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In 1960 the
International Stoke Mandeville Wheelchair Sports Federation (ISMWSF) was formed to allow all international competitions for individuals with spinal cord injuries. Although originally sanctioned for those with spinal cord injuries, these games were expanded in 1976 at the Olympiad for the
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Classification systems have been put into place to ensure that the competition is fair, ensuring that all of the competitors have an equal opportunity to place, and they can because of their talent and not because their disability was less severe than the other competitors. Athletes are divided into
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The World Wars significantly influenced society's view and treatment of individuals with disabilities. Before the wars, individuals with disabilities were considered as burdens on society. As many veterans of war returned home with physical impairments and psychological needs, new programs had to be
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and road races. Wheelchair racing is open to athletes with any qualifying type of disability, including leg amputees, spinal cord injuries, and cerebral palsy. Athletes are classified in accordance with the nature and severity of their disability or combinations of disabilities. Like running, it can
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Athletes who are in a wheelchair due to spinal cord injury or are an amputee are in classes T51 – T58. Classes T51 – T54 are for athletes in a wheelchair who are competing in track events, and classes T55 – T58 are for athletes who are competing in field events. An athlete who is classed as T54 is
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In the 1960s international sports competitions were expanded to include other disability groups who were not eligible for the World Games. In addition, the
International Sports Organisation for the Disabled (ISOD) was officially formed in Paris in 1964, to provide international sports opportunities
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In 1952 the first international competition for athletes in wheelchairs was organized between the
British and the Netherlands. A total of 130 athletes with spinal cord injuries competed in six sports. To honor the social and human value derived from the wheelchair sport movement, the International
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Athletes who are in a wheelchair can also participate in field events as well; these include shot put, javelin, and discus. There are also combined events such as the pentathlon, where the athlete participates in track and road events, and jumping and throwing events, depending on the athletes'
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The distances involved in wheelchair racing include sprint distances of 100 m (109.4 yards), 200 m (218.7 yards) and 400 m (437.4 yards), middle distances of 800 m (874.9 yards) and 1500 m (1640.4 yards), long distances of 5000 m (3.1 miles) and 10,000 m (6.2 miles) and relay races of 4 × 100 m
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Athletes who are in a wheelchair due to cerebral palsy have different guidelines compared to an athlete with a spinal cord injury or who is an amputee, and range between T32 – T38. Classes T32 –T34 are classes for athletes in a wheelchair and classes T35 – T38 are for athletes who can stand.
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No part of the body of the chair may extend forward beyond the hub of the front wheel and be wider than the inside of the hubs of the two rear wheels. The maximum height from the ground of the main body of the chair shall be 50 cm (1.6 ft).
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Chairs will be measured in the
Marshalling Area, and may not leave that area before the start of the event. Chairs that have been examined may be liable for re-examination before or after the event by the official in charge of the event.
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were held in 1948. In the late 1940s, sports for rehabilitation spread throughout Europe and throughout the United States. During this time competitions and sporting events for individuals in wheelchairs emerged throughout Europe.
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The maximum diameter of the large wheel including the inflated tyre shall not exceed 70 cm (2.3 ft). The maximum diameter of the small wheel including the inflated tyre shall not exceed 50 cm (1.6 ft).
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completely functional from the waist up. An athlete who is classed as T53 has restricted movement in their abdominals. An athlete who is classed as either T52 or T51 has restricted movement in their upper limbs.
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Abel, T; Kröner, M; Rojas Vega, S; Peters, C; Klose, C; Platen, P (2003). "Energy expenditure in wheelchair racing and handbiking - a basis for prevention of cardiovascular diseases in those with disabilities".
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has been a part of since 1960. Competitors compete in specialized wheelchairs which allow the athletes to reach speeds of 30 km/h (18.6 mph) or more. It is one of the most prominent forms of
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It will be the responsibility of the competitor to ensure the wheelchair conforms to all the above rules, and no event shall be delayed whilst a competitor makes adjustments to the athletes chair.
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Only one plain, round, hand rim is allowed for each large wheel. This rule may be waived for persons requiring a single arm drive chair, if so stated on their medical and Games identity cards.
542:
Van Der Woude, L. H; Veeger, H. E; Rozendal, R. H; Van Ingen
Schenau, G. J; Rooth, F; Van Nierop, P (1988). "Wheelchair racing: Effects of rim diameter and speed on physiology and technique".
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categories depending on their disability, these are spinal cord injury or an amputee, or cerebral palsy. The classification guidelines are continually being changed to include more athletes.
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Olympic
Committee (IOC) recognized Guttmann's work in 1956 and awarded the Stoke Mandeville Games the Sir Thomas Fearnley Cup for meritorious achievement in service to the Olympic movement.
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The
British government is credited with being the first to recognize these needs by opening the Spinal Injuries Centre at Stoke Mandeville Hospital in Aylesbury, England, in 1944. Sir
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Wheelchairs are a necessary piece of equipment for athletes competing in wheelchair racing and track and field events. Many of the wheelchairs tend to be very lightweight, with
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Wang, Yong Tai; Deutsch, Helga; Morse, Martin; Hedrick, Brad; Millikan, Tim (1995). "Three-Dimensional
Kinematics of Wheelchair Propulsion across Racing Speeds".
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Physically
Disabled in Toronto, Canada, to include other physical and visual impairments and would evolve and eventually be referred to as the Paralympics.
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Since the beginning of the games in Stoke
Mandeville wheelchair sports has expanded with the addition of many sports. Beginning with wheelchair
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In all races of 800 metres or over, the athlete should be able to turn the front wheel(s) manually both to the left and the right.
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It shall be the responsibility, in the first instance, of the official conducting the event, to rule on the safety of the chair.
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Ridgway, Mary; Pope, Carol; Wilkerson, Jerry (1988). "A Kinematic Analysis of 800-Meter Wheelchair-Racing Techniques".
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put in place to help make the transition back into society, as traditional methods were not able to accommodate.
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Athletes must ensure that no part of their lower limbs can fall to the ground or track during the event.
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Bhambhani, Yagesh (2002). "Physiology of Wheelchair Racing in Athletes with Spinal Cord Injury".
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No part of the chair may protrude behind the vertical plane of the back edge of the rear tyres.
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Beijing 2008 Paralympic Athletic Information with an Australian slant from accessibility.com.au
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Cooper, Rory A (1990). "An Exploratory Study of Racing Wheelchair Propulsion Dynamics".
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175:(109.4 yards) and 4 × 400 m (437.4 yards). There is also a road event which is the
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take place on a track or as a road race. The main competitions take place at the
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View from above of wheelchair racing competition at the 2000 Summer Paralympics
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Bhambhani, Y N; Holland, L J; Eriksson, P; Steadward, R D (1994).
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European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation
608:"Sports injuries in athletes with disabilities: Wheelchair racing"
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Only hand-operated, mechanical steering devices will be allowed.
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The use of mirrors is not permitted in track or road races.
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Paciorek, Michael J; Jones, Jeffery A (2008-03-14).
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485:"IPC Athletics Official Rules for Athletics 2006"
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363:(2nd ed.). Human Kinetics. pp. 38–41.
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359:Depauw, Karen P; Gavron, Susan J (2008-03-14).
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76:A men's wheelchair racer at the
606:Taylor, D; Williams, T (1995).
183:disability and classification.
459:. Cooper Publishing. pp.
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1618:Sport of athletics portal
334:. Paralympics. Archived from
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193:Para-athletics classification
92:2016 Summer Paralympic Games
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433:. Popular Mechanics
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336:the original
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1368:Triple jump
878:Racewalking
775:Spinal Cord
612:Spinal Cord
34:wheelchairs
1733:Categories
1444:Icosathlon
1421:Heptathlon
1347:Pole vault
1195:4 × 1500 m
494:2008-03-13
437:2010-06-16
415:2008-03-13
391:2008-03-13
342:2008-03-13
315:References
132:club throw
116:lawn bowls
1625:shown in
1433:Decathlon
1427:Octathlon
1415:Hexathlon
1354:Long jump
1333:High jump
1190:4 × 800 m
1184:4 × 400 m
1178:4 × 200 m
1172:4 × 100 m
1116:Two miles
849:Athletics
309:Handcycle
47:athletics
1503:Marathon
1390:Combined
1374:standing
1360:standing
1339:standing
1284:Shot put
1256:20,000 m
1251:10,000 m
1200:4 × mile
1148:20,000 m
1142:10,000 m
1084:One mile
942:straight
741:14663299
535:11772160
303:See also
124:shot put
1681:Summary
1669:at the
1627:italics
1523:Walking
1460:Running
1403:women's
1305:Javelin
1229:Walking
971:Hurdles
895:Sprints
797:8022635
669:2366199
634:7630659
599:2205719
564:3193866
461:229–244
144:snooker
140:fencing
128:javelin
112:archery
90:at the
57:History
1557:100 km
1509:Ekiden
1408:throws
1298:Hammer
1291:Discus
1276:Throws
1246:5000 m
1241:3000 m
1163:Relays
1135:5000 m
1111:3200 m
1099:3000 m
1089:2000 m
1079:1600 m
1073:1500 m
1067:1000 m
852:events
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162:Events
130:, and
1577:Other
1552:50 mi
1547:50 km
1542:35 km
1536:20 km
1530:10 km
1492:25 km
1487:20 km
1482:10 mi
1477:15 km
1472:10 km
1325:Jumps
1269:Field
1061:800 m
1055:600 m
1050:500 m
1031:400 m
1025:300 m
1013:200 m
1007:110 m
1000:100 m
961:440 y
955:400 m
949:300 m
936:200 m
930:150 m
924:100 m
918:100 y
887:Track
488:(PDF)
409:(PDF)
332:(PDF)
38:track
1718:2004
1713:2000
1708:1996
1703:1992
1698:1988
1693:1984
1467:5 km
1453:Road
1236:Mile
994:80 m
989:60 m
984:55 m
979:50 m
913:60 m
908:55 m
903:50 m
793:PMID
737:PMID
665:PMID
630:PMID
595:PMID
560:PMID
531:PMID
465:ISBN
365:ISBN
146:and
1018:low
783:doi
758:doi
729:doi
707:doi
686:doi
655:doi
620:doi
585:doi
552:doi
523:doi
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