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598:, Naseer Ganai and Peerzada Ashiq and reiterating the position affirmed at the 2017 Joint Declaration on Fake News, Disinformation and Propaganda that "general prohibitions on the dissemination of information based on vague and ambiguous ideas, including "false news" or "non objective information" are incompatible with international standards for restrictions on freedom of expression."
425:, social media accounts based in India spread pro-Israeli disinformation, with influencers misrepresenting videos purported to show school girls taken as sex slaves, or Hamas kidnapping a Jewish baby. Fact-checker Pratik Sinha said the "Indian right-wing has made India the disinformation capital of the world". The trend forms part of a wider pattern of fake news in India with an
688:. Following over 30 killings linked to rumours spread over WhatsApp, WhatsApp introduced various measures to curb the spread of misinformation, which included limiting the number of people a message could be forwarded to as well as introducing a tip-line among other measures such as suspending accounts and sending cease-and-desist letters. WhatsApp also added a small tag,
606:, Geeta wrote that the policy would serve to "make citizens passive recipients of the information" disseminated by the government. The Indian Express published an editorial stating that "at a time when democratic political voices remain missing" in the Union Territory, the policy is an "affront, intended to keep control of the narrative of J&K." The
177:(CAA) to weed out fake news that was being circulated on the issue." BJP leaders rolled out a phone number, asking people to give a missed call to show support for the act. The number was widely shared on twitter, with fake claims luring people with companionship with lonely women and free subscriptions to streaming platforms like Netflix.
391:
claimed officials in New Delhi were portraying a sense of normality in the region, whereas "security personnel in
Kashmir said large protests kept erupting". The newspaper quoted a soldier Ravi Kant saying "mobs of a dozen, two dozen, even more, sometimes with a lot of women, come out, pelt stones at
325:
In 2023, several Indian media outlets spread disinformation regarding a padlocked grave at
Hyderabad in India and claimed it was a grave in Pakistan which had been locked to prevent the dead bodies from being raped. These stories went viral and led to severe defamation of Pakistan and its reputation.
180:
Indian security and intelligence agencies reportedly identified around 5,000 social media handles from
Pakistan which were "spreading fake and false propaganda" on CAA, some using "deep fake videos" in the process. Social media platforms had mediators on look-out to curb fake, incendiary and communal
246:
in 2019 found that at least "265 fake local news websites in more than 65 countries are managed by Indian influence networks with the aim of influencing international institutions along with elected representatives and swaying the public perception of
Pakistan." By 2020, the number of such pro-India
70:
such as edited videos, websites, blogs, memes, unverified advertisements and social media propagated rumours. Fake news spread through social media in the country has become a serious problem, with the potential of it resulting in mob violence, as was the case where at least 20 people were killed in
573:
planned to set up a FACT checking module to counter the circulation of fake news by continuous monitoring of online news sources and publicly visible social media posts. The module will work on the four principles of "Find, Assess, Create and Target" (FACT). The module will initially will be run by
147:
pandemic is in the form of social media messages related to home remedies that have not been verified, fake advisories and conspiracy theories. At least two people have been arrested for spreading fake news about the coronavirus pandemic. To counteract this, over 400 Indian
Scientists are working
286:
The EU Chronicle, a
Srivasta Group website which claimed to deliver news from the European Union, was found to have op-ed articles "falsely attributed to their authors, some of them European lawmakers", journalists who seemed to not exist, text plagiarised from other sources, and content mostly
662:
Google has introduced a new feature called "About This Result" to combat misinformation. This feature allows users to assess information and understand its source. It is available globally and supports nine Indian languages including Hindi, Tamil, Bengali, Marathi, Gujarati, Telugu, Malayalam,
184:
Old pictures and videos were shared on social media, even by prominent personalities, giving a communal spin to the protests. Old images were also used to insinuate that the protests involved violence in many sites. Similarly, some old clips involving police brutality were reposted and falsely
266:
lobbying efforts in Europe and was persistently linked to the dissemination of fake news and propaganda. The websites, which are known to copy syndicated news content from other media outlets in order to appear as real news websites, plant opinion pieces and stories critical of
Pakistan from
317:
It was also noted that following EU DisinfoLab's first report in 2019, some domains had closed only to be resurrected under different names later. Researchers state that the main target of the fake websites' content is not readers in Europe, but rather mainstream Indian news outlets such as
270:
The network attempts to influence decision-making organisations such as the UN Human Rights
Council and European Parliament, where its primary aim is to "discredit Pakistan". In October 2019, the network sponsored a controversial trip of a group of far-right European Parliament MPs to
282:
Domains operated by the group included the "Manchester Times", "Times of Los
Angeles", "Times of Geneva" and "New Delhi Times" among others. A common theme of their coverage tends to be on issues such as secessionist groups, minorities, human rights cases and terrorism in Pakistan.
675:
In 2018, Google News launched a program to train 8,000 journalists in seven official Indian languages, including
English. The program, Google's largest training initiative in the world, would spread awareness of fake news and anti-misinformation practices such as fact-checking.
601:
The J&K administration released a new Media Policy-2020 on 15 May 2020 which read that "any individual or group indulging in fake news, unethical or anti national activities or in plagiarism shall be de-empaneled besides being proceeded against under law". Writing for
302:, used European Parliament letterheads, listed fake phone numbers and addresses including that of the UN on its websites, created obscure book publishing companies and public personalities, registered hundreds of fake NGOs, think tanks, informal groups and
2070:
The websites all copy syndicated content from news organisations to make them look like real news sites. They then plant anti-Pakistan stories and opinion pieces from employees of NGOs linked to the network to serve India's lobbying interests, researchers
91:
and form of presentation; it includes satire and parody that have a basis in facts but can mislead when de-contextualised, it includes fabrications and manipulation of information which were created with the intent to deceive or mislead and also includes
130:, "a giant chunk of the disinformation is created and highlighted by an ecosystem close to the ruling Bharatiya Janata Party, the Narendra Modi government, and their supporters. Unsurprisingly, many of these fake claims serve their political interests."
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Tushar Mehta that "not a single bullet has been fired by security forces after August 5", however BBC reported otherwise. The Supreme Court went onto say that the center should make "every endeavor to restore the normalcy as early as possible."
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The damage caused due to fake news on social media has increased due to the growth of the internet penetration in India, which has risen from 137 million internet users in 2012 to over 600 million in 2019. Fake news is also spread through
692:
to relevant messages. They also started a course for digital literacy and came out with full page advertisements in newspapers in multiple languages. Twitter has also taken action to curb the spread of fake news such as deleting accounts.
671:
In some parts of India like Kannur in Kerala, the government conducted fake news classes in government schools. Some say the government should conduct more public-education initiatives to make the population more aware of fake news.
201:. Misinformation was prevalent at all levels of society during the build-up to the election. The elections were called by some as "India's first WhatsApp elections", with WhatsApp being used by many as a tool of propaganda. As
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Special Rapporteurs expressing concerns over a "pattern of silencing independent reporting on the situation in Jammu & Kashmir through the threat of criminal sanction", specifically mentioning journalists Gowhar Geelani,
160:
led to a flooding of fake news and manipulated content on social media targeting the protesters and Delhi police alike. Members of the ruling BJP were seen to be sharing videos, falsely insinuating that the students of
107:
provides an additional distinction of two forms of fake news, one that is deliberately created with the intention of targeting and causing harm to a social group, an organisation, a person or a country, described as
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As part of its efforts to project Indian lobbying interests, the network had resurrected fake personas of dead human rights activists and journalists, impersonated regular media agencies such as
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completely unvetted, as of May 2019. Nevertheless, Facebook went on to remove nearly one million accounts a day, including ones spreading misinformation and fake news before the elections.
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The network was designed primarily to "discredit Pakistan internationally" and influence decision-making at the UN Human Rights Council (UNHRC) and European Parliament, EU DisinfoLab said.
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Fake news is frequently used to target minorities and has become a significant cause of localised violence as well as large scale riots. Engineered mass violence was instigated during the
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Kannada, and Punjabi. The feature provides additional context, empowering users to make informed decisions about which websites to visit and determine the most useful results.
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denied various claims such as the Indian Army burning down houses, the deaths of six personnel in cross border firing, and a series of "torture" allegations made by activist
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2730:"Arun Jaitley dismisses rumours of nano GPS chip on Rs 2000. But data show as many as cash fish catches have been done they had huge bundles of new currency note"
353:, disinformation related to whether people were suffering or not, lack of supplies and other administration issues followed. The official Twitter accounts of the
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focused on Pakistan. EPToday, another news website which highlighted anti-Pakistan material, was forced to shut down after it was similarly exposed according to
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461:. Following this, multiple fake news reports about "spying technology" added in the banknotes went viral on WhatsApp and had to be dismissed by the government.
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Fake news is defined as stories purporting to be news that are intentionally and verifiably false and has the capacity to misinform and mislead readers. In
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that wasn't created for the purpose of causing harm. In India, fake news is predominantly disseminated by homegrown political disinformation campaigns.
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shared distorted videos misrepresenting anti-CAA protesters to be chanting "Pakistan Zindabad" and disturbing slogans against the Hindu community.
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80:
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2019:
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Misinformation and disinformation related to Kashmir is widely prevalent. There have been multiple instances of pictures from the
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and Yahoo News India who routinely reuse and republish their material and act as their conduit to hundreds of millions in India.
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Internet shutdowns are used by the government as a way to control social media rumours from spreading. Ideas such as linking
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262:, many of the fake news websites were being run by an Indian company called the Srivastava Group, which was responsible for
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3338:
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2985:
5291:
4694:
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4126:
656:
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17:
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3248:"Mandates of the special rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression"
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4979:
4592:
3787:(February 5, 2019). AD VALOREM- Journal of Law: Volume 6: Issue II: Part-III: April–June 2019: ISSN : 2348–5485.
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339:
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5333:
5270:
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2374:
974:
774:"Response to the Draft of The Information Technology [Intermediary Guidelines (Amendment) Rules] 2018"
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603:
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Fact-checking in India has become a business, spurning the creation of fact-checking websites such as BOOM,
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fake news websites was revealed to have grown to 750 across 116 countries in an investigation titled the
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2221:
1830:
393:
237:
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Head is Where the Herd is: Fake News and Effect of Online Social Conformity on Islamophobia in Indians
3303:
968:
635:, Factly and SMHoaxSlayer. Media houses also have their own fact-checking departments now such as the
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1410:
870:
718:
563:
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3353:"Press Council seeks J&K's reply on new media policy, says it affects functioning of free press"
361:
apart from other government handles called out misinformation and disinformation in the region. The
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5174:
4303:
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3826:
2749:"NaMo App promotes fake news factory 'The India Eye' and users can't block it even if they want to"
1301:"Supreme Court asks Centre to consider publicising info about CAA to curb circulation of fake news"
575:
539:
358:
319:
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write, "parties have weaponized the platforms" and "misinformation was weaponized" respectively.
2264:"Fact Check: Not CCTV clip of Pulwama blast, old footage from Iraq being pushed on social media"
1540:"Amit Malviya's fake news fountain: 16 pieces of misinformation spread by the BJP IT cell chief"
6203:
5899:
5115:
5077:
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4767:
4508:
4424:
607:
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Journalists in Kashmir have been subjected to repeated criminal proceedings which led to three
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like Facebook, which has only gathered the resources to vet 10 of them, leaving languages like
212:
India has 22 scheduled languages, and vetting information in all of them becomes difficult for
166:
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6402:
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5460:
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4772:
4757:
4652:
4584:
4576:
4513:
4469:
4439:
4404:
4330:
4021:
3991:
922:"Educative Interventions to Combat Misinformation: Evidence from a Field Experiment in India"
702:
125:
1051:
Journalism, "Fake News" & Disinformation: Handbook for Journalism Education and Training
871:"How WhatsApp is battling misinformation in India, where 'fake news is part of our culture'"
6437:
6228:
6178:
5914:
5909:
5879:
5742:
5179:
4747:
4006:
3019:
97:
2236:"Fact Check: Photo showing Syrian child protecting his sister fudged as kids from Kashmir"
100:
which are aimed to deceive in an organised attempt to influence wider public opinion. The
8:
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3382:"Facebook expands fact-checking network in India, adds 5 more partners to spot fake news"
2775:"Is Narendra Modi's NaMo app spreading fake news? A journalist finds a troubling pattern"
1872:"265 fake news websites in over 65 countries managed by Indian influence networks: study"
1680:
1513:"Fact Check: These viral images are NOT related to recent anti-CAA protests | Newsmobile"
1011:
684:
In India, Facebook has partnered with fact-checking websites such as BOOM and Webqoof by
610:
stated that the provisions regarding fake news affect the free functioning of the press.
170:
3487:"Google fights back against misinformation in India, as fake news reaches all-time high"
1335:"SC asks Centre to consider publicising info about CAA to curb circulation of fake news"
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4293:
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3165:
3055:
2709:
2663:"Fake alert: Indian Army warns against imposter in uniform spreading false information"
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2268:
1824:
1031:
949:
387:
93:
3222:"PIB establishes checking unit to combat fake news against government on social media"
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1994:"Postcard News editor arrested for spreading fake news, BJP leaders call for release"
1942:"Fake news, lies, Muslim bashing, and Ravish Kumar: Inside OpIndia's harrowing world"
1912:
1879:
1706:
1604:
1452:"Tarek Fatah, the unrelenting fake news peddler who targets Indian Muslims regularly"
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Imposters posing as army personnel on the social media have been called out by the
343:
335:
3136:"Social media accounts need to be linked with Aadhaar to check fake news, SC told"
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1482:"Telangana BJP MP shares old video with 'communal' claim to question CAA protests"
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on Pakistani domains. Most of the websites had a presence on social media such as
251:. Prominent examples of fake news-spreading websites and online resources include
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3189:"Press Information Bureau sets up unit to combat fake news related to government"
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1968:"India's anti-Muslim fake news factories are following the anti-Semitic playbook"
1845:"Facebook removes 1 million abusive accounts a day to counter fake news in India"
1792:
1216:"Odisha: 32-year-old held for spreading fake news on coronavirus on social media"
288:
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assisted by getting Twitter to suspend accounts spreading fake inciteful news.
307:
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109:
55:
51:
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2493:"Army denies Shehla Rashid's claims of excesses by security forces in J&K"
1756:"How misinformation was weaponized in 2019 Lok Sabha election – A compilation"
937:
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2636:"Analysis: Why is so much anti-Palestinian disinformation coming from India?"
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1608:
1312:
1027:
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India Today Group, Vishvas.news, Factly, Newsmobile, and Fact Crescendo (all
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to consider "a plea for publicising aims, objectives and the benefits of the
59:
2402:"Twitter told to take down handles spreading fake news about Kashmir Valley"
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Languages Included in the Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constution [
185:
purported to be linked with crackdown on CAA protesters. BJP's IT Cell Head
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3785:
Fake News: Legal Analysis of False and Misleading News and Cyber Propaganda
3076:
Hate Spin: The Manufacture of Religious Offense and Its Threat to Democracy
3074:
2852:"WhatsApp in India: Scourge of violence-inciting fake news tough to tackle"
2548:"Inside Kashmir, Cut Off From the World: 'A Living Hell' of Anger and Fear"
2519:"India's Kashmir doctrine: Claims of torture, night raids, mass detentions"
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595:
525:
has expanded rapidly as a trusted sources for news, facts and real truths.
426:
186:
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together to debunk false information about the virus, as of 14 April 2020.
3563:"Google wants to train 8000 journalists with new tools to fight fake news"
1361:"BJP Resorts To Fake 'Lonely Woman' On Twitter To Drum Up Support For CAA"
1114:"Two faces: Editorial on BJP govt's manipulative ways to spread fake news"
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2240:
2152:"Indian media spreads fake 'padlocked grave' image to discredit Pakistan"
1426:"CAA protests: 15,000 social media mediators fight to root out fake news"
709:"to monitor and curb the spread of fake news and misinformation online".
447:
430:
374:
369:
83:, fake news is classified into several forms along the axes of degree of
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P, Deepak; Chakraborty, Tanmoy; Long, Cheng; G, Santhosh Kumar (2021).
2960:"How Modi and the BJP turned WhatsApp into an election-winning machine"
2691:
Handbook of Research on Deception, Fake News, and Misinformation Online
733:
705:
announced formation of a special Social Media Monitoring Centre, under
632:
206:
202:
5003:
3331:"Kashmir Media Policy: Accentuating the Curbs on the Freedom of Press"
2986:"WhatsApp has us embroiled in an orgy of disbelief, writes Sandip Roy"
1656:"Despite being exposed, fake news thrives on social media ahead of..."
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1730:"Modi's trolls are ready to wreak havoc on India's marathon election"
738:
728:
685:
88:
84:
28:
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3798:
2292:"FAKE ALERT: Image from Syrian civil war shared as one from Kashmir"
2126:
2092:"New pro-India EU website enrolling MEPs campaigns against Pakistan"
1630:"Junk news and misinformation prevalent in Indian election campaign"
1189:"Coronavirus update: Health worker arrested for spreading fake news"
586:
unit which would focus on verifying news related to the government.
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2546:
Yasir, Sameer; Raj, Suhasini; Gettleman, Jeffrey (10 August 2019).
2350:"Communications blackout in Kashmir: A quick fix that can backfire"
1913:"The dead professor and the vast pro-India disinformation campaign"
1760:
998:
Tandoc, Edson C.; Lim, Zheng Wei; Ling, Richard (7 February 2018).
510:
488:
259:
144:
3794:(January 3, 2019). Economic & Political Weekly vol. lIV no. 6.
2900:"Alarming lessons from Facebook's push to stop fake news in India"
2020:"Postcard, Indiatimes in Poynter list of 513 'fake news' websites"
1805:"Alarming lessons from Facebook's push to stop fake news in India"
6480:
6465:
6349:
6266:
5984:
5752:
5682:
5217:
Media censorship and disinformation during the Gezi Park protests
5082:
4953:
4372:
4345:
4283:
3278:"Kashmir's Internet Siege - an ongoing assault on digital rights"
1242:"How 300 Indian scientists are fighting fake news about COVID-19"
896:""Lot Of Misinformation in India Spreads On WhatsApp": US Expert"
723:
555:
492:
311:
252:
225:
3757:"A short guide to the history of 'fake news' and disinformation"
3589:"WhatsApp now has a tip line for Indian election misinformation"
3460:"Indian media fights fake news in run up to Lok Sabha elections"
2428:"Fact Check: No, Indian Army didn't burn down houses in Kashmir"
1570:"Clip, flip and Photoshop: Anatomy of fakes in Indian elections"
429:
slant, including disinformation on Palestinians coming from the
6407:
5522:
2454:"Pak claim of killing six Indian security personnel fake: Army"
2055:"Pro-Indian 'fake websites targeted decision makers in Europe'"
1391:"Around 5,000 Pak social media handles spread fake news on CAA"
1271:"Here's Your Round-Up of All the Fake News Around CAA Protests"
346:
with the intention of fueling unrest and backing insurgencies.
101:
71:
2018 as a result of misinformation circulated on social media.
2926:"WhatsApp Channels surpasses 500 million monthly active users"
2585:"Supreme Court asks government to restore normalcy in Kashmir"
2320:"How these J&K officers are fighting fake news on Kashmir"
2196:"Kashmir 'fake news' barrage raises fears for India elections"
1681:"How Whatsapp Is Fueling Fake News Ahead of India's Elections"
6447:
6047:
5316:
2874:"WhatsApp: The 'black hole' of fake news in India's election"
1707:"WhatsApp: The 'black hole' of fake news in India's election"
392:
us and run away." The Supreme Court of India was told by the
2688:
E, Chiluwa, Innocent; A, Samoilenko, Sergei (28 June 2019).
970:
The Anatomy of Fake News: A Critical News Literacy Education
679:
5929:
4429:
3705:"TN plans social media monitoring centre to curb fake news"
3672:"WhatsApp 'deleting 2m accounts a month' to stop fake news"
1394:
303:
3792:
On WhatsApp, Rumours, Lynchings, and the Indian Government
3612:"Inside WhatsApp's battle against misinformation in India"
1163:"Boiled Garlic Water For Treating Coronavirus? Not Really"
2171:"Kashmir rumour mill on social media goes into overdrive"
1424:
Alawadhi, Karan Choudhury & Neha (16 December 2019).
1141:"Misinformation, fake news spark India coronavirus fears"
434:
574:
information service officers. Near the end of 2019, the
267:
individuals who belong to NGOs linked to their network.
3113:"India Internet Clampdown Will Not Stop Misinformation"
3409:"Can fact-checking emerge as big and viable business?"
1049:
Cherilyn, Ireton; Julie, Posetti (17 September 2018).
4614:
After Truth: Disinformation and the Cost of Fake News
4246:
2053:
Carmichael, Flora; Hussain, Abid (16 December 2019).
472:, was reported to have promoted and spread fake news.
5483:
Countering Foreign Propaganda and Disinformation Act
4811:
3638:"How WhatsApp Fuels Fake News and Violence in India"
3021:
Data Science for Fake News: Surveys and Perspectives
2747:
Chaudhuri, Pooja; Patel, Jignesh (7 February 2019).
2348:
Bhatt, Parjanya; K.J., Shashidhar (14 August 2019).
542:, through a disinformation campaign propagating the
351:
Indian revocation of Jammu and Kashmir's Article 370
659:certified) are Facebook partners in fact-checking.
558:to social media accounts has been suggested to the
151:
4586:Dezinformatsia: Active Measures in Soviet Strategy
3024:. The Information Retrieval Series. Vol. 42.
2127:"Indian network lobbying against Pakistan exposed"
1654:Phartiyal, Sankalp; Kalra, Aditya (2 April 2019).
521:, had 400 million users in India. India's popular
363:Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology
5138:Disinformation in the Russian invasion of Ukraine
4690:Disinformation in the Russian invasion of Ukraine
3017:
2545:
2400:Tripathi, Rahul; Irfan, Hakeem (13 August 2019).
2052:
1911:Hussain, Abid; Menon, Shruti (10 December 2020).
1595:Bansal, Samarth; Poonam, Snigdha (1 April 2019).
1106:
6568:
5033:Historical distortion regarding Ferdinand Marcos
1597:"Misinformation Is Endangering India's Election"
1080:"Misinformation Is Endangering India's Election"
1078:Bansal, Snigdha Poonam, Samarth (1 April 2019).
27:For similar articles about other countries, see
571:Indian ministry of information and broadcasting
400:
2746:
2451:
2090:Saeed, Saim; Kayali, Laura (9 December 2020).
1653:
626:
105:Handbook for Journalism Education and Training
5568:
5346:Election denial movement in the United States
4232:
3827:
2399:
2048:
2046:
2044:
2042:
2040:
1048:
997:
231:
74:
2714:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2681:
2611:"Kashmiris allege torture in army crackdown"
1910:
1594:
1098:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
433:, a vehicle of India's governing party, the
275:, during which they also met prime minister
4566:
3754:
3560:
2801:"Narendra Modi App Has A Fake News Problem"
2477:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
2089:
919:
417:Disinformation in the 2023 Israel–Hamas war
133:
6672:Mass media and entertainment controversies
5575:
5561:
5018:COVID-19 misinformation in the Philippines
4239:
4225:
3834:
3820:
3770:
3635:
2633:
2629:
2627:
2168:
2037:
6612:Mass media-related controversies in India
3801:. SSHO-D-20-00611, Available at SSRN: or
3514:"Fighting India's WhatsApp fake news war"
2347:
2085:
2083:
2081:
2079:
1991:
1537:
1449:
1358:
795:UNESCO has made the following distinction
680:Countermeasures by social media companies
58:) in the country which is spread through
5371:Mohamed Atta's alleged Prague connection
3771:Chaturvedi, Anumeha (20 December 2019).
3636:McLaughlin, Timothy (12 December 2018).
2124:
2120:
2118:
2116:
2114:
2112:
1869:
1753:
1423:
617:
580:Ministry of Information and Broadcasting
476:
197:Fake news was very prevalent during the
5170:Russian Institute for Strategic Studies
3586:
3110:
2957:
2624:
1906:
1904:
1902:
1900:
1727:
1704:
1678:
1213:
1138:
868:
837:"Disinformation is everywhere in India"
835:Nielsen, Rasmus Kleis (25 March 2019).
834:
749:Fake news websites in the United States
14:
6569:
5582:
5297:Attempts to overturn the 2020 election
5088:Soviet influence on the peace movement
4685:Misinformation in the Israel–Hamas war
3609:
3511:
3406:
3072:
2798:
2772:
2608:
2452:DelhiAugust 21, PTI (21 August 2019).
2425:
2169:Chaturvedi, Anumeha (12 August 2019).
2076:
1870:Bhargava, Yuthika (14 November 2019).
1510:
1077:
966:
808:"Social media in India fans fake news"
666:
143:Misinformation related to coronavirus
5556:
5444:
5022:ChinaAngVirus disinformation campaign
4810:
4723:
4631:
4565:
4262:
4220:
3841:
3815:
3457:
3376:
3374:
3328:
3304:"Jammu and Kashmir Media Policy 2020"
2824:
2578:
2576:
2343:
2341:
2125:Jahangir, Ramsha (10 December 2020).
2109:
2017:
1939:
1649:
1647:
1550:from the original on 15 February 2021
1538:Chaudhuri, Pooja (10 February 2020).
1519:from the original on 21 December 2019
1462:from the original on 13 December 2020
1264:
1262:
915:
913:
869:Bengali, Shashank (4 February 2019).
165:were raising anti-Hindu slogans. The
6657:Internet manipulation and propaganda
3764:International Center for Journalists
3669:
3561:Christopher, Nilesh (19 June 2018).
3258:from the original on 20 October 2020
2634:Owen Jones, Marc (16 October 2023).
1897:
1450:Chaudhuri, Pooja (28 January 2020).
1359:Chatterji, Rohini (4 January 2020).
1281:from the original on 2 December 2020
1268:
1239:
306:organisations, as well as conducted
238:Anti-Pakistan sentiment § India
5292:1995 CIA disinformation controversy
4502:State-sponsored Internet propaganda
3161:"I&B team to counter fake news"
3133:
3111:Bajoria, Jayshree (24 April 2019).
2983:
2799:Bansal, Samarth (27 January 2019).
2582:
1965:
1632:. University of Oxford. 13 May 2019
1511:Mishra, Shweta (21 December 2019).
1332:
1214:Suffian, Mohammad (14 March 2020).
657:International Fact-Checking Network
546:and circulating a fake news video.
455:2016 Indian banknote demonetisation
24:
4763:Misinformation related to abortion
3748:
3735:India Misinformed: The True Story.
3610:Rebelo, Karen (17 December 2018).
3536:"The Wrong Way to Fight Fake News"
3371:
2687:
2573:
2338:
2018:Dutta, Amrita Nayak (2 May 2019).
1992:Surendran, Vivek (30 March 2018).
1679:Perrigo, Billy (25 January 2019).
1672:
1644:
1492:from the original on 15 March 2021
1397:. 16 December 2019. Archived from
1293:
1269:Goel, Kritika (18 December 2019).
1259:
1132:
910:
696:
613:
533:
464:The NaMo app, an app dedicated to
46:refers to fostering and spread of
25:
6708:
4980:Voluntary Agency Network of Korea
4593:The KGB and Soviet Disinformation
3755:Posetti, Julie; Matthews, Alice.
3670:Safi, Michael (6 February 2019).
3512:Biswas, Soutik (20 August 2018).
2609:Hashmi, Sameer (29 August 2019).
1371:from the original on 7 March 2021
926:American Political Science Review
450:as false news and disinformation.
440:
5533:United States Information Agency
4812:Operations and events by country
4200:
4191:
4190:
3797:Nagar, Itisha and Gill, Simran,
3663:
3629:
2958:Jaiswal, Srishti (15 May 2024).
2773:Thaker, Aria (29 January 2019).
1940:Kumar, Basant (3 January 2020).
1728:Gilbert, David (11 April 2019).
1139:Purohit, Kunal (10 March 2020).
549:
152:Citizenship (Amendment) Act 2019
6219:Party platforms (or manifestos)
5133:Information war against Ukraine
4680:International Jewish conspiracy
4648:Congo Free State propaganda war
3603:
3587:Iyengar, Rishi (2 April 2019).
3580:
3554:
3528:
3505:
3479:
3451:
3426:
3400:
3345:
3329:Seshu, Geeta (19 August 2020).
3322:
3296:
3270:
3240:
3214:
3181:
3153:
3127:
3104:
3066:
3011:
2977:
2951:
2918:
2892:
2866:
2844:
2825:Mohan, Shriya (26 April 2019).
2818:
2792:
2766:
2740:
2722:
2655:
2602:
2539:
2511:
2485:
2445:
2426:Deodia, Arjun (6 August 2019).
2419:
2393:
2367:
2312:
2284:
2256:
2228:
2188:
2162:
2144:
2011:
1985:
1959:
1933:
1863:
1837:
1797:
1775:
1754:Sidharth, Arjun (18 May 2019).
1747:
1721:
1705:Ponniah, Kevin (6 April 2019).
1698:
1622:
1588:
1562:
1531:
1504:
1474:
1443:
1417:
1383:
1352:
1326:
1233:
1207:
1181:
1155:
1071:
782:Centre for Internet and Society
481:
6662:Internet-related controversies
5445:
5361:Information Operations Roadmap
5271:Psychological Warfare Division
4841:Chinese information operations
4790:Water fluoridation controversy
4158:British Indian Ocean Territory
3773:"2019 – The year of fake news"
3458:Gupta, Neha (2 January 2019).
1240:Dore, Bhavya (14 April 2020).
1042:
991:
975:University of California Press
960:
888:
862:
828:
800:
766:
349:In August 2019, following the
138:
68:digital forms of communication
38:Overview of fake news in India
13:
1:
6692:Social engineering (security)
6597:Barriers to critical thinking
5468:Active Measures Working Group
5126:during the Russo-Georgian War
5093:U.S. Army Field Manual 30-31B
3407:Ananth, Venkat (7 May 2019).
3335:Economic and Political Weekly
2375:"Fake news galore on Kashmir"
1020:10.1080/21670811.2017.1360143
920:Badrinathan, Sumitra (2021).
759:
342:being passed off as from the
6607:Conspiracy theories in India
6307:Rally 'round the flag effect
5351:The Freedom Fighter's Manual
5028:Fake news in the Philippines
4632:
4400:Fear, uncertainty, and doubt
2827:"Everybody needs a good lie"
2354:Observer Research Foundation
754:Fake news in the Philippines
544:love jihad conspiracy theory
407:Israeli–Palestinian conflict
401:Israeli–Palestinian conflict
199:2019 Indian general election
192:
7:
6617:Communication of falsehoods
5478:Counter Misinformation Team
5473:Counter disinformation unit
4923:Myth of the clean Wehrmacht
4410:Forgery as covert operation
2984:Roy, Sandip (7 July 2018).
2694:. IGI Global. p. 236.
1966:Vij, Shivam (27 May 2020).
712:
627:Fact checking organisations
498:
273:Indian-administered Kashmir
119:
112:and the other being simple
10:
6713:
5488:The Disinformation Project
4918:Propaganda in Nazi Germany
4274:Algorithmic radicalization
509:As of November 2023,
502:
410:
404:
329:
235:
232:Fake news against Pakistan
75:Terminology and background
66:and more recently through
26:
6501:
6446:
6378:
6320:
6252:
6169:
6086:
6038:
5928:
5839:
5766:
5656:
5648:Manipulation (psychology)
5590:
5451:
5440:
5411:
5405:Bolivarian Army of Trolls
5399:
5381:Tobacco industry playbook
5312:CIA Kennedy assassination
5284:
5230:
5204:
5192:
5106:
5053:
5041:
5010:
4998:
4986:
4974:
4962:
4931:
4905:
4893:
4833:
4821:
4817:
4806:
4638:
4627:
4572:
4561:
4445:Manipulation (psychology)
4269:
4263:
4258:
4186:
4145:
4105:
3847:
3195:. PTI. 29 November 2019.
3034:10.1007/978-3-030-62696-9
2704:– via Google Books.
2583:PTI (16 September 2019).
1307:. PTI. 18 December 2019.
938:10.1017/S0003055421000459
898:. NDTV. 15 September 2018
719:Indian WhatsApp lynchings
528:
505:Indian WhatsApp lynchings
459:2,000-rupee currency note
457:, India introduced a new
372:and media houses such as
175:Citizenship Amendment Act
163:Aligarh Muslim University
6677:Media bias controversies
5826:Criticism of advertising
5493:East StratCom Task Force
5307:9/11 conspiracy theories
4304:List of cognitive biases
3907:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
3783:Malik, Shahnawaz Ahmed,
3073:George, Cherian (2016).
1811:. Bloomberg. 21 May 2019
1333:PTI (18 December 2019).
576:Press Information Bureau
540:2013 Muzaffarnagar riots
134:Disinformation campaigns
6682:News media manipulation
6632:Criticism of journalism
6488:Promotional merchandise
6199:Character assassination
6136:Narcotizing dysfunction
6010:Photograph manipulation
5723:Guerrilla communication
5419:Public opinion brigades
5376:Niger uranium forgeries
5366:Litter boxes in schools
4736:COVID-19 misinformation
4658:Free energy suppression
4567:Books and documentaries
4341:Euphemistic misspeaking
4168:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
1430:Business Standard India
578:(which comes under the
470:Prime Minister of India
124:According to newspaper
6471:Product demonstrations
5900:Historical negationism
5165:2016 Brexit referendum
4514:Scientific fabrication
4425:Historical negationism
3709:The New Indian Express
3134:PTI (20 August 2019).
2220:: CS1 maint: others (
1829:: CS1 maint: others (
1000:"Defining "Fake News""
967:Higdon, Nolan (2020).
623:
608:Press Council of India
569:In November 2019, the
560:Supreme Court of India
167:Supreme Court of India
6687:Propaganda techniques
6403:Reputation management
6322:Psychological warfare
6171:Political campaigning
5980:Firehose of falsehood
5461:Fact-checking website
5266:Operation Mass Appeal
5248:Clockwork Orange plot
4758:Mental illness denial
4653:Climate change denial
4470:Psychological warfare
4440:Internet manipulation
4405:Firehose of falsehood
4331:Disinformation attack
3737:HarperCollins India.
3733:Pratik Sinha (2019).
3337:: 7–8. Archived from
703:Tamil Nadu Government
621:
477:Modes of distribution
423:2023 Israel–Hamas war
413:2023 Israel–Hamas war
411:Further information:
405:Further information:
6592:Anti-intellectualism
6438:Corporate propaganda
4600:Who's Who in the CIA
4082:United Arab Emirates
3807:10.2139/ssrn.3651297
3254:(PDF). 12 May 2020.
3115:. Human Rights Watch
2932:. 15 November 2023.
1488:. 27 December 2019.
1246:World Economic Forum
1012:Taylor & Francis
98:political propaganda
6667:Journalistic hoaxes
6526:Media concentration
6398:Non-apology apology
6388:Cult of personality
6116:Emotive conjugation
5870:Burying of scholars
5302:Conspiracy theories
5243:Double-Cross System
5212:Conspiracy theories
5073:Operation INFEKTION
4861:Internet Water Army
4715:Strategy of tension
4580:by Ion Mihai Pacepa
4465:Post-truth politics
4109:limited recognition
2300:. 13 September 2019
2202:. AFP. 8 March 2019
1791:4 June 2016 at the
667:Grassroots measures
523:WhatsApp University
385:On the other hand,
255:and Postcard News.
171:government of India
18:WhatsApp University
6627:Conspiracist media
6577:Fake news in India
6509:Influence-for-hire
6302:National mythology
6272:Crowd manipulation
6161:Tabloid journalism
6030:Video manipulation
5975:Fictitious entries
5698:Civil disobedience
5584:Media manipulation
5198:HIV/AIDS denialism
5175:Trolls from Olgino
4949:Paid news in India
4939:Fake news in India
4753:HIV/AIDS denialism
4607:Merchants of Doubt
4480:Military deception
4455:Media manipulation
4294:Circular reporting
3777:The Economic Times
3567:The Economic Times
3491:The Indian Express
3413:The Economic Times
3388:. 11 February 2019
3341:on 8 January 2021.
3228:. 28 November 2019
3226:The Economic Times
3169:. 16 November 2019
3166:The Times of India
3083:. pp. 96–99.
2930:The Economic Times
2904:The Economic Times
2736:. 9 November 2016.
2552:The New York Times
2497:The Times of India
2406:The Economic Times
2297:The Times of India
2272:. 17 February 2019
2269:The Indian Express
2175:The Economic Times
1809:The Economic Times
1401:on 4 November 2021
1118:telegraphindia.com
1004:Digital Journalism
812:The Interpreter –
624:
622:Fighting Fake News
517:platform owned by
388:The New York Times
169:asked the central
94:covert advertising
44:Fake news in India
6622:Confidence tricks
6564:
6563:
6330:Airborne leaflets
6209:Election promises
6063:Product placement
5938:Alternative facts
5678:Alternative media
5550:
5549:
5546:
5545:
5436:
5435:
5432:
5431:
5386:Operation Shocker
5188:
5187:
5068:K-1000 battleship
4899:Operation Neptune
4802:
4801:
4798:
4797:
4623:
4622:
4557:
4556:
4549:Yellow journalism
4497:counterpropaganda
4378:List of fallacies
4311:Conspiracy theory
4279:Alternative facts
4214:
4213:
4151:other territories
3842:Fake news in Asia
3090:978-0-262-33607-9
3043:978-3-030-62695-2
2244:. 1 November 2019
1169:. 1 February 2020
1064:978-92-3-100281-6
1055:UNESCO Publishing
984:978-0-520-34787-8
875:Los Angeles Times
785:. 31 January 2019
744:False advertising
707:Tamil Nadu Police
637:India Today Group
515:instant messaging
394:Solicitor General
258:According to the
249:Indian Chronicles
81:academic typology
64:traditional media
48:false information
33:Fake news website
16:(Redirected from
6704:
6642:Internet culture
6582:Society of India
6556:Media proprietor
6380:Public relations
6360:Public diplomacy
6345:Information (IT)
6224:Name recognition
5849:Media regulation
5831:Annoyance factor
5688:Call-out culture
5603:Crowd psychology
5577:
5570:
5563:
5554:
5553:
5442:
5441:
5261:MMR autism fraud
5144:On US elections
5078:Operation Toucan
5051:
5050:
4819:
4818:
4808:
4807:
4773:anti-vaccination
4721:
4720:
4668:Holocaust denial
4643:Bermuda Triangle
4629:
4628:
4563:
4562:
4492:black propaganda
4460:Potemkin village
4385:False accusation
4361:list of websites
4260:
4259:
4241:
4234:
4227:
4218:
4217:
4204:
4194:
4193:
4163:Christmas Island
3849:Sovereign states
3836:
3829:
3822:
3813:
3812:
3790:Arun, Chinmayi,
3780:
3767:
3761:
3721:
3720:
3718:
3716:
3701:
3695:
3694:
3692:
3690:
3667:
3661:
3660:
3658:
3656:
3633:
3627:
3626:
3624:
3622:
3607:
3601:
3600:
3598:
3596:
3584:
3578:
3577:
3575:
3573:
3558:
3552:
3551:
3549:
3547:
3532:
3526:
3525:
3523:
3521:
3509:
3503:
3502:
3500:
3498:
3483:
3477:
3476:
3474:
3472:
3455:
3449:
3448:
3446:
3444:
3430:
3424:
3423:
3421:
3419:
3404:
3398:
3397:
3395:
3393:
3378:
3369:
3368:
3366:
3364:
3349:
3343:
3342:
3326:
3320:
3319:
3317:
3315:
3300:
3294:
3293:
3291:
3289:
3274:
3268:
3267:
3265:
3263:
3244:
3238:
3237:
3235:
3233:
3218:
3212:
3211:
3209:
3207:
3185:
3179:
3178:
3176:
3174:
3157:
3151:
3150:
3148:
3146:
3131:
3125:
3124:
3122:
3120:
3108:
3102:
3101:
3099:
3097:
3070:
3064:
3063:
3015:
3009:
3008:
3006:
3004:
2981:
2975:
2974:
2972:
2970:
2955:
2949:
2948:
2946:
2944:
2922:
2916:
2915:
2913:
2911:
2896:
2890:
2889:
2887:
2885:
2870:
2864:
2863:
2861:
2859:
2854:. Deutsche Welle
2848:
2842:
2841:
2839:
2837:
2822:
2816:
2815:
2813:
2811:
2796:
2790:
2789:
2787:
2785:
2770:
2764:
2763:
2761:
2759:
2744:
2738:
2737:
2726:
2720:
2719:
2713:
2705:
2685:
2679:
2678:
2676:
2674:
2659:
2653:
2652:
2650:
2648:
2631:
2622:
2621:
2619:
2617:
2606:
2600:
2599:
2597:
2595:
2580:
2571:
2570:
2568:
2566:
2543:
2537:
2536:
2534:
2532:
2527:. 19 August 2019
2515:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2504:
2499:. 20 August 2019
2489:
2483:
2482:
2476:
2468:
2466:
2464:
2449:
2443:
2442:
2440:
2438:
2423:
2417:
2416:
2414:
2412:
2397:
2391:
2390:
2388:
2386:
2371:
2365:
2364:
2362:
2360:
2345:
2336:
2335:
2333:
2331:
2326:. 19 August 2019
2316:
2310:
2309:
2307:
2305:
2288:
2282:
2281:
2279:
2277:
2260:
2254:
2253:
2251:
2249:
2232:
2226:
2225:
2219:
2211:
2209:
2207:
2192:
2186:
2185:
2183:
2181:
2166:
2160:
2159:
2148:
2142:
2141:
2139:
2137:
2122:
2107:
2106:
2104:
2102:
2087:
2074:
2073:
2067:
2065:
2050:
2035:
2034:
2032:
2030:
2015:
2009:
2008:
2006:
2004:
1989:
1983:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1963:
1957:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1937:
1931:
1930:
1925:
1923:
1908:
1895:
1894:
1892:
1890:
1867:
1861:
1860:
1858:
1856:
1841:
1835:
1834:
1828:
1820:
1818:
1816:
1801:
1795:
1779:
1773:
1772:
1770:
1768:
1751:
1745:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1725:
1719:
1718:
1716:
1714:
1702:
1696:
1695:
1693:
1691:
1676:
1670:
1669:
1667:
1665:
1651:
1642:
1641:
1639:
1637:
1626:
1620:
1619:
1617:
1615:
1592:
1586:
1585:
1583:
1581:
1566:
1560:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1535:
1529:
1528:
1526:
1524:
1508:
1502:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1478:
1472:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1447:
1441:
1440:
1438:
1436:
1421:
1415:
1414:
1408:
1406:
1387:
1381:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1356:
1350:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1330:
1324:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1297:
1291:
1290:
1288:
1286:
1266:
1257:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1237:
1231:
1230:
1228:
1226:
1211:
1205:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1185:
1179:
1178:
1176:
1174:
1159:
1153:
1152:
1150:
1148:
1136:
1130:
1129:
1127:
1125:
1110:
1104:
1103:
1097:
1089:
1075:
1069:
1068:
1046:
1040:
1039:
995:
989:
988:
964:
958:
957:
932:(4): 1325–1341.
917:
908:
907:
905:
903:
892:
886:
885:
883:
881:
866:
860:
859:
857:
855:
832:
826:
825:
823:
821:
804:
798:
797:
792:
790:
778:
770:
564:Attorney General
344:Kashmir conflict
340:Iraqi civil wars
300:Voice of America
87:, motivation of
21:
6712:
6711:
6707:
6706:
6705:
6703:
6702:
6701:
6652:Internet hoaxes
6567:
6566:
6565:
6560:
6551:Media influence
6546:Media franchise
6531:Media democracy
6497:
6442:
6374:
6316:
6297:Loaded language
6248:
6165:
6082:
6034:
5924:
5853:
5835:
5762:
5703:Culture jamming
5652:
5586:
5581:
5551:
5542:
5447:
5428:
5407:
5395:
5280:
5276:Zinoviev letter
5226:
5200:
5184:
5108:Post-Soviet era
5102:
5063:Active Measures
5046:
5037:
5006:
4994:
4982:
4970:
4958:
4927:
4901:
4889:
4829:
4827:Jihadunspun.com
4813:
4794:
4719:
4695:New World Order
4663:Genocide denial
4634:
4619:
4568:
4553:
4475:Memetic warfare
4265:
4254:
4245:
4215:
4210:
4182:
4150:
4141:
4122:Northern Cyprus
4108:
4101:
3843:
3840:
3759:
3751:
3749:Further reading
3725:
3724:
3714:
3712:
3711:. 19 March 2022
3703:
3702:
3698:
3688:
3686:
3668:
3664:
3654:
3652:
3634:
3630:
3620:
3618:
3608:
3604:
3594:
3592:
3585:
3581:
3571:
3569:
3559:
3555:
3545:
3543:
3542:. 18 March 2019
3534:
3533:
3529:
3519:
3517:
3510:
3506:
3496:
3494:
3485:
3484:
3480:
3470:
3468:
3456:
3452:
3442:
3440:
3432:
3431:
3427:
3417:
3415:
3405:
3401:
3391:
3389:
3380:
3379:
3372:
3362:
3360:
3351:
3350:
3346:
3327:
3323:
3313:
3311:
3302:
3301:
3297:
3287:
3285:
3276:
3275:
3271:
3261:
3259:
3246:
3245:
3241:
3231:
3229:
3220:
3219:
3215:
3205:
3203:
3187:
3186:
3182:
3172:
3170:
3159:
3158:
3154:
3144:
3142:
3132:
3128:
3118:
3116:
3109:
3105:
3095:
3093:
3091:
3071:
3067:
3044:
3026:Springer Nature
3016:
3012:
3002:
3000:
2982:
2978:
2968:
2966:
2956:
2952:
2942:
2940:
2924:
2923:
2919:
2909:
2907:
2898:
2897:
2893:
2883:
2881:
2872:
2871:
2867:
2857:
2855:
2850:
2849:
2845:
2835:
2833:
2823:
2819:
2809:
2807:
2797:
2793:
2783:
2781:
2771:
2767:
2757:
2755:
2745:
2741:
2728:
2727:
2723:
2707:
2706:
2702:
2686:
2682:
2672:
2670:
2661:
2660:
2656:
2646:
2644:
2632:
2625:
2615:
2613:
2607:
2603:
2593:
2591:
2581:
2574:
2564:
2562:
2544:
2540:
2530:
2528:
2517:
2516:
2512:
2502:
2500:
2491:
2490:
2486:
2470:
2469:
2462:
2460:
2450:
2446:
2436:
2434:
2424:
2420:
2410:
2408:
2398:
2394:
2384:
2382:
2373:
2372:
2368:
2358:
2356:
2346:
2339:
2329:
2327:
2318:
2317:
2313:
2303:
2301:
2290:
2289:
2285:
2275:
2273:
2262:
2261:
2257:
2247:
2245:
2234:
2233:
2229:
2213:
2212:
2205:
2203:
2194:
2193:
2189:
2179:
2177:
2167:
2163:
2156:Express Tribune
2150:
2149:
2145:
2135:
2133:
2123:
2110:
2100:
2098:
2088:
2077:
2063:
2061:
2051:
2038:
2028:
2026:
2016:
2012:
2002:
2000:
1990:
1986:
1976:
1974:
1964:
1960:
1950:
1948:
1938:
1934:
1921:
1919:
1909:
1898:
1888:
1886:
1868:
1864:
1854:
1852:
1843:
1842:
1838:
1822:
1821:
1814:
1812:
1803:
1802:
1798:
1793:Wayback Machine
1780:
1776:
1766:
1764:
1752:
1748:
1738:
1736:
1726:
1722:
1712:
1710:
1703:
1699:
1689:
1687:
1677:
1673:
1663:
1661:
1652:
1645:
1635:
1633:
1628:
1627:
1623:
1613:
1611:
1593:
1589:
1579:
1577:
1568:
1567:
1563:
1553:
1551:
1536:
1532:
1522:
1520:
1509:
1505:
1495:
1493:
1486:The News Minute
1480:
1479:
1475:
1465:
1463:
1448:
1444:
1434:
1432:
1422:
1418:
1404:
1402:
1389:
1388:
1384:
1374:
1372:
1357:
1353:
1343:
1341:
1331:
1327:
1317:
1315:
1299:
1298:
1294:
1284:
1282:
1267:
1260:
1250:
1248:
1238:
1234:
1224:
1222:
1212:
1208:
1198:
1196:
1195:. 16 March 2020
1187:
1186:
1182:
1172:
1170:
1161:
1160:
1156:
1146:
1144:
1137:
1133:
1123:
1121:
1112:
1111:
1107:
1091:
1090:
1076:
1072:
1065:
1047:
1043:
996:
992:
985:
965:
961:
918:
911:
901:
899:
894:
893:
889:
879:
877:
867:
863:
853:
851:
833:
829:
819:
817:
806:
805:
801:
788:
786:
776:
772:
771:
767:
762:
715:
699:
697:Law enforcement
682:
669:
629:
616:
614:Countermeasures
552:
536:
534:Socio-political
531:
507:
501:
484:
479:
453:As part of the
443:
419:
409:
403:
332:
289:Politico Europe
242:A study by the
240:
234:
195:
154:
141:
136:
122:
77:
39:
36:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6710:
6700:
6699:
6694:
6689:
6684:
6679:
6674:
6669:
6664:
6659:
6654:
6649:
6647:Internet fraud
6644:
6639:
6634:
6629:
6624:
6619:
6614:
6609:
6604:
6602:Fraud in India
6599:
6594:
6589:
6584:
6579:
6562:
6561:
6559:
6558:
6553:
6548:
6543:
6538:
6533:
6528:
6523:
6522:
6521:
6511:
6505:
6503:
6499:
6498:
6496:
6495:
6490:
6485:
6484:
6483:
6473:
6468:
6463:
6458:
6452:
6450:
6444:
6443:
6441:
6440:
6435:
6430:
6428:Understatement
6425:
6420:
6415:
6410:
6405:
6400:
6395:
6390:
6384:
6382:
6376:
6375:
6373:
6372:
6367:
6362:
6357:
6352:
6347:
6342:
6337:
6332:
6326:
6324:
6318:
6317:
6315:
6314:
6309:
6304:
6299:
6294:
6292:Indoctrination
6289:
6284:
6279:
6277:Disinformation
6274:
6269:
6264:
6258:
6256:
6250:
6249:
6247:
6246:
6241:
6239:Smear campaign
6236:
6231:
6226:
6221:
6216:
6211:
6206:
6201:
6196:
6191:
6186:
6181:
6175:
6173:
6167:
6166:
6164:
6163:
6158:
6156:Sensationalism
6153:
6148:
6143:
6138:
6133:
6128:
6123:
6118:
6113:
6108:
6103:
6098:
6096:Agenda-setting
6092:
6090:
6084:
6083:
6081:
6080:
6075:
6070:
6065:
6060:
6055:
6050:
6044:
6042:
6036:
6035:
6033:
6032:
6027:
6022:
6017:
6012:
6007:
6002:
5997:
5992:
5987:
5982:
5977:
5972:
5970:False document
5967:
5962:
5961:
5960:
5950:
5945:
5940:
5934:
5932:
5926:
5925:
5923:
5922:
5917:
5912:
5907:
5902:
5897:
5892:
5887:
5882:
5877:
5875:Catch and kill
5872:
5867:
5862:
5856:
5854:
5852:
5851:
5846:
5840:
5837:
5836:
5834:
5833:
5828:
5823:
5818:
5813:
5808:
5803:
5798:
5793:
5788:
5783:
5778:
5772:
5770:
5764:
5763:
5761:
5760:
5755:
5750:
5745:
5740:
5735:
5730:
5725:
5720:
5715:
5710:
5708:Demonstrations
5705:
5700:
5695:
5693:Cancel culture
5690:
5685:
5680:
5675:
5674:
5673:
5662:
5660:
5654:
5653:
5651:
5650:
5645:
5640:
5635:
5630:
5625:
5620:
5615:
5610:
5605:
5600:
5594:
5592:
5588:
5587:
5580:
5579:
5572:
5565:
5557:
5548:
5547:
5544:
5543:
5541:
5540:
5535:
5530:
5525:
5520:
5515:
5510:
5505:
5500:
5495:
5490:
5485:
5480:
5475:
5470:
5465:
5464:
5463:
5452:
5449:
5448:
5438:
5437:
5434:
5433:
5430:
5429:
5427:
5426:
5421:
5415:
5413:
5409:
5408:
5403:
5401:
5397:
5396:
5394:
5393:
5388:
5383:
5378:
5373:
5368:
5363:
5358:
5356:Habbush letter
5353:
5348:
5343:
5342:
5341:
5331:
5326:
5325:
5324:
5319:
5314:
5309:
5299:
5294:
5288:
5286:
5282:
5281:
5279:
5278:
5273:
5268:
5263:
5255:
5250:
5245:
5240:
5238:Bell Pottinger
5234:
5232:
5231:United Kingdom
5228:
5227:
5225:
5224:
5219:
5214:
5208:
5206:
5202:
5201:
5196:
5194:
5190:
5189:
5186:
5185:
5183:
5182:
5177:
5172:
5167:
5162:
5161:
5160:
5155:
5150:
5142:
5141:
5140:
5130:
5129:
5128:
5123:
5112:
5110:
5104:
5103:
5101:
5100:
5095:
5090:
5085:
5080:
5075:
5070:
5065:
5059:
5057:
5048:
5039:
5038:
5036:
5035:
5030:
5025:
5014:
5012:
5008:
5007:
5002:
5000:
4996:
4995:
4990:
4988:
4984:
4983:
4978:
4976:
4972:
4971:
4966:
4964:
4960:
4959:
4957:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4935:
4933:
4929:
4928:
4926:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4909:
4907:
4903:
4902:
4897:
4895:
4894:Czechoslovakia
4891:
4890:
4888:
4887:
4880:
4875:
4874:
4873:
4868:
4866:PLA Unit 61398
4863:
4858:
4853:
4848:
4837:
4835:
4831:
4830:
4825:
4823:
4815:
4814:
4804:
4803:
4800:
4799:
4796:
4795:
4793:
4792:
4787:
4786:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4744:
4743:
4741:by governments
4733:
4727:
4725:
4718:
4717:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4671:
4670:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4639:
4636:
4635:
4625:
4624:
4621:
4620:
4618:
4617:
4610:
4603:
4596:
4589:
4582:
4578:Disinformation
4573:
4570:
4569:
4559:
4558:
4555:
4554:
4552:
4551:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4505:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4484:
4483:
4482:
4477:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4381:
4380:
4370:
4369:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4308:
4307:
4306:
4299:Cognitive bias
4296:
4291:
4289:Cherry picking
4286:
4281:
4276:
4270:
4267:
4266:
4256:
4255:
4252:misinformation
4248:Disinformation
4244:
4243:
4236:
4229:
4221:
4212:
4211:
4209:
4208:
4198:
4187:
4184:
4183:
4181:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4154:
4152:
4143:
4142:
4140:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4113:
4111:
4103:
4102:
4100:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3853:
3851:
3845:
3844:
3839:
3838:
3831:
3824:
3816:
3810:
3809:
3795:
3788:
3781:
3768:
3750:
3747:
3746:
3745:
3723:
3722:
3696:
3662:
3628:
3602:
3579:
3553:
3527:
3504:
3493:. 1 April 2023
3478:
3450:
3425:
3399:
3386:Business Today
3370:
3359:. 16 June 2020
3344:
3321:
3310:. 11 June 2020
3295:
3269:
3239:
3213:
3180:
3152:
3126:
3103:
3089:
3065:
3042:
3010:
2976:
2950:
2917:
2891:
2880:. 6 April 2019
2865:
2843:
2817:
2805:HuffPost India
2791:
2765:
2739:
2721:
2700:
2680:
2669:. 22 June 2019
2654:
2623:
2601:
2572:
2538:
2510:
2484:
2444:
2418:
2392:
2366:
2337:
2311:
2283:
2255:
2227:
2187:
2161:
2143:
2108:
2075:
2036:
2010:
1984:
1958:
1932:
1896:
1862:
1851:. 9 April 2019
1836:
1796:
1774:
1746:
1720:
1697:
1671:
1643:
1621:
1587:
1561:
1530:
1503:
1473:
1442:
1416:
1382:
1351:
1339:Rajya Sabha TV
1325:
1292:
1258:
1232:
1206:
1193:Business Today
1180:
1154:
1131:
1120:. 20 June 2022
1105:
1070:
1063:
1041:
990:
983:
959:
909:
887:
861:
827:
814:Lowy Institute
799:
764:
763:
761:
758:
757:
756:
751:
746:
741:
736:
731:
726:
721:
714:
711:
698:
695:
681:
678:
668:
665:
641:Times Internet
628:
625:
615:
612:
551:
548:
535:
532:
530:
527:
500:
497:
483:
480:
478:
475:
474:
473:
462:
451:
442:
441:Other examples
439:
402:
399:
359:Kashmir Police
331:
328:
308:cybersquatting
233:
230:
214:multinationals
194:
191:
153:
150:
140:
137:
135:
132:
121:
118:
114:misinformation
110:disinformation
76:
73:
56:disinformation
52:misinformation
37:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6709:
6698:
6695:
6693:
6690:
6688:
6685:
6683:
6680:
6678:
6675:
6673:
6670:
6668:
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6660:
6658:
6655:
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6650:
6648:
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6643:
6640:
6638:
6635:
6633:
6630:
6628:
6625:
6623:
6620:
6618:
6615:
6613:
6610:
6608:
6605:
6603:
6600:
6598:
6595:
6593:
6590:
6588:
6585:
6583:
6580:
6578:
6575:
6574:
6572:
6557:
6554:
6552:
6549:
6547:
6544:
6542:
6539:
6537:
6536:Media ecology
6534:
6532:
6529:
6527:
6524:
6520:
6519:United States
6517:
6516:
6515:
6512:
6510:
6507:
6506:
6504:
6500:
6494:
6493:Telemarketing
6491:
6489:
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6482:
6479:
6478:
6477:
6474:
6472:
6469:
6467:
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6439:
6436:
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6426:
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6416:
6414:
6411:
6409:
6406:
6404:
6401:
6399:
6396:
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6389:
6386:
6385:
6383:
6381:
6377:
6371:
6368:
6366:
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6358:
6356:
6353:
6351:
6348:
6346:
6343:
6341:
6338:
6336:
6333:
6331:
6328:
6327:
6325:
6323:
6319:
6313:
6310:
6308:
6305:
6303:
6300:
6298:
6295:
6293:
6290:
6288:
6285:
6283:
6282:Fearmongering
6280:
6278:
6275:
6273:
6270:
6268:
6265:
6263:
6260:
6259:
6257:
6255:
6251:
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6242:
6240:
6237:
6235:
6232:
6230:
6227:
6225:
6222:
6220:
6217:
6215:
6212:
6210:
6207:
6205:
6202:
6200:
6197:
6195:
6192:
6190:
6187:
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6182:
6180:
6177:
6176:
6174:
6172:
6168:
6162:
6159:
6157:
6154:
6152:
6149:
6147:
6144:
6142:
6139:
6137:
6134:
6132:
6129:
6127:
6124:
6122:
6121:False balance
6119:
6117:
6114:
6112:
6109:
6107:
6104:
6102:
6099:
6097:
6094:
6093:
6091:
6089:
6085:
6079:
6078:Word of mouth
6076:
6074:
6071:
6069:
6066:
6064:
6061:
6059:
6056:
6054:
6051:
6049:
6046:
6045:
6043:
6041:
6037:
6031:
6028:
6026:
6023:
6021:
6018:
6016:
6013:
6011:
6008:
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6001:
5998:
5996:
5993:
5991:
5988:
5986:
5983:
5981:
5978:
5976:
5973:
5971:
5968:
5966:
5963:
5959:
5956:
5955:
5954:
5951:
5949:
5946:
5944:
5941:
5939:
5936:
5935:
5933:
5931:
5927:
5921:
5918:
5916:
5913:
5911:
5908:
5906:
5903:
5901:
5898:
5896:
5893:
5891:
5888:
5886:
5883:
5881:
5878:
5876:
5873:
5871:
5868:
5866:
5865:Broadcast law
5863:
5861:
5858:
5857:
5855:
5850:
5847:
5845:
5842:
5841:
5838:
5832:
5829:
5827:
5824:
5822:
5819:
5817:
5814:
5812:
5809:
5807:
5804:
5802:
5799:
5797:
5794:
5792:
5789:
5787:
5784:
5782:
5779:
5777:
5774:
5773:
5771:
5769:
5765:
5759:
5756:
5754:
5751:
5749:
5746:
5744:
5741:
5739:
5736:
5734:
5731:
5729:
5726:
5724:
5721:
5719:
5716:
5714:
5713:Deplatforming
5711:
5709:
5706:
5704:
5701:
5699:
5696:
5694:
5691:
5689:
5686:
5684:
5681:
5679:
5676:
5672:
5669:
5668:
5667:
5664:
5663:
5661:
5659:
5655:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5636:
5634:
5631:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5621:
5619:
5618:False balance
5616:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5599:
5596:
5595:
5593:
5589:
5585:
5578:
5573:
5571:
5566:
5564:
5559:
5558:
5555:
5539:
5536:
5534:
5531:
5529:
5526:
5524:
5521:
5519:
5516:
5514:
5511:
5509:
5506:
5504:
5501:
5499:
5498:FactCheck.org
5496:
5494:
5491:
5489:
5486:
5484:
5481:
5479:
5476:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5466:
5462:
5459:
5458:
5457:
5456:Fact-checking
5454:
5453:
5450:
5443:
5439:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5416:
5414:
5410:
5406:
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5389:
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5382:
5379:
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5372:
5369:
5367:
5364:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5349:
5347:
5344:
5340:
5337:
5336:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5323:
5320:
5318:
5315:
5313:
5310:
5308:
5305:
5304:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5295:
5293:
5290:
5289:
5287:
5285:United States
5283:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5260:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5249:
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5229:
5223:
5220:
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5215:
5213:
5210:
5209:
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5199:
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5191:
5181:
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5176:
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5171:
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5159:
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5154:
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5149:
5146:
5145:
5143:
5139:
5136:
5135:
5134:
5131:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5118:
5117:
5114:
5113:
5111:
5109:
5105:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5074:
5071:
5069:
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5060:
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5026:
5023:
5019:
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5009:
5005:
5001:
4997:
4993:
4989:
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4955:
4952:
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4942:
4940:
4937:
4936:
4934:
4930:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4910:
4908:
4904:
4900:
4896:
4892:
4886:
4885:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4846:50 Cent Party
4844:
4843:
4842:
4839:
4838:
4836:
4832:
4828:
4824:
4820:
4816:
4809:
4805:
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4781:
4779:
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4774:
4771:
4770:
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4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
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4742:
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4738:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4728:
4726:
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4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
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4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
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4673:
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4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4640:
4637:
4630:
4626:
4616:
4615:
4611:
4609:
4608:
4604:
4602:
4601:
4597:
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4590:
4588:
4587:
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4581:
4579:
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4507:
4503:
4500:
4498:
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4490:
4489:
4488:
4485:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4472:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4450:Media culture
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4390:False dilemma
4388:
4386:
4383:
4379:
4376:
4375:
4374:
4371:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
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4342:
4339:
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4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
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4322:
4319:
4316:
4312:
4309:
4305:
4302:
4301:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
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4271:
4268:
4261:
4257:
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4249:
4242:
4237:
4235:
4230:
4228:
4223:
4222:
4219:
4207:
4203:
4199:
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4189:
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4185:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
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4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4155:
4153:
4148:
4144:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4132:South Ossetia
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4114:
4112:
4110:
4104:
4098:
4095:
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4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
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4073:
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4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
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4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
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3980:
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3975:
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3968:
3965:
3963:
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3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
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3890:
3888:
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3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3854:
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3850:
3846:
3837:
3832:
3830:
3825:
3823:
3818:
3817:
3814:
3808:
3804:
3800:
3796:
3793:
3789:
3786:
3782:
3778:
3774:
3769:
3765:
3758:
3753:
3752:
3744:
3743:9789353028374
3740:
3736:
3732:
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3730:
3729:
3710:
3706:
3700:
3685:
3681:
3677:
3673:
3666:
3651:
3647:
3643:
3639:
3632:
3617:
3613:
3606:
3590:
3583:
3568:
3564:
3557:
3541:
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3515:
3508:
3492:
3488:
3482:
3467:
3466:
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3454:
3439:
3435:
3429:
3414:
3410:
3403:
3387:
3383:
3377:
3375:
3358:
3357:Outlook India
3354:
3348:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3325:
3309:
3305:
3299:
3284:. August 2020
3283:
3279:
3273:
3257:
3253:
3249:
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3078:
3077:
3069:
3061:
3057:
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3049:
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3039:
3035:
3031:
3028:. p. 8.
3027:
3023:
3022:
3014:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2980:
2965:
2964:Rest of World
2961:
2954:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2921:
2906:. 21 May 2019
2905:
2901:
2895:
2879:
2875:
2869:
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2847:
2832:
2831:Business Line
2828:
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2701:9781522585374
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2407:
2403:
2396:
2380:
2379:The Telegraph
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2342:
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2324:Outlook India
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2158:. 1 May 2023.
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6184:Astroturfing
6146:Pseudo-event
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5943:April Fools'
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6393:Doublespeak
6244:Wedge issue
6204:Dog whistle
6179:Advertising
6005:Lying press
5990:Gaslighting
5768:Advertising
5743:Occupations
5633:Obfuscation
5623:Half-truths
5391:Yellow rain
5011:Philippines
4871:Spamouflage
4856:Little Pink
4710:Rothschilds
4700:Red mercury
4415:Gaslighting
4366:Lying press
4336:Doublespeak
4206:Asia portal
4107:States with
4027:Philippines
3967:South Korea
3962:North Korea
3857:Afghanistan
3572:6 September
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1946:Newslaundry
1922:10 December
1889:25 November
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1220:India Today
1014:: 137–153.
582:) set up a
448:Indian Army
431:BJP IT Cell
421:During the
375:India Today
370:Indian Army
139:Coronavirus
6587:Godi media
6571:Categories
6514:Media bias
6370:Subversion
6335:False flag
6312:Techniques
6254:Propaganda
6214:Lawn signs
6194:Canvassing
6088:News media
5844:Censorship
5776:Billboards
5728:Hacktivism
5718:Grassroots
5643:Persuasion
5518:PolitiFact
5446:Opposition
5322:Sandy Hook
5121:on Estonia
5055:Soviet era
4968:Team Jorge
4944:Godi-media
4705:Reptilians
4675:Illuminati
4534:Truthiness
4524:Social bot
4487:Propaganda
4420:Half-truth
4395:False flag
4087:Uzbekistan
4062:Tajikistan
3977:Kyrgyzstan
3957:Kazakhstan
3877:Bangladesh
3867:Azerbaijan
2647:16 October
2641:Al Jazeera
2101:9 December
1173:2 February
760:References
734:Godi Media
690:forwarded,
653:s WebQoof.
503:See also:
236:See also:
6637:Deception
6476:Promotion
6355:Political
6262:Bandwagon
6189:Attack ad
6068:Publicity
6040:Marketing
5953:Fake news
5915:Religious
5910:Political
5890:Euphemism
5885:Cover-ups
5880:Corporate
5748:Petitions
5638:Orwellian
5608:Deception
5513:NewsGuard
5508:Logically
5503:Full Fact
5400:Venezuela
5334:Fake news
5222:AK Trolls
4913:Funkspiel
4435:Infodemic
4351:Fake news
4326:Denialism
4321:Deception
4173:Hong Kong
4127:Palestine
4052:Sri Lanka
4047:Singapore
3927:Indonesia
3689:28 August
3684:0261-3077
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3650:1059-1028
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2381:. Kolkota
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902:28 August
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849:0971-751X
841:The Hindu
820:27 August
789:3 January
739:Fake News
729:NewsClick
686:The Quint
649:The Quint
193:Elections
89:deception
85:facticity
29:Fake news
6423:Transfer
6365:Sedition
6229:Negative
6141:Newspeak
6131:Managing
6073:Research
6048:Branding
6000:Literary
5965:Fakelore
5958:websites
5948:Deepfake
5905:Internet
5796:Modeling
5753:Protests
5733:Internet
5666:Advocacy
5658:Activism
5538:USAFacts
5528:StopFake
5424:Force 47
5329:COVID-19
5253:Euromyth
5004:Peñabots
4878:COVID-19
4783:COVID-19
4768:Vaccines
4633:Examples
4519:Smearing
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3997:Maldives
3992:Malaysia
3892:Cambodia
3715:19 March
3465:WAN-IFRA
3256:Archived
2878:BBC News
2734:Zee News
2667:Zee News
2473:cite web
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2096:Politico
2024:ThePrint
1972:ThePrint
1789:Archived
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1225:16 March
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1167:Boomlive
1147:16 March
1094:cite web
713:See also
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591:UN OHCHR
511:WhatsApp
499:WhatsApp
489:Facebook
338:and the
260:BBC News
145:COVID-19
120:Creators
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6481:Spaving
6466:Pricing
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6350:Lawfare
6287:Framing
6267:Big lie
6058:Product
6053:Loyalty
5985:Forgery
5930:Hoaxing
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5791:Mobiles
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4954:OpIndia
4906:Germany
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3917:Georgia
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3862:Armenia
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2810:22 June
1659:Reuters
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1124:20 June
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562:by the
556:Aadhaar
493:Twitter
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312:Twitter
253:OpIndia
226:Kannada
207:AltNews
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5523:Snopes
5339:online
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5205:Turkey
5043:Russia
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6025:Virus
5895:Films
5860:Books
5801:Radio
5781:False
5758:Youth
5738:Media
5671:group
5628:Media
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4975:Korea
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4264:Types
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4032:Qatar
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3947:Japan
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3897:China
3760:(PDF)
3642:Wired
3591:. CNN
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3282:JKCCS
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3056:S2CID
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1251:8 May
1032:S2CID
1010:(2).
950:S2CID
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5920:Self
5598:Bias
5158:2020
5153:2018
5148:2016
4529:Spin
4430:Hoax
4315:list
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3937:Iraq
3932:Iran
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