (2017) “People of the Clam: Shellfish and Diet in
Coastal Maine Late Archaic and Ceramic Period Sites”. Journal of the North Atlantic, 10(sp10): 105-112. Eagle Hill Institute.
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of human culture was taking place from about 3,500 to 9,000 years ago, characterized by cultures who started to exploit marine resources. There is much speculation about the
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NOAA Coastal Ocean
Program Regional Synthesis Series. U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, NOAA Coastal Ocean Program Office. 1992.
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the site was occupied so much later than other portions of the river, a question which can be answered by looking at the regional-level geology and sea-level rise.
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Sanger, David, and Mary Jo Sanger. “The
Damariscotta Oyster Shell Heaps.” Northeastern Naturalist, vol. 4, no. 2, 1997, pp. 93–102. JSTOR, doi:10.2307/3858407.
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and temperature of the river. In fact, on the oceanside of the Johnny Orr sill, the level of the water at high tide is higher than the level on the riverside.
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Sanger, David. (1996) “Testing the Models: Hunter-Gatherer Use of Space in the Gulf of Maine, USA”. World Archaeology, 27(3). Taylor & Francis, Ltd.
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unearthed lead scientists to believe that successive tribes of prehistoric people used the area. The top layer was deposited by members of the
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Braun, Duane D. Guide to the geology of Mount Desert Island and Acadia National Park. Braun, Ruth (Geology instructor). Berkeley, California.
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Sanger, David, and Douglas C. Kellogg. Prehistoric Archaeology and Evidence of Coastal Subsidence on the Coast of Maine. 1989, pp. 107–126.
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Sanger, David, 1936- (1985). Sea-level rise and archaeology in the Damariscotta River. Maine Geological Survey, Dept. of Conservation.
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between groups of people and that transhumance was not occurring, meaning that populations were staying coastal or inland year-round.
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Over 2,000 other middens exist along the Maine coast but many of their locations are undisclosed due to fear of
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being caught within the Gulf of Maine despite being a deep-sea fish that could prove difficult to catch with
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Weddle, Tom. “Sea-Level Rise and the Damariscotta River Oyster Shell Middens” Maine Geological Survey. 2011.
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258:. The middens in this area were formed over about 1,000 years between 200 BC to AD 1000.
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Kelley, Dickson and Belknap. "Maine's History of Sea-Level Changes" (1996). Maine Geological Survey.
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the water coming over the sill still remains a gap in the story of the Damariscotta River.
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University and college buildings listed on the National Register of Historic Places
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Maine League of Historical Societies and Museums (1970). Doris A. Isaacson (ed.).
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waters. Wild populations have been established in recent years by the spawn of
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The Glidden Shell Midden is located immediately across the Damariscotta River.
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Early people in Maine were influenced by a changing climate largely shaped by
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Archaeological sites on the National Register of Historic Places in Maine
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A compilation of articles and annotations on shell middens in the area.
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National Register of Historic Places listings in Lincoln County, Maine
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List of jails and prisons on the National Register of Historic Places
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https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/bbm%3A978-0-585-27574-1%2F1.pdf
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By 1875 oysters that were once abundant were no longer native to
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https://www.maine.gov/dacf/mgs/explore/marine/facts/sealevel.pdf
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377:. Unfortunately, looting is not the only threat they face. As
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National Register of Historic Places in Lincoln County, Maine
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Maine Department of Agriculture, Conservation and Forestry
603:"Maine Archaeological Timeline | Research | Abbe Museum"
785:. Department of Agriculture, Conservation and Forestry
758:"Welcome - Maine Midden Minders - University of Maine"
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Department of Agriculture, Conservation and Forestry
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History of the National Register of Historic Places
542:. Rockland, Me.: Courier-Gazette, Inc. p. 258.
2050:Historic district contributing properties in Maine
406:The area around the remains of the Whaleback is a
1592:List of U.S. National Historic Landmarks by state
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355:Though oysters do still exist buried underneath
1984:National Register of Historic Places portal
812:. Blethen Maine Newspapers, Inc. Archived from
964:Saint Croix Island International Historic Site
266:tribes that fished in the area in the summer.
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393:. This challenges our understanding of early
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169:Damariscotta Shell Midden Historic District
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2025:Protected areas of Lincoln County, Maine
463:Closeup of one of the thousand year old
226:shells located on the east side of the
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987:Carlton Pond Waterfowl Production Area
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2035:Shell middens in the United States
1947:National Historic Preservation Act
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1126:National wild and scenic rivers
863:. Glidden Point Oyster Sea Farm
806:"Midden comes out of its shell"
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744:"Turner Farm Midden Analysis".
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240:Damariscotta Oyster Shell Heaps
70:Entrance to state historic site
32:Damariscotta Oyster Shell Heaps
2020:Pre-statehood history of Maine
1900:Federated States of Micronesia
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804:Hoey, Dennis (June 27, 2005).
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1170:Allagash Wilderness Waterway
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835:Drake, Samuel Adams (1875).
516:"Damariscotta Shell Middens"
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810:Outdoors, MaineToday.com
783:"Whaleback Shell Midden"
1175:Androscoggin Riverlands
1078:Togus National Cemetery
323:Geology of Damariscotta
1869:Minor Outlying Islands
1852:Lists by insular areas
1566:Keeper of the Register
1453:Whaleback Shell Midden
1335:Swans Falls Campground
1270:Mount Kineo State Park
886:Whaleback Shell Midden
607:archive.abbemuseum.org
216:Whaleback Shell Midden
160:11 acres (4.5 ha)
95:Whaleback Shell Midden
49:U.S. Historic district
1571:National Park Service
1551:Contributing property
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345:Crassostrea virginica
141:44.04194°N 69.51306°W
53:Contributing property
1926:District of Columbia
1370:State Historic Sites
954:Acadia National Park
762:Maine Midden Minders
2040:Damariscotta, Maine
1443:Katahdin Iron Works
1065:National Cemeteries
402:State historic site
274:Climate and culture
248:Other shell middens
146:44.04194; -69.51306
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114:Damariscotta, Maine
1360:Wolfe's Neck Woods
1106:National Estuarine
946:and Historic Sites
518:. Davistown Museum
449:Damariscotta River
369:Threats to middens
228:Damariscotta River
206:Designated CP
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558:978-1-62317-053-0
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280:glacial processes
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341:Eastern oyster
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308:Archaic Period
301:littoral zones
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242:listed on the
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19:
1798:South Dakota
1788:Rhode Island
1783:Pennsylvania
1763:North Dakota
1487:
1452:
1448:Mayall Mills
1433:Fort O'Brien
1428:Fort McClary
1408:Fort Halifax
1398:Fort Baldwin
1393:Eagle Island
1320:Roque Bluffs
1295:Popham Beach
1205:Cobscook Bay
1200:Camden Hills
992:Cross Island
867:December 13,
865:. Retrieved
855:
845:December 13,
843:. Retrieved
837:
830:
818:. Retrieved
814:the original
809:
799:
789:December 13,
787:. Retrieved
777:
765:. Retrieved
761:
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631:
622:
610:. Retrieved
606:
569:
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522:December 13,
520:. Retrieved
510:
417:
405:
372:
354:
344:
338:
326:
317:
312:transhumance
305:
284:deglaciation
277:
268:
260:
252:Damariscotta
239:
220:shell midden
215:
214:
18:
1919:Other areas
1879:Puerto Rico
1713:Mississippi
1628:Connecticut
1378:Bible Point
1330:Sebago Lake
1305:Range Ponds
1300:Quoddy Head
1285:Peaks-Kenny
1260:Moose Point
1220:Ferry Beach
1190:Birch Point
1162:State Parks
1027:Seal Island
1017:Pond Island
1012:Petit Manan
820:October 11,
424:aquaculture
420:New England
299:large
144: /
120:Coordinates
2009:Categories
1828:Washington
1748:New Mexico
1743:New Jersey
1618:California
1345:Two Lights
1265:Mount Blue
1225:Fort Point
1139:York River
564:922836428.
502:References
173:ID98001238
132:69°30′47″W
129:44°02′31″N
1838:Wisconsin
1803:Tennessee
1708:Minnesota
1683:Louisiana
1418:Fort Knox
1413:Fort Kent
1340:Swan Lake
1180:Aroostook
1007:Moosehorn
982:Aroostook
687:26127580.
426:oysters.
387:swordfish
256:Newcastle
246:in 1969.
1994:Category
1823:Virginia
1773:Oklahoma
1753:New York
1728:Nebraska
1718:Missouri
1703:Michigan
1693:Maryland
1678:Kentucky
1658:Illinois
1633:Delaware
1623:Colorado
1613:Arkansas
1250:Lily Bay
485:See also
395:maritime
349:brackish
334:salinity
187:69000027
110:Location
1940:Related
1843:Wyoming
1818:Vermont
1723:Montana
1663:Indiana
1643:Georgia
1638:Florida
1608:Arizona
1598:Alabama
1245:Lamoine
1037:Umbagog
935:Federal
767:June 2,
612:June 2,
467:shells.
430:Gallery
391:dugouts
381:due to
375:looting
264:Abenaki
165:Part of
1778:Oregon
1733:Nevada
1673:Kansas
1648:Hawaii
1603:Alaska
1539:Topics
1471:Durham
1185:Baxter
556:
465:oyster
362:saline
224:oyster
1910:Palau
1808:Texas
1688:Maine
1653:Idaho
1153:State
1116:Wells
927:Maine
589:Maine
445:gully
330:sills
232:Maine
218:is a
1864:Guam
1813:Utah
1768:Ohio
1668:Iowa
1315:Reid
869:2015
847:2015
822:2010
791:2015
769:2020
685:OCLC
614:2020
574:276.
562:OCLC
554:ISBN
524:2015
357:silt
339:The
306:The
254:and
157:Area
925:of
230:in
182:No.
2011::
808:.
760:.
726:^
710:^
692:^
666:^
652:^
605:.
594:^
579:^
560:.
443:A
1594::
1524:e
1517:t
1510:v
1424:)
1420:(
915:e
908:t
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871:.
849:.
824:.
793:.
771:.
616:.
526:.
451:.
343:(
175:)
171:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
