White Sands National Park

3157: 1096:, most of it taking place in meetings of the Otero County Commission. A petition with 1,200 signatures opposing the application was presented to the commission on August 16, 2007. The commission passed a resolution of opposition to the application on August 23, 2007, and passed Ordinance 07-05 on October 18, 2007, relating to any potential World Heritage Site designations within the county. The ordinance requires coordination with the county in following its environmental planning and review process through its Public Land Use Advisory Council, and states that "No world heritage site...will be located on or adjacent to any military land...within or adjacent to the boundaries of Otero County." On January 24, 2008, after the WHS tentative list was announced, the commission instructed the county attorney to write a letter to the Secretary of the Interior, demanding that WSNM be taken off the list. 307: 3213: 41: 2577: 497: 3023: 2346: 2377:

salty, but toward the western edge of the dunefield, the water is older and even saltier. The depth to groundwater also decreases from 5 ft (1.5 m) below the surface on the eastern end to only 1–2 ft (0.3–0.6 m) on the western end of the dunefield. The dunes at the western end have very little vegetation and move very quickly, while the dunes on the eastern end move very slowly and are very vegetated. Toward the western edge, the sand grains become larger and have all different shapes, while at the eastern edge they are all very small and round. The dunefield is much cooler and wetter than the surrounding hot, dry desert soils based on satellites images. Scientists have discovered what appear to be old lakeshores beneath the dunes using

2821: 1007: 58: 2318: 86: 8417: 3279: 1305: 239: 3204:. The Harlan's ground sloth dwarfed modern relatives, standing 10 feet (three meters) tall when upright and weighing over a ton (about 2,200–2,400 pounds or 1000–1090 kilograms). These giant herbivores had a slow, waddling walk and left kidney-bean shaped footprints, created as their back feet rotated inwards while walking. Some ground sloth prints appear bipedal, possibly caused by the large hind feet covering the tracks of the smaller front feet. Such tracks have sometimes been mistaken for the tracks of a giant human. 3256: 868: 3491:

White Sands Missile Range, (1) Transfers of Administrative Jurisdiction. (A) Transfer of administrative jurisdiction to the Secretary of the Interior...approximately 2,826 acres of land identified as "To NPS, lands inside current boundary" on the Map...approximately 5,766 acres of land identified as "To NPS, new additions" on the map. (B) Transfer of administrative jurisdiction to the Secretary of the Army...approximately 3,737 acres of land identified as "To DOA" on the Map.

822: 8428: 2442: 7914: 93: 65: 3121: 2263: 2827: 2826: 2823: 2822: 662: 2828: 842:(31 sq mi; 81 km) property. Shortly afterward, the National Park Service took over ownership of the Lucero family properties with their appropriation of Lake Lucero and Alkali Flat. The remnants of the Lucero family ranch include the stock pens, watering trough, a water well, and a fallen windmill which visitors can see on a ranger-led tour to Lake Lucero once each month, in the cooler months of the year. 1317: 3112:

surrounding areas, they are the artifacts of humans who lived after the Ice Age. The lakebed is nearly devoid of a single artifact from before the Spanish exploration in the 1500s. In a study of exposed outcrops of Lake Otero in 2021, Bennett et al. reveal numerous human footprints dating to about 23,000 to 21,000 years ago which provide strong evidence of pre-Clovis occupation of the American continents.

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temperature is 111 °F (44 °C), set on June 22, 1981. The cooler months are November through March when the average low temperature is below 32 °F (0 °C) and the daily mean temperature is in the range 39–52 °F (4–11 °C), with December and January being the coldest months. The lowest recorded temperature is −25 °F (−32 °C), set on January 11, 1962.

7908: 7901: 7894: 7887: 7880: 7873: 7866: 7852: 7845: 7838: 7831: 7824: 7817: 7810: 7803: 7796: 7789: 7782: 7775: 7768: 7761: 7754: 7747: 7740: 7733: 7726: 7719: 7712: 7705: 7698: 7691: 7684: 7677: 7670: 7663: 7656: 7649: 7642: 7635: 7628: 7621: 7614: 7607: 7600: 7593: 7586: 7579: 7572: 7565: 7558: 7551: 7544: 7537: 7530: 7523: 7516: 7509: 7502: 7495: 7488: 7481: 1041:. Errant missiles often fell within the park's boundaries, occasionally destroying some of the visitor areas. Overflights from Holloman disturbed the tranquility of the area. Flight training missions continue over the dunefield, and the park closes temporarily for several hours during missile tests in the adjacent range and cooperative use area on the west side of the park. 3225:

explore the dunes on foot. Ranger-guided orientation and nature walks occur at various times and months throughout the year. Sunset strolls are presented every evening of the year, while Lake Lucero hikes are offered once a month, from November to April, and full moon guided hikes from April to October, on the night before the full moon. The park participates in the

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test. All activity, including horseback riding, backcountry camping, hiking, sledding, and driving on Dunes Drive is prohibited during all missile tests that require road closure. According to a National Park Service report, in 2020, visitors spent roughly $ 22.5 million in nearby communities with more than 360,000 more guests in 2021, nearby towns felt the boost.

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selenite crystals about 1 inch (2.5 cm) in diameter form on the surface of the lake. Most of the crystal formation occurs when large floods concentrate the mineralized water every ten to fourteen years. Wind and water break down the crystals into progressively smaller particles until they are fine grains of white gypsum sand.

1379:. The depth of gypsum sand across the entire field is about 30 feet (9.1 m) below the interdunal surface, while the tallest dunes are about 60 feet (18 m) high. About 4.5 billion short tons (4.1 billion metric tons) of gypsum sand fill the dunefield, which formed about 7,000–10,000 years ago. 3221:

August, but sledders and photographers can be seen throughout the dunes year round. March and July are the two busiest months with more than 60,000 visitors each, or about 2,000 per day, while November through February have the fewest visitors with less than 30,000 each month, or fewer than 1,000 per day.

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along the northern, southern, and northeastern margins. Scientists have surveyed a 9.3-mile (15 km) long strip of dunes with lasers; installed shallow water wells across the dunefield; looked at the chemistry and age of the water below the dunes; measured hundreds of thousands of individual sand

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ages between 21,000 and 23,000 years ago, according to the U.S. Geological Survey. The present consensus for human arrival into North America is placed at 13–16,000 years ago. Initially, these estimates were questioned by other authors, who suggested that the dating could potentially be erroneus, due

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Native Americans used many parts of the soaptree yucca. The young flower stalks are rich in vitamin C, while the flower pods can be boiled or roasted. The leaf fibers were used for the fabrication of rope, matting, sandals, baskets, and coarse cloth. The roots were chopped and boiled to produce soap

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The warmest months are April through October when the average high temperature reaches or exceeds 79 °F (26 °C) and the daily mean temperature is in the range 60–81 °F (16–27 °C). Afternoon temperatures in June and July average around 97 °F (36 °C). The highest recorded

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commissioners, who stated that the main argument in favor of national park status was the potential for increased visitation, while also noting that the monument is already the most-visited NPS site in the state. The commissioners were also concerned that "the change in status will affect filmmaking

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northeast of the dune field, promoted four separate bills in Congress for a national park in the Tularosa Basin. Fall's ultimate plan was called the All-Year National Park as it would be open throughout the year, unlike more northerly parks. The bill included four geographically separate and diverse

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pushed into the basin, and ranching became the dominant economy for the next sixty years. In 1897, the Lucero brothers, Jose, Felipe, and Estevan, began ranching on the south shore of the lake that would eventually bear their name. By 1940, Felipe consolidated the family's ranches into a 20,000-acre

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Saber-toothed cats are known for their oversized canine teeth, which could reach seven to ten inches (17–20 cm) in length. Standing around 3 feet (one meter) tall and weighing up to 750 pounds (340 kg), saber-toothed cats had a bulky, muscular build that allowed them to subdue large prey,

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have a long white streak over their eyes, a cluster of black spots on their breast, and make a somewhat ratchety call. They build their nests in cacti and feed by hopping under shrubs hunting insects, or picking insects off the radiator grills of parked cars. Birds are usually observed in vegetated

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Toward the western side of the dunefield, the dunes are more than 50 ft (15 m) tall, and they become progressively smaller toward the eastern edge, until they come to an abrupt stop at the eastern boundary. Throughout the dunes, water is only a few feet (a meter) from the surface and very

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settlers made private claims to the land to profit from mining of minerals on their property. James Magoffin held a title to the salt flats north of Lake Lucero but had been unsuccessful in collecting fees for salt gathering. In 1854, using military force, he intercepted a salt gathering expedition

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site in New Mexico, with about 600,000 visitors each year. The park features a drive from the visitor center to the heart of the dunes, picnic areas, backcountry campground in the dunefield, marked hiking trails, and sledding on the dunes. Ranger-guided orientation and nature walks occur at various

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During the Pleistocene, large cats lived throughout the world, including lions in North America. About four feet (1.2 m) tall at the shoulder and weighing over 500 pounds (230 kg), American lions had long, slender legs for chasing down prey. They hunted by ambushing animals like deer, camels,

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human footprints are sometimes found interacting with Ice Age animals. One set of footprints shows the stalking of sloths. The paleo-humans who lived in the Tularosa Basin left behind no other evidence of their passage. Though stone flakes from toolmaking, arrowheads, and spear points are found in

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Scattered along the now dried lakebed are trackways of ancient camels and Columbian mammoths. The fossilized footprints appear to gather around ancient pools of water. For 80 years, only a small collection of fossil footprints had been found in the park; however, a group of scientists noticed dark

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Total park acreage is 148,588 acres (232.2 sq mi; 601.3 km) which includes a net 4,855 acres (7.6 sq mi; 19.6 km) added in 2019 when the national park designation modified the boundaries between the park and the missile range. The missile range borders the park on all

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At the turn of the twentieth century, the discovery of oil, coal, silver, gold, and other precious mineral deposits inspired many settlers to cover the Tularosa Basin in mining claims. By 1904, over 114 people made mineral claims to more than 10,400 acres (16.3 sq mi; 42 km) of Lake

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which completely surrounds the park. Dunes Drive may be closed for periods of up to three hours during missile tests. Park staff is usually notified two weeks in advance of scheduled tests; however, notifications from White Sands Missile Range may be received as little as 24 hours in advance of a

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More than 600 invertebrates, 300 plants, 250 birds, 50 mammals, 30 reptiles, seven amphibians, and one fish species inhabit White Sands National Park. Animal species that have a white, or off-white, coloration include three mammals, three reptiles, one amphibian, and numerous insects. At least 45

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for hunting purposes. The oryx, having no natural predators, entered the park and competed with native species for forage. Thousands of oryx reside on the missile range presently, though annual hunts have occurred since 1974 to help control and stabilize the population. The National Park Service,

628:. The first evidence of agriculture is found in the Archaic period. Archaic peoples would tend to wild plants so they would produce in a more reliable manner and in larger quantities than they did naturally. Archaic people started living in small villages throughout the year to tend their fields. 3490:

Division B –Military Construction Authorizations, Title XXVIII – Military Construction General Provisions, subtitle E – White Sands National Park and White Sands Missile Range, SEC. 2851. White Sands Missile Range Land Enhancements, (c) Modification of boundaries of White Sands National Park and

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together after rain, forming a layer of sand that is more solid, which increases the wind resistance of the dunes. The increased resistance does not prevent dunes from quickly covering the plants in their path. Some species of plants can grow fast enough to avoid being buried by the dunes, while

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Bennett, Matthew R.; Bustos, David; Pigati, Jeffrey S.; Springer, Kathleen B.; Urban, Thomas M.; Holliday, Vance T.; Reynolds, Sally C.; Budka, Marcin; Honke, Jeffrey S.; Hudson, Adam M.; Fenerty, Brendan; Connelly, Clare; Martinez, Patrick J.; Santucci, Vincent L.; Odess, Daniel (September 24,

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The Dunes Drive leads 8 miles (13 km) into the dunes from the visitor center at the park entrance. Three picnic areas are available, as well as a backcountry campground with ten sites for overnight camping in the dunefield. Five marked trails totaling 9 miles (14 km) allow visitors to

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White Sands National Park is the most visited NPS site in New Mexico, with about 600,000 visitors each year. In year two of the pandemic, White Sands National Park saw more than 780,000 visitors from both locals and visitors. Many visitors arrive during the warmer months from March through

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epoch ended about 12,000 years ago, the land within the Tularosa Basin featured large lakes, streams, and grasslands. The climate was wetter and cooler, producing a lot more rain and snow than in the present. Lake Otero was one of the largest lakes in the southwest, covering 1,600 square miles

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from the surrounding mountains and upwelling from deep groundwater within the basin periodically fill Lake Lucero with water containing dissolved gypsum. When filled, the lake covers about 10 square miles (26 km) at a depth of 2–3 ft (0.61–0.91 m). As the water evaporates, small

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areas, to be administered as one national park. The proposed areas included a 2,000-acre (3.1 sq mi; 8.1 km) scenic portion of the Mescalero Indian reservation, 640 acres (1.0 sq mi; 2.6 km) of the dune field, 640 acres of a volcanic area to the north named

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eventually break the crystals into sand-size grains that are carried away by the prevailing winds from the southwest, forming the white dunes. The dunes constantly change shape and slowly move downwind. Since gypsum is water-soluble, the sand that composes the dunes may dissolve and

1123:. Heinrich consulted with monument officials, the National Park Service, White Sands Missile Range, the U.S. Army and Holloman Air Force Base before the bill was introduced in Congress. The bill was supported by the Alamogordo City Commission; the Las Cruces City Council; the 939:

During the 1920s, an Alamogordo businessman named Tom Charles promoted the potential economic benefits of protecting the white sands formation. Charles mobilized enough local support for the construction of an improved state route between Las Cruces and Alamogordo (now

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at the salt flats and fatally wounded three members of the party. In response to Magoffin's use of extreme force during the Magoffin Salt War, the courts dissolved his property claim to the salt flats and established a precedent for free public access to salt deposits.

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crystals. The gypsum dunefield is the largest of its kind on Earth. The park protects 115 sq mi (300 km) of the 275 sq mi (710 km) dunefield, about 42%, while the remaining 160 sq mi (410 km) are located to the north within

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spots dotting the expanse of the lakebed that appeared to be footprints. During the 2010s, footprints of a dire wolf were discovered beside ancient seeds dated to more than 18,000 years ago. The fossil footprints of ground sloths have also been found in the park.

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intakes carbon from the water in which it grows rather than the air, which may introduce systematic error making the seeds seem older than they actually are. However, the date was later supported by a variety of methods, including radiocarbon dating of pollen and

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batching plant along the southern edge of the dunes. The operation involved drilling long shafts into the dunes and extracting gypsum to cook into plaster at night. Though successful, the establishment of the national monument permanently shut down the plant.

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eats insects in the air like other bats but locates most of its food on the ground while walking around. Four other bat species have also been observed in the park, though the pallid bat is the most commonly seen species, roosting under the visitor center's

2560:, and a hair tonic was made from its roots. Strips of the cottonwood's branches and bark were woven into baskets. The tree's buds and flowers are edible, and its bark was used for treating bruises, strains, and sprains. A tea made from cottonwood bark is an 2453:

The plants at White Sands National Park stabilize the leading edges of the dunes, providing both food and shelter for wildlife. Humans have made extensive use of the dunefield's native plant life, using some for food and others to create cloth and medicine.

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gypsum in the mountains, and rivers carried it to the Tularosa Basin, which has no outlet to the sea. The trapped water sank into the ground or formed shallow pools that subsequently dried out, leaving the gypsum on the surface in a crystalline form called

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Access tables via the links along the left margin of the WRCC website, under the heading "General Climate Summary Tables", for Temperature, Precipitation, Extreme Maximum (Maximum of Maximum Temperature), and Extreme Minimum (Minimum of Minimum

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soil of the dunefield. Drought-tolerant plants are able to survive in temperatures that range from sub-freezing to over 100 °F (38 °C), depending on the season. Many of these plants also tolerate the high concentrations of salt, while

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declined to support the application, saying, "I would guarantee that if White Sands Monument receives this designation, that there will at some point be international pressures exerted that could stop military operations as we know them today."

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people made pottery, lived in permanent houses, and farmed the Tularosa Basin. Evidence of their prehistoric presence dates back to about 200 CE. The Jornada Mogollon inhabited the basin until about 1350 CE when they moved away, leaving behind

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signed the bill on December 20. The act includes the transfer of land management both to and from the missile range, as well as the protection of additional land, adding a net 2,029 acres (3.2 sq mi; 8.2 km) to the park.

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campaigned against Fall's bill, mainly because of the appropriation of Indian reservation land and that it might establish a precedent of industrial usage within parks. The bill failed in Congress, and Fall resigned in 1923 during the

700:. The Apaches had established a sizable territory in southern New Mexico by the time European explorers arrived. They fiercely defended the rights to their homeland against the encroachment of colonial settlers. Apache groups, led by 8306: 428:

crystals. This gypsum dunefield is the largest of its kind on Earth, with a depth of about 30 feet (9.1 m), dunes as tall as 60 feet (18 m), and about 4.5 billion short tons (4.1 billion metric tons) of gypsum sand.

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as they walked the muddy shores of Lake Otero, their body weight compressing the wet clay and gypsum. The fragile tracks are uncovered by the wind, then rapidly erode away, with many tracks disappearing after only two years.

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in 1863. The villagers mixed water with gypsum sand from the dunefield to create plaster for the adobe walls of their homes. The white color was not only decorative but functional in deflecting the rays of the summer sun.

8462: 1466:, averaging four to seven days per month. The remaining months have an average of two or three days with precipitation. Snow may occur from November through March, with an average accumulation of 1.6 inches (41 mm). 2625:

are among the white animals inhabiting the dunefield. Lighter colored animals blend in with their white surroundings better than darker animals, which helps them to avoid predation, allowing them more time to reproduce.

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of the Tularosa Basin have adapted to the hot summers by staying in their dens until evening. Visitors may see footprints along the dunes as evidence of the nightly hunting and foraging excursions of nocturnal animals.

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and is believed to have the most toxic insect venom in the world. Humans may experience up to four hours of intense pain, while the equivalent of twelve ant stings is capable of killing a 4.4 lb (2 kg) rat.

4909: 767:. Salt is a fundamental element in the processing of silver ore. Expeditionary parties using mule-drawn carts with military escorts would be formed a few times each year for the journey to the salinas (salt pans). 8321: 3131:

Dire wolves lived in North and South America during the Pleistocene. Standing at about 2.6–2.8 feet (80–85 cm) tall and weighing 130–150 pounds (60–68 kg), they were about the same size as modern gray

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areas of the park away from the heart of the dunefield, mainly near the visitor center and the edges of the dunefield, as well as Lake Lucero though it is open to the public only once each month by guided tour.

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project starting in 1936 and completed in 1938. The original eight adobe buildings and other nearby structures were designated the White Sands National Monument Historic District when they were added to the

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In the 1880s, a brief period of heavy rainfall supported the return of lush grasslands in the Tularosa Basin which attracted the attention of goat, sheep, and cattle grazers, predominately from Texas. Large

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Columbian mammoths stood up to 14 feet (over four meters) tall at the shoulder and weighed 18,000–22,000 pounds (8,000–10,000 kilograms). They had large tusks and ridged teeth for eating plants like modern

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camels, but with longer legs, standing up to seven feet (over two meters) tall at the shoulder. The camels were opportunistic herbivores, grazing over large ranges, and leaving distinctive footprints.

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of 1906. The dedication and grand opening was on April 29, 1934. Tom Charles became the first custodian of the monument, and the first concessionaire in 1939, operating as White Sands Service Company.

724:(1849 to 1924). Conflict between the Apaches and the American settlers over their conflicting interests in the basin ultimately ended in the forceful removal of the Apaches from their homelands to the 3136:, but with a heavier, more muscular build. They had powerful jaws, with a stronger bite than modern wolves, and probably hunted in packs, allowing them to target larger prey such as horses and bison. 8527: 3292: 369: 2303:, a 1,600-square-mile (4,144 km) body of water named Lake Otero covered much of the basin. When it dried out, a large flat area of selenite crystals remained, which is named the Alkali Flat. 2596:. Several species of animals have developed very specialized means of survival in this harsh environment, enabling them to thrive in a place with very little surface water and highly mineralized 436:

mammals. As the climate warmed, rain and snowmelt dissolved gypsum from the surrounding mountains and carried it into the basin. Further warming and drying caused the lakes to evaporate and form

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sand up from the basin floor which accumulated into a large dunefield. Archaic people entered the Tularosa Basin about 4,000 years ago, after the dunes had stabilized, possibly attracted by a

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here either from higher fees or increased regulation." The commissioners only supported boundary adjustments and additional infrastructure, such as campgrounds and improved road access. The

747:, the Tularosa Basin was generally avoided until the nineteenth century. The basin lacked any reliable water sources and was the primary stronghold of local Apaches who stole livestock from 8396: 8342: 7983: 5734: 2489:, are able to store water through the hot summers and dry winters, blooming in the spring. Desert grasses have developed a tolerance for the highly alkaline soil. Grass species like 8363: 8265: 443:

Thousands of species of animal inhabit the park, a large portion of which are invertebrates. Several animal species feature a white or off-white coloration. At least 45 species are

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meaning they may be seen daily but not in large numbers, while the others are seen only a few times each month, each year, or every few years. The most commonly seen species are:

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concerned about the negative effects on native plants and animals within the park, erected a 67-mile (108 km) long boundary fence in 1996 to prevent oryx from entering.

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mounds are found within the dunes, which are the remains of prehistoric fires containing charcoal and ash. When gypsum is heated to 300 °F (149 °C) it becomes a

3753: 2896:, the latter of which can jump up to 10 ft (3 m) high when frightened despite having only a 5 in (13 cm) body and an 8 in (20 cm) tail. The 8185: 8180: 8055: 1383:

sides, with a cooperative use area designated in the park's western portion where public access is only allowed by permit. The cooperative use area includes most of the

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endemic to the Tularosa Basin, and the only fish found in the park. The pupfish has dark eyes, silver scales, and grows from 1.75–2.5 inches (44–64 mm) in length.

8275: 8240: 8145: 8120: 8487: 4946: 2604:, becoming substantially lighter than their cousins elsewhere. Many of these white species are endemic to the park. The Apache pocket mouse, bleached earless lizard, 8260: 8210: 8190: 8165: 8155: 8140: 8130: 8115: 8095: 8070: 8060: 8050: 4372: 883:, proposed the creation of Mescalero National Park. The plan failed as it included a game hunting preserve that conflicted with the idea of preservation held by the 4131: 8547: 8280: 8255: 8160: 8100: 8080: 8075: 8045: 8035: 5571: 5013: 1462:

The average annual precipitation is 9.81 inches (249 mm), with the wettest month being August at 1.88 inches (48 mm). July through October have the most

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in the 1990s led to a ban on the consumption of alcohol. The possession of alcohol or alcohol containers is banned throughout the park from February 1 to May 31.

8215: 8170: 8110: 8085: 8040: 6346: 1159: 923:, the director of the National Park Service, criticized the proposal as having "disjointed boundaries, lack of spectacular scenery, and questionable usage." The 4084: 2544:

whose fruit is among the sweetest of any desert plant. American Indians used the hoary rosemary mint for seasoning foods, and the purple sand verbena as a mild

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McKee, E. D. (1966). "Structures of dunes at White Sands National Monument, New Mexico, and a comparison with structures of dunes from other selected areas".

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Hispanic populations throughout the Spanish colonial and Mexican periods were allowed to gather salt from the salinas, which were considered public property.

8301: 8250: 8205: 8105: 5630:"Table 1: Description of the species reported to have lighter-colored populations inside than outside the gypsum dune field at White Sands National Monument" 5066: 4428: 5389:

Langford, Richard C. (2003). Tchakerian, V. (ed.). "The Holocene history of the White Sands dune field and influences on eolian deflation and playa lakes".

8507: 8492: 5212: 8517: 4247: 2548:. They used the skunkbush sumac's berries to make a tart drink, while the flexible stems were used for basketry and binding. The sumac's branches contain 8013: 7998: 788: 7953: 6682: 966:

The visitor center and a nearby comfort station, three ranger residences, as well as three maintenance buildings were constructed of adobe bricks as a

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Camels are commonly associated with Africa, though they originated in North America. The ancient western camel probably resembled modern, one-humped

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that hardens when moisture is added and subsequently evaporates. The plaster cements these hearths in place, preserving them for thousands of years.

1162:, which includes legislation redesignating White Sands National Monument as White Sands National Park. The Senate passed the act on December 16 and 6710: 2328:

The ground in the Alkali Flat and along Lake Lucero's shore is also covered with selenite crystals that measure up to 3 ft (0.9 m) long.

293: 57: 3156: 6096: 5486: 5368: 5343: 3667:"'Evidence of humans in North America during the Last Glacial Maximum': Oldest known human footprints in North America discovered at White Sands" 2342:

others utilize survival strategies such as the formation of a hardened pedestal around their roots to stabilize the plant amid the moving dunes.

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commissioners also opposed the redesignation of White Sands as a national park. The redesignation bill was re-introduced on March 27, 2019.

8482: 8467: 7124: 4617: 3320: 3212: 6282: 4809:"Otero County, NM Code: Chapter 150 Land Development: Article V: World Heritage Sites: Ordinance No. 07-05: Applications and Designations" 3255: 1455:

than would be typical of such a climate. The growing season generally lasts less than six months, from April 27 to October 19 on average.

1029:, and has always had an uneasy relationship with the military. The missile range and air force base were established after the bombing of 511:

were found at White Sands by researchers who identified approximately 60 fossilized footprints buried in layers of gypsum soil on a large

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Lucero; however, very few of the claims were developed. Eddy's Soda Prospect, developed by the same Eddy brothers that had founded the

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crystals. Strong winds then broke up crystals and transported them eastward. A similar process continues to produce gypsum sand today.

5963: 4564: 3996: 6677: 6466: 5816: 5607: 447:, living only in this park, with 40 of them being moth species. The Tularosa Basin has also seen a number of human inhabitants, from 6066: 5432:

Schenk, C. J.; Fryberger, S. G. (March 10, 1988). "Early diagenesis of eolian dune and interdune sands at White Sands, New Mexico".

4594: 3440: 7928: 7010: 4677: 3373: 884: 532: 6007: 944:), passing the southern edge of the dune field. He lobbied to have the dunes declared a national park, but was advised by Senator 7993: 6738: 6687: 2556:

to treat stings, bites, rashes, and sunburn. The cholla's fruit can be eaten raw or cooked, while its flower buds were used as a

1143: 1142:); the Alamogordo Chamber of Commerce; the Greater Las Cruces Chamber of Commerce; the Las Cruces Green Chamber of Commerce; the 924: 899: 496: 274: 40: 5881: 4495: 2576: 7627: 7268: 6881: 6692: 6535: 6456: 6398: 6332: 5911: 5786: 5637: 4816: 3022: 1053: 515:

in the Tularosa Basin. Multiple human footprints are stratigraphically constrained and bracketed by layers containing seeds of

5686: 5291: 5265: 8472: 7746: 7353: 6654: 6636: 4337: 3560: 2455: 1399:

is a short distance to the east. A rock formation called the Twin Buttes is located to the south on land administered by the

1280: 3781:"A critical assessment of claims that human footprints in the Lake Otero basin, New Mexico date to the Last Glacial Maximum" 7969: 6601: 6355: 5067:"Heinrich, Torres Small Introduce White Sands National Park Establishment Act – U.S. Senator Martin Heinrich of New Mexico" 3780: 3530: 972: 740: 720:

of Buffalo Soldiers. The battleground, located on White Sands Missile Range, is the closest archaeological evidence of the

717: 321: 265: 4364: 3638: 751:

and Spanish settlements near the basin. When Spaniards did enter the basin, they traveled along established trails to the

8457: 7662: 7293: 7055: 6626: 5240: 4119: 1252: 1228: 980: 799:. A lieutenant was dispatched east across the basin with a scouting party to map a potential military wagon route to the 5556: 5005: 8384: 6631: 6616: 6178: 4508:

The F-117A flew under the flag of the 49th Fighter Wing at Holloman Air Force Base from 1992 to its retirement in 2008.

3262: 838: 755:

north of Alkali Flat. Spanish colonists had established the salt trails in 1647, to connect the salt deposits with the

7683: 7308: 7718: 7669: 7585: 7333: 7298: 7238: 6436: 6418: 5099: 4186: 4072: 2345: 2287: 1258: 956: 455: 284: 193: 3859:

et al. (2020) «Walking in mud: Remarkable Pleistocene human trackways from White Sands National Park (New Mexico)».

8512: 7851: 7816: 7428: 7403: 7020: 6909: 6621: 6575: 6367: 1139: 1112: 847: 4420: 1412: 432:

Approximately 12,000 years ago, the land within the Tularosa Basin featured large lakes, streams, grasslands, and

7163: 6611: 6527: 6512: 5261: 2941: 1473:

Climate data for White Sands National Monument, New Mexico, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1939–present

5204: 7802: 7543: 7393: 7208: 7040: 6985: 6796: 6484: 6408: 6375: 4235: 2373:

grains from across the dunes; and used satellites to see temperature and moisture changes throughout the year.

1163: 996: 992: 609: 30: 1345: 1152: 120: 7753: 7571: 7550: 7358: 7228: 7213: 6791: 6507: 6426: 2945: 1448: 1416: 967: 756: 692:

to the Tularosa Basin. The Apaches were nomadic hunters and gatherers who lived in temporary houses known as

508: 501: 3179:

that evolved in colder regions. Columbian mammoths inhabited a range from Canada to Nicaragua and Honduras.

7858: 7823: 7788: 7620: 7433: 7408: 7383: 7263: 7015: 6776: 6771: 6488: 6461: 6451: 6441: 4703: 3856: 2541: 648: 5174: 4450: 3148:

like sloths, bison, and young mammoths. Some fossil evidence suggests that they may have hunted in packs.

879:

The idea of creating a national park to protect the white sands formation dates to 1898 when a group from

655: 7774: 7697: 7373: 7318: 6930: 6821: 6781: 6669: 6431: 6315: 3233: 2933: 2925: 2382: 2309:

is a dry lakebed in the southwest corner of the park, at one of the lowest points in the basin. Rain and

984: 343: 8389: 8368: 7760: 7739: 7732: 7725: 7634: 7613: 7592: 7578: 7536: 7522: 7363: 7348: 7343: 7338: 7273: 7258: 7243: 7233: 7203: 7193: 7075: 7065: 6975: 6950: 6945: 6851: 6846: 6761: 6646: 6446: 2725: 2614: 800: 7676: 7303: 5478: 2299:. Groundwater that flows out of the Tularosa Basin flows south into the Hueco Basin. During the last 854:

salt mining along the southern shore of Lake Lucero. In 1907, J.R. Milner and Bill Fetz constructed a

535:

of quartz grains within the footprint layers. Other tracks are known for extinct megafauna, including

7893: 7872: 7711: 7704: 7690: 7648: 7641: 7564: 7529: 7458: 7328: 7323: 7313: 7283: 7278: 7223: 7198: 6925: 6866: 6702: 4862: 4523: 4173: 3469: 3301: 3245: 2992: 2984: 2921: 2893: 2833: 1432: 1400: 1376: 1309: 1234: 1085: 1022: 1006: 928: 713: 463: 410: 5036: 3754:"'Incredible discoveries': Oldest known human footprints in North America discovered at White Sands" 1424: 8452: 7844: 7767: 7599: 7423: 7368: 7248: 7000: 6955: 6935: 6593: 6583: 6565: 6550: 6476: 6390: 5847: 4279: 2474: 1341: 1147: 1093: 1010: 1000: 912: 903: 116: 6132: 3727: 8497: 7879: 7865: 7809: 7448: 7438: 7398: 7070: 7045: 7005: 6995: 6970: 6960: 6940: 6861: 6856: 6801: 6746: 6560: 5132: 4491: 3893: 3000: 2980: 2877: 2777: 2414: 2274:, shallow seas covered the area that today forms White Sands National Park. The seas left behind 1396: 1026: 1014: 731:. The Mescalero Apache maintain an active cultural affinity to the landscape of their ancestors. 467: 6088: 4625: 2501:. Grass seeds produce a protein-rich kernel that dries well and fills many rodents' underground 776: 8003: 7900: 7557: 7508: 7501: 7494: 7463: 7218: 7183: 7178: 7173: 7080: 7025: 6990: 6899: 6545: 6540: 6499: 6274: 5159: 4870: 3297: 3241: 3237: 2801: 2282:), and subsequent tectonic activity lifted areas of the gypsum-rich seabed to form part of the 1463: 1337: 1333: 1212: 471: 135: 6214: 5133:"Wye Oak explore White Sands in their music video for 'The Louder I Call, The Faster It Runs'" 4647: 3830:

Independent age estimates resolve the controversy of ancient human footprints at White Sands.

8008: 7988: 7837: 7830: 7795: 7418: 7413: 7388: 7090: 7050: 6871: 6841: 6816: 6766: 6751: 6244: 6140: 6062: 5855: 5782: 5730: 5682: 5567: 4905: 4287: 4243: 4127: 4080: 4036: 4028: 3992: 3945: 3901: 3609: 3535: 3436: 3369: 3226: 2988: 2929: 2805: 2717: 2568:, which is a stimulant and decongestant effective in countering symptoms of the common cold. 2338: 479: 220: 7938: 3937: 3601: 3332: 7487: 7480: 7168: 7158: 7060: 6756: 6555: 5517: 5441: 5398: 4556: 3984: 3678: 2809: 2789: 2665: 2645: 2494: 2283: 1392: 1105: 916: 895: 810: 792: 744: 716:

in 1880 was a military engagement between Victorio's warriors and the United States Army's

625: 5808: 5599: 8: 7085: 6836: 6054: 4977: 4586: 3428: 3007: 2837: 2797: 2697: 2693: 2649: 2605: 2581: 2490: 2422: 2406: 1246: 1128: 1073: 933: 433: 6168:

24 September 2021, "Evidence of humans in North America during the Last Glacial Maximum"

5521: 5445: 5402: 4681: 3682: 3361: 2600:. Some species that inhabit the dunes have gradually changed color through centuries of 2317: 1329: 987:

national monuments. Bennett also designed the picnic table shelters at White Sands, the

941: 238: 7907: 7468: 6786: 5999: 5529: 3809: 3702: 2769: 2749: 2713: 2709: 2609: 2525: 2321: 2296: 1304: 1240: 988: 945: 814: 784: 752: 728: 552: 522: 462:. Since 1941, the park has been completely surrounded by the military installations of 437: 7116: 5410: 5154: 3666: 356: 6720: 5873: 5457: 5453: 5414: 5095: 4843: 4790: 4767: 4744: 4483: 4399: 4343: 4333: 4192: 4182: 3813: 3801: 3706: 3694: 3071: 3027: 2968: 2953: 2873: 2705: 2561: 2517: 1206: 1146:

and the Southern New Mexico Public Lands Alliance. The bill was opposed, however, by

1132: 908: 771: 574: 5903: 5837: 5774: 5629: 5339: 5313: 5288:"Fall 'Freeze' Probabilities (Jul. 31 – Dec. 31) – White Sands Natl Mon, New Mexico" 4808: 3871: 3778:

Oviatt, Charles G.; Madsen, David B.; Rhode, David; Davis, Loren G. (January 2023).

3643:

KRQE NEWS 13 - Breaking News, Albuquerque News, New Mexico News, Weather, and Videos

867: 612:

improved upon the hand thrown spear used by Paleo-Indians with the invention of the

8402:

University and college buildings listed on the National Register of Historic Places

7035: 6831: 6826: 5674: 5525: 5449: 5406: 5287: 5258:"Spring 'Freeze' Probabilities (Jan 1 – Jul 31) – White Sands Natl Mon, New Mexico" 5257: 5115: 3867: 3838: 3793: 3686: 2976: 2937: 2781: 2537: 2430: 1289: 1194: 1179: 643: 417:, including the southern 41% of a 275 sq mi (710 km) field of white 5225:

Aerial viewpoint facing west-northwest; see also the NPS map here in this article.

4680:(Press release). U.S. Department of the Interior. January 22, 2008. Archived from 3552: 3070:

mammals that lived by the shores of Lake Otero and in the surrounding grasslands.

2458:

wove mats with the thicker blades of grass, and consumed some of the grass seeds.

1328:

White Sands National Park is located in southern New Mexico, on the north side of

760: 6811: 6806: 4451:"NRHP Inventory Nomination Form: White Sands National Monument Historic District" 2861: 2773: 2721: 2529: 2482: 2279: 1270: 1264: 1188: 1183: 1108: 976: 960: 796: 709: 517: 332: 6324: 4618:"Alcohol Regulations: Why is alcohol banned in the monument during these times?" 3098:—all crossed the Tularosa Basin where the dunes lie presently. The animals left 2467: 855: 6728: 6517: 5874:"Chihuahuan Desert Network. 2019. White Sands National Monument Bird Checklist" 4181:. Santa Fe, NM: Intermountain Cultural Resource Center, National Park Service. 3176: 2880:, with the jackrabbit capable of speeds as high as 40 mph (64 km/h). 2765: 2701: 2632:

form the largest group with more than 600 species, including varied species of

2513: 2446: 2378: 1452: 1353: 1349: 1275: 1200: 1049: 949: 920: 891: 880: 872: 562: 541: 459: 414: 5236: 3503: 413:. The park covers 145,762 acres (227.8 sq mi; 589.9 km) in the 8446: 6127: 6049: 5769: 5716: 5669: 5551: 5461: 5418: 5314:"Period of Record General Climate Summary – White Sands Natl Mon, New Mexico" 4274: 4230: 4114: 4067: 4023: 3979: 3932: 3888: 3805: 3596: 3423: 3087: 3039: 2889: 2761: 2689: 2013: 1444: 1218: 1120: 1081: 1077: 613: 561:

inhabited the shoreline of Lake Otero, a large lake that covered much of the

558: 448: 201: 162: 149: 8463:

Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in New Mexico

4847: 4794: 4771: 4748: 4403: 4347: 4196: 3842: 3690: 2912:, the most common lizards include the bleached earless lizard, little white 2361: 6980: 6965: 3698: 3189: 3060: 2972: 2913: 2785: 2753: 2673: 2629: 2593: 2498: 1223: 1166: 1061: 1034: 1030: 829: 764: 689: 566: 565:. They used stone from the mountains to create projectile points, known as 536: 475: 1178:

White Sands, during its period as a national monument, has been used as a

640: 7030: 6894: 6889: 3293:

National Register of Historic Places listings in Otero County, New Mexico

3284: 3164: 3108: 3075: 3055: 3031: 2949: 2813: 2793: 2741: 2661: 2653: 2597: 2486: 2306: 1384: 1357: 1293: 825: 721: 708:, fought with settlers in the basin and engaged in military battles with 597:

died and the basin became increasingly arid, slowly changing into desert

590: 570: 547: 5237:"White Sands National Monument, Otero County, New Mexico, United States" 4838:Österreich, Elva K. (January 25, 2008). "County issues threat to feds". 3797: 821: 6359: 5843: 5839: 5122:. National Park Service. January 31, 2015. Retrieved February 13, 2020. 5092:

The Quick, the Dead and the Revived: The Many Lives of the Western Film

4460:. National Park Service. June 23, 1988. pp. 20, 23 (of PDF file). 2996: 2897: 2681: 2553: 2329: 2291: 1387:

region in the park's northwestern quadrant, as well as Lake Lucero and

1360:, to 4,116 feet (1,255 m) at a former military site called NE 30. 1135: 851: 406: 124: 4933: 3244:

are subject to closure for safety reasons when tests are conducted at

1320:

New Mexico’s White Sands photomap, December 26, 2022. Photo from

8397:

List of jails and prisons on the National Register of Historic Places

6904: 6306: 4678:"Secretary Kempthorne Selects New U.S. World Heritage Tentative List" 3197: 3183: 3175:. These giant herbivores probably did not have much hair, unlike the 3124: 3083: 3035: 2960: 2885: 2849: 2601: 2565: 2441: 2369: 2349: 1440: 1124: 748: 725: 666: 602: 598: 594: 5037:"H.R.2500 – National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2020" 2920:– a white species that will detach its tail as an escape strategy), 2552:, which is useful in producing dyes, and its leaves were used as an 8533:

National Register of Historic Places in Doña Ana County, New Mexico

7913: 3201: 3172: 3120: 3094:—also known as saber-toothed tigers, though not closely related to 3091: 3079: 3047: 3043: 2669: 2557: 2545: 2497:

provide food for many tiny animals, such as Apache pocket mice and

2395: 2310: 2262: 1158:

On December 11, 2019, the U.S. House of Representatives passed the

1084:, wrote letters of support of the application. U.S. Representative 1038: 1021:

The park is completely surrounded by the military installations of

806: 705: 701: 586: 578: 512: 444: 3470:"S.1790 – National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2020" 979:

and Robert W. Albers, who also designed NPS buildings together at

661: 4785:

Anderson, Karl (August 24, 2007). "Anti-U.N. resolution passed".

4762:

Anderson, Karl (August 17, 2007). "County opposes U.N. listing".

3525: 3160: 3099: 3067: 2909: 2865: 2564:

agent and mild diuretic. The Mormon tea plant contains traces of

2502: 2365: 2333: 2300: 2271: 1352:, about 85 miles (137 km) away. The park is situated in the 850:

and the town of Alamogordo, was a mineral recovery operation for

633: 232: 8528:

National Register of Historic Places in Otero County, New Mexico

7105:

New Mexico Department of Energy, Minerals, and Natural Resources

6310: 2952:, all of them venomous. The sole resident turtle species is the 2357: 1388: 1316: 952:, that national monument status would be much easier to obtain. 454:

White Sands National Park was originally designated White Sands

6319: 2881: 2869: 2857: 2853: 2844: 2685: 2641: 2633: 2620: 2588:) is capable of hearing though it has no external ear openings. 2549: 2478: 2462: 2403: 2275: 1371: 693: 685: 669: 629: 621: 617: 616:. After Lake Otero dried out, wind carried large quantities of 425: 5247:. Hudson Institute of Mineralogy. Retrieved February 26, 2020. 787:

exploration of south-central New Mexico was led by a party of

7968: 4973:"Push renewed to elevate White Sands to national park status" 3193: 3141: 3095: 2902: 2745: 1048:

were released on the missile range and adjacent areas of the

955:

On January 18, 1933, President Hoover designated White Sands

651: 605:

disappeared from the basin leaving behind fossil footprints.

582: 4898:"County opposes White Sands National Park Establishment Act" 4175:

Dunes and dreams: a history of White Sands National Monument

2592:

More than 800 animal species inhabit the park, many of them

2461:

The park's flora must be tough to live in the nutrient-poor

4936:"Letter from Otero County commissioners to Martin Heinrich" 4934:

Bies, Lori; Flores, Susan; White, Janet T. (May 17, 2018).

4739:

Anderson, Karl (August 17, 2007). "Steve Pearce on pause".

4394:

Townsend, Dave (August 26, 2007). "The New Deal and WSNM".

3663: 3133: 3059:(4,144 km), which is an area larger than the state of 3011: 2964: 2737: 2733: 2637: 2399: 1367: 1364: 1045: 697: 673: 421: 418: 1356:

with elevations ranging from 3,887 feet (1,185 m) at

1013:

flying over White Sands to a retirement ceremony in Ohio.

555:, which appear to be contemporaneous to human footprints. 509:

potentially oldest known human footprints in North America

451:

12,000 years ago to modern farmers, ranchers, and miners.

1321: 4670: 1072:

White Sands was placed on a tentative list of potential

7146: 5479:"White Sands National Park – Plant Survival Strategies" 2385:, the dune movement and type of dunes changes greatly. 1415:

system, White Sands National Park has a continental or

1160:

National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2020

182:

145,762 acres (227.753 sq mi; 589.88 km)

4863:"S.2797 – White Sands National Park Establishment Act" 3777: 1060:

Increasingly problematic alcohol abuse by students on

3265:

Panorama of the dune field from the Alkali Flat trail

3050:(right foreground, in reeds) gather at a water source 4860: 3274: 2360:

are found along the southwest margins of the field,

1076:

on January 22, 2008. The state's two U.S. Senators,

7999:

History of the National Register of Historic Places

4970: 4323: 4321: 4319: 4317: 4315: 4313: 4311: 4309: 3639:"White Sands National Park sees record visitations" 4524:"White Sands National Monument – Military History" 3779: 2724:. The Maricopa harvester ant inhabits much of the 2398:, living only in this park, with 40 of them being 1131:Board of Trustees; Alamogordo Mayor Richard Boss; 1092:The WHS application generated much controversy in 1067: 8030:List of U.S. National Historic Landmarks by state 6354: 4895: 1363:The park's primary feature is the field of white 1332:approximately 15 miles (24 km) southwest of 92: 64: 8444: 6711:List of National Natural Landmarks in New Mexico 5594: 5592: 4327: 4306: 3356: 3354: 3352: 3350: 8548:Pre-Clovis archaeological sites in the Americas 8422:National Register of Historic Places portal 6097:University of California Museum of Paleontology 6039: 6037: 6035: 6033: 6031: 6029: 6027: 6025: 5723:Native Plants of the Northern Chihuahuan Desert 5431: 5369:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 5344:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 4801: 4557:"White Sands National Monument – Park Closures" 4332:. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. 4330:White Sands: The History of a National Monument 1395:rise beyond the park's western boundary, while 1119:) introduced a bill to designate White Sands a 875:with the park near the center, on the west side 258:White Sands National Monument Historic District 8488:Protected areas of Doña Ana County, New Mexico 5205:"Park Unigrid Map – White Sands National Park" 5112:"History of Commercial Filming at White Sands" 4929: 4927: 4587:"White Sands National Monument – African Oryx" 4359: 4357: 3229:, with various age-group-specific activities. 8503:Tourist attractions in Alamogordo, New Mexico 7954: 7132: 6340: 5880:(PDF). National Park Service. November 2019. 5589: 5181:. National Park Service. September 24, 2019. 3586: 3584: 3582: 3580: 3578: 3347: 2963:inhabit the park, including three species of 2356:White Sands contains various forms of dunes. 478:on December 20, 2019. It is the most visited 6281:. National Park Service. December 27, 2019. 6251:. National Park Service. December 31, 2019. 6221:. National Park Service. February 14, 2020. 6022: 6006:. National Park Service. February 24, 2016. 5801: 5636:. National Park Service. February 24, 2015. 5006:"U.S. Senator Martin Heinrich of New Mexico" 4654:. National Park Service. December 31, 2019. 4615: 4563:. National Park Service. February 11, 2020. 4371:. National Park Service. November 12, 2016. 4104: 4102: 3547: 3545: 3413: 3411: 3066:The basin teemed with life, including large 2449:growing on a gypsum plant stand, or pedestal 470:. It was redesignated as a national park by 8508:Works Progress Administration in New Mexico 8493:Protected areas of Otero County, New Mexico 7925:List of national parks of the United States 6320:Las Cruces Convention & Visitors Bureau 5973:. National Park Service. January 30, 2017. 5910:. National Park Service. January 15, 2020. 5815:. National Park Service. January 15, 2020. 5809:"White Sands National Park – White Species" 5759: 5757: 5755: 5600:"White Sands National Park – Invertebrates" 5485:. National Park Service. January 14, 2017. 5473: 5471: 5003: 4924: 4593:. National Park Service. January 30, 2020. 4551: 4549: 4530:. National Park Service. January 15, 2020. 4518: 4516: 4415: 4413: 4354: 3559:. National Park Service. January 14, 2017. 3409: 3407: 3405: 3403: 3401: 3399: 3397: 3395: 3393: 3391: 1226:with location shooting in the park include 7961: 7947: 7139: 7125: 6347: 6333: 6188:. National Park Service. August 11, 2016. 6115: 5992: 5706: 5704: 5606:. National Park Service. January 7, 2020. 4837: 4732: 3633: 3631: 3575: 1033:in 1941, with continuing operations after 573:, and attached them to spears for hunting 305: 237: 16:National park in New Mexico, United States 7970:U.S. National Register of Historic Places 5934:"White Sands National Park – Pallid Bats" 5659: 5657: 5655: 5167: 4099: 3969: 3967: 3751: 3542: 3321:"White Sands in United States of America" 3192:are the ancient relatives of modern tree 266:U.S. National Register of Historic Places 8543:Protected areas of the Chihuahuan Desert 8518:Landforms of Doña Ana County, New Mexico 6000:"White Sands National Park – Amphibians" 5956: 5752: 5541: 5539: 5468: 5388: 4784: 4761: 4738: 4579: 4546: 4513: 4427:. National Park Service. April 7, 2017. 4410: 4393: 4167: 4165: 4163: 4161: 4159: 4157: 4155: 4153: 4151: 4149: 3388: 3362:"Directions – White Sands National Park" 3300:– world's first nuclear weapon test, at 3211: 3155: 3119: 3021: 2819: 2575: 2440: 2344: 2316: 2261: 1315: 1303: 1005: 866: 820: 809:families started farming communities at 660: 533:optically stimulated luminescence dating 495: 294:NM State Register of Cultural Properties 5896: 5701: 5197: 4648:"Park Regulations: Alcohol Prohibition" 4624:. National Park Service. Archived from 4365:"White Sands National Monument History" 3628: 2928:; while the most common snakes are the 2540:(also known as longleaf jointfir), and 1348:. The closest commercial airport is in 1336:and 52 miles (84 km) northeast of 1144:National Parks Conservation Association 975:in 1988. The principal architects were 8445: 6225:from the original on February 15, 2020 5740:from the original on February 25, 2017 5652: 5640:from the original on February 28, 2016 5622: 5577:from the original on February 15, 2017 5365:"Summary of Monthly Normals 1991–2020" 5294:from the original on February 15, 2020 5268:from the original on February 15, 2020 5215:from the original on February 25, 2017 4971:Susan Montoya Bryan (March 26, 2019). 4720:from the original on February 17, 2008 4658:from the original on February 12, 2020 4567:from the original on February 12, 2020 4498:from the original on February 13, 2020 4464:from the original on February 15, 2020 4375:from the original on December 24, 2019 4206:from the original on November 21, 2011 4120:"The Salt Trail and Magoffin Salt War" 3964: 3526:"National Register Information System" 3480:from the original on December 29, 2019 3464: 3462: 3460: 3458: 3376:from the original on February 15, 2020 2368:dunes in the center of the field, and 1312:prior to the national park designation 1054:New Mexico Department of Game and Fish 483:times and months throughout the year. 8523:Landforms of Otero County, New Mexico 8478:Natural history museums in New Mexico 7942: 7120: 6328: 6285:from the original on January 11, 2020 6255:from the original on February 4, 2020 6147:from the original on October 24, 2019 6103:from the original on October 29, 2019 6069:from the original on January 26, 2020 5980:from the original on January 28, 2020 5944:from the original on January 31, 2020 5914:from the original on January 28, 2020 5904:"White Sands National Park – Mammals" 5884:from the original on January 27, 2020 5866: 5848:"Chapter 23: Most Toxic Insect Venom" 5819:from the original on January 13, 2020 5610:from the original on January 29, 2020 5536: 5507: 5489:from the original on January 30, 2017 5440:(1–2). Amsterdam: Elsevier: 109–120. 5185:from the original on January 25, 2020 5135:. Mergerecords.com. February 15, 2018 5047:from the original on January 22, 2020 5016:from the original on January 16, 2020 4912:from the original on January 12, 2020 4597:from the original on February 3, 2020 4534:from the original on February 7, 2020 4294:from the original on February 8, 2020 4250:from the original on February 8, 2020 4171: 4146: 4134:from the original on February 8, 2020 4087:from the original on February 7, 2020 4043:from the original on February 7, 2020 3999:from the original on February 7, 2020 3952:from the original on February 7, 2020 3908:from the original on February 7, 2020 3852: 3850: 3616:from the original on February 3, 2020 3504:"NPS Annual Recreation Visits Report" 3443:from the original on January 24, 2020 1281:The Louder I Call, the Faster It Runs 1099: 832:lake filled by a significant rainfall 5926: 5340:"NOWData – NOAA Online Weather Data" 5306: 5175:"Superintendent's Compendium – 2019" 4861:Sen. Martin Heinrich (May 7, 2018). 3553:"Nature – White Sands National Park" 3531:National Register of Historic Places 2732:As of November 2019, 246 species of 1017:was its home base from 1992 to 2008. 973:National Register of Historic Places 959:, acting under the authority of the 862: 743:was established to the north around 8483:Protected areas established in 1933 8468:Museums in Otero County, New Mexico 7148:National parks of the United States 5862:from the original on June 26, 2019. 5831: 5290:. Western Regional Climate Center. 4877:from the original on March 27, 2019 4819:from the original on March 29, 2019 3518: 3455: 1431:). Daily means resemble those of a 948:, who had influence with President 902:—and the owner of a large ranch in 13: 8385:National Historic Preservation Act 6195:from the original on June 22, 2019 6010:from the original on July 13, 2019 5689:from the original on July 10, 2019 5530:10.1111/j.1365-3091.1966.tb01579.x 4896:Jacqueline Devine (May 18, 2018). 4328:Schneider-Hector, Dietmar (1993). 4073:"Spanish Colonization Exploration" 3847: 2644:and moths. Spider species include 2509:to wash hair, blankets, and rugs. 1391:in the southwestern quadrant. The 1284:(2018) was filmed at White Sands. 789:topographical engineering officers 759:in El Paso del Norte (present-day 458:on January 18, 1933, by President 403:national park of the United States 14: 8559: 8538:1933 establishments in New Mexico 6300: 5789:from the original on July 5, 2019 5316:. Western Regional Climate Center 5034: 4431:from the original on July 5, 2019 3563:from the original on July 4, 2019 2756:. Fourteen species are listed as 2748:, as well as larger species like 2381:technology. At each of these old 791:in 1849. They passed west of the 734: 688:followed herds of bison from the 474:and signed into law by President 409:and completely surrounded by the 8427: 8426: 8415: 7912: 7906: 7899: 7892: 7885: 7878: 7871: 7864: 7857: 7850: 7843: 7836: 7829: 7822: 7815: 7808: 7801: 7794: 7787: 7780: 7773: 7766: 7759: 7752: 7745: 7738: 7731: 7724: 7717: 7710: 7703: 7696: 7689: 7682: 7675: 7668: 7661: 7654: 7647: 7640: 7633: 7626: 7619: 7612: 7605: 7598: 7591: 7584: 7577: 7570: 7563: 7556: 7549: 7542: 7535: 7528: 7521: 7514: 7507: 7500: 7493: 7486: 7479: 6126: This article incorporates 6121: 6048: This article incorporates 6043: 5964:"Common Reptiles of White Sands" 5768: This article incorporates 5763: 5715: This article incorporates 5710: 5668: This article incorporates 5663: 5550: This article incorporates 5545: 4273: This article incorporates 4268: 4229: This article incorporates 4224: 4113: This article incorporates 4108: 4066: This article incorporates 4061: 4022: This article incorporates 4017: 3978: This article incorporates 3973: 3931: This article incorporates 3926: 3887: This article incorporates 3882: 3595: This article incorporates 3590: 3422: This article incorporates 3417: 3277: 3254: 3216:Visitors sledding down the dunes 2290:. Over time, rain dissolved the 1296:, was also filmed on the dunes. 898:from New Mexico—later appointed 848:El Paso and Northeastern Railway 491: 91: 84: 63: 56: 39: 33:V (protected landscape/seascape) 6267: 6237: 6207: 6171: 6159: 6081: 5501: 5425: 5382: 5357: 5332: 5280: 5262:Western Regional Climate Center 5250: 5230: 5147: 5125: 5105: 5084: 5059: 5028: 4997: 4964: 4889: 4854: 4831: 4778: 4755: 4696: 4640: 4609: 4476: 4443: 4421:"White Sands Historic District" 4387: 4262: 4218: 4055: 4011: 3920: 3876: 3872:10.1016/j.quascirev.2020.106610 3820: 3771: 3745: 3720: 3657: 3017: 2942:western diamondback rattlesnake 1288:(1994), featuring yoga teacher 1068:World Heritage Site controversy 72:Location in state of New Mexico 8338:Federated States of Micronesia 7984:Architectural style categories 5940:. National Park Service. n.d. 5397:(1). Oxford: Pergamon: 31–39. 5211:. National Park Service. n.d. 4616:Kathy Denton (April 5, 2014). 3496: 3313: 2736:have been recorded, including 2411:Perognathus flavescens Apachii 1439:), though its relatively high 364: 351: 1: 7011:Living Desert Zoo and Gardens 6660:Fort Stanton–Snowy River Cave 6508:Camino Real de Tierra Adentro 5411:10.1016/s1040-6182(02)00133-7 3307: 3207: 3151: 3115: 2612:, and moth species including 2086:Average snowfall inches (cm) 1449:diurnal temperature variation 1413:Köppen climate classification 1278:'s title track for the album 968:Works Progress Administration 684:Over 700 years ago, bands of 677: 502:White Sands fossil footprints 103:Show map of the United States 100:Location in the United States 8473:National parks in New Mexico 7189:Black Canyon of the Gunnison 6683:Organ Mountains–Desert Peaks 5454:10.1016/0037-0738(88)90092-9 4236:"Ranching and the Wild West" 2948:which is another species of 2586:Holbrookia maculata ruthveni 2470:thrive in these conditions. 2427:Holbrookia maculata ruthveni 1308:Map of the park and part of 1299: 1127:Tribal Council; the Town of 247:United States historic place 7: 6647:National Conservation Areas 5838:W. L. Meyer, Department of 3270: 2522:Populus deltoides wislizeni 2419:Neotoma micropus leucophaea 2156:Average precipitation days 1802:Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 1662:Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 911:, and the shoreline of the 10: 8564: 8458:Dunes of the United States 8390:Historic Preservation Fund 8369:American Legation, Morocco 6703:National Natural Landmarks 4172:Welsh, Michael E. (1995). 3861:Quaternary Science Reviews 3127:and human, size comparison 3042:(center/left background), 2892:, Apache pocket mice, and 2726:Southwestern United States 2698:bleached skimmer dragonfly 2666:western black widow spider 2615:Protogygia whitesandsensis 2606:sand-treader camel cricket 2388: 2257: 2249: 1472: 1423:), bordering closely on a 1406: 1259:The Men Who Stare at Goats 1173: 1044:Between 1969 and 1977, 95 925:National Parks Association 885:Department of the Interior 486: 212:729,096 (in 2023) 8410: 8377: 8356: 8331:Lists by associated state 8330: 8289: 8022: 7976: 7922: 7475: 7154: 7099: 6918: 6880: 6737: 6719: 6701: 6668: 6645: 6594:National Wildlife Refuges 6592: 6574: 6526: 6498: 6477:National Recreation Areas 6475: 6417: 6391:National Historical Parks 6389: 6366: 6316:White Sands National Park 6137:White Sands National Park 6059:White Sands National Park 5779:White Sands National Park 5679:White Sands National Park 5564:White Sands National Park 4713:. National Park Service. 4284:White Sands National Park 4240:White Sands National Park 4124:White Sands National Park 4077:White Sands National Park 4033:White Sands National Park 3989:White Sands National Park 3942:White Sands National Park 3898:White Sands National Park 3728:"'Fossilized Footprints'" 3606:White Sands National Park 3433:White Sands National Park 3302:White Sands Missile Range 3246:White Sands Missile Range 2993:New Mexico spadefoot toad 2922:southwestern fence lizard 2202: 2155: 2085: 2011: 1941: 1871: 1801: 1731: 1661: 1591: 1521: 1516: 1513: 1510: 1507: 1504: 1501: 1498: 1495: 1492: 1489: 1486: 1483: 1480: 1477: 1433:humid subtropical climate 1401:Bureau of Land Management 1377:White Sands Missile Range 1310:White Sands Missile Range 1235:The Man Who Fell to Earth 1023:White Sands Missile Range 929:Indian Rights Association 900:Secretary of the Interior 714:Battle of Hembrillo Basin 464:White Sands Missile Range 411:White Sands Missile Range 399:White Sands National Park 388: 380: 375: 362: 350:NRHP reference 349: 339: 328: 316: 304: 300: 291: 281: 272: 263: 256: 252: 226: 216: 208: 186: 178: 141: 131: 112: 50: 38: 28: 24:White Sands National Park 23: 8312:Northern Mariana Islands 7056:Rio Grande Nature Center 5391:Quaternary International 5090:Maddrey, Joseph (2016). 4704:"WHS Letters of Support" 3046:(right background), and 2878:black-tailed jackrabbits 2571: 2436: 2402:species, along with the 915:to the west, beyond the 913:Elephant Butte Reservoir 340:Architectural style 45:Aerial view of dunefield 8513:Landforms of New Mexico 6678:Kasha-Katuwe Tent Rocks 6467:Salinas Pueblo Missions 6133:"Fossilized Footprints" 6089:"What Is a Sabertooth?" 3843:10.1126/science.adh5007 3691:10.1126/science.abg7586 3506:. National Park Service 3010:is the only species of 3001:barred tiger salamander 2894:Merriam's kangaroo rats 2836:hops past an attacking 2778:ash-throated flycatcher 2690:white-lined sphinx moth 2658:Agelenopsis longistylus 1397:Holloman Air Force Base 1027:Holloman Air Force Base 1015:Holloman Air Force Base 468:Holloman Air Force Base 8307:Minor Outlying Islands 8290:Lists by insular areas 8004:Keeper of the Register 6882:Wild and Scenic Rivers 6670:BLM National Monuments 6245:"Park Ranger Programs" 6128:public domain material 6050:public domain material 5852:Book of Insect Records 5770:public domain material 5717:public domain material 5670:public domain material 5552:public domain material 4871:United States Congress 4275:public domain material 4231:public domain material 4115:public domain material 4068:public domain material 4024:public domain material 3980:public domain material 3933:public domain material 3889:public domain material 3597:public domain material 3424:public domain material 3217: 3167: 3144:, and young mammoths. 3128: 3051: 2985:Couch's spadefoot toad 2840: 2802:black-throated sparrow 2718:Maricopa harvester ant 2678:Paruroctonus utahensis 2589: 2450: 2353: 2325: 2267: 1417:cold semi-arid climate 1325: 1313: 1182:for scenes in several 1018: 876: 833: 763:) and silver mines in 681: 521:that yield calibrated 504: 389:Designated NMSRCP 285:U.S. National Monument 275:U.S. Historic district 163:32.77917°N 106.17194°W 136:Alamogordo, New Mexico 75:Show map of New Mexico 8009:National Park Service 7989:Contributing property 7294:Great Smoky Mountains 7021:Mesilla Valley Bosque 6890:East Fork Jemez River 6688:Prehistoric Trackways 6311:National Park Service 6141:National Park Service 6063:National Park Service 5856:University of Florida 5785:. December 15, 2015. 5783:National Park Service 5731:National Park Service 5685:. February 27, 2017. 5683:National Park Service 5568:National Park Service 5094:. McFarland. p. 182. 4906:Alamogordo Daily News 4840:Alamogordo Daily News 4787:Alamogordo Daily News 4764:Alamogordo Daily News 4741:Alamogordo Daily News 4396:Alamogordo Daily News 4288:National Park Service 4244:National Park Service 4128:National Park Service 4081:National Park Service 4037:National Park Service 3993:National Park Service 3946:National Park Service 3902:National Park Service 3752:D'Ammassa, Algernon. 3732:National Park Service 3610:National Park Service 3536:National Park Service 3437:National Park Service 3372:. December 31, 2019. 3370:National Park Service 3227:Junior Ranger Program 3215: 3165:Harlan's ground sloth 3159: 3123: 3025: 2989:plains spadefoot toad 2831: 2806:white-crowned sparrow 2710:toothpick grasshopper 2650:burrowing wolf spider 2646:Apache jumping spider 2579: 2518:Rio Grande cottonwood 2512:Other plants include 2444: 2348: 2320: 2265: 1872:Mean minimum °F (°C) 1592:Mean maximum °F (°C) 1319: 1307: 1009: 870: 824: 664: 581:, ground sloths, and 499: 221:National Park Service 8364:District of Columbia 6693:Rio Grande del Norte 6457:Gila Cliff Dwellings 6275:"Be A Junior Ranger" 6065:. January 22, 2020. 4815:. October 18, 2007. 4290:. January 15, 2020. 4246:. January 16, 2020. 4130:. January 16, 2020. 4083:. January 16, 2020. 4039:. January 16, 2020. 3995:. January 15, 2020. 3948:. January 17, 2020. 3904:. January 17, 2020. 3612:. January 22, 2020. 3335:on December 22, 2019 2934:Sonoran gopher snake 2926:side-blotched lizard 2810:great-tailed grackle 2790:northern mockingbird 2534:Abronia angustifolia 2481:, as well as desert 2288:Sacramento Mountains 1522:Record high °F (°C) 1393:San Andres Mountains 1286:Yoga Mind & Body 1229:King Solomon's Mines 1224:feature-length films 1074:World Heritage Sites 917:San Andres Mountains 793:San Andres Mountains 718:9th Cavalry Regiment 168:32.77917; -106.17194 7299:Guadalupe Mountains 7254:Gates of the Arctic 7041:Oliver Lee Memorial 6986:Elephant Butte Lake 6576:National Grasslands 5522:1966Sedim...7....3M 5446:1988SedG...55..109S 5434:Sedimentary Geology 5403:2003QuInt.104...31L 5071:heinrich.senate.gov 5010:heinrich.senate.gov 4978:The Washington Post 3857:Bennett, Matthew R. 3798:10.1017/qua.2022.38 3786:Quaternary Research 3758:Las Cruces Sun-News 3683:2021Sci...373.1528B 3677:(6562): 1528–1531. 3476:. January 3, 2019. 3439:. January 2, 2020. 3325:protectedplanet.net 3038:(left foreground), 3034:(left background), 3008:White Sands pupfish 2979:; three species of 2938:prairie rattlesnake 2905:during the summer. 2706:minor ground mantis 2702:tarantula hawk wasp 2530:purple sand verbena 2526:hoary rosemary mint 2415:White Sands woodrat 2203:Average snowy days 1942:Record low °F (°C) 1732:Daily mean °F (°C) 1425:cold desert climate 1222:(1990). Additional 1037:and throughout the 995:, and buildings at 934:Teapot Dome scandal 890:From 1912 to 1922, 217:Governing body 159: / 7454:Wrangell–St. Elias 7429:Theodore Roosevelt 6792:Chama River Canyon 6721:National Preserves 6419:National monuments 6215:"Lake Lucero Tour" 5557:"Uncovering Dunes" 4902:alamogordonews.com 4484:"Air Force Photos" 3826:Jeffrey S. Pigati 3232:Both the park and 3218: 3168: 3129: 3092:saber-toothed cats 3072:Columbian mammoths 3052: 3048:saber-toothed cats 3028:Columbian mammoths 2918:Aspidoscelis gypsi 2874:desert cottontails 2841: 2590: 2451: 2383:lakeshore terraces 2354: 2326: 2268: 1326: 1314: 1133:New Mexico Senator 1100:National park bill 1019: 989:Painted Desert Inn 946:Bronson M. Cutting 877: 834: 729:Indian Reservation 682: 553:Columbian mammoths 505: 320:1936–38 (original 8440: 8439: 7994:Historic district 7936: 7935: 7309:Hawaiʻi Volcanoes 7114: 7113: 7016:Manzano Mountains 6777:Capitan Mountains 6772:Bosque del Apache 6607:Bosque del Apache 6536:Apache–Sitgreaves 6513:Old Spanish Trail 6404:Manhattan Project 6179:"Dunes Drive map" 6143:. April 4, 2019. 6093:ucmp.berkeley.edu 5733:. July 19, 2015. 5570:. April 6, 2016. 5004:Martin Heinrich. 4985:on March 26, 2019 4952:on March 27, 2019 4458:npgallery.nps.gov 4339:978-0-8263-1415-4 3645:. January 8, 2022 3538:. March 13, 2009. 3429:"Park Statistics" 3100:fossil footprints 2969:Great Plains toad 2959:Seven species of 2954:desert box turtle 2829: 2654:funnel-web spider 2562:anti-inflammatory 2542:claret cup cactus 2495:Indian rice grass 2254: 2253: 1411:According to the 1344:and northeastern 1207:My Name Is Nobody 957:National Monument 909:Carrizozo Malpais 863:National monument 775:of Hispanos from 526:to the fact that 456:National Monument 396: 395: 392:September 9, 1988 376:Significant dates 245: 244: 198:December 20, 2019 194:national monument 132:Nearest city 8555: 8430: 8429: 8420: 8419: 8418: 8343:Marshall Islands 7963: 7956: 7949: 7940: 7939: 7916: 7910: 7903: 7896: 7889: 7882: 7875: 7868: 7861: 7854: 7847: 7840: 7833: 7826: 7819: 7812: 7805: 7798: 7791: 7784: 7777: 7770: 7763: 7756: 7749: 7742: 7735: 7728: 7721: 7714: 7707: 7700: 7693: 7686: 7679: 7672: 7665: 7658: 7651: 7644: 7637: 7630: 7623: 7616: 7609: 7602: 7595: 7588: 7581: 7574: 7567: 7560: 7553: 7546: 7539: 7532: 7525: 7518: 7511: 7504: 7497: 7490: 7483: 7394:Petrified Forest 7289:Great Sand Dunes 7209:Carlsbad Caverns 7141: 7134: 7127: 7118: 7117: 6931:Bottomless Lakes 6822:Manzano Mountain 6782:Carlsbad Caverns 6528:National Forests 6376:Carlsbad Caverns 6349: 6342: 6335: 6326: 6325: 6307:Official website 6295: 6294: 6292: 6290: 6271: 6265: 6264: 6262: 6260: 6241: 6235: 6234: 6232: 6230: 6211: 6205: 6204: 6202: 6200: 6194: 6183: 6175: 6169: 6163: 6157: 6156: 6154: 6152: 6125: 6124: 6119: 6113: 6112: 6110: 6108: 6099:. May 12, 1994. 6085: 6079: 6078: 6076: 6074: 6047: 6046: 6041: 6020: 6019: 6017: 6015: 5996: 5990: 5989: 5987: 5985: 5979: 5968: 5960: 5954: 5953: 5951: 5949: 5930: 5924: 5923: 5921: 5919: 5900: 5894: 5893: 5891: 5889: 5870: 5864: 5863: 5835: 5829: 5828: 5826: 5824: 5805: 5799: 5798: 5796: 5794: 5767: 5766: 5761: 5750: 5749: 5747: 5745: 5739: 5728: 5714: 5713: 5708: 5699: 5698: 5696: 5694: 5667: 5666: 5661: 5650: 5649: 5647: 5645: 5626: 5620: 5619: 5617: 5615: 5596: 5587: 5586: 5584: 5582: 5576: 5561: 5549: 5548: 5543: 5534: 5533: 5505: 5499: 5498: 5496: 5494: 5475: 5466: 5465: 5429: 5423: 5422: 5386: 5380: 5379: 5377: 5375: 5361: 5355: 5354: 5352: 5350: 5336: 5330: 5329: 5323: 5321: 5310: 5304: 5303: 5301: 5299: 5284: 5278: 5277: 5275: 5273: 5254: 5248: 5234: 5228: 5227: 5222: 5220: 5201: 5195: 5194: 5192: 5190: 5171: 5165: 5164: 5163:. June 15, 2007. 5151: 5145: 5144: 5142: 5140: 5129: 5123: 5116:Internet Archive 5109: 5103: 5088: 5082: 5081: 5079: 5077: 5063: 5057: 5056: 5054: 5052: 5032: 5026: 5025: 5023: 5021: 5001: 4995: 4994: 4992: 4990: 4981:. Archived from 4968: 4962: 4961: 4959: 4957: 4951: 4945:. Archived from 4940: 4931: 4922: 4921: 4919: 4917: 4893: 4887: 4886: 4884: 4882: 4858: 4852: 4851: 4835: 4829: 4828: 4826: 4824: 4805: 4799: 4798: 4782: 4776: 4775: 4759: 4753: 4752: 4736: 4730: 4729: 4727: 4725: 4719: 4708: 4700: 4694: 4693: 4691: 4689: 4674: 4668: 4667: 4665: 4663: 4644: 4638: 4637: 4635: 4633: 4628:on April 7, 2014 4613: 4607: 4606: 4604: 4602: 4583: 4577: 4576: 4574: 4572: 4553: 4544: 4543: 4541: 4539: 4520: 4511: 4510: 4505: 4503: 4480: 4474: 4473: 4471: 4469: 4455: 4447: 4441: 4440: 4438: 4436: 4417: 4408: 4407: 4391: 4385: 4384: 4382: 4380: 4361: 4352: 4351: 4325: 4304: 4303: 4301: 4299: 4280:"Mining History" 4272: 4271: 4266: 4260: 4259: 4257: 4255: 4228: 4227: 4222: 4216: 4215: 4213: 4211: 4205: 4180: 4169: 4144: 4143: 4141: 4139: 4112: 4111: 4106: 4097: 4096: 4094: 4092: 4065: 4064: 4059: 4053: 4052: 4050: 4048: 4021: 4020: 4015: 4009: 4008: 4006: 4004: 3977: 3976: 3971: 3962: 3961: 3959: 3957: 3930: 3929: 3924: 3918: 3917: 3915: 3913: 3886: 3885: 3880: 3874: 3854: 3845: 3837:, 73–75 (2023). 3824: 3818: 3817: 3783: 3775: 3769: 3768: 3766: 3764: 3749: 3743: 3742: 3740: 3738: 3724: 3718: 3717: 3715: 3713: 3661: 3655: 3654: 3652: 3650: 3635: 3626: 3625: 3623: 3621: 3594: 3593: 3588: 3573: 3572: 3570: 3568: 3549: 3540: 3539: 3522: 3516: 3515: 3513: 3511: 3500: 3494: 3493: 3487: 3485: 3466: 3453: 3452: 3450: 3448: 3421: 3420: 3415: 3386: 3385: 3383: 3381: 3358: 3345: 3344: 3342: 3340: 3331:. Archived from 3317: 3287: 3282: 3281: 3280: 3258: 3161:Fossil footprint 2977:red-spotted toad 2830: 2798:Brewer's sparrow 2782:Chihuahuan raven 2688:species include 2672:species include 2610:sand wolf spider 2456:Native Americans 2206: 2159: 1470: 1469: 1447:causes a higher 1290:Erich Schiffmann 1213:Bite the Bullett 1180:filming location 1125:Mescalero Apache 1003:national parks. 997:Carlsbad Caverns 993:Petrified Forest 856:plaster of Paris 726:Mescalero Apache 710:Buffalo Soldiers 679: 626:Indian ricegrass 366: 353: 309: 250: 249: 241: 236: 235: 233:Official website 190:January 18, 1933 174: 173: 171: 170: 169: 164: 160: 157: 156: 155: 152: 104: 95: 94: 88: 76: 67: 66: 60: 43: 21: 20: 8563: 8562: 8558: 8557: 8556: 8554: 8553: 8552: 8453:IUCN Category V 8443: 8442: 8441: 8436: 8416: 8414: 8406: 8373: 8352: 8326: 8285: 8018: 7972: 7967: 7937: 7932: 7918: 7917: 7911: 7904: 7897: 7890: 7883: 7876: 7869: 7862: 7855: 7848: 7841: 7834: 7827: 7820: 7813: 7806: 7799: 7792: 7785: 7778: 7771: 7764: 7757: 7750: 7743: 7736: 7729: 7722: 7715: 7708: 7701: 7694: 7687: 7680: 7673: 7666: 7659: 7652: 7645: 7638: 7631: 7624: 7617: 7610: 7603: 7596: 7589: 7582: 7575: 7568: 7561: 7554: 7547: 7540: 7533: 7526: 7519: 7512: 7505: 7498: 7491: 7484: 7473: 7379:New River Gorge 7359:Lassen Volcanic 7229:Cuyahoga Valley 7214:Channel Islands 7150: 7145: 7115: 7110: 7095: 7076:Sugarite Canyon 7066:Santa Rosa Lake 6976:Eagle Nest Lake 6951:Cimarron Canyon 6946:Cerrillos Hills 6914: 6876: 6852:Sandia Mountain 6847:San Pedro Parks 6797:Columbine–Hondo 6762:Bisti/De-Na-Zin 6733: 6715: 6697: 6664: 6641: 6588: 6570: 6522: 6500:National Trails 6494: 6471: 6437:Capulin Volcano 6413: 6385: 6362: 6356:Protected areas 6353: 6303: 6298: 6288: 6286: 6273: 6272: 6268: 6258: 6256: 6243: 6242: 6238: 6228: 6226: 6213: 6212: 6208: 6198: 6196: 6192: 6181: 6177: 6176: 6172: 6164: 6160: 6150: 6148: 6131: 6122: 6120: 6116: 6106: 6104: 6087: 6086: 6082: 6072: 6070: 6053: 6044: 6042: 6023: 6013: 6011: 5998: 5997: 5993: 5983: 5981: 5977: 5966: 5962: 5961: 5957: 5947: 5945: 5932: 5931: 5927: 5917: 5915: 5902: 5901: 5897: 5887: 5885: 5872: 5871: 5867: 5846:(May 1, 1996). 5836: 5832: 5822: 5820: 5807: 5806: 5802: 5792: 5790: 5773: 5764: 5762: 5753: 5743: 5741: 5737: 5726: 5720: 5711: 5709: 5702: 5692: 5690: 5673: 5664: 5662: 5653: 5643: 5641: 5628: 5627: 5623: 5613: 5611: 5598: 5597: 5590: 5580: 5578: 5574: 5559: 5555: 5546: 5544: 5537: 5506: 5502: 5492: 5490: 5477: 5476: 5469: 5430: 5426: 5387: 5383: 5373: 5371: 5363: 5362: 5358: 5348: 5346: 5338: 5337: 5333: 5319: 5317: 5312: 5311: 5307: 5297: 5295: 5286: 5285: 5281: 5271: 5269: 5256: 5255: 5251: 5235: 5231: 5218: 5216: 5203: 5202: 5198: 5188: 5186: 5173: 5172: 5168: 5153: 5152: 5148: 5138: 5136: 5131: 5130: 5126: 5110: 5106: 5089: 5085: 5075: 5073: 5065: 5064: 5060: 5050: 5048: 5033: 5029: 5019: 5017: 5002: 4998: 4988: 4986: 4969: 4965: 4955: 4953: 4949: 4938: 4932: 4925: 4915: 4913: 4894: 4890: 4880: 4878: 4859: 4855: 4836: 4832: 4822: 4820: 4807: 4806: 4802: 4783: 4779: 4760: 4756: 4737: 4733: 4723: 4721: 4717: 4706: 4702: 4701: 4697: 4687: 4685: 4684:on May 13, 2008 4676: 4675: 4671: 4661: 4659: 4646: 4645: 4641: 4631: 4629: 4614: 4610: 4600: 4598: 4585: 4584: 4580: 4570: 4568: 4555: 4554: 4547: 4537: 4535: 4522: 4521: 4514: 4501: 4499: 4482: 4481: 4477: 4467: 4465: 4453: 4449: 4448: 4444: 4434: 4432: 4419: 4418: 4411: 4392: 4388: 4378: 4376: 4363: 4362: 4355: 4340: 4326: 4307: 4297: 4295: 4278: 4269: 4267: 4263: 4253: 4251: 4234: 4225: 4223: 4219: 4209: 4207: 4203: 4189: 4178: 4170: 4147: 4137: 4135: 4118: 4109: 4107: 4100: 4090: 4088: 4071: 4062: 4060: 4056: 4046: 4044: 4027: 4018: 4016: 4012: 4002: 4000: 3983: 3974: 3972: 3965: 3955: 3953: 3936: 3927: 3925: 3921: 3911: 3909: 3892: 3883: 3881: 3877: 3855: 3848: 3825: 3821: 3776: 3772: 3762: 3760: 3750: 3746: 3736: 3734: 3726: 3725: 3721: 3711: 3709: 3662: 3658: 3648: 3646: 3637: 3636: 3629: 3619: 3617: 3600: 3591: 3589: 3576: 3566: 3564: 3551: 3550: 3543: 3524: 3523: 3519: 3509: 3507: 3502: 3501: 3497: 3483: 3481: 3468: 3467: 3456: 3446: 3444: 3427: 3418: 3416: 3389: 3379: 3377: 3360: 3359: 3348: 3338: 3336: 3319: 3318: 3314: 3310: 3283: 3278: 3276: 3273: 3268: 3267: 3266: 3264: 3259: 3210: 3177:woolly mammoths 3154: 3140:ground sloths, 3118: 3020: 2981:spadefoot toads 2820: 2774:red-tailed hawk 2770:Swainson's hawk 2722:darkling beetle 2574: 2514:skunkbush sumac 2447:skunkbush sumac 2439: 2391: 2370:parabolic dunes 2280:calcium sulfate 2260: 2255: 2204: 2157: 2150: 2145: 2140: 2135: 2130: 2125: 2120: 2115: 2110: 2105: 2100: 2095: 2090: 2080: 2075: 2070: 2065: 2060: 2055: 2050: 2045: 2040: 2035: 2030: 2025: 2020: 2006: 2001: 1996: 1991: 1986: 1981: 1976: 1971: 1966: 1961: 1956: 1951: 1946: 1936: 1931: 1926: 1921: 1916: 1911: 1906: 1901: 1896: 1891: 1886: 1881: 1876: 1866: 1861: 1856: 1851: 1846: 1841: 1836: 1831: 1826: 1821: 1816: 1811: 1806: 1796: 1791: 1786: 1781: 1776: 1771: 1766: 1761: 1756: 1751: 1746: 1741: 1736: 1726: 1721: 1716: 1711: 1706: 1701: 1696: 1691: 1686: 1681: 1676: 1671: 1666: 1656: 1651: 1646: 1641: 1636: 1631: 1626: 1621: 1616: 1611: 1606: 1601: 1596: 1586: 1581: 1576: 1571: 1566: 1561: 1556: 1551: 1546: 1541: 1536: 1531: 1526: 1409: 1346:Doña Ana County 1302: 1271:The Book of Eli 1189:Four Faces West 1176: 1153:Doña Ana County 1109:Martin Heinrich 1102: 1070: 977:Lyle E. Bennett 961:Antiquities Act 865: 797:Organ Mountains 765:Durango, Mexico 737: 654:structures and 539:(likely either 528:Ruppia cirrhosa 518:Ruppia cirrhosa 494: 489: 333:Lyle E. Bennett 312: 296: 287: 277: 268: 259: 248: 231: 230: 199: 197: 191: 167: 165: 161: 158: 153: 150: 148: 146: 145: 127:, United States 121:Doña Ana County 108: 107: 106: 105: 102: 101: 98: 97: 96: 79: 78: 77: 74: 73: 70: 69: 68: 46: 34: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8561: 8551: 8550: 8545: 8540: 8535: 8530: 8525: 8520: 8515: 8510: 8505: 8500: 8498:Tularosa Basin 8495: 8490: 8485: 8480: 8475: 8470: 8465: 8460: 8455: 8438: 8437: 8435: 8434: 8424: 8411: 8408: 8407: 8405: 8404: 8399: 8394: 8393: 8392: 8381: 8379: 8375: 8374: 8372: 8371: 8366: 8360: 8358: 8354: 8353: 8351: 8350: 8345: 8340: 8334: 8332: 8328: 8327: 8325: 8324: 8322:Virgin Islands 8319: 8314: 8309: 8304: 8299: 8297:American Samoa 8293: 8291: 8287: 8286: 8284: 8283: 8278: 8273: 8268: 8263: 8258: 8253: 8248: 8243: 8238: 8233: 8231:South Carolina 8228: 8223: 8218: 8213: 8208: 8203: 8198: 8196:North Carolina 8193: 8188: 8183: 8178: 8173: 8168: 8163: 8158: 8153: 8148: 8143: 8138: 8133: 8128: 8123: 8118: 8113: 8108: 8103: 8098: 8093: 8088: 8083: 8078: 8073: 8068: 8063: 8058: 8053: 8048: 8043: 8038: 8033: 8026: 8024: 8023:Lists by state 8020: 8019: 8017: 8016: 8014:Property types 8011: 8006: 8001: 7996: 7991: 7986: 7980: 7978: 7974: 7973: 7966: 7965: 7958: 7951: 7943: 7934: 7933: 7923: 7920: 7919: 7905: 7898: 7891: 7884: 7877: 7870: 7863: 7856: 7849: 7842: 7835: 7828: 7821: 7814: 7807: 7800: 7793: 7786: 7779: 7772: 7765: 7758: 7751: 7744: 7737: 7730: 7723: 7716: 7709: 7702: 7695: 7688: 7681: 7674: 7667: 7660: 7653: 7646: 7639: 7632: 7625: 7618: 7611: 7604: 7597: 7590: 7583: 7576: 7569: 7562: 7555: 7548: 7541: 7534: 7527: 7520: 7513: 7506: 7499: 7492: 7485: 7478: 7477: 7476: 7474: 7472: 7471: 7466: 7461: 7456: 7451: 7446: 7441: 7436: 7434:Virgin Islands 7431: 7426: 7421: 7416: 7411: 7409:Rocky Mountain 7406: 7401: 7396: 7391: 7386: 7384:North Cascades 7381: 7376: 7371: 7366: 7361: 7356: 7351: 7346: 7341: 7336: 7331: 7326: 7321: 7316: 7311: 7306: 7301: 7296: 7291: 7286: 7281: 7276: 7271: 7266: 7261: 7256: 7251: 7246: 7241: 7236: 7231: 7226: 7221: 7216: 7211: 7206: 7201: 7196: 7191: 7186: 7181: 7176: 7171: 7166: 7164:American Samoa 7161: 7155: 7152: 7151: 7144: 7143: 7136: 7129: 7121: 7112: 7111: 7109: 7108: 7100: 7097: 7096: 7094: 7093: 7088: 7083: 7078: 7073: 7068: 7063: 7058: 7053: 7048: 7043: 7038: 7033: 7028: 7023: 7018: 7013: 7008: 7003: 6998: 6993: 6988: 6983: 6978: 6973: 6968: 6963: 6958: 6953: 6948: 6943: 6938: 6933: 6928: 6926:Bluewater Lake 6922: 6920: 6916: 6915: 6913: 6912: 6907: 6902: 6897: 6892: 6886: 6884: 6878: 6877: 6875: 6874: 6869: 6867:White Mountain 6864: 6859: 6854: 6849: 6844: 6839: 6834: 6829: 6824: 6819: 6814: 6809: 6804: 6799: 6794: 6789: 6784: 6779: 6774: 6769: 6764: 6759: 6754: 6749: 6743: 6741: 6735: 6734: 6732: 6731: 6729:Valles Caldera 6725: 6723: 6717: 6716: 6714: 6713: 6707: 6705: 6699: 6698: 6696: 6695: 6690: 6685: 6680: 6674: 6672: 6666: 6665: 6663: 6662: 6657: 6651: 6649: 6643: 6642: 6640: 6639: 6634: 6629: 6624: 6619: 6614: 6609: 6604: 6598: 6596: 6590: 6589: 6587: 6586: 6580: 6578: 6572: 6571: 6569: 6568: 6563: 6558: 6553: 6548: 6543: 6538: 6532: 6530: 6524: 6523: 6521: 6520: 6518:Santa Fe Trail 6515: 6510: 6504: 6502: 6496: 6495: 6493: 6492: 6481: 6479: 6473: 6472: 6470: 6469: 6464: 6459: 6454: 6449: 6444: 6439: 6434: 6429: 6423: 6421: 6415: 6414: 6412: 6411: 6406: 6401: 6395: 6393: 6387: 6386: 6384: 6383: 6378: 6372: 6370: 6368:National Parks 6364: 6363: 6352: 6351: 6344: 6337: 6329: 6323: 6322: 6313: 6302: 6301:External links 6299: 6297: 6296: 6266: 6236: 6206: 6170: 6158: 6114: 6080: 6055:"Paleontology" 6021: 5991: 5955: 5925: 5895: 5865: 5830: 5800: 5751: 5700: 5651: 5621: 5588: 5535: 5500: 5467: 5424: 5381: 5356: 5331: 5305: 5279: 5249: 5229: 5196: 5166: 5146: 5124: 5104: 5083: 5058: 5027: 4996: 4963: 4923: 4888: 4853: 4830: 4800: 4777: 4754: 4731: 4695: 4669: 4639: 4608: 4578: 4545: 4512: 4475: 4442: 4409: 4398:. p. 8A. 4386: 4353: 4338: 4305: 4261: 4217: 4187: 4145: 4098: 4054: 4010: 3963: 3919: 3894:"Paleo-Indian" 3875: 3846: 3819: 3770: 3744: 3719: 3656: 3627: 3574: 3541: 3517: 3495: 3454: 3387: 3346: 3311: 3309: 3306: 3305: 3304: 3295: 3289: 3288: 3272: 3269: 3261: 3260: 3253: 3252: 3251: 3209: 3206: 3153: 3150: 3117: 3114: 3080:ancient camels 3019: 3016: 2890:pocket gophers 2766:turkey vulture 2582:earless lizard 2573: 2570: 2491:alkali sacaton 2487:soaptree yucca 2438: 2435: 2431:camel crickets 2423:earless lizard 2390: 2387: 2379:laser scanning 2350:Parabolic dune 2272:Permian Period 2259: 2256: 2252: 2251: 2247: 2246: 2243: 2240: 2237: 2234: 2231: 2228: 2225: 2222: 2219: 2216: 2213: 2210: 2207: 2200: 2199: 2196: 2193: 2190: 2187: 2184: 2181: 2178: 2175: 2172: 2169: 2166: 2163: 2160: 2153: 2152: 2147: 2142: 2137: 2132: 2127: 2122: 2117: 2112: 2107: 2102: 2097: 2092: 2087: 2083: 2082: 2077: 2072: 2067: 2062: 2057: 2052: 2047: 2042: 2037: 2032: 2027: 2022: 2017: 2009: 2008: 2003: 1998: 1993: 1988: 1983: 1978: 1973: 1968: 1963: 1958: 1953: 1948: 1943: 1939: 1938: 1933: 1928: 1923: 1918: 1913: 1908: 1903: 1898: 1893: 1888: 1883: 1878: 1873: 1869: 1868: 1863: 1858: 1853: 1848: 1843: 1838: 1833: 1828: 1823: 1818: 1813: 1808: 1803: 1799: 1798: 1793: 1788: 1783: 1778: 1773: 1768: 1763: 1758: 1753: 1748: 1743: 1738: 1733: 1729: 1728: 1723: 1718: 1713: 1708: 1703: 1698: 1693: 1688: 1683: 1678: 1673: 1668: 1663: 1659: 1658: 1653: 1648: 1643: 1638: 1633: 1628: 1623: 1618: 1613: 1608: 1603: 1598: 1593: 1589: 1588: 1583: 1578: 1573: 1568: 1563: 1558: 1553: 1548: 1543: 1538: 1533: 1528: 1523: 1519: 1518: 1515: 1512: 1509: 1506: 1503: 1500: 1497: 1494: 1491: 1488: 1485: 1482: 1479: 1475: 1474: 1468: 1453:growing season 1408: 1405: 1354:Tularosa Basin 1350:El Paso, Texas 1301: 1298: 1253:Transformers 2 1201:The Hired Hand 1175: 1172: 1101: 1098: 1069: 1066: 1050:Tularosa Basin 950:Herbert Hoover 921:Stephen Mather 892:Albert B. Fall 881:El Paso, Texas 873:Tularosa Basin 864: 861: 772:Texan-American 741:Spanish colony 736: 735:Euro-Americans 733: 656:pottery sherds 610:Archaic people 563:Tularosa Basin 542:Nothrotheriops 493: 490: 488: 485: 460:Herbert Hoover 415:Tularosa Basin 394: 393: 390: 386: 385: 382: 378: 377: 373: 372: 367: 360: 359: 354: 347: 346: 344:Pueblo Revival 341: 337: 336: 330: 326: 325: 318: 314: 313: 311:Visitor center 310: 302: 301: 298: 297: 292: 289: 288: 282: 279: 278: 273: 270: 269: 264: 261: 260: 257: 254: 253: 246: 243: 242: 228: 224: 223: 218: 214: 213: 210: 206: 205: 188: 184: 183: 180: 176: 175: 143: 139: 138: 133: 129: 128: 114: 110: 109: 99: 90: 89: 83: 82: 81: 80: 71: 62: 61: 55: 54: 53: 52: 51: 48: 47: 44: 36: 35: 29: 26: 25: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8560: 8549: 8546: 8544: 8541: 8539: 8536: 8534: 8531: 8529: 8526: 8524: 8521: 8519: 8516: 8514: 8511: 8509: 8506: 8504: 8501: 8499: 8496: 8494: 8491: 8489: 8486: 8484: 8481: 8479: 8476: 8474: 8471: 8469: 8466: 8464: 8461: 8459: 8456: 8454: 8451: 8450: 8448: 8433: 8425: 8423: 8413: 8412: 8409: 8403: 8400: 8398: 8395: 8391: 8388: 8387: 8386: 8383: 8382: 8380: 8376: 8370: 8367: 8365: 8362: 8361: 8359: 8355: 8349: 8346: 8344: 8341: 8339: 8336: 8335: 8333: 8329: 8323: 8320: 8318: 8315: 8313: 8310: 8308: 8305: 8303: 8300: 8298: 8295: 8294: 8292: 8288: 8282: 8279: 8277: 8274: 8272: 8271:West Virginia 8269: 8267: 8264: 8262: 8259: 8257: 8254: 8252: 8249: 8247: 8244: 8242: 8239: 8237: 8234: 8232: 8229: 8227: 8224: 8222: 8219: 8217: 8214: 8212: 8209: 8207: 8204: 8202: 8199: 8197: 8194: 8192: 8189: 8187: 8184: 8182: 8179: 8177: 8176:New Hampshire 8174: 8172: 8169: 8167: 8164: 8162: 8159: 8157: 8154: 8152: 8149: 8147: 8144: 8142: 8139: 8137: 8136:Massachusetts 8134: 8132: 8129: 8127: 8124: 8122: 8119: 8117: 8114: 8112: 8109: 8107: 8104: 8102: 8099: 8097: 8094: 8092: 8089: 8087: 8084: 8082: 8079: 8077: 8074: 8072: 8069: 8067: 8064: 8062: 8059: 8057: 8054: 8052: 8049: 8047: 8044: 8042: 8039: 8037: 8034: 8031: 8028: 8027: 8025: 8021: 8015: 8012: 8010: 8007: 8005: 8002: 8000: 7997: 7995: 7992: 7990: 7987: 7985: 7982: 7981: 7979: 7975: 7971: 7964: 7959: 7957: 7952: 7950: 7945: 7944: 7941: 7930: 7926: 7921: 7915: 7909: 7902: 7895: 7888: 7881: 7874: 7867: 7860: 7853: 7846: 7839: 7832: 7825: 7818: 7811: 7804: 7797: 7790: 7783: 7776: 7769: 7762: 7755: 7748: 7741: 7734: 7727: 7720: 7713: 7706: 7699: 7692: 7685: 7678: 7671: 7664: 7657: 7650: 7643: 7636: 7629: 7622: 7615: 7608: 7601: 7594: 7587: 7580: 7573: 7566: 7559: 7552: 7545: 7538: 7531: 7524: 7517: 7510: 7503: 7496: 7489: 7482: 7470: 7467: 7465: 7462: 7460: 7457: 7455: 7452: 7450: 7447: 7445: 7442: 7440: 7437: 7435: 7432: 7430: 7427: 7425: 7422: 7420: 7417: 7415: 7412: 7410: 7407: 7405: 7402: 7400: 7397: 7395: 7392: 7390: 7387: 7385: 7382: 7380: 7377: 7375: 7374:Mount Rainier 7372: 7370: 7367: 7365: 7362: 7360: 7357: 7355: 7352: 7350: 7347: 7345: 7342: 7340: 7337: 7335: 7332: 7330: 7327: 7325: 7322: 7320: 7319:Indiana Dunes 7317: 7315: 7312: 7310: 7307: 7305: 7302: 7300: 7297: 7295: 7292: 7290: 7287: 7285: 7282: 7280: 7277: 7275: 7272: 7270: 7267: 7265: 7262: 7260: 7257: 7255: 7252: 7250: 7247: 7245: 7242: 7240: 7237: 7235: 7232: 7230: 7227: 7225: 7222: 7220: 7217: 7215: 7212: 7210: 7207: 7205: 7202: 7200: 7197: 7195: 7192: 7190: 7187: 7185: 7182: 7180: 7177: 7175: 7172: 7170: 7167: 7165: 7162: 7160: 7157: 7156: 7153: 7149: 7142: 7137: 7135: 7130: 7128: 7123: 7122: 7119: 7107: 7106: 7102: 7101: 7098: 7092: 7089: 7087: 7084: 7082: 7079: 7077: 7074: 7072: 7069: 7067: 7064: 7062: 7059: 7057: 7054: 7052: 7049: 7047: 7044: 7042: 7039: 7037: 7034: 7032: 7029: 7027: 7024: 7022: 7019: 7017: 7014: 7012: 7009: 7007: 7004: 7002: 7001:Hyde Memorial 6999: 6997: 6994: 6992: 6989: 6987: 6984: 6982: 6979: 6977: 6974: 6972: 6969: 6967: 6964: 6962: 6959: 6957: 6956:City of Rocks 6954: 6952: 6949: 6947: 6944: 6942: 6939: 6937: 6936:Brantley Lake 6934: 6932: 6929: 6927: 6924: 6923: 6921: 6917: 6911: 6908: 6906: 6903: 6901: 6898: 6896: 6893: 6891: 6888: 6887: 6885: 6883: 6879: 6873: 6870: 6868: 6865: 6863: 6860: 6858: 6855: 6853: 6850: 6848: 6845: 6843: 6840: 6838: 6835: 6833: 6830: 6828: 6825: 6823: 6820: 6818: 6815: 6813: 6810: 6808: 6805: 6803: 6800: 6798: 6795: 6793: 6790: 6788: 6785: 6783: 6780: 6778: 6775: 6773: 6770: 6768: 6765: 6763: 6760: 6758: 6755: 6753: 6750: 6748: 6745: 6744: 6742: 6740: 6736: 6730: 6727: 6726: 6724: 6722: 6718: 6712: 6709: 6708: 6706: 6704: 6700: 6694: 6691: 6689: 6686: 6684: 6681: 6679: 6676: 6675: 6673: 6671: 6667: 6661: 6658: 6656: 6653: 6652: 6650: 6648: 6644: 6638: 6635: 6633: 6630: 6628: 6625: 6623: 6620: 6618: 6615: 6613: 6610: 6608: 6605: 6603: 6600: 6599: 6597: 6595: 6591: 6585: 6582: 6581: 6579: 6577: 6573: 6567: 6564: 6562: 6559: 6557: 6554: 6552: 6549: 6547: 6544: 6542: 6539: 6537: 6534: 6533: 6531: 6529: 6525: 6519: 6516: 6514: 6511: 6509: 6506: 6505: 6503: 6501: 6497: 6490: 6486: 6483: 6482: 6480: 6478: 6474: 6468: 6465: 6463: 6460: 6458: 6455: 6453: 6450: 6448: 6445: 6443: 6440: 6438: 6435: 6433: 6430: 6428: 6425: 6424: 6422: 6420: 6416: 6410: 6407: 6405: 6402: 6400: 6399:Chaco Culture 6397: 6396: 6394: 6392: 6388: 6382: 6379: 6377: 6374: 6373: 6371: 6369: 6365: 6361: 6357: 6350: 6345: 6343: 6338: 6336: 6331: 6330: 6327: 6321: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6308: 6305: 6304: 6284: 6280: 6276: 6270: 6254: 6250: 6246: 6240: 6224: 6220: 6216: 6210: 6191: 6187: 6180: 6174: 6167: 6162: 6146: 6142: 6138: 6134: 6129: 6118: 6102: 6098: 6094: 6090: 6084: 6068: 6064: 6060: 6056: 6051: 6040: 6038: 6036: 6034: 6032: 6030: 6028: 6026: 6009: 6005: 6001: 5995: 5976: 5972: 5965: 5959: 5943: 5939: 5935: 5929: 5913: 5909: 5905: 5899: 5883: 5879: 5875: 5869: 5861: 5857: 5853: 5849: 5845: 5841: 5834: 5818: 5814: 5810: 5804: 5788: 5784: 5780: 5776: 5771: 5760: 5758: 5756: 5736: 5732: 5725: 5724: 5718: 5707: 5705: 5688: 5684: 5680: 5676: 5671: 5660: 5658: 5656: 5639: 5635: 5631: 5625: 5609: 5605: 5601: 5595: 5593: 5573: 5569: 5565: 5558: 5553: 5542: 5540: 5531: 5527: 5523: 5519: 5515: 5511: 5510:Sedimentology 5504: 5488: 5484: 5480: 5474: 5472: 5463: 5459: 5455: 5451: 5447: 5443: 5439: 5435: 5428: 5420: 5416: 5412: 5408: 5404: 5400: 5396: 5392: 5385: 5370: 5366: 5360: 5345: 5341: 5335: 5328: 5327:Temperature). 5315: 5309: 5293: 5289: 5283: 5267: 5263: 5259: 5253: 5246: 5242: 5238: 5233: 5226: 5214: 5210: 5206: 5200: 5184: 5180: 5176: 5170: 5162: 5161: 5156: 5155:"Planet Yoga" 5150: 5134: 5128: 5121: 5117: 5113: 5108: 5101: 5100:9781476625492 5097: 5093: 5087: 5072: 5068: 5062: 5046: 5042: 5038: 5035:Smith, Adam. 5031: 5015: 5011: 5007: 5000: 4984: 4980: 4979: 4974: 4967: 4948: 4944: 4937: 4930: 4928: 4911: 4907: 4903: 4899: 4892: 4876: 4872: 4868: 4864: 4857: 4849: 4845: 4841: 4834: 4818: 4814: 4810: 4804: 4796: 4792: 4788: 4781: 4773: 4769: 4765: 4758: 4750: 4746: 4742: 4735: 4716: 4712: 4705: 4699: 4683: 4679: 4673: 4657: 4653: 4649: 4643: 4627: 4623: 4619: 4612: 4596: 4592: 4588: 4582: 4566: 4562: 4558: 4552: 4550: 4533: 4529: 4525: 4519: 4517: 4509: 4497: 4493: 4489: 4485: 4479: 4463: 4459: 4452: 4446: 4430: 4426: 4422: 4416: 4414: 4405: 4401: 4397: 4390: 4374: 4370: 4366: 4360: 4358: 4349: 4345: 4341: 4335: 4331: 4324: 4322: 4320: 4318: 4316: 4314: 4312: 4310: 4293: 4289: 4285: 4281: 4276: 4265: 4249: 4245: 4241: 4237: 4232: 4221: 4202: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4188:1-58369-004-2 4184: 4177: 4176: 4168: 4166: 4164: 4162: 4160: 4158: 4156: 4154: 4152: 4150: 4133: 4129: 4125: 4121: 4116: 4105: 4103: 4086: 4082: 4078: 4074: 4069: 4058: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4030: 4025: 4014: 3998: 3994: 3990: 3986: 3981: 3970: 3968: 3951: 3947: 3943: 3939: 3934: 3923: 3907: 3903: 3899: 3895: 3890: 3879: 3873: 3869: 3865: 3862: 3858: 3853: 3851: 3844: 3840: 3836: 3833: 3829: 3823: 3815: 3811: 3807: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3787: 3782: 3774: 3759: 3755: 3748: 3733: 3729: 3723: 3708: 3704: 3700: 3696: 3692: 3688: 3684: 3680: 3676: 3672: 3668: 3660: 3644: 3640: 3634: 3632: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3603: 3598: 3587: 3585: 3583: 3581: 3579: 3562: 3558: 3554: 3548: 3546: 3537: 3533: 3532: 3527: 3521: 3505: 3499: 3492: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3465: 3463: 3461: 3459: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3425: 3414: 3412: 3410: 3408: 3406: 3404: 3402: 3400: 3398: 3396: 3394: 3392: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3357: 3355: 3353: 3351: 3334: 3330: 3326: 3322: 3316: 3312: 3303: 3299: 3296: 3294: 3291: 3290: 3286: 3275: 3263: 3257: 3250: 3247: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3234:U.S. Route 70 3230: 3228: 3222: 3214: 3205: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3190:Ground sloths 3187: 3185: 3180: 3178: 3174: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3149: 3145: 3143: 3137: 3135: 3126: 3122: 3113: 3110: 3104: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3076:ground sloths 3073: 3069: 3064: 3062: 3057: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3033: 3029: 3024: 3015: 3013: 3009: 3004: 3002: 2999:species, the 2998: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2957: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2906: 2904: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2846: 2839: 2835: 2818: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2762:mourning dove 2759: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2730: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2714:walking stick 2711: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2682:wind scorpion 2679: 2675: 2674:sand scorpion 2671: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2630:Invertebrates 2627: 2624: 2622: 2617: 2616: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2587: 2583: 2580:The bleached 2578: 2569: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2510: 2506: 2504: 2500: 2499:kangaroo rats 2496: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2471: 2469: 2464: 2459: 2457: 2448: 2443: 2434: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2386: 2384: 2380: 2374: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2340: 2335: 2331: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2302: 2298: 2293: 2292:water-soluble 2289: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2264: 2250:Source: NOAA 2248: 2244: 2241: 2238: 2235: 2232: 2229: 2226: 2223: 2220: 2217: 2214: 2211: 2208: 2201: 2197: 2194: 2191: 2188: 2185: 2182: 2179: 2176: 2173: 2170: 2167: 2164: 2161: 2154: 2148: 2143: 2138: 2133: 2128: 2123: 2118: 2113: 2108: 2103: 2098: 2093: 2088: 2084: 2078: 2073: 2068: 2063: 2058: 2053: 2048: 2043: 2038: 2033: 2028: 2023: 2018: 2015: 2014:precipitation 2010: 2004: 1999: 1994: 1989: 1984: 1979: 1974: 1969: 1964: 1959: 1954: 1949: 1944: 1940: 1934: 1929: 1924: 1919: 1914: 1909: 1904: 1899: 1894: 1889: 1884: 1879: 1874: 1870: 1864: 1859: 1854: 1849: 1844: 1839: 1834: 1829: 1824: 1819: 1814: 1809: 1804: 1800: 1794: 1789: 1784: 1779: 1774: 1769: 1764: 1759: 1754: 1749: 1744: 1739: 1734: 1730: 1724: 1719: 1714: 1709: 1704: 1699: 1694: 1689: 1684: 1679: 1674: 1669: 1664: 1660: 1654: 1649: 1644: 1639: 1634: 1629: 1624: 1619: 1614: 1609: 1604: 1599: 1594: 1590: 1584: 1579: 1574: 1569: 1564: 1559: 1554: 1549: 1544: 1539: 1534: 1529: 1524: 1520: 1476: 1471: 1467: 1465: 1460: 1456: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1445:precipitation 1442: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1404: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1380: 1378: 1373: 1369: 1366: 1361: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1340:, in western 1339: 1335: 1331: 1330:U.S. Route 70 1323: 1318: 1311: 1306: 1297: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1282: 1277: 1273: 1272: 1267: 1266: 1261: 1260: 1255: 1254: 1249: 1248: 1243: 1242: 1237: 1236: 1231: 1230: 1225: 1221: 1220: 1219:Young Guns II 1215: 1214: 1209: 1208: 1203: 1202: 1197: 1196: 1195:Hang 'Em High 1191: 1190: 1185: 1181: 1171: 1168: 1165: 1161: 1156: 1154: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1121:national park 1118: 1114: 1110: 1107: 1104:In May 2018, 1097: 1095: 1090: 1087: 1083: 1082:Jeff Bingaman 1079: 1078:Pete Domenici 1075: 1065: 1063: 1058: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1042: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1002: 998: 994: 990: 986: 982: 978: 974: 969: 964: 962: 958: 953: 951: 947: 943: 942:U.S. Route 70 937: 935: 930: 926: 922: 918: 914: 910: 905: 901: 897: 893: 888: 886: 882: 874: 869: 860: 857: 853: 849: 843: 840: 839:cattle drives 831: 827: 823: 819: 816: 812: 808: 804: 802: 801:Sierra Blanca 798: 794: 790: 786: 781: 778: 773: 768: 766: 762: 761:Ciudad Juárez 758: 754: 750: 746: 742: 732: 730: 727: 723: 719: 715: 711: 707: 703: 699: 695: 691: 687: 675: 671: 668: 663: 659: 657: 653: 650: 645: 642: 637: 635: 631: 627: 624:grass called 623: 619: 615: 611: 606: 604: 600: 596: 592: 588: 584: 580: 576: 572: 568: 564: 560: 559:Paleo-Indians 556: 554: 550: 549: 544: 543: 538: 537:ground sloths 534: 529: 524: 520: 519: 514: 510: 503: 498: 492:Native people 484: 481: 477: 473: 469: 465: 461: 457: 452: 450: 449:Paleo-Indians 446: 441: 439: 435: 430: 427: 423: 420: 416: 412: 408: 404: 400: 391: 387: 384:June 23, 1988 383: 381:Added to NRHP 379: 374: 371: 368: 361: 358: 355: 348: 345: 342: 338: 334: 331: 327: 323: 319: 315: 308: 303: 299: 295: 290: 286: 280: 276: 271: 267: 262: 255: 251: 240: 234: 229: 225: 222: 219: 215: 211: 207: 203: 202:national park 195: 189: 185: 181: 177: 172: 144: 140: 137: 134: 130: 126: 122: 118: 115: 111: 87: 59: 49: 42: 37: 32: 31:IUCN category 27: 22: 19: 8236:South Dakota 8226:Rhode Island 8221:Pennsylvania 8201:North Dakota 7443: 7364:Mammoth Cave 7349:Kobuk Valley 7344:Kings Canyon 7339:Kenai Fjords 7274:Grand Canyon 7259:Gateway Arch 7244:Dry Tortugas 7234:Death Valley 7204:Capitol Reef 7194:Bryce Canyon 7103: 7071:Storrie Lake 7046:Pancho Villa 7006:Leasburg Dam 6981:El Vado Lake 6971:Coyote Creek 6966:Conchas Lake 6961:Clayton Lake 6941:Caballo Lake 6862:Wheeler Peak 6857:West Malpais 6802:Cruces Basin 6747:Aldo Leopold 6637:Valle de Oro 6380: 6289:February 15, 6287:. Retrieved 6278: 6269: 6259:February 15, 6257:. Retrieved 6248: 6239: 6229:February 15, 6227:. Retrieved 6218: 6209: 6199:February 15, 6197:. Retrieved 6185: 6173: 6165: 6161: 6149:. Retrieved 6136: 6117: 6105:. Retrieved 6092: 6083: 6071:. Retrieved 6058: 6012:. Retrieved 6003: 5994: 5982:. Retrieved 5970: 5958: 5946:. Retrieved 5937: 5928: 5916:. Retrieved 5907: 5898: 5886:. Retrieved 5878:irma.nps.gov 5877: 5868: 5851: 5833: 5821:. Retrieved 5812: 5803: 5791:. Retrieved 5778: 5742:. Retrieved 5722: 5691:. Retrieved 5678: 5642:. Retrieved 5633: 5624: 5612:. Retrieved 5603: 5579:. Retrieved 5563: 5513: 5509: 5503: 5491:. Retrieved 5482: 5437: 5433: 5427: 5394: 5390: 5384: 5372:. Retrieved 5359: 5347:. Retrieved 5334: 5325: 5318:. Retrieved 5308: 5296:. Retrieved 5282: 5270:. Retrieved 5252: 5244: 5232: 5224: 5217:. Retrieved 5208: 5199: 5187:. Retrieved 5178: 5169: 5158: 5149: 5137:. Retrieved 5127: 5119: 5107: 5091: 5086: 5076:February 25, 5074:. Retrieved 5070: 5061: 5051:December 20, 5049:. Retrieved 5041:congress.gov 5040: 5030: 5018:. Retrieved 5009: 4999: 4987:. Retrieved 4983:the original 4976: 4966: 4954:. Retrieved 4947:the original 4942: 4914:. Retrieved 4901: 4891: 4879:. Retrieved 4867:congress.gov 4866: 4856: 4839: 4833: 4821:. Retrieved 4812: 4803: 4786: 4780: 4763: 4757: 4740: 4734: 4722:. Retrieved 4710: 4698: 4686:. Retrieved 4682:the original 4672: 4662:February 12, 4660:. Retrieved 4651: 4642: 4630:. Retrieved 4626:the original 4621: 4611: 4599:. Retrieved 4590: 4581: 4571:February 12, 4569:. Retrieved 4560: 4538:February 12, 4536:. Retrieved 4527: 4507: 4502:February 12, 4500:. Retrieved 4487: 4478: 4466:. Retrieved 4457: 4445: 4433:. Retrieved 4424: 4395: 4389: 4377:. Retrieved 4368: 4329: 4296:. Retrieved 4283: 4264: 4252:. Retrieved 4239: 4220: 4208:. Retrieved 4174: 4136:. Retrieved 4123: 4089:. Retrieved 4076: 4057: 4045:. Retrieved 4032: 4013: 4001:. Retrieved 3988: 3954:. Retrieved 3941: 3922: 3910:. Retrieved 3897: 3878: 3863: 3860: 3834: 3831: 3827: 3822: 3789: 3785: 3773: 3761:. Retrieved 3757: 3747: 3735:. Retrieved 3731: 3722: 3710:. Retrieved 3674: 3670: 3659: 3647:. Retrieved 3642: 3618:. Retrieved 3605: 3565:. Retrieved 3556: 3529: 3520: 3508:. Retrieved 3498: 3489: 3482:. Retrieved 3474:congress.gov 3473: 3445:. Retrieved 3432: 3378:. Retrieved 3365: 3339:December 22, 3337:. Retrieved 3333:the original 3324: 3315: 3298:Trinity Site 3231: 3223: 3219: 3188: 3181: 3169: 3146: 3138: 3130: 3105: 3065: 3061:Rhode Island 3053: 3032:ground sloth 3018:Paleontology 3005: 2973:western toad 2958: 2917: 2907: 2842: 2834:kangaroo rat 2814:Cactus wrens 2786:common raven 2757: 2742:mockingbirds 2731: 2677: 2657: 2628: 2619: 2613: 2591: 2585: 2533: 2521: 2511: 2507: 2472: 2460: 2452: 2426: 2421:), bleached 2418: 2410: 2407:pocket mouse 2394:species are 2392: 2375: 2355: 2327: 2305: 2269: 2016:inches (mm) 1461: 1457: 1451:and shorter 1436: 1428: 1420: 1410: 1381: 1370:composed of 1362: 1342:Otero County 1327: 1292:and actress 1285: 1279: 1269: 1268:(2009), and 1263: 1257: 1251: 1247:Transformers 1245: 1239: 1233: 1227: 1217: 1216:(1975), and 1211: 1205: 1199: 1193: 1187: 1186:, including 1177: 1167:Donald Trump 1157: 1148:Otero County 1106:U.S. Senator 1103: 1094:Otero County 1091: 1086:Steve Pearce 1071: 1062:spring break 1059: 1043: 1035:World War II 1031:Pearl Harbor 1020: 965: 954: 938: 904:Three Rivers 889: 878: 844: 835: 813:in 1861 and 805: 782: 769: 738: 690:Great Plains 683: 638: 607: 571:Plano points 557: 546: 540: 527: 516: 506: 500:Some of the 476:Donald Trump 453: 442: 431: 424:composed of 398: 397: 363:NMSRCP 117:Otero County 18: 8357:Other areas 8317:Puerto Rico 8151:Mississippi 8066:Connecticut 7459:Yellowstone 7444:White Sands 7329:Joshua Tree 7324:Isle Royale 7314:Hot Springs 7284:Great Basin 7279:Grand Teton 7269:Glacier Bay 7224:Crater Lake 7199:Canyonlands 7081:Sumner Lake 7031:Navajo Lake 7026:Morphy Lake 6991:Fenton Lake 6919:State Parks 6895:Pecos River 6602:Bitter Lake 6427:Aztec Ruins 6381:White Sands 6151:January 27, 6107:January 26, 6073:January 26, 6014:January 27, 5984:January 28, 5948:January 31, 5918:January 28, 5888:January 27, 5823:February 1, 5793:January 13, 5744:January 31, 5693:January 13, 5644:February 3, 5614:January 29, 5581:February 3, 5516:(1): 3–69. 5493:January 13, 5320:February 3, 5219:January 24, 5189:January 24, 5160:Vanity Fair 4989:January 24, 4601:February 3, 4468:February 8, 4298:February 8, 4254:February 8, 4138:February 8, 4091:February 7, 4047:February 7, 4003:February 7, 3956:February 7, 3912:February 7, 3792:: 138–147. 3620:February 3, 3510:October 16, 3484:January 24, 3447:January 24, 3380:January 24, 3285:NRHP portal 3109:Paleolithic 3084:dire wolves 3056:Pleistocene 3054:Before the 3036:dire wolves 2950:rattlesnake 2850:Carnivorans 2838:rattlesnake 2794:house finch 2750:roadrunners 2598:groundwater 2475:cane cholla 2468:gypsophiles 2429:), and two 2307:Lake Lucero 2270:During the 2266:Gypsum sand 2158:(≥ 0.01 in) 1385:Alkali Flat 1358:Lake Lucero 1294:Ali MacGraw 1241:White Sands 981:Casa Grande 871:Map of the 826:Lake Lucero 757:Camino Real 722:Apache Wars 591:Lake Lucero 587:Alkali Flat 548:Paramylodon 523:radiocarbon 405:located in 283:Former 187:Established 166: / 154:106°10′19″W 142:Coordinates 8447:Categories 8266:Washington 8186:New Mexico 8181:New Jersey 8056:California 7424:Shenandoah 7369:Mesa Verde 7354:Lake Clark 7249:Everglades 7091:Villanueva 7051:Percha Dam 6996:Heron Lake 6910:Rio Grande 6872:Withington 6842:Salt Creek 6817:Latir Peak 6767:Blue Range 6752:Apache Kid 6739:Wilderness 6655:El Malpais 6627:San Andres 6462:Petroglyph 6452:Fort Union 6442:El Malpais 6360:New Mexico 5844:Nematology 5840:Entomology 5245:mindat.org 4029:"Apachean" 3866:: 106610. 3308:References 3242:Alamogordo 3238:Las Cruces 3208:Visitation 3198:armadillos 3152:Herbivores 3116:Carnivores 3026:A herd of 2997:salamander 2991:, and the 2975:, and the 2961:amphibians 2946:massasauga 2944:, and the 2898:pallid bat 2886:porcupines 2694:yucca moth 2554:astringent 2538:Mormon tea 2483:succulents 2477:and other 2362:transverse 2358:Dome dunes 2330:Weathering 2284:San Andres 2205:(≥ 0.1 in) 1464:rainy days 1389:dome dunes 1338:Las Cruces 1334:Alamogordo 1140:Republican 1136:Ron Griggs 1117:New Mexico 1001:Mesa Verde 852:glauberite 783:The first 672:women and 407:New Mexico 324:buildings) 151:32°46′45″N 125:New Mexico 8276:Wisconsin 8241:Tennessee 8146:Minnesota 8121:Louisiana 7929:elevation 7449:Wind Cave 7439:Voyageurs 7399:Pinnacles 7304:Haleakalā 7061:Rockhound 6905:Rio Chama 6900:Red River 6757:Bandelier 6632:Sevilleta 6617:Las Vegas 6432:Bandelier 5775:"Animals" 5462:0037-0738 5419:1040-6182 5139:April 13, 5020:March 29, 3938:"Archaic" 3814:252064773 3806:0033-5894 3707:237616125 3602:"Geology" 3567:March 29, 3202:anteaters 3184:dromedary 3173:elephants 3125:Dire wolf 2930:coachwhip 2866:kit foxes 2662:tarantula 2602:evolution 2594:nocturnal 2566:ephedrine 2503:granaries 2485:like the 2352:at sunset 1441:elevation 1300:Geography 1164:President 985:Bandelier 830:ephemeral 680:1890–1910 667:Mescalero 603:megafauna 599:scrubland 595:grassland 329:Architect 8432:Category 8261:Virginia 8211:Oklahoma 8191:New York 8166:Nebraska 8156:Missouri 8141:Michigan 8131:Maryland 8116:Kentucky 8096:Illinois 8071:Delaware 8061:Colorado 8051:Arkansas 7464:Yosemite 7219:Congaree 7184:Biscayne 7179:Big Bend 7174:Badlands 7086:Ute Lake 6837:Sabinoso 6566:Santa Fe 6551:Coronado 6447:El Morro 6283:Archived 6253:Archived 6223:Archived 6190:Archived 6166:Science, 6145:Archived 6101:Archived 6067:Archived 6008:Archived 5975:Archived 5942:Archived 5912:Archived 5882:Archived 5860:Archived 5817:Archived 5787:Archived 5735:Archived 5687:Archived 5675:"Plants" 5638:Archived 5608:Archived 5572:Archived 5487:Archived 5374:June 12, 5349:June 12, 5292:Archived 5266:Archived 5213:Archived 5183:Archived 5114:(at the 5045:Archived 5014:Archived 4910:Archived 4875:Archived 4848:10674593 4817:Archived 4813:eCode360 4795:10674593 4772:10674593 4749:10674593 4715:Archived 4656:Archived 4595:Archived 4565:Archived 4532:Archived 4496:Archived 4462:Archived 4429:Archived 4404:10674593 4373:Archived 4348:26806926 4292:Archived 4248:Archived 4201:Archived 4197:54657415 4132:Archived 4085:Archived 4041:Archived 3997:Archived 3985:"People" 3950:Archived 3906:Archived 3699:34554787 3614:Archived 3561:Archived 3478:Archived 3441:Archived 3374:Archived 3271:See also 3236:between 2914:whiptail 2910:reptiles 2884:include 2872:include 2852:include 2670:arachnid 2668:. 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