1925:
623:
Whiteness studies effectively demonstrate the connection between white identities and whiteness as a social construction, they do not reveal how we can disentangle each from the other ... The slippage between white identity and whiteness that occurs in
Frankenberg's text is widespread, particularly
30:
and as relating to being white. White identity has been researched in data and polling, historically and in social sciences. There are however polarized positions in media and academia as to whether a positive white racial identity which does not diminish other racial groups is plausible or
709:
Since the rise of Trump, the
American right has been offered a stark choice between the democratic ideals it has long claimed to believe in, and the sectarian ethno-nationalism of the president, which privileges white identity and right-wing Christianity over
877:
Brian Levin, director of the Center for the Study of Hate and
Extremism at California State University, San Bernardino, described the European-rooted identitarian movement as repackaged white supremacy that opposed immigration and promoted white
1046:
teams up with Robert T. Carter to up-date the definition of the three levels of racism ... reviewing new theory and research on white identity and describing the psychological stages one goes through to achieve an authentically nonracist white
88:' economies; immigrants who have already arrived cannot be expelled en masse without causing social and moral damage. And the other groups who seem to be "cutting in line" are in fact getting a chance at progress that was long denied them.
681:
That's why we will continue to hear overtures like those Trump made at his State of the Union speech. But he also seems likely to continue reminding voters, of all types, how much of his political movement is founded explicitly in white
1010:
instead refers to the status of white racial identity. Her first three statuses outline how a white individual progress away from a racist frame before moving to the next three statuses where they discover a nonracist white
734:
In 2016, Trump appointed Steve Bannon, the former executive chairman of
Breitbart News, as White House chief strategist, despite Bannon's website being associated with efforts to preserve white identity and defend western
59:'s Charles A. Gallagher proposed that perceptions of a racial double standard were creating a "foundation for a white identity based on the belief that whites are now under siege". Two decades later, political activist
115:, a terrorism and extremism researcher, outlined how the subsiding of alternative identities in individuals can cause white identity to become an "all-embracing" centralized medium for interaction in the world.
133:, among other significant concepts, considered the relationship between whiteness and white identity and attempted to intellectually "disengtangle each from the other". In 2001, sociologist
129:
The study of white identity began in earnest as the field of modern whiteness studies became established in universities, and within academic research during the mid-1990s. The work of
470:"The perception that a racial double standard exists on campus is commonplace ... provides the foundation for a white identity based on the belief that whites are now under siege".)
76:
The struggle for white identity is not just a political problem; it is about the "deep story" of feeling stuck while others move forward. There will not likely be a return to the
904:
Eddie Glaude, a
Princeton University religion professor who writes about race and politics, is less generous; he considers any level of white identity as racism by another name.
293:
voters described their white identity as "extremely important to them", whereas up to 26 percent, who did not attend church at all, reported the same. Political scientist
591:
As other layers of their identity are erased, their white identity becomes all-embracing and serves as the single most important point of connection with other people.
853:
On websites, social media and sometimes fliers, calls to support one's white identity are often followed with messages urging attacks on anyone who is not white.
486:
975:(1990) states that "the development of White identity in the United States is closely intertwined with the development and progress of racism in this country.)
775:
1181:
786:
Even before Trump, the
Republican party had been waging a southern strategy for more than half a century, ever more firmly committed to its white identity.
659:
I understand deconstructing whiteness to mean rethinking and changing ideas about white identity and reorienting the practices consequent upon these ideas.
282:
and Robert T. Carter also researched and produced guidance on the psychological steps involved with achieving "an authentically nonracist white identity".
72:
piece, describing "a crisis of white identity", analyzed some of the complex political, economic and cultural interconnected factors involved with it:
799:
819:
278:. Helms has been credited as developing one of the earliest models which profiles a non-racist progression to white identity. In 1996, psychologists
101:
936:
During the past fifteen years, a number of models have been developed that trace White identity as a developmental process (e.g., Hardiman, 1982;
672:
248:
580:
1139:
refers to countries, regions and territories in which the majority ethnic group is generally considered to be people of white
European descent.
137:
proposed how deconstructionist methodology, as opposed to abolitionist, could help re-examine white identity and its association to whiteness.
1803:
1929:
224:
844:
723:
223:
to celebrate white identity, were often accompanied by the incitement of violence against non-white peoples. Brian Levin, professor at
212:
shooter had named the election of
American president Donald Trump in 2016 "as a symbol of renewed white identity and common purpose".
989:
An Update on Adult
Development Theory: New Ways of Thinking About the Life Course: New Directions for Adult and Continuing Education
698:
1399:
1373:
104:
needed to do more than address white identity, by transforming privilege into action that tackled inequality. Defensiveness, or
1116:
893:
751:
567:
across class, gender, and region try to define themselves out of the oppressor class, to construct a blameless white identity.
161:
Since the mid-2010s, sections of media in the United States have increasingly associated white identity with the emergence of
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256:
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396:
267:
1344:
866:
510:
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175:
in the Trump administration, in the context of his website being linked with an aim to preserve a white identity.
1956:
1489:
297:'s research has disclosed that around 40 percent of whites in America acknowledge some degree of white identity.
1319:
1722:
1691:
1439:
1420:
1368:
1865:
1472:
1362:
381:
209:
156:
1329:
1651:
1386:
639:(2001). "Howard Winant". In Birgit Brander Rasmussen; Irene J. Nexica; Eric Klinenberg; Matt Wray (eds.).
1913:
1393:
366:
331:
800:"US ambassador: No credibility to New Zealand attack suspect citing Trump as symbol of 'white identity'"
552:
1456:
1314:
1304:
1109:
1043:
430:
279:
603:
Ravi
Malhotra; Morgan Rowe (2007). "Rowe and Malhotra". In Leda M. Cooks; Jennifer S. Simpson (eds.).
1696:
1645:
1617:
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585:
361:
351:
23:
1176:
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482:
179:
1918:
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stated that the Republican Party had been committed to white identity for decades, and since its
146:
124:
311:, is designed to gauge white identity in the contexts of resentment and empathy for non-whites.
1951:
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1380:
1280:
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77:
239:
has similarly proposed that any expression of white identity is a form of racial supremacism.
1835:
1430:
1186:
1102:
954:
The Influence of Race and Racial Identity in Psychotherapy: Toward a Racially Inclusive Model
644:
220:
152:
81:
1686:
1508:
1499:
1483:
1211:
957:
804:
673:"Trump undercut his message to black voters with celebrations of racism and white history"
8:
1853:
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1840:
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386:
56:
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1028:
996:
961:
925:
648:
612:
557:
536:
459:
326:
197:
192:
is now inseparable from this corrosive notion of white identity." In 2019, historian
1023:
Raymond G. Hunt; Benjamin Paul Bowser (1996). "Introduction to the Second Edition".
259:. Described as a "process oriented model for describing the racial consciousness of
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1477:
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1309:
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406:
308:
228:
130:
93:
1900:
1706:
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1445:
1355:
1334:
1201:
1191:
894:"How Donald Trump Played the (White) Race Card and Reshaped the Democratic Party"
608:
564:
426:
376:
260:
232:
105:
97:
85:
55:, began explicitly discussing "white identity's intricacies and costs". In 1999,
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1701:
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1007:
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937:
346:
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271:
68:
60:
44:
1945:
1808:
1779:
1774:
1764:
756:
636:
184:
134:
108:, have been described as a way of constructing a "blameless white identity".
52:
48:
32:
1870:
1784:
1661:
1641:
1571:
1125:
780:
776:"Trump revives the idea of a 'white man's country', America's original sin"
771:
728:
703:
491:
431:"I Wanted to Know What White Men Thought About Their Privilege. So I Asked"
401:
371:
336:
321:
290:
275:
236:
193:
172:
167:
162:
27:
1895:
1757:
1666:
1166:
992:
867:"Amid the Kale and Corn, Fears of White Supremacy at the Farmers' Market"
840:
694:
112:
1298:
1858:
1742:
1623:
1551:
1059:
845:"White supremacists increase recruiting efforts at colleges, ADL says"
1815:
1732:
1546:
1206:
918:
Becoming and Unbecoming White: Owning and Disowning a Racial Identity
676:
263:", the study was a forerunner for later process and data-led models.
47:
has outlined how works, beginning in the 1980s, from writers such as
724:"Stephen Miller: why is Trump's white nationalist aide untouchable?"
624:
within the foundational texts within the field of whiteness studies.
1514:
1022:
898:
987:
M. Carolyn Clark (2000). "An Update on Adult Development Theory".
915:
1752:
1081:
How Racial Empathy Moderates White Identity and Racial Resentment
305:
How Racial Empathy Moderates White Identity and Racial Resentment
303:'s political scientist Christopher D. DeSante in 2019 developed
289:
in 2016, 2017 and 2018 found that 9 percent of church-attending
1747:
1094:
820:"New Zealand mosque attacks suspect praised Trump in manifesto"
1564:
532:"White presidential hopefuls face 'woke litmus test' on race"
848:
216:
838:
602:
140:
581:"Swiping right into the alt-right online dating world"
80:
of social dominance and exclusive national identity.
452:
White Man Falling: Race, Gender, and White Supremacy
274:
explored the perceptions and self-identification of
227:, has described the promotion of white identity and
511:"Behind 2016's Turmoil, a Crisis of White Identity"
63:referred to a "white identity grievance movement".
952:Robert T. Carter (1995). "White Racial Identity".
605:Whiteness, Pedagogy, Performance: Dis/Placing Race
550:
529:
1943:
986:
951:
188:, has suggested that under Trump's leadership, "
888:
886:
425:
721:
449:
1110:
797:
699:"A White Man's Republic, If They Can Keep It"
635:
563:Defense is more complicated and interesting.
450:Abby L. Ferber (1999). "No Final Solutions".
883:
770:
746:
693:
670:
578:
508:
481:
225:California State University, San Bernardino
157:Democratic backsliding § United States
1117:
1103:
864:
916:Christine Clark; James O'Donnell (1999).
171:has reported on the 2016 appointment of
22:is the objective or subjective state of
118:
1944:
1098:
141:Trump presidency and Republican Party
1924:
1025:Impacts of Racism on White Americans
752:"White Supremacy Hurts White People"
641:The Making and Unmaking of Whiteness
551:Micaela DiLeonardo (July 26, 2019).
530:Errin Haines Whack (July 26, 2019).
242:
16:The state of relating to being white
1602:Pre-modern conceptions of whiteness
722:Amanda Holpuch (December 4, 2019).
456:Rowman & Littlefield Publishers
307:. The model, which was analyzed by
257:University of Massachusetts Amherst
153:White backlash § United States
13:
84:cannot be halted without damaging
14:
1968:
579:Julia Ebner (February 10, 2020).
397:White Racial Identity Development
268:White Racial Identity Development
1923:
1876:White genocide conspiracy theory
1182:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1124:
1061:Survey Data Driving the Insights
798:Michael Burke (March 17, 2019).
671:Dylan Scott (February 5, 2020).
509:Amanda Taub (November 1, 2016).
1072:
1052:
1016:
980:
945:
909:
858:
832:
812:
791:
764:
740:
715:
687:
664:
553:"The White Issue: White Fright"
487:"The decade that shook America"
208:In March 2019, the New Zealand
1716:Negative stereotypes of Whites
865:Jack Healy (August 18, 2019).
629:
596:
572:
544:
523:
502:
475:
443:
419:
178:In a party-specific analysis,
1:
1866:White Anglo-Saxon Protestants
413:
382:White Anglo-Saxon Protestants
210:Christchurch terrorist attack
38:
1652:Missing white woman syndrome
203:
7:
1804:US definitions of whiteness
367:Racial-ethnic socialization
332:Ethnic identity development
314:
231:stance as a repackaging of
102:Democratic Party candidates
10:
1973:
1919:European native population
253:White Identity Development
219:reported how calls by the
150:
144:
122:
100:'s suggestion that 2020's
1909:
1793:
1715:
1697:White demographic decline
1632:
1539:
1498:
1429:
1251:
1235:
1157:
1146:
1132:
586:The Sydney Morning Herald
362:Passing (racial identity)
352:Identity (social science)
1728:Appalachian stereotypes
392:White identity politics
147:White identity politics
125:Study of white identity
1957:White American culture
1635:phenomena and theories
1618:The White Man's Burden
1612:White Australia policy
1408:Southern United States
90:
35:'s political climate.
1836:Identitarian movement
1421:Saint Kitts and Nevis
958:John Wiley & Sons
645:Duke University Press
485:(December 21, 2019).
285:Polling conducted by
255:was conducted at the
221:identitarian movement
151:Further information:
74:
1723:In the United States
1687:Whitewashing in film
119:Study of the concept
1841:Non-Hispanic whites
1682:Whitewashing in art
1607:Settler colonialism
1540:Historical concepts
1350:Trinidad and Tobago
1148:European emigration
387:White defensiveness
57:La Salle University
1826:European New Right
1821:Christian Identity
1597:Play the white man
1310:Dominican Republic
1086:Indiana University
922:Praeger Publishing
872:The New York Times
843:(March 16, 2019).
750:(March 18, 2019).
516:The New York Times
436:The New York Times
357:Identity formation
342:Grievance politics
301:Indiana University
31:achievable in the
24:perceiving oneself
1939:
1938:
1891:White nationalism
1831:Great Replacement
1796:identity politics
1677:Whiteness studies
1587:First white child
1535:
1534:
1064:, United States:
1029:SAGE Publications
828:. March 16, 2019.
774:(July 20, 2019).
558:The Village Voice
537:The Village Voice
429:(July 17, 2019).
327:Cultural identity
243:Academic research
198:Southern strategy
96:covered activist
1964:
1927:
1926:
1770:Angry white male
1646:Passing as white
1155:
1154:
1119:
1112:
1105:
1096:
1095:
1090:
1089:
1076:
1070:
1069:
1056:
1050:
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1031:. p. xxiv.
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978:
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697:(June 4, 2019).
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407:Whiteness theory
309:Thomas B. Edsall
229:anti-immigration
131:Ruth Frankenberg
1972:
1971:
1967:
1966:
1965:
1963:
1962:
1961:
1942:
1941:
1940:
1935:
1905:
1901:White supremacy
1789:
1738:Mountain whites
1711:
1707:White supremacy
1672:White privilege
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1628:
1592:Honorary whites
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960:. p. 101.
950:
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863:
859:
839:Mallory Simon;
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688:
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647:. p. 107.
634:
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609:Lexington Books
601:
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577:
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565:White Americans
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507:
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458:. p. 147.
448:
444:
427:Claudia Rankine
424:
420:
416:
411:
377:Social identity
317:
261:white Americans
245:
233:white supremacy
206:
165:'s presidency.
159:
149:
143:
127:
121:
106:white fragility
98:Rashad Robinson
92:In April 2019,
86:Western nations
41:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1970:
1960:
1959:
1954:
1937:
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1934:
1933:
1921:
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1906:
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1888:
1886:White identity
1883:
1881:White Hispanic
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1702:Reverse racism
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1657:Skin whitening
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1558:Blanqueamiento
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1286:Cayman Islands
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1066:Democracy Fund
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1044:James M. Jones
1038:978-0803949942
1037:
1015:
1002:978-0787911713
1001:
995:. p. 42.
979:
967:978-0471245339
966:
944:
931:978-0897896214
930:
924:. p. 69.
908:
902:. 2019-03-06.
882:
857:
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763:
739:
714:
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654:978-0822327400
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347:Group identity
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329:
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295:Ashley Jardina
287:Democracy Fund
272:Janet E. Helms
244:
241:
215:In June 2019,
205:
202:
142:
139:
123:Main article:
120:
117:
69:New York Times
61:Leah Greenberg
45:David Roediger
40:
37:
20:White identity
15:
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6:
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3:
2:
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1952:White culture
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1810:
1809:One-drop rule
1807:
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1653:
1650:
1647:
1643:
1640:
1639:
1637:
1631:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1619:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1581:
1580:
1576:
1574:
1573:
1569:
1568:
1567:
1566:
1562:
1560:
1559:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1544:
1542:
1538:
1528:
1527:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1515:New Caledonia
1513:
1511:
1510:
1506:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1497:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1485:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1458:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1441:
1437:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1431:South America
1428:
1422:
1419:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1398:
1397:
1396:
1395:
1391:
1389:
1388:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1375:
1374:San Francisco
1372:
1370:
1367:
1366:
1365:
1364:
1360:
1359:
1358:
1357:
1356:United States
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1300:
1296:
1294:
1293:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1276:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1256:
1254:
1252:North America
1250:
1244:
1241:
1240:
1238:
1234:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1156:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1138:
1135:
1134:
1131:
1127:
1120:
1115:
1113:
1108:
1106:
1101:
1100:
1097:
1087:
1083:
1082:
1075:
1067:
1063:
1062:
1055:
1048:
1045:
1040:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1019:
1012:
1009:
1004:
998:
994:
990:
983:
976:
974:
969:
963:
959:
955:
948:
941:
939:
933:
927:
923:
919:
912:
905:
901:
900:
895:
889:
887:
879:
874:
873:
868:
861:
854:
850:
846:
842:
835:
827:
826:
821:
815:
807:
806:
801:
794:
787:
783:
782:
777:
773:
767:
759:
758:
757:Rolling Stone
753:
749:
743:
736:
731:
730:
725:
718:
711:
706:
705:
700:
696:
690:
683:
678:
674:
667:
660:
656:
650:
646:
642:
638:
637:Howard Winant
632:
625:
620:
614:
610:
606:
599:
592:
588:
587:
582:
575:
568:
566:
560:
559:
554:
547:
539:
538:
533:
526:
518:
517:
512:
505:
498:
494:
493:
488:
484:
478:
471:
467:
461:
457:
453:
446:
438:
437:
432:
428:
422:
418:
408:
405:
403:
400:
398:
395:
393:
390:
388:
385:
383:
380:
378:
375:
373:
370:
368:
365:
363:
360:
358:
355:
353:
350:
348:
345:
343:
340:
338:
335:
333:
330:
328:
325:
323:
320:
319:
312:
310:
306:
302:
298:
296:
292:
288:
283:
281:
277:
273:
269:
266:In 1990, the
264:
262:
258:
254:
250:
249:Rita Hardiman
240:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
213:
211:
201:
199:
195:
191:
190:Republicanism
187:
186:
185:Rolling Stone
182:, writing in
181:
176:
174:
170:
169:
164:
158:
154:
148:
138:
136:
135:Howard Winant
132:
126:
116:
114:
109:
107:
103:
99:
95:
89:
87:
83:
79:
73:
71:
70:
64:
62:
58:
54:
53:Toni Morrison
50:
49:James Baldwin
46:
36:
34:
33:Western world
29:
25:
21:
1928:
1885:
1871:White ethnic
1785:White monkey
1692:White savior
1662:White flight
1642:Acting white
1633:Sociological
1616:
1577:
1572:Peninsulares
1570:
1563:
1556:
1524:
1507:
1482:
1455:
1438:
1406:
1392:
1385:
1361:
1354:
1297:
1290:
1273:
1212:South Africa
1136:
1126:White people
1080:
1074:
1060:
1054:
1042:
1024:
1018:
1006:
988:
982:
971:
953:
947:
935:
917:
911:
903:
897:
876:
870:
860:
852:
834:
823:
814:
803:
793:
785:
781:The Guardian
779:
772:Nell Painter
766:
755:
742:
733:
729:The Guardian
727:
717:
708:
704:The Atlantic
702:
689:
680:
666:
658:
640:
631:
622:
604:
598:
590:
584:
574:
562:
556:
546:
535:
525:
514:
504:
496:
492:The Guardian
490:
477:
469:
451:
445:
434:
421:
402:White savior
372:Self-concept
337:Ethnogenesis
322:Acting white
304:
299:
291:Donald Trump
284:
276:white people
265:
252:
246:
237:Eddie Glaude
214:
207:
194:Nell Painter
183:
177:
173:Steve Bannon
168:The Guardian
166:
163:Donald Trump
160:
128:
110:
91:
75:
67:
65:
42:
28:white person
19:
18:
1896:White pride
1758:White trash
1743:Poor Whites
1667:White guilt
1526:New Zealand
1414:Puerto Rico
1369:Los Angeles
1315:El Salvador
1151:by location
993:Jossey-Bass
841:Sara Sidner
748:Jamil Smith
695:Adam Serwer
483:David Smith
280:James Jones
235:. Academic
180:Jamil Smith
113:Julia Ebner
82:Immigration
1946:Categories
1859:Quebeckers
1845:Old Stock
1624:White gods
1363:California
1292:Costa Rica
1047:identity.)
1011:identity.)
940:, 1990b).)
825:Al Jazeera
414:References
247:Professor
145:See also:
43:Historian
39:Background
1854:Canadians
1849:Americans
1816:Alt-right
1733:Hillbilly
1547:Apartheid
1509:Australia
1490:Venezuela
1440:Argentina
1400:Baltimore
1387:Louisiana
1320:Guatemala
1281:Caribbean
878:identity.
682:identity.
677:Vox Media
204:Extremism
111:In 2020,
78:whiteness
1753:Rednecks
1579:Criollos
1478:Suriname
1468:Paraguay
1463:Colombia
1394:Maryland
1330:Honduras
1305:Dominica
1264:Barbados
1243:Pakistan
1227:Zimbabwe
1177:Botswana
899:Newsweek
805:The Hill
315:See also
251:'s 1982
1930:Commons
1748:Redlegs
1500:Oceania
1484:Uruguay
1446:Bolivia
1335:Jamaica
1269:Bermuda
1259:Bahamas
1217:Tunisia
1207:Reunion
1202:Namibia
1197:Morocco
1167:Algeria
735:values.
66:A 2016
1794:White
1565:Castas
1520:Hawaii
1451:Brazil
1381:Hawaii
1345:Panama
1340:Mexico
1275:Canada
1222:Zambia
1192:Malawi
1172:Angola
1159:Africa
1088:, 2019
1068:, 2016
1035:
999:
964:
928:
651:
615:
462:
155:, and
1780:Basic
1775:Becky
1765:Karen
1552:Aryan
1457:Chile
1325:Haiti
1187:Kenya
1008:Helms
973:Helms
938:Helms
26:as a
1914:Race
1473:Peru
1299:Cuba
1236:Asia
1137:Bold
1033:ISBN
997:ISBN
962:ISBN
926:ISBN
710:all.
649:ISBN
613:ISBN
460:ISBN
51:and
849:CNN
270:by
217:CNN
1948::
1084:,
1041:.
1027:.
1005:.
991:.
970:.
956:.
934:.
920:.
896:.
885:^
875:.
869:.
851:.
847:.
822:.
802:.
784:.
778:.
754:.
732:.
726:.
707:.
701:.
679:.
675:.
657:.
643:.
621:.
611:.
607:.
589:.
583:.
561:.
555:.
534:.
513:.
495:.
489:.
468:.
454:.
433:.
200:.
94:AP
1648:)
1644:(
1118:e
1111:t
1104:v
808:.
760:.
540:.
519:.
497:.
439:.
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