Accessibility - Knowledge

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unemployment rate for workers with disabilities was 12.9%, while it was 7.3% for workers without disabilities. More than half of workers with disabilities (52%) earned less than $ 25,000 in the previous year, compared with just 38% of workers with no disabilities. This translates into an earnings gap where individuals with disabilities earn about 25 percent less of what workers without disabilities earn. Among occupations with 100,000 or more people, dishwashers had the highest disability rate (14.3%), followed by refuse and recyclable material collectors (12.7%), personal care aides (11.9%), and janitors and building cleaners (11.8%). The rates for refuse and recyclable material collectors, personal care aides, and janitors and building cleaners were not statistically different from one another.

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experience of using the website by using assistive technologies or accessibility settings of browsers and operating systems (linking to "BBC My Web My Way" can be useful here); information on what accessibility features the site's creators have included, and if there are any user needs which the site does not currently support (for example, descriptive video to allow blind people to access the information in videos more easily); and contact details for disabled people to be able to use to let the site creators know if they have any problems in using the site. While validations against WCAG, and other accessibility badges can also be included, they should be put lower down the statement, as most disabled people still do not understand these technical terms.

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were designed to facilitate the evaluation of tests and test items with a focus on enhancing their accessibility. Both instruments incorporate the principles of accessibility theory and were guided by research on universal design, assessment accessibility, cognitive load theory, and research on item writing and test development. The TAMI is a non-commercial instrument that has been made available to all state assessment directors and testing companies. Assessment researchers have used the ARM to conduct accessibility reviews of state assessment items for several state departments of education.

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students identified with disabilities), are given the opportunity to demonstrate the extent to which they have mastered the content measured on state assessments. Currently, states are permitted to develop two different types of tests in addition to the standard grade-level assessments to target students with special needs. First, the alternate assessment may be used to report proficiency for up to 1% of students in a state. Second, new regulations permit the use of alternate assessments based on modified academic achievement standards to report proficiency for up to 2% of students in a state.

240: 163: 171: 541:. Other factors have been cited as contributing to the high unemployment rate, such as public service regulations. Although employment for workers with disabilities is higher in the public sector due to hiring programs targeting persons with disabilities, regulations currently restrict types of work available to persons with disabilities: "Disability-specific employment reservations are limited to the public sector and a large number of the reserved positions continue to be vacant despite nearly two decades of enactment of the PWD Act". 1428: 893: 566:

conditions who receive an official disability designation. One of the biggest challenges for employers is in developing policies and practises to manage employees who develop disabilities during the course of employment. Even where these exist, they tend to focus on workplace injuries, overlooking job retention challenges faced by employees who acquire a non-occupation injury or illness. Protecting employability is a factor that can help close the unemployment gap for persons with disabilities.

4183: 231:, the process of creating products that are usable by the widest possible range of people, operating within the widest possible range of situations. Universal design typically provides a single general solution that can accommodate people with disabilities as well as the rest of the population. By contrast, accessible design is focused on ensuring that there are no barriers to accessibility for all people, including those with disabilities. 66: 4193: 801: 601: 751:. An Accessibility Plan sets out how each local authority plans to improve access to employment, learning, health care, food shops and other services of local importance, particularly for disadvantaged groups and areas. Accessibility targets are defined in the accessibility plans, these are often the distance or time to access services by different modes of transport including walking, cycling and public transport. 739:, local transport authorities are responsible for checking that all people who live within their area can access essential opportunities and services, and where gaps in provision are identified the local authorities are responsible for organizing changes to make new connections. These requirements are defined in the UK Community Planning Acts legislation and more detailed guidance has been issued by the 835:

citizen will experience. A growing trend is the desire for many senior citizens to 'age in place', living as independently as possible for as long as possible. Accessibility modifications that allow ageing in place are becoming more common. Housing may even be designed to incorporate accessibility modifications that can be made throughout the life cycle of the residents.

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access information and services by minimizing the barriers of distance and cost as well as the accessibility and usability of the interface. In many countries this has led to initiatives, laws and/or regulations that aim toward providing universal access to the internet and to phone systems at reasonable cost to citizens.

488:(word completion) feature in computer word processing programs, which both help individuals with mobility impairments to complete tasks. Adaptations to wheelchair tires are another example; widening the tires enables wheelchair users to move over soft surfaces, such as deep snow on ski hills, and sandy beaches. 1319:(Transitional vs Strict) and other techniques that need to be incorporated into coding before accomplishing validation. Online tools allow users to submit their website and automatically run it through the WCAG guidelines and produce a report, stating whether or not they conform to each level of compliance. 1312:(WCAG) 1.0 and 2.0 which explain how to make Web content accessible to everyone, including people with disabilities. Web "content" generally refers to the information in a Web page or Web application, including text, images, forms, and sounds. (More specific definitions are available in the WCAG documents.) 1398:

has been introduced, initially in the UK, to help site owners and product managers to understand the importance of accessibility. It includes advice on the business case behind accessibility, and how organisations might usefully update their policies and production processes to embed accessibility in

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One emerging product that will make ordinary computer displays available for the blind is the refreshable tactile display, which is very different from a conventional braille display. This provides a raised surface corresponding to the bright and dim spots on a conventional display. An example is the

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devices, adaptive pointing devices to replace computer mouse devices, and many others. Mobile telecommunications devices and computer applications are also equipped with accessibility features. They can be adapted to create accessibility to a range of tasks, and may be suitable for different kinds of

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The English Housing Survey for 2018/19 found only 9% of homes in England have key features, such as a toilet at entrance level and sufficiently wide doorways, to deem them accessible. This was an improvement from 5% in 2005. More than 400,000 wheelchair users in England were living in homes which are

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of 2001 in the United States, student accountability in essential content areas such as reading, mathematics, and science has become a major area of focus in educational reform. As a result, test developers have needed to create tests to ensure all students, including those with special needs (e.g.,

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Equal access to education for students with disabilities is supported in some countries by legislation. It is still challenging for some students with disabilities to fully participate in mainstream education settings, but many adaptive technologies and assistive programs are making improvements. In

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avatars to be integrated into public areas. This technology could potentially make train station announcements, news broadcasts, etc. accessible when a human interpreter is not available. Sign language can also be incorporated into film; for example, all movies shown in Brazilian movie theaters must

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Mild to moderate hearing loss may be accommodated with a hearing aid that amplifies ambient sounds. Portable devices with speed recognition that can produce text can reduce problems associated with understanding conversation. This kind of hearing loss is relatively common, and this often grows worse

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A communication disorder interferes with the ability to produce clearly understandable speech. There can be many different causes, such as nerve degeneration, muscle degeneration, stroke, and vocal cord injury. The modern method to deal with speaking disabilities has been to provide a text interface

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To ensure that these new tests generate results that allow valid inferences to be made about student performance, they must be accessible to as many people as possible. The Test Accessibility and Modification Inventory (TAMI) and its companion evaluation tool, the Accessibility Rating Matrix (ARM),

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announced the streamlining of their accessibility services, allowing passengers requiring assistance to inform the company with as little as 10 minutes' notice at all 189 stations on its network, replacing an older scheme wherein assisted journeys had to be booked six hours to a day in advance. The

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Unit. The United Kingdom also has a "code of practice" for making train and stations accessible: "Accessible Train and Station Design for Disabled People: A Code of Practice". This code of practice was first published in 2002 with the objective of compliance to Section 71B of the Railways Act 1993,

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Automobile accessibility also refers to ease of use by disabled people. Automobiles, whether a car or a van, can be adapted for a range of physical disabilities. Foot pedals can be raised, or replaced with hand-controlled devices. Wheelchair hoists, lifts or ramps may be customized according to the

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It has been noted by researchers that where accommodations are in place for employees with disabilities, these frequently apply to individuals with "pre-determined or apparent disabilities as determined by national social protection or Equality Authorities", which include persons with pre-existing

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Another useful idea is for websites to include a web accessibility statement on the site. Initially introduced in PAS 78, the best practice for web accessibility statements has been updated in BS 8878 to emphasise the inclusion of: information on how disabled and elderly people could get a better

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Form. These technologies assist visual impairments and physical impairment by providing interactive access to web content without the need to visually observe the content. While these technologies provides access for visually impaired individuals, the primary benefactor has been automated systems

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movement begun by grass roots disability advocates in the 1980s focuses specifically on changing construction practices in new housing. This movement, a network of interested people working in their locales, works on educating, passing laws, and spurring voluntary home access initiatives with the

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Surveys of non-Western countries are limited, but the available statistics also indicate fewer jobs being filled by workers with disabilities. In India, a large 1999 survey found that "of the 'top 100 multinational companies' in the country the employment rate of persons with disabilities in the

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was proposed in late 2012. This Act would establish standards within member countries for accessible products, services, and public buildings. The harmonization of accessibility standards within the EU "would facilitate the social integration of persons with disabilities and the elderly and their

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One of the first areas where information technology improved the quality of life for disabled individuals is the voice operated wheelchair. Quadriplegics have the most profound disability, and the voice operated wheelchair technology was first developed in 1977 to provide increased mobility. The

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Advances in information technology and telecommunications have represented a leap forward for accessibility. Access to the technology is restricted to those who can afford it, but it has become more widespread in Western countries in recent years. For those who use it, it provides the ability to

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Accessibility in the design of housing and household devices has become more prominent in recent decades due to a rapidly ageing population in developed countries. Ageing seniors may wish to continue living independently, but the ageing process naturally increases the disabilities that a senior

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Most existing and new housing, even in the wealthiest nations, lack basic accessibility features unless the designated, immediate occupant of a home currently has a disability. However, there are some initiatives to change typical residential practices so that new homes incorporate basic access

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Assistive technology and adaptive technology have a key role in developing the means for people with disabilities to live more independently, and to more fully participate in mainstream society. In order to have access to assistive or adaptive technology, however, educating the public and even

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Students with a physical or mental impairment or learning disability may require note-taking assistance, which may be provided by a business offering such services, as with tutoring services. Talking books in the form of talking textbooks are available in Canadian secondary and post-secondary

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Employment rates for workers with disabilities are lower than for the general workforce. Workers in Western countries fare relatively well, having access to more services and training as well as legal protections against employment discrimination. Despite this, in the United States the 2012

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It is important to ensure that the accessibility in education includes assessments. Accessibility in testing or assessments entails the extent to which a test and its constituent item set eliminates barriers and permits the test-taker to demonstrate their knowledge of the tested content.

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A wide array of technology products is available to assist with visual impairment. These include screen magnification for monitors, screen-reading software for computers and mobile devices, mouse-over speech synthesis for browsing, braille displays, braille printers, braille cameras, and

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that supports efforts of employers to better integrate and retain workers with disabilities. Some workplaces have policies in place to provide "reasonable accommodation" for employees with disabilities, but many do not. In some jurisdictions, employers may have legal requirements to end

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stations or tram stops. The combination of access from a kerb was the technological development of the 1990s, as step-free interior layouts for buses had existed in some cases for decades, with entrance steps being introduced as chassis designs and overall height regulations changed.

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systems, vehicles generally have floors in the same height as the platforms but the stations are often underground or elevated, so accessibility there is not a question of providing low-floor vehicles, but providing a step-free access from street level to the platforms (generally by

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24751 Individualized Adaptability and Accessibility in e-learning, education and training series is freely available and made of 3 parts: Individualized Adaptability and Accessibility in e-learning, education and training, Standards inventory and Guidance on user needs mapping.

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in particular, to achieve accessibility, is the move to "low-floor" vehicles. In a low-floor vehicle, access to part or all of the passenger cabin is unobstructed from one or more entrances by the presence of steps, enabling easier access for the infirm or people with

1342:, the Access Board developed standards to which U.S. federal agencies must comply in order to make their sites accessible. The U.S. General Services Administration has developed a website where one can take online training courses for free to learn about these rules. 537:

private sector was a mere 0.28%, 0.05% in multinational companies and only 0.58% in the top 100 IT companies in the country". India, like much of the world, has large sections of the economy that are without strong regulation or social protections, such as the

309:, new public and private business construction generally must be accessible. Existing private businesses are required to increase the accessibility of their facilities when making any other renovations in proportion to the cost of the other renovations. The 356:) defines lack of accessibility as discrimination and obliges public authorities to implement universal design in their areas. The Act refers to issue-specific legislation regarding accessibility in e.g. ICT, the built environment, transport and education. 581:

Providing mobility to people with disabilities includes changes for public facilities like gently sloping paths of travel for people with wheelchairs and difficulty walking up stairs, or audio announcements for the blind; dedicated services like

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advocates equal access to social, political, and economic life which includes not only physical access but access to the same tools, services, organizations and facilities as non-disabled people (e.g., museums). Article 9 of the United Nations

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An individual satisfies the definition of hearing disabled when hearing loss is about 30 dB for a single frequency, but this is not always perceptible as a disability. For example, loss of sensitivity in one ear interferes with

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are a professional group skilled in the assessment and making of recommendations to improve access to homes. They are involved in both the adaptation of existing housing to improve accessibility, and in the design of future housing.

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Adaptive technology is the modification, or adaptation, of existing devices, methods, or the creation of new uses for existing devices, to enable a person to complete a task. Examples include the use of remote controls, and the

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A major advantage of advanced technology is its flexibility. Some technologies can be used at home, in the workplace, and in school, expanding the ability of the user to participate in various spheres of daily life.

405:(EU), which has signed the United Nations' Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, also has adopted a European Disability Strategy for 2010–20. The Strategy includes the following goals, among others: 995:

Each kind of disability requires a different kind of accommodation, and this may require analysis by a medical specialist, an educational specialist or a job analysis when the impairment requires accommodation.

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Expenses related to adaptive or assistive technology required to participate in the workforce may be tax deductible expenses for individuals with a medical practitioner's prescription in some jurisdictions.

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Low-floor buses may also be designed with special height adjustment controls that permit a stationary bus to temporarily lower itself to ground level, permitting wheelchair access. This is referred to as a

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Accessibility modifications may be required to enable persons with disabilities to gain access to education, employment, transportation, housing, recreation, or even simply to exercise their right to vote.

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Accessibility can be viewed as the "ability to access" and benefit from some system or entity. The concept focuses on enabling access for people with disabilities, or enabling access through the use of

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Accessibility Planning was introduced as a result of the report "Making the Connections: Final Report on Transport and Social Exclusion". This report was the result of research carried out by the

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The European Court of Human Rights, on the contrary, in case Toplak v. Slovenia ruled that due to high costs, the abandonment of the assistive equipment in elections did not violate human rights.

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The UN CRPD, and courts in the United States, Japan, UK, and elsewhere, have decided that when it is needed to assure secret ballot, authorities should provide voters with assistive technology.

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Getty Center for the History of Art and the Humanities and the Getty Art History Information Program, Cyberspace/Public Space: The Role of Arts and Culture in Defining a Virtual Public Sphere

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Kipp, Michael; Nguyen, Quan; Heloir, Alexis; Matthes, Silke (October 2011). "The proceedings of the 13th international ACM SIGACCESS conference on Computers and accessibility – ASSETS '11".

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for a speech synthesizer for complete vocal disability. This can be a great improvement for people that have been limited to the use of a throat vibrator to produce speech since the 1960s.

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William P. Milton Jr., deputy director of the Office of Human Resource Management, outlined the "Four Simple Steps to Hiring Qualified Candidates with Disabilities" to employees of the

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technology can broadcast announcements directly into the hearing aid of anyone with a hearing impairment, making them useful in such public places as auditoriums and train stations.

193:. The concept of accessible design and practice of accessible developments ensures both "direct access" (i.e. unassisted) and "indirect access" meaning compatibility with a person's 1181:

original version replaced the joystick system with a module that recognized 8 commands. Many other technology accommodation improvements have evolved from this initial development.

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In Sri Lanka, the Supreme Court, on 27 April 2011 gave a landmark order to boost the inherent right of disabled persons to have unhindered access to public buildings and facilities.

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schools. Also, students may require adaptive technology to access computers and the Internet. These may be tax-exempt expenses in some jurisdictions with a medical prescription.

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has now passed the directives to all the medical institutions to make them accessible to persons with disabilities. This happened due to a petition by Satendra Singh founder of

1225:(TTY) during the 1960s. These devices consist of a keyboard, display and modem that connects two or more of these devices using a dedicated wire or plain old telephone service. 412:

Ensuring the European Platform Against Poverty includes a special focus on people with disabilities (the forum brings together experts who share best practices and experience);

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In the United States, government mandates including Section 508, WCAG, DDA are all enforcing practices to standardize accessibility testing engineering in product development.

1423:. The orphanage caters to many abandoned and disabled children who, through education and communication programs, are able to have a life that would otherwise not be possible. 2663: 1162: 624:

Generally, the more limiting the disability, the more expensive the adaptation needed for the vehicle. Financial assistance is available through some organizations, such as

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Occupational therapy research on assistive technology and physical environmental issues: A literature review, Fange et al. (2006), Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy

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is the creation of a new device that assists a person in completing a task that would otherwise be impossible. Some examples include new computer software programs like

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Changes in accessibility and usability in housing: an exploration of the housing adaptation process (2005), Fange and Iwarsson, Occupational Therapy International

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The WCAG is separated into three levels of compliance, A, AA and AAA. Each level requires a stricter set of conformance guidelines, such as different versions of

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Accessibility and usability in housing: construct validity and implications for research and practice (2003), Fange and Iwarsson, Disability and Rehabilitation

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A high contrast version of the site for individuals with low vision, and a low contrast (yellow or blue) version of the site for individuals with dyslexia

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Page-turning device; adaptive keyboards and computer mice (pointing devices such as trackballs, vertical mouse, foot mouse, or programmable pedal)

2865: 675:. A further aspect may be that the entrance and corridors are wide enough to accommodate a wheelchair. Low-floor vehicles have been developed for 628:

in the United Kingdom, which requires a contribution by the prospective vehicle owner. Motability makes vehicles available for purchase or lease.

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Lisney, Eleanor; Bowen, Jonathan P.; Hearn, Kirsten; Zedda, Maria (2013). "Museums and Technology: Being Inclusive Helps Accessibility for All".

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Accessibility must be considered from the outset when designing assessments, otherwise disabled learners could be unintentionally disadvantaged.

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The following impairments are some of the disabilities that affect communications and technology access, as well as many other life activities:

727:, which may be restricted to disabled passengers only, so that the step-free access is not obstructed by non-disabled people taking advantage). 515: 1895: 415:

Working towards the recognition of disability cards throughout the EU to ensure equal treatment when working, living or travelling in the bloc

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While it is often used to describe facilities or amenities to assist people with impaired mobility, through the provision of facilities like

2136:"Ikke tilgjengelig:Lov om forbud mot diskriminering på grunn av nedsatt funksjonsevne (diskriminerings- og tilgjengelighetsloven) – Lovdata" 747:. This includes the requirement to produce an Accessibility Plan under Community Planning legislation and to incorporate this within their 3641: 2913: 2843: 3375: 3992: 944: 3547: 3488:

Roelofs, Erik (2019), Veldkamp, Bernard P.; Sluijter, Cor (eds.), "A Framework for Improving the Accessibility of Assessment Tasks",

449:, England, to help people with disabilities and their carers find out what services, support and opportunities are available to them. 2268: 209:; however, research and development in accessibility brings benefits to everyone. Therefore, an accessible society should eliminate 1663: 1265: 867:, there are currently two ongoing cases about the accessibility of polling places and voting procedures. They were brought against 2683: 4027: 3891: 3793: 872: 511: 306: 2585: 4134: 2387: 1218: 1707: 694:

A low floor in the vehicular sense is normally combined in a conceptual meaning with normal pedestrian access from a standard

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Missing arms or fingers may make the use of a keyboard and mouse difficult or impossible. Technological improvements such as

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Taking the rights of people with disabilities into account in external development programmes and for EU candidate countries.

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discusses accommodations for people with disabilities in the workplace. Many states in the US have their own disability laws.

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The modern method to deal with profound hearing disability is the Internet using email or word processing applications. The

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height. However, the accessibility of a low-floor vehicle can also be utilised from slightly raising portions of kerb at

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of 2001 is meant to "improve the identification, removal and prevention of barriers faced by persons with disabilities".

3997: 3896: 3850: 1548: 325: 4196: 3175: 2569: 2545: 2520: 2489: 149: 109: 3593: 4227: 3695: 2293: 1588: 1339: 1261: 3492:, Methodology of Educational Measurement and Assessment, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 21–45, 635:" in the United Kingdom; if the employer is unable to pay the cost, assistance is offered by government programs. 631:

When an employee with a disability requires an adapted car for work use, the employee does not have to pay for a "

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also offers plugins which allow web developers to test these guidelines on their work from within the program.

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Brewer, J. "Access to the World Wide Web: Technical and Policy Aspects". In Preiser, W.; Ostroff, E. (eds.).

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In Brazil, the law on the inclusion of people with disabilities has numerous provisions for accessibility.

266:, the term can include other types of disability. Accessible facilities therefore extend to areas such as 189:

is the design of products, devices, services, vehicles, or environments so as to be usable by people with

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Proceedings of the 13th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (ASSETS-11)

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Norberto Rocha, Jessica; Massarani, Luisa; de Abreu, Willian; Inacio, Gustavo; Molenzani, Aline (2020).

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Some transport companies have since improved the accessibility of their services, such as incorporating

4139: 3931: 3767: 3679: 3627: 3038: 2721: 2414:"Trapped Between Ableism And Neoliberalism: Critical Reflections On Disability And Employment In India" 1081: 902: 367: 310: 301:

Various countries have legislation requiring physical accessibility which are (in order of enactment):

251: 2065: 1268:) are relatively recent technologies intended to standardize communication interfaces using Augmented 3855: 3710: 2670: 1730: 1609: 575: 363: 318: 39: 1731:"Section 255 of the Telecommunications Act of 1996: Fueling the Creation of New Electronic Curbcuts" 4032: 4007: 3339: 1578: 1465: 1441: 948: 740: 632: 378: 2976: 1296:

There have been a few major movements to coordinate a set of guidelines for accessibility for the

879:, was ongoing. The aim of the court procedure is to make accessible all polling places in Europe. 654: 4146: 4093: 4088: 4017: 2819: 2341: 1513: 1238: 927: 778:

Making public services fully accessible to the public has led to some technological innovations.

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While WCAG provides much technical information for use by web designers, coders and editors,

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features such as zero-step entries and door widths adequate for wheelchairs to pass through.

283: 279: 3272: 3222:"Deluxe Launches First Brazilian Sign Language (LIBRAS) Localization Service Outside Brazil" 2317: 1415: 4053: 4037: 4002: 3936: 3024: 2696: 2154:"Lei Brasileira de Inclusão da Pessoa com Deficiência (Estatuto da Pessoa com Deficiência)" 1603: 1269: 783: 748: 659: 526: 506: 453: 371: 206: 194: 123: 3068:"Pre-employment and periodical health examinations, job analysis and placement of workers" 1403:, the international Standard that built on BS 8878 and expanded it for international use. 8: 4222: 4186: 3705: 2246: 2089: 1493: 988: 981: 821:

is relevant to housing, as it is to all aspects of the built environment. Furthermore, a

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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

4119: 3941: 3669: 3084: 3067: 2866:"STA: Disabled take Slovenia to Human Rights Court over polling stations accessibility" 2066:"South Africa. Promotion of Equality and Prevention of Unfair Discrimination Act, 2000" 1523: 1488: 1229: 1207: 1185: 1128: 1063: 969: 795: 595: 349: 1896:"Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) | United Nations Enable" 1631: 1277:

that replace live human customer service representatives that handle telephone calls.

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Accessibility of employment covers a wide range of issues, from skills training, to

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mobility across member states, thereby also fostering the free movement principle".

374:, and the Accessible Canada Act (Bill-C81) which made Royal Assent on June 21, 2019. 4166: 4161: 4058: 3971: 3715: 3493: 3163: 3079: 2425: 2135: 1867: 1836: 1715: 1583: 1533: 1445: 1136: 1103: 1029: 818: 755: 667: 609: 538: 519: 228: 214: 31: 3228:. Deluxe Entertainment Services Group Inc. through Cision PR Newswire. 18 Sep 2017 3158:. 13th ACM Sigaccess Conference on Computers and Accessibility. Dundee, Scotland: 3135:"Definition of hearing loss – Mild, Moderate, Severe & Profound - hear-it.org" 1920: 1872: 1855: 1435:, Kenya, to make the school building more accessible to students with disabilities 730: 3875: 3594:"Peabody College of Education and Human Development | Vanderbilt University" 3422: 3382: 2217: 1518: 1508: 1381:

Alternative media for any multimedia used on the site (video, flash, audio, etc.)

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Establishing accessibility standards for voting locations and campaign materials.

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Disability Management and Workplace Integration: International Research Findings

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Disability Discrimination Act 1995: Code of Practice; Employment and Occupation

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issued an opinion that all polling stations should be fully accessible. At the

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legislating requirements to incorporate this technology have been necessary.

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Theoretical and Practical Advances in Computer-based Educational Measurement

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Compliance with all guidelines from Section 508 of the US Rehabilitation Act

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intention that basic access become a routine part of new home construction.

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Example of an accessibility statement written by the lead-author of BS 8878

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Accessible Train and Station Design for Disabled People: A Code of Practice

1969:"An Overview of the Americans With Disabilities Act | ADA National Network" 1968: 1881: 1856:"Investigating accessibility in Latin American science museums and centers" 1000: 947:

technology is one such area of IT progress. It includes inventions such as

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Legislation may also be enacted on a state, provincial or local level. In

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commits signatories to provide for full accessibility in their countries.

170: 4156: 3597: 3120: 1593: 1503: 1222: 1039: 1025: 933: 695: 583: 465: 3290: 2172:"Canada's first federal accessibility legislation receives Royal Assent" 433:

Enforcement of the European Accessibility Act (EAA) begins in June 2025

4151: 3966: 3664: 3650: 3406: 3107:

Clark, J. A.; Roemer, R. B. (April 1977). "Voice Operated Wheelchair".

2952: 2844:"Government data reveals 'accessible homes crisis' for disabled people" 2272: 1840: 1538: 1166: 680: 625: 477: 473: 446: 2664:

Making the Connections: Final Report on Transport and Social Exclusion

1427: 333:

Promotion of Equality and Prevention of Unfair Discrimination Act 2000

3951: 2737:"South Western Railway launches 10 minutes' notice assistance scheme" 1853: 1158: 1099: 1047: 618: 221: 2586:"What is BRT? – Institute for Transportation and Development Policy" 589: 574:

For the metric of transport connectivity for planning purposes, see

65: 30:

For design of products or environments for access by all users, see

4083: 2662:

Office of the Deputy Prime Minister – Social Exclusion Unit: "

2368:. U.S. Department of Labor – Office of Disability Employment Policy 1399:

their business-as-usual. On 28 May 2019, BS 8878 was superseded by

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adaptations, such as a lumbar support cushion, may also be needed.

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International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health

2193: 600: 445:

The Opportunities Fair and Beyond Art Exhibition was organised in

3762: 2479: 1695:. FCC on Telecommunications Accessibility for the Disabled. 1999. 1420: 772: 559: 267: 1992: 1921:"Accessibility Tools: When is a facility considered accessible?" 829: 1945:"Section508.gov | GSA Government-wide IT Accessibility Program" 1432: 1191: 1118: 856: 731:

Accessibility planning for transportation in the United Kingdom

436: 1944: 883:

Disability, information technology (IT) and telecommunications

3619: 2977:"Android accessibility overview – Android Accessibility Help" 1630:

Henry, Shawn Lawton; Abou-Zahra, Shadi; Brewer, Judy (2014).

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Another source of web accessibility guidance comes from the

1006: 3569:"Executive Summary of the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001" 2365: 1410: 1316: 800: 605: 34:. For design of websites etc. for access by all users, see 3410: 3318: 2939:"Better Web Browsing: Tips for Customizing Your Computer" 2412:

Kumar, Arun; Sonpal, Deepa; Hiranandani, Vanmala (2012).

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Accessibly designed modification for a high-step entrance

676: 2174:. Employment and Social Development Canada. 21 June 2019 759:

and revised after a public consultation period in 2008.

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Devising policies for inclusive, high-quality education;

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is "A Federal Agency Committed to Accessible Design for

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Timeline of disability rights outside the United States

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Section 508 Amendment to the Rehabilitation Act of 1973

1419:

A teacher helps her student in an orphanage in central

1304:(WAI), which is part of the World Wide Web Consortium ( 1241:

video track available to play alongside the film via a

3436:"MCI asks all medical institutions to be 'accessible'" 3291:"Speech Recognition Grammar Specification Version 1.0" 2411: 2016: 1544:

National Federation of the Blind v. Target Corporation

1369:(X)HTML Validation from the W3C for the page's content 3799:

Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities

3273:"Speech Synthesis Markup Language (SSML) Version 1.0" 1826: 1708:"Electronic Curbcuts: Equitable Access to the Future" 859:, and voting procedures. In 2018, the United Nations 849:

Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities

362:

In Canada, relevant federal legislation includes the

348:

In Norway, the Discrimination and Accessibility Act (

257:

Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities

246:

denotes area with access for those with disabilities.

3596:. Peabody.vanderbilt.edu. 2012-07-30. Archived from 861:

Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities

553:

Disability management (DM) is a specialized area of

2682:

Department of Transport & Transport Scotland: "

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Institute for Transportation and Development Policy

2218:"EU disability strategy 2010–20: access and rights" 1113:Modified monitor interface, magnification devices; 1078:Physical or mental impairment, learning disability 90:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2117:. Upali Newspapers – The Sunday Island. p. 17 1569:Timeline of disability rights in the United States 771:system will utilise clear signage at stations and 643:"Low floor" redirects here. For more details, see 386:enable wheelchair users to visit a sandy seashore. 3352:BS 8878:2010 Web accessibility – Code of Practice 3200:WFD and WASLI Statement on Use of Signing Avatars 2820:"Accessible Home Design: Information & Ideas" 2796:"Visitability | WBDG Whole Building Design Guide" 2564:. Disability Rights Commission. 2004. p. 5. 1396:BS 8878:2010 Web accessibility – Code of Practice 1372:CSS Validation from the W3C for the page's layout 905:may be compromised due to out-of-date information 666:A significant development in transportation, and 590:Adapted automobiles for persons with disabilities 4209: 3530:. Bethesda MD: Editorial Projects in Education. 3309:"WAI Resources on Introducing Web Accessibility" 851:, states parties are bound to assure accessible 658:Wheelchair ramps allows those on wheelchairs or 560:discrimination against persons with disabilities 529:, finding employment, and retaining employment. 46:. For the process in agenda-setting theory, see 3196:World Association of Sign Language Interpreters 1455: 1431:Construction of a ramp for a school latrine in 27:Modes of usability for people with disabilities 2269:"European Accessibility Act proposed for 2012" 766:into their stock as standard. In August 2021, 516:National Disability Employment Awareness Month 480:individuals to understand the correct signal. 3804:Declaration on the Rights of Disabled Persons 3635: 1345: 662:to board low-floor public transport vehicles. 53:For Knowledge's accessibility guideline, see 38:. For measures of spatial accessibility, see 2480:Geisen, Thomas; Henry George Harder (2011). 2475: 2473: 2294:"What is Adaptive Technology? // ACT Center" 1633:The Role of Accessibility in a Universal Web 1350:Examples of accessibility features include: 1192:Communication (including speech) impairments 437:Assistive technology and adaptive technology 3106: 1860:Annals of the Brazilian Academy of Sciences 1390:Reducing Cognitive load for decision making 1096:Perceptual disability, learning disability 4192: 3993:Augmentative and alternative communication 3642: 3628: 3248:"Accessibility & The Audio Track File" 2407: 2405: 2366:"Disability Employment Resources by Topic" 1221:(TDD) became available in the form of the 945:Augmentative and alternative communication 342:has numerous provisions for accessibility. 335:has numerous provisions for accessibility. 328:has numerous provisions for accessibility. 227:Accessibility is also strongly related to 48:Agenda-setting theory § Accessibility 3497: 3083: 3072:Bulletin of the World Health Organization 2470: 2429: 1871: 1775:"Accessibility, Usability, and Inclusion" 1188:devices and software can improve access. 1007:Examples of common assistive technologies 354:Diskriminerings- og tilgjengelighetsloven 220:Accessibility is not to be confused with 150:Learn how and when to remove this message 3065: 2890:"HUDOC – European Court of Human Rights" 2635:"Local Transport Plan | PLYMOUTH.GOV.UK" 2194:"About the AODA – Accessibility Ontario" 1705: 1426: 1414: 1411:Education and accessibility for students 1340:Section 508 of the US Rehabilitation Act 1266:Speech Recognition Grammar Specification 799: 653: 599: 586:; and adaptations to personal vehicles. 548: 505: 440: 377: 238: 169: 161: 4028:Disproportionality in special education 3487: 2610:"Community planning in the devolved UK" 2540:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. n.p. 2402: 2112: 1763:(1st ed.). New York: MacGraw-Hill. 1606:, inventor of wheelchair accessible bus 1300:. The first and most well known is The 1175: 1125:Visual impairment, learning disability 1110:Visual impairment, learning disability 875:. As of January 2020, the case, called 873:Slovenian Disability Rights Association 307:Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 296: 14: 4233:Urban studies and planning terminology 4210: 3001:"Accessibility Technology & Tools" 2734: 2535: 2504: 2390:. United States Census Bureau Newsroom 1758: 1743: 1728: 1292:International standards and guidelines 1219:telecommunications device for the deaf 178:, Brazil, offers universal access via 166:Elevator buttons with Braille markings 3623: 2538:Legal Aspects of Occupational Therapy 1559:Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act 1248: 1200: 3025:"Speech and Communication Disorders" 2042:"Disability Discrimination Act 1992" 1554:Public transport accessibility level 1310:Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 1280: 1254:voice-activated phones and tablets. 1167:https://www.checkmeister.com/browser 991:or impairment in mental functioning. 886: 88:adding citations to reliable sources 59: 4135:Disability in children's literature 3160:Association for Computing Machinery 2318:"HTML input autocomplete Attribute" 1993:"Home – United States Access Board" 1693:"Federal Communications Commission" 1308:). This organization developed the 830:Accessibility and "ageing in place" 702:, or through use of level boarding 176:public transport system in Curitiba 24: 3998:Emotional or behavioral disability 2749:from the original on 5 August 2021 2511:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 2039: 1549:Principles of Intelligent Urbanism 1258:Touch Sight Camera for the Blind. 326:Disability Discrimination Act 1992 25: 4249: 3615: 3521: 3053:"Visual Impairment and Blindness" 2846:. Home Care Insight. 13 July 2020 2484:. Gower Publishing. p. 165. 2113:Ockersz, Lynn (8 November 2009). 2017:"JAN – Job Accommodation Network" 1799:"The Concept of Universal Design" 569: 4191: 4182: 4181: 3039:"Hearing Disorders and Deafness" 3027:. National Institutes of Health. 1589:Universal design for instruction 1384:Simple and consistent navigation 1262:Speech Synthesis Markup Language 891: 839:neither adapted nor accessible. 64: 3586: 3561: 3515: 3481: 3462:"Making assessments accessible" 3454: 3428: 3416: 3400: 3388: 3369: 3357: 3345: 3332: 3301: 3283: 3265: 3240: 3214: 3184: 3147: 3127: 3100: 3059: 3055:. National Library of Medicine. 3045: 3041:. National Library of Medicine. 3031: 3017: 2993: 2969: 2945: 2931: 2918:Wheelchair Accessible Lifestyle 2906: 2882: 2858: 2836: 2812: 2788: 2779: 2770: 2761: 2728: 2689: 2676: 2656: 2627: 2602: 2578: 2554: 2529: 2498: 2445: 2380: 2358: 2342:"What is Occupational Therapy?" 2334: 2310: 2286: 2261: 2232: 2210: 2186: 2164: 2146: 2128: 2106: 2082: 2058: 2033: 2009: 1985: 1961: 1937: 1913: 1888: 1847: 1820: 1746:"Accessibility on the Internet" 1664:"What is assistive technology?" 1155:NonVisual Desktop Access (NVDA) 396:Ontarians with Disabilities Act 75:needs additional citations for 4013:Disability and LGBT identities 3649: 2735:Topham, Gwyn (5 August 2021). 2508:Legal Aspects of Physiotherapy 1791: 1767: 1752: 1737: 1722: 1699: 1685: 1656: 1623: 865:European Court of Human Rights 512:U.S. Department of Agriculture 244:International Symbol of Access 234: 42:. For the logical notion, see 13: 1: 3825:Services for mental disorders 2090:"Equality Act 2010: guidance" 1873:10.1590/0001-3765202020191156 1616: 1030:electronic speech synthesizer 501: 3830:Services for disabled people 3314:Web Accessibility Initiative 3192:World Federation of the Deaf 2941:. World Wide Web Consortium. 2418:Disability Studies Quarterly 1779:Web Accessibility Initiative 1529:Human factors and ergonomics 1456:Accessibility of assessments 1302:Web Accessibility Initiative 638: 7: 4113:Arts, media, culture, sport 3499:10.1007/978-3-030-18480-3_2 2614:The Knowledge Exchange Blog 2536:Dimond, Bridget C. (2011). 2505:Dimond, Bridget C. (2009). 1829:Curator: The Museum Journal 1476: 1163:Check Meister Screen Reader 1153:; notable examples include 1086:refreshable braille display 1056:real-time closed captioning 877:Toplak and Mrak v. Slovenia 462:assistive listening devices 10: 4254: 4140:Disability in horror films 3932:Activities of daily living 1346:Web accessibility features 1284: 1082:Voice recognition software 931: 925: 793: 789: 642: 593: 573: 427:European Accessibility Act 311:United States Access Board 252:disability rights movement 52: 29: 4177: 4112: 4046: 3985: 3919: 3884: 3838: 3817: 3781: 3755: 3748: 3688: 3657: 2671:UK Government Web Archive 1761:Universal Design Handbook 1610:Wheelchair accessible van 1028:board or similar device; 1022:Communication impairment 949:speech-generating devices 842: 660:personal mobility devices 576:Accessibility (transport) 460:, and inventions such as 368:the Employment Equity Act 364:Canadian Human Rights Act 319:Job Accommodation Network 40:Accessibility (transport) 4033:Sexuality and disability 4008:Disability and disasters 3920:Structural and assistive 1579:Transgenerational design 1466:No Child Left Behind Act 1464:With the passage of the 1442:Medical Council of India 1357:-AA compliance with the 741:Department for Transport 604:A wheelchair accessible 315:People with Disabilities 4228:Transportation planning 4147:Disability in the media 4018:Disability and religion 3957:Personal Care Assistant 3168:10.1145/2049536.2049557 2431:10.18061/dsq.v32i3.3235 1514:Design for All (in ICT) 1239:Brazilian Sign Language 964:Communication disorders 928:Design for All (in ICT) 811:Occupational Therapists 197:(for example, computer 55:Knowledge:Accessibility 4130:Disability in the arts 4023:Disability and poverty 3962:Physical accessibility 2720:: CS1 maint: others ( 2703:. Expert Participation 2298:actcenter.missouri.edu 1499:Computer accessibility 1436: 1424: 871:by two voters and the 805: 663: 613: 522: 450: 387: 353: 247: 183: 167: 44:Accessibility relation 3721:driver rehabilitation 3109:Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2220:. European Commission 1706:Goldberg, L. (1996). 1430: 1418: 1328:ISO/IEC JTC1 SC36 WG7 1017:Assistive technology 817:The broad concept of 803: 794:Further information: 768:South Western Railway 657: 633:reasonable adjustment 617:needs of the driver. 603: 549:Disability management 509: 444: 381: 305:In the US, under the 284:accessible publishing 280:website accessibility 242: 173: 165: 18:Wheelchair accessible 4054:Models of disability 4038:Youth and disability 4003:Invisible disability 3952:Orthotics and braces 3937:Assistive technology 3749:Rights, law, support 3162:. pp. 107–114. 3066:Forssman, S (1955). 1604:Walter Harris Callow 1176:Mobility impairments 1070:Mobility impairment 982:Mobility impairments 784:audio induction loop 749:Local Transport Plan 527:occupational therapy 454:Assistive technology 372:Canadian Labour Code 331:In South Africa the 297:National legislation 278:, walkway contours, 276:pedestrian crossings 207:assistive technology 195:assistive technology 84:improve this article 3706:Learning disability 3202:(Report). p. 2 2697:"Railways Act 1993" 2247:European Commission 1744:Valdes, L. (2003). 1729:Jacobs, S. (1999). 1494:CEN/CENELEC Guide 6 1036:Hearing impairment 989:learning disability 970:Hearing impairments 780:Public announcement 274:, audio signals at 4120:Disability culture 4047:Disability studies 3942:Independent living 3670:Disability studies 3381:2015-07-03 at the 3226:Cision PR Newswire 2981:support.google.com 2894:hudoc.echr.coe.int 2701:legislation.gov.uk 2669:2010-09-07 at the 2046:legislation.gov.au 1841:10.1111/cura.12034 1718:on April 27, 1999. 1524:Game accessibility 1489:Accessible tourism 1437: 1425: 1387:Device independent 1249:Visual impairments 1230:computer animation 1208:sound localization 1201:Hearing impairment 1186:speech recognition 1147:Visual impairment 1129:Braille note-taker 976:Visual impairments 806: 796:Accessible housing 664: 614: 608:with a rear ramp, 596:Adapted automobile 523: 451: 388: 324:In Australia, the 248: 184: 168: 4205: 4204: 4074:Neuroqueer theory 3977:Web accessibility 3927:Accessible toilet 3915: 3914: 3768:Disability rights 3763:Ableism/disablism 3509:978-3-030-18480-3 3407:BBC My Web My Way 3198:(14 March 2018). 2673:". February 2003. 2198:accessontario.com 1643:978-1-4503-2651-3 1484:Accessible toilet 1338:. In response to 1321:Adobe Dreamweaver 1287:Web accessibility 1281:Web accessibility 1173: 1172: 1137:screen magnifiers 1100:Talking textbooks 924: 923: 704:bus rapid transit 340:Equality Act 2010 160: 159: 152: 134: 36:Web accessibility 16:(Redirected from 4245: 4195: 4194: 4185: 4184: 4167:Special Olympics 4059:Inspiration porn 3972:Universal design 3773:Pejorative terms 3753: 3752: 3716:Physical therapy 3644: 3637: 3630: 3621: 3620: 3609: 3608: 3606: 3605: 3590: 3584: 3583: 3581: 3580: 3565: 3559: 3558: 3556: 3555: 3546:. 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Archived from 1660: 1654: 1653: 1651: 1650: 1627: 1584:Transport divide 1534:Inclusive design 1446:Infinite Ability 1104:virtual keyboard 1062:; sign language 1011: 1010: 919: 916: 910: 903:factual accuracy 895: 894: 887: 819:Universal design 756:Social Exclusion 668:public transport 610:Tokyo Motor Show 539:informal economy 520:Washington, D.C. 472:with a standard 264:wheelchair ramps 229:universal design 215:knowledge divide 180:wheelchair lifts 155: 148: 144: 141: 135: 133: 92: 68: 60: 32:Universal design 21: 4253: 4252: 4248: 4247: 4246: 4244: 4243: 4242: 4208: 4207: 4206: 4201: 4173: 4108: 4042: 3981: 3911: 3885:Activist groups 3880: 3834: 3813: 3777: 3744: 3684: 3653: 3648: 3618: 3613: 3612: 3603: 3601: 3592: 3591: 3587: 3578: 3576: 3567: 3566: 3562: 3553: 3551: 3522:Klein, Alyson. 3520: 3516: 3510: 3486: 3482: 3470: 3468: 3460: 3459: 3455: 3445: 3443: 3442:. 18 April 2013 3434: 3433: 3429: 3421: 3417: 3405: 3401: 3393: 3389: 3383:Wayback Machine 3374: 3370: 3362: 3358: 3350: 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