399:
132:
820:
750:
317:
124:
914:
898:
759:
768:
308:
27:
946:
934:
353:, and with a perfectly conducting ground plane under it maximum field strength is in horizontal directions, falling monotonically to zero on the axis. With a small or imperfectly conducting ground plane or no ground plane under it, the general result is to tilt the main lobe up so maximum power is no longer radiated horizontally but at an angle into the sky.
783:
communication. Also the unbalanced impedance of the monopole element causes RF currents in the supporting mast and on the outside of the ground shield conductor of the coaxial feedline, causing these structures to radiate radio waves, which usually has a deleterious effect on the radiation pattern.
883:
At higher frequencies the feed coax can go up the centre of a tube. The insulated junction of the tube and whip is fed from the coax and the lower tube end where coax cable enters has an insulated mount. This kind of vertical whip is a full dipole and thus needs no ground plane. It generally works
867:
of springy wire. The helix distributes the inductance along the antenna's length, improving the radiation pattern, and also makes it more flexible. Another alternative occasionally used to shorten the antenna is to add a "capacity hat", a metal screen or radiating wires, at the end. However all
782:
In a whip antenna not mounted on a conductive surface, such as one mounted on a mast, the lack of reflected radio waves from the ground plane causes the lobe of the radiation pattern to be tilted up toward the sky so less power is radiated in horizontal directions, undesirable for terrestrial
569:
The gain and input impedance of the antenna is dependent on the length of the whip element, compared to a wavelength, but also on the size and shape of the ground plane used (if any). A quarter wave vertical antenna working against a perfectly conducting, infinite ground will have a gain of
349:, radiating equal radio power in all azimuthal directions (perpendicular to the antenna's axis), with the radiated power falling off with elevation angle to zero on the antenna's axis. Whip antennas less than one-half wavelength long, including the common quarter wave whip, have a single
683:
at its feedpoint at the base of the rod so it has very high input impedance. If it was infinitely thin the antenna would have an infinite input impedance, but the finite width gives typical, practical half wave whips an impedance of 800–1,500 ohms. These are usually fed through an
786:
To prevent this, with stationary whips mounted on structures, an artificial "ground plane" consisting of three or four rods a quarter-wavelength long connected to the opposite side of the feedline, extending horizontally from the base of the whip, is often used. This is called a
624:
is just connected to the ground (common) on the device's circuit board. Therefore, the radio itself serves as a rudimentary ground plane. If the radio chassis is not a good deal larger than the antenna itself, the combination of whip and radio functions more as an asymmetrical
163:-like motion that it exhibits when disturbed. Whip antennas for portable radios are often made of a series of interlocking telescoping metal tubes, so they can be retracted when not in use. Longer whips, made for mounting on vehicles and structures, are made of a flexible
806:
the ground plane rods are sloped downward at a 45-degree angle, which has the effect of lowering the main lobe of the radiation pattern so more of the power is radiated in horizontal directions, and increases the input impedance for a good match to standard 50-ohm
731:
so this is also a popular length for whips. However at this length the radiation pattern is split into a horizontal lobe and a small second lobe at a 60° angle, so high angle radiation is poor. The input impedance is around 40 ohms.
879:
Multi-band operation is possible with coils at about one-half or one-third and two-thirds that do not affect the aerial much at the lowest band, but it creates the effect of stacked dipoles at a higher band (usually Ă—2 or Ă—3 frequency).
1003:
antennas. Feedlines are more commonly run up through the center of the antenna's radiator at 2.4 GHz, but military whips for 50 MHz to 80 MHz band exist, and are standard issue for the
486:
below). For example, the common quarter-wave whip antennas used on FM radios in the USA are approximately 75 cm (2.5 feet) long, which is roughly one-quarter the length of radio waves in the
618:
620:
Whips mounted on vehicles use the metal skin of the vehicle as a ground plane. In hand-held devices usually no explicit ground plane is provided, and the ground side of the antenna's
729:
677:
559:
523:
476:
582:. However this gain is never approached in actual antennas unless the ground plane is many wavelengths in diameter. 2 dBi is more typical for a whip with a ground plane of
795:
from the driven element and return it to the ground conductor of the transmission line, making the antenna behave somewhat as if it has a continuous conducting plane under it.
390:
in vehicles. This is because they transmit (or receive) equally well in all horizontal directions, while radiating little radio energy up into the sky where it is wasted.
444:
378:
radio communication on the surface of the Earth, where the direction to the transmitter (or the receiver) is unknown or constantly changing, for example in portable
859:. The coil is added at the base of the whip (called a base-loaded whip) or occasionally in the middle (center-loaded whip). In the most widely used form, the
356:
Antennas longer than a half-wavelength have patterns consisting of several conical "lobes"; with radiation maxima at several elevation angles; the longer the
1286:
847:) is often added in series with it. This allows the antenna to be made much shorter than the normal length of a quarter-wavelength, and still be
811:. To match 75-ohm coaxial cable, the ends of the ground plane can be turned downward or a folded monopole driven element can be used.
1394:
1000:
798:
The radiation resistance of a quarter wave ground plane antenna with horizontal ground wires is around 22 ohms, a poor match to
398:
1154:
1197:
1652:
422:
of voltage and current reflected back and forth from its ends. Therefore, the length of the antenna rod is determined by the
91:
63:
1626:
1444:
1164:
1137:
1107:
1080:
1038:
110:
70:
1028:
999:
Feedlines can be run up through a metal mast at any radio frequency, but a center-routed feedline not common for
640:
feedline of 50 ohm or 75 ohm impedance. In transmitting antennas the impedance of the antenna must be
585:
286:
for wheeled vehicles and for aircraft. Larger versions mounted on roofs, balconies and radio masts are used as
48:
77:
702:
650:
532:
496:
449:
44:
633:. The gain will be somewhat lower than a dipole, or a quarter-wave whip with an adequate size ground plane.
159:. The antenna is designed to be flexible so that it does not break easily, and the name is derived from the
1266:
964:
699:
The maximum horizontal gain of a monopole antenna is achieved at a length of five eighths of a wavelength
1190:
59:
1657:
1529:
1524:
1434:
904:
446:) of the radio waves used. The most common length is approximately one-quarter of the wavelength (
1424:
1233:
375:
343:
37:
561:
long) which have the maximum horizontal gain achievable by a monopole, are also common lengths.
1606:
1544:
1281:
1183:
802:
feedline, and the main lobe of the radiation pattern is still tilted up toward the sky. Often
429:
147:
consisting of a straight flexible wire or rod. The bottom end of the whip is connected to the
1261:
364:
863:, the loading coil is integrated with the antenna itself by making the whip out of a narrow
1569:
1469:
1341:
1316:
884:
better several wavelengths above ground, hence the limitation normally to microwave bands.
860:
852:
824:
792:
575:
255:
84:
8:
1489:
1381:
1336:
251:
1631:
1479:
1419:
1414:
1311:
1223:
979:
924:
869:
685:
641:
131:
1616:
1509:
1429:
1351:
1246:
1160:
1133:
1103:
1076:
1034:
856:
696:). An advantage is that because it acts as a dipole it does not need a ground plane.
357:
346:
204:
1590:
1404:
1366:
1331:
819:
630:
339:
243:
156:
1596:
1559:
1534:
1459:
1449:
1306:
1276:
1256:
1241:
1206:
1127:
1097:
1070:
316:
144:
1621:
1554:
1539:
1514:
1389:
1346:
1321:
1271:
749:
693:
680:
626:
368:
259:
247:
203:
long, but they can be either longer or shorter by design, varying from compact
148:
927:
whips. Units on ends and small one in foreground have “rubber ducky” antennas.
913:
1646:
1601:
1494:
1484:
1439:
1326:
920:
897:
808:
799:
689:
637:
419:
403:
387:
383:
291:
283:
263:
123:
1549:
1519:
1504:
1499:
1474:
1464:
1356:
1301:
1296:
969:
873:
844:
526:
479:
478:), called a "quarter-wave whip" (although often shortened by the use of a
287:
679:) has somewhat higher gain than a quarter wave whip, but it has a current
1399:
1251:
152:
258:
radio bands. They are widely used as the antennas for hand-held radios,
423:
199:
175:
171:
164:
839:
To reduce the length of a whip antenna to make it less cumbersome, an
1454:
1361:
848:
621:
415:
411:
350:
279:
26:
1611:
1409:
1215:
1004:
840:
767:
758:
487:
379:
307:
271:
267:
294:
and police, fire, ambulance, taxi, and other vehicle dispatchers.
278:
enabled devices, and are attached to vehicles as the antennas for
167:
rod around a wire core and can be up to 11 m (35 feet) long.
571:
1175:
945:
332:
Fiberglass whip for 2 m and 70 cm amateur radio bands.
1585:
975:
828:
933:
1564:
864:
275:
636:
Whips not mounted on the radio itself are usually fed with
160:
827:, a common type of electrically short whip, on a handheld
170:
The ideal length of the whip antenna is determined by the
579:
490:
band, which are 2.78 to 3.41 m (9 to 11 feet) long.
791:. These few short wire elements serve to receive the
707:
655:
590:
537:
501:
454:
705:
653:
588:
535:
499:
452:
432:
1156:
Introduction to RF and
Microwave Passive Components
51:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1291:
723:
671:
612:
553:
517:
470:
438:
1152:
1644:
736:
564:
360:of the antenna, the more lobes the pattern has.
328:Three large fiberglass whips mounted on a mast.
972:(Uses two whip antennas for one of its sensors)
1153:Wallace, Richard; Andreasson, Krister (2005).
1191:
483:
178:it is used with. The most common type is the
644:to the feedline for maximum power transfer.
371:vertical and the magnetic field horizontal.
951:Tethered fiberglass whip on a military jeep
814:
374:Vertical whip antennas are widely used for
1198:
1184:
239: wavelength to improve directivity.
127:Whip antenna on portable FM radio receiver
613:{\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{2}}\lambda ~.}
111:Learn how and when to remove this message
1121:
1119:
1095:
855:of the short antenna. This is called an
818:
397:
130:
122:
1089:
1075:. John Wiley and Sons. pp. 48–49.
1068:
1026:
939:Whip antenna on portable AM/FM receiver
735:
724:{\displaystyle {\tfrac {5}{8}}\lambda }
672:{\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{2}}\lambda }
554:{\displaystyle {\tfrac {5}{8}}\lambda }
518:{\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{2}}\lambda }
471:{\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{4}}\lambda }
410:Whip antennas are normally designed as
246:, and are used in the higher frequency
1645:
1146:
1132:. Tata McGraw-Hill. pp. 721–724.
1062:
1020:
876:than a full-length quarter-wave whip.
1179:
1125:
1116:
1053:
647:A half wave whip antenna (length of
342:, and like a vertical dipole has an
297:
49:adding citations to reliable sources
20:
1102:. Artech House. pp. 216, 220.
13:
1033:. Elsevier. pp. 16.20–16.22.
1007:radio in the 30–88 MHz range.
242:Whips are the most common type of
14:
1669:
1627:Circularly disposed antenna array
1445:Folded inverted conformal antenna
1205:
1159:. Artech House. pp. 85–87.
978:(Uses four whip antennas on the
944:
932:
912:
896:
887:
831:transceiver. With rubber sheath
766:
757:
748:
315:
306:
25:
1099:Mobile Antenna Systems Handbook
36:needs additional citations for
1072:Introduction to RF Propagation
1047:
993:
686:impedance matching transformer
529:, and five-eighth wave whips (
402:Firefighter using a handheld (
155:. A whip antenna is a form of
1:
1653:Radio frequency antenna types
1058:. Chichester, UK: John Wiley.
1056:Antennas for Portable Devices
1030:Practical RF Handbook, 4th Ed
1014:
565:Gain and radiation resistance
223: wavelength long, up to
1267:Dielectric resonator antenna
986:
965:Tactical Vest Antenna System
903:Cellphone whip antenna with
414:antennas; the rod acts as a
7:
958:
692:matching section (e.g. the
10:
1674:
1578:
1530:Regenerative loop antenna
1380:
1232:
1214:
1096:Fujimoto, Kyohei (2008).
1069:Seybold, John S. (2005).
525:long) which have greater
393:
363:A vertical whip radiates
182:, which is approximately
1525:Reflective array antenna
1435:Corner reflector antenna
851:, by cancelling out the
815:Electrically short whips
484:Electrically short whips
439:{\displaystyle \lambda }
1425:Collinear antenna array
1126:Kraus, John D. (1988).
1054:Chen, Zhi Ning (2007).
857:electrically short whip
1607:Reconfigurable antenna
1570:Yagi–Uda antenna
1545:Short backfire antenna
1282:Folded unipole antenna
836:
725:
673:
614:
555:
519:
472:
440:
418:for radio waves, with
407:
367:radio waves, with the
338:The whip antenna is a
136:
128:
1262:Crossed field antenna
1027:Hickman, Ian (2006).
822:
776:Ground plane antennas
726:
674:
615:
556:
520:
473:
441:
406:) with a whip antenna
401:
134:
126:
16:Type of radio antenna
1579:Application-specific
1470:Log-periodic antenna
1342:Rubber ducky antenna
1317:Inverted vee antenna
1292:Ground-plane antenna
861:rubber ducky antenna
853:capacitive reactance
825:rubber ducky antenna
793:displacement current
789:ground plane antenna
737:Ground plane antenna
703:
651:
586:
576:radiation resistance
533:
497:
450:
430:
365:vertically polarized
45:improve this article
1490:Offset dish antenna
1337:Random wire antenna
578:of about 36.8
135:Whip antenna on car
1632:Television antenna
1480:Microstrip antenna
1420:Choke ring antenna
1415:Cassegrain antenna
1312:Inverted-F antenna
1224:Isotropic radiator
980:Parker Solar Probe
925:electrically short
870:electrically short
837:
721:
716:
669:
664:
610:
599:
551:
546:
515:
510:
468:
463:
436:
408:
205:electrically short
137:
129:
1640:
1639:
1617:Reference antenna
1510:Parabolic antenna
1430:Conformal antenna
1352:Turnstile antenna
1247:Biconical antenna
905:base loading coil
872:whips have lower
715:
690:quarter wave stub
663:
606:
598:
545:
509:
493:Half-wave whips (
462:
358:electrical length
347:radiation pattern
298:Radiation pattern
180:quarter-wave whip
121:
120:
113:
95:
1665:
1658:Antennas (radio)
1591:Corner reflector
1405:Beverage antenna
1367:Umbrella antenna
1332:Monopole antenna
1287:Franklin antenna
1200:
1193:
1186:
1177:
1176:
1171:
1170:
1150:
1144:
1143:
1129:Antennas, 2nd Ed
1123:
1114:
1113:
1093:
1087:
1086:
1066:
1060:
1059:
1051:
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1044:
1024:
1008:
997:
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752:
738:
730:
728:
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708:
678:
676:
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665:
656:
631:monopole antenna
619:
617:
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611:
604:
600:
591:
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558:
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552:
547:
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522:
521:
516:
511:
502:
477:
475:
474:
469:
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455:
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437:
340:monopole antenna
319:
310:
244:monopole antenna
238:
236:
235:
232:
229:
222:
220:
219:
216:
213:
202:
198:
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192:
189:
157:monopole antenna
116:
109:
105:
102:
96:
94:
53:
29:
21:
1673:
1672:
1668:
1667:
1666:
1664:
1663:
1662:
1643:
1642:
1641:
1636:
1597:Evolved antenna
1574:
1560:Vivaldi antenna
1535:Rhombic antenna
1460:Helical antenna
1450:Fractal antenna
1395:AS-2259 Antenna
1376:
1307:Helical antenna
1277:Discone antenna
1257:Coaxial antenna
1242:Batwing antenna
1234:Omnidirectional
1228:
1210:
1204:
1174:
1167:
1151:
1147:
1140:
1124:
1117:
1110:
1094:
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1083:
1067:
1063:
1052:
1048:
1041:
1025:
1021:
1017:
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998:
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989:
961:
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917:
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431:
428:
427:
396:
344:omnidirectional
336:
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321:
320:
312:
311:
300:
260:cordless phones
233:
230:
227:
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217:
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193:
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117:
106:
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97:
54:
52:
42:
30:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1671:
1661:
1660:
1655:
1638:
1637:
1635:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1622:Spiral antenna
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1588:
1582:
1580:
1576:
1575:
1573:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1555:Sterba antenna
1552:
1547:
1542:
1540:Sector antenna
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1515:Plasma antenna
1512:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
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1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1390:Adcock antenna
1386:
1384:
1378:
1377:
1375:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1347:Sloper antenna
1344:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1322:J-pole antenna
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1272:Dipole antenna
1269:
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1259:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1238:
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1230:
1229:
1227:
1226:
1220:
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1188:
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1016:
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988:
985:
984:
983:
973:
967:
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957:
950:
943:
942:
938:
931:
930:
921:walkie-talkies
919:Collection of
918:
911:
910:
902:
895:
894:
893:
892:
891:
889:
886:
816:
813:
804:(see pictures)
775:
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764:
756:
755:
747:
746:
745:
744:
743:
739:
734:
720:
714:
711:
694:J-pole antenna
668:
662:
659:
627:dipole antenna
609:
603:
597:
594:
566:
563:
550:
544:
541:
514:
508:
505:
467:
461:
458:
435:
420:standing waves
395:
392:
388:two-way radios
384:walkie-talkies
376:nondirectional
369:electric field
324:
323:
314:
313:
305:
304:
303:
302:
301:
299:
296:
284:two-way radios
264:walkie-talkies
149:radio receiver
119:
118:
60:"Whip antenna"
33:
31:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1670:
1659:
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1605:
1603:
1602:Ground dipole
1600:
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1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1495:Patch antenna
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1485:Moxon antenna
1483:
1481:
1478:
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1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
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1456:
1453:
1451:
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1441:
1440:Curtain array
1438:
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1328:
1327:Mast radiator
1325:
1323:
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1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
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62: –
61:
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56:Find sources:
50:
46:
40:
39:
34:This article
32:
28:
23:
22:
19:
1550:Slot antenna
1520:Quad antenna
1505:Planar array
1500:Phased array
1475:Loop antenna
1465:Horn antenna
1372:Whip antenna
1371:
1357:T2FD antenna
1302:Halo antenna
1297:G5RV antenna
1155:
1148:
1128:
1098:
1091:
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1029:
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970:Waves (Juno)
882:
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845:loading coil
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288:base station
241:
179:
169:
141:whip antenna
140:
138:
107:
98:
88:
81:
74:
67:
55:
43:Please help
38:verification
35:
18:
1400:AWX antenna
1382:Directional
1252:Cage aerial
382:receivers,
176:radio waves
153:transmitter
101:August 2013
1647:Categories
1015:References
629:than as a
570:5.19
424:wavelength
280:car radios
272:boom boxes
200:wavelength
172:wavelength
165:fiberglass
71:newspapers
1593:(passive)
1455:Gizmotchy
1362:T-antenna
1216:Isotropic
987:Footnotes
719:λ
667:λ
622:feed line
602:λ
549:λ
513:λ
466:λ
434:λ
416:resonator
351:main lobe
268:FM radios
207:antennas
1612:Rectenna
1410:Cantenna
1005:SINCGARS
959:See also
849:resonant
841:inductor
835:removed.
488:FM radio
412:resonant
380:FM radio
1207:Antenna
1001:HF band
642:matched
330:(right)
237:
225:
221:
209:
197:
185:
174:of the
145:antenna
85:scholar
1586:ALLISS
1163:
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1106:
1079:
1037:
976:FIELDS
907:on car
868:these
833:(left)
829:UHF CB
605:
574:and a
482:; see
394:Length
386:, and
326:(left)
274:, and
143:is an
87:
80:
73:
66:
58:
1565:WokFi
1209:types
923:with
865:helix
688:or a
276:Wi-Fi
92:JSTOR
78:books
1161:ISBN
1134:ISBN
1104:ISBN
1077:ISBN
1035:ISBN
874:gain
681:node
580:ohms
527:gain
282:and
254:and
161:whip
64:news
572:dBi
256:UHF
252:VHF
218:10
151:or
47:by
1649::
1118:^
823:A
270:,
266:,
262:,
250:,
248:HF
228:5
188:1
139:A
1199:e
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108:(
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99:(
89:·
82:·
75:·
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41:.
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