Alfred North Whitehead

6347: 1691:

example of a person's encounter with a chair. An ordinary person looks up, sees a coloured shape, and immediately infers that it is a chair. However, an artist, Whitehead supposes, "might not have jumped to the notion of a chair," but instead "might have stopped at the mere contemplation of a beautiful colour and a beautiful shape." This is not the normal human reaction; most people place objects in categories by habit and instinct, without even thinking about it. Moreover, animals do the same thing. Using the same example, Whitehead points out that a dog "would have acted immediately on the hypothesis of a chair and would have jumped onto it by way of using it as such." In this way, symbolic reference is a fusion of pure sense perceptions on the one hand and causal relations on the other, and it is in fact the causal relationships that dominate the more basic mentality (as the dog illustrates), while it is the sense perceptions which indicate a higher grade mentality (as the artist illustrates).

1511:. In this way of thinking, things and people are seen as fundamentally the same through time, with any changes being qualitative and secondary to their core identity (e.g., "Mark's hair has turned grey as he has gotten older, but he is still the same person"). But in Whitehead's cosmology, the only fundamentally existent things are discrete "occasions of experience" that overlap one another in time and space, and jointly make up the enduring person or thing. On the other hand, what ordinary thinking often regards as "the essence of a thing" or "the identity/core of a person" is an abstract generalization of what is regarded as that person or thing's most important or salient features across time. Identities do not define people; people define identities. Everything changes from moment to moment and to think of anything as having an "enduring essence" misses the fact that "all things flow," though it is often a useful way of speaking. 1515:

proper name, and it is easy and convenient to think of people and objects as remaining fundamentally the same things, rather than constantly keeping in mind that each thing is a different thing from what it was a moment ago. Yet the limitations of everyday living and everyday speech should not prevent people from realizing that "material substances" or "essences" are a convenient generalized description of a continuum of particular, concrete processes. No one questions that a ten-year-old person is quite different by the time he or she turns thirty years old, and in many ways is not the same person at all; Whitehead points out that it is not philosophically or

487: 1003: 1247: 1909:. He sees entities in the world as fluent and changing things that yearn for a permanence which only God can provide by taking them into God's self, thereafter changing God and affecting the rest of the universe throughout time. On the other hand, he sees God as permanent but as deficient in actuality and change: alone, God is merely eternally unrealized possibilities and requires the world to actualize them. God gives creatures permanence, while the creatures give God actuality and change. Here it is worthwhile to quote Whitehead at length: 1979:

of each individual entity to all the others; meaning and value do not exist for the individual alone, but only in the context of the universal community. Whitehead writes further that each entity "can find no such value till it has merged its individual claim with that of the objective universe. Religion is world loyalty. The spirit at once surrenders itself to this universal claim and appropriates it for itself." In this way, the individual and universal/social aspects of religion are mutually dependent. A connection between the works of

322: 522:, was twice an Olympics silver medal winner for Polo (1900, 1908) for Britain, and is said to be "one of the finest polo players England has ever produced". Whitehead does not appear to have been close to his mother, although he and Evelyn (full name: Evelyn Ada Maud Rice Willoughby Wade), whom he married in 1890, are recorded in the English Census of 1891 as living with Alfred's mother and father. Lowe notes that there appears to have been mutual dislike between Whitehead's wife, Evelyn, and his mother, Maria. 1711:"they certainly did not appear because they were better at that game than the rocks around them." He then observes that the mark of higher forms of life is that they are actively engaged in modifying their environment, an activity which he theorizes is directed toward the three-fold goal of living, living well, and living better. In other words, Whitehead sees life as directed toward the purpose of increasing its own satisfaction. Without such a goal, he sees the rise of life as totally unintelligible. 2417:, phenomena observed locally that largely violate the kind of local flatness of space that Whitehead assumes. Consequently, Whitehead's cosmology must be regarded as a local approximation, and his assumption of a uniform spatio-temporal geometry, Minkowskian in particular, as an often-locally-adequate approximation. An exact replacement of Whitehead's cosmology would need to admit a Riemannian geometry. Also, although Whitehead himself gave only secondary consideration to 8425: 1783: 7538: 1463:, or material, spread through space in a flux of configurations. In itself, such a material is senseless, valueless, purposeless. It just does what it does do, following a fixed routine imposed by external relations which do not spring from the nature of its being. It is this assumption that I call "scientific materialism." Also, it is an assumption which I shall challenge as being entirely unsuited to the scientific situation at which we have now arrived. 2176: 1769: 1607:. As a human being's actions cannot always be predicted, the same can be said of where a tree's roots will grow, or how an electron will move, or whether it will rain tomorrow. Moreover, the inability to predict an electron's movement (for instance) is not due to faulty understanding or inadequate technology; rather, the fundamental creativity/freedom of all entities means that there will always remain phenomena that are unpredictable. 6366: 1322:. He used the term "experience" very broadly so that even inanimate processes such as electron collisions are said to manifest some degree of experience. In this, he went against Descartes' separation of two different kinds of real existence, either exclusively material or else exclusively mental. Whitehead referred to his metaphysical system as "philosophy of organism," but it would become known more widely as " 643: 1488:. After all, people change all the time, if only because they have aged by another second and had some further experience. These occasions of experience are logically distinct but are progressively connected in what Whitehead calls a "society" of events. By assuming that enduring objects are the most real and fundamental things in the universe, materialists have mistaken the abstract for the 808:(personal archive); his family carried out his instructions that all of his papers be destroyed after his death. Additionally, Whitehead was known for his "almost fanatical belief in the right to privacy," and for writing very few personal letters of the kind that would help to gain insight on his life. Wrote Lowe in his preface, "No professional biographer in his right mind would touch him." 1523: 8413: 7549: 2481: 1349: 59: 2361: 2620:(2009) by Adam Scarfe; and "Educating for an Ecological Civilization: Interdisciplinary, Experiential, and Relational Learning" (2017) edited by Marcus Ford and Stephen Rowe. "Beyond the Modern University: Toward a Constructive Postmodern University," (2002) is another text that explores the importance of Whitehead's metaphysics for thinking about higher education. 2020:." In recent decades, attention to Whitehead's work has become more widespread, with interest extending to intellectuals in Europe and China, and coming from such diverse fields as ecology, physics, biology, education, economics, and psychology. One of the first theologians to attempt to interact with Whitehead's thought was the future Archbishop of Canterbury, 2636:. This has led in part to a focus on identifying and investigating the effect of temporal events (as opposed to static things) within organizations through an "organization studies" discourse that accommodates a variety of 'weak' and 'strong' process perspectives from a number of philosophers. One of the leading figures having an explicitly Whiteheadian and 1913:"In this way God is completed by the individual, fluent satisfactions of finite fact, and the temporal occasions are completed by their everlasting union with their transformed selves, purged into conformation with the eternal order which is the final absolute 'wisdom.' The final summary can only be expressed in terms of a group of 2104:

Ray Griffin are becoming required reading for Chinese graduate students. Cobb has attributed China's interest in process philosophy partly to Whitehead's stress on the mutual interdependence of humanity and nature, as well as his emphasis on an educational system that includes the teaching of values rather than simply bare facts.

526:

angina attack. ... It seems that she suffered from a psychosomatic disorder ... the danger was illusory." Griffin posits that Russell exaggerated the drama of her illness, and that both Evelyn and Russell were habitually given to melodrama. Intensity of emotion was encourgaged by their avant garde associates in the turbulent

1755: 1294:

Whitehead's view, scientists and philosophers make metaphysical assumptions about how the universe works all the time, but such assumptions are not easily seen precisely because they remain unexamined and unquestioned. While Whitehead acknowledged that "philosophers can never hope finally to formulate these metaphysical

1274:, after discussing whether science aimed to be explanatory or merely descriptive, he wrote: "This further question lands us in the ocean of metaphysic, onto which my profound ignorance of that science forbids me to enter." Ironically, in later life, Whitehead would become one of the 20th century's foremost 1690:

In higher organisms (like people), these two modes of perception combine into what Whitehead terms "symbolic reference," which links appearance with causation in a process that is so automatic that both people and animals have difficulty refraining from it. By way of illustration, Whitehead uses the

525:

Griffin relates how Bertrand Russell, a colleague and collaborator of Whitehead, was a very close friend of Whitehead and of his wife, Evelyn. Griffin retells Russell's story of how, one evening in 1901, "they found Evelyn Whitehead in the middle of what appeared to be a dangerous and acutely painful

2253:

or emotionless, process theologians view God as "the fellow sufferer who understands," and as the being who is supremely affected by temporal events. Hartshorne points out that people would not praise a human ruler who was unaffected by either the joys or sorrows of his followers – so why would this

2032:

approach with which Temple interacts. However, it was not until the 1970s and 1980s that Whitehead's thought drew much attention outside of a small group of philosophers and theologians, primarily Americans, and even today he is not considered especially influential outside of relatively specialized

1978:

in which relations are primary, he wrote that religion necessitates the realization of "the value of the objective world which is a community derivative from the interrelations of its component individuals." In other words, the universe is a community which makes itself whole through the relatedness

1901:

God's consequent nature, on the other hand, is anything but unchanging; it is God's reception of the world's activity. As Whitehead puts it, " saves the world as it passes into the immediacy of his own life. It is the judgment of a tenderness which loses nothing that can be saved." In other words,

1710:

Whitehead makes the startling observation that "life is comparatively deficient in survival value." If humans can only exist for about a hundred years, and rocks for eight hundred million, then one is forced to ask why complex organisms ever evolved in the first place; as Whitehead humorously notes,

1555:

related to other things. The idea of matter as primary makes people think of objects as being fundamentally separate in time and space, and not necessarily related to anything. But in Whitehead's view, relations take a primary role, perhaps even more important than the relata themselves. A student

1237:

Whitehead's philosophy of education might adequately be summarized in his statement that "knowledge does not keep any better than fish." In other words, bits of disconnected knowledge are meaningless; all knowledge must find some imaginative application to the students' own lives, or else it becomes

676:

system, of which Imperial College London was a member at the time. He was elected dean of the Faculty of Science at the University of London in late 1918 (a post he held for four years), a member of the University of London's Senate in 1919, and chairman of the Senate's Academic (leadership) Council

2103:

with Whitehead's "constructive post-modern" philosophy in order to create an "ecological civilization". To date, the Chinese government has encouraged the building of twenty-three university-based centres for the study of Whitehead's philosophy, and books by process philosophers John Cobb and David

1988:

that non-temporal generality which primarily belongs to conceptual thought alone." In other words, religion takes deeply felt emotions and contextualizes them within a system of general truths about the world, helping people to identify their wider meaning and significance. For Whitehead, religion

1655:

only has private ideas about other entities. For Whitehead, the term "prehension" indicates that the perceiver actually incorporates aspects of the perceived thing into itself. In this way, entities are constituted by their perceptions and relations, rather than being independent of them. Further,

1514:

Whitehead pointed to the limitations of language as one of the main culprits in maintaining a materialistic way of thinking and acknowledged that it may be difficult to ever wholly move past such ideas in everyday speech. After all, every moment of each person's life can hardly be given a different

1409:

However, Mathews' frustration with Whitehead's books did not negatively affect his interest. In fact, there were numerous philosophers and theologians at Chicago's Divinity School that perceived the importance of what Whitehead was doing without fully grasping all of the details and implications.

1390:

Eddington was a marvellous popular lecturer who had enthralled an audience of 600 for his entire course. The same audience turned up to Whitehead's first lecture but it was completely unintelligible, not merely to the world at large but to the elect. My father remarked to me afterwards that if he

1232:

Imagination is not to be divorced from the facts: it is a way of illuminating the facts. It works by eliciting the general principles which apply to the facts, as they exist, and then by an intellectual survey of alternative possibilities which are consistent with those principles. It enables men

978:

Such algebras have an intrinsic value for separate detailed study; also they are worthy of comparative study, for the sake of the light thereby thrown on the general theory of symbolic reasoning, and on algebraic symbolism in particular... The idea of a generalized conception of space has been made

1614:

In summary, Whitehead rejects the idea of separate and unchanging bits of matter as the most basic building blocks of reality, in favour of the idea of reality as interrelated events in the process. He conceives of reality as composed of processes of dynamic "becoming" rather than static "being,"

1146:

The book can be seen as an attempt to understand the growth in unity and interconnection of mathematics as a whole, as well as an examination of the mutual influence of mathematics and philosophy, language, and physics. Although the book is little-read, in some ways it prefigures certain points of

2596:

One such model is the ANISA model developed by Daniel C. Jordan, which sought to address a lack of understanding of the nature of people in current education systems. As Jordan and Raymond P. Shepard put it: "Because it has not defined the nature of man, education is in the untenable position of

1215:

Every school is bound on pain of extinction to train its boys for a small set of definite examinations. No headmaster has a free hand to develop his general education or his specialist studies in accordance with the opportunities of his school, which are created by its staff, its environment, its

1070:

would take a year to complete; it ended up taking them ten years. When it came time for publication, the three-volume work was so long (more than 2,000 pages) and its audience so narrow (professional mathematicians) that it was initially published at a loss of 600 pounds, 300 of which was paid by

460:

Whitehead's process philosophy argues that "there is urgency in coming to see the world as a web of interrelated processes of which we are integral parts, so that all of our choices and actions have consequences for the world around us." For this reason, one of the most promising applications of

2600:

Another model is the FEELS model developed by Xie Bangxiu and deployed successfully in China. "FEELS" stands for five things in curriculum and education: Flexible-goals, Engaged-learner, Embodied-knowledge, Learning-through-interactions, and Supportive-teacher. It is used for understanding and

1610:

The other side of creativity/freedom as the absolute principle is that every entity is constrained by the social structure of existence (i.e., its relations); each actual entity must conform to the settled conditions of the world around it. Freedom always exists within limits. But an entity's

1434:

has been called "arguably the most impressive single metaphysical text of the twentieth century," it has been little-read and little-understood, partly because it demands – as Isabelle Stengers puts it – "that its readers accept the adventure of the questions that will separate them from every

1425:

Not many people will read Whitehead's recent book in this generation; not many will read it in any generation. But its influence will radiate through concentric circles of popularization until the common man will think and work in the light of it, not knowing whence the light came. After a few

1293:

Whitehead was unimpressed by this objection. In the notes of one of his students for a 1927 class, Whitehead was quoted as saying: "Every scientific man in order to preserve his reputation has to say he dislikes metaphysics. What he means is he dislikes having his metaphysics criticized." In

1192:

Rather than teach small parts of a large number of subjects, Whitehead advocated teaching a relatively few important concepts that the student could organically link to many different areas of knowledge, discovering their application in actual life. For Whitehead, education should be the exact

2154:

Deleuze's and Latour's opinions, however, are minority ones, as Whitehead has not been recognized as particularly influential within the most dominant philosophical schools. It is impossible to say exactly why Whitehead's influence has not been more widespread, but it may be partly due to his

2111:

theology and philosophy programs. Outside of these circles, his influence is relatively small and diffuse and has tended to come chiefly through the work of his students and admirers rather than Whitehead himself. For instance, Whitehead was a teacher and long-time friend and collaborator of

1845:

It does not emphasize the ruling Caesar, or the ruthless moralist, or the unmoved mover. It dwells upon the tender elements in the world, which slowly and in quietness operates by love; and it finds purpose in the present immediacy of a kingdom not of this world. Love neither rules, nor is it

1958:

For Whitehead, the core of religion was individual. While he acknowledged that individuals cannot ever be fully separated from their society, he argued that life is an internal fact for its own sake before it is an external fact relating to others. His most famous remark on religion is that

2723:

movement that was prominent throughout Whitehead's adult life. Morris wrote that "... there is good reason for claiming that Whitehead shared the social and political ideals of the new liberals.". However, Whitehead's comment addresses means and methods, not "ideals" or pretexts or excuses.

1414:, to Chicago to give a lecture explaining Whitehead's thoughts. Wieman's lecture was so brilliant that he was promptly hired to the faculty and taught there for twenty years, and for at least thirty years afterwards Chicago's Divinity School was closely associated with Whitehead's thought. 1560:, and only relatively to the things connected. (A) is real for (B), and (B) is real for (A), but not absolutely real independent of each other." In fact, Whitehead describes any entity as in some sense nothing more and nothing less than the sum of its relations to other entities – its 450:

rather than material objects, and that processes are best defined by their relations with other processes, thus rejecting the theory that reality is fundamentally constructed by bits of matter that exist independently of one another. Whitehead's philosophical works – particularly

2254:

be a praiseworthy quality in God? Instead, as the being who is most affected by the world, God is the being who can most appropriately respond to the world. However, process theology has been formulated in a wide variety of ways. C. Robert Mesle, for instance, advocates a "process

517:

Whitehead's mother was Maria Sarah Buckmaster. Her maternal great-grandmother was Jane North (1776-1847), whose maiden surname was given to Whitehead, and several other members of his family over time. His mother, Maria Buckmaster had eleven siblings. The son of her brother Thomas,

983:

Whitehead, however, had no results of a general nature. His hope of "form a uniform method of interpretation of the various algebras" presumably would have been developed in Volume II, had Whitehead completed it. Further work on the subject was minimal until the early 1930s, when

1902:

God saves and cherishes all experiences forever, and those experiences go on to change the way God interacts with the world. In this way, God is really changed by what happens in the world and the wider universe, lending the actions of finite creatures an eternal significance.

2601:

evaluating educational curriculum under the assumption that the purpose of education is to "help a person become whole." This work is in part the product of cooperation between Chinese government organizations and the Institute for the Postmodern Development of China.

1479:

In Whitehead's view, then, concepts such as "quality," "matter," and "form" are problematic. These "classical" concepts fail to adequately account for change, and overlook the active and experiential nature of the most basic elements of the world. They are useful

1137:(1911) was not aimed exclusively at professional mathematicians but was intended for a larger audience. The book covered the nature of mathematics, its unity and internal structure, and its applicability to nature. Whitehead wrote in the opening chapter: 1281:

However, interest in metaphysics – the philosophical investigation of the nature of the universe and existence – had become unfashionable by the time Whitehead began writing in earnest about it in the 1920s. The ever-more impressive accomplishments of

1467:

In Whitehead's view, there are a number of problems with this notion of "irreducible brute matter." First, it obscures and minimizes the importance of change. By thinking of any material thing (like a rock, or a person) as being fundamentally the

1435:

consensus." Whitehead questioned Western philosophy's most dearly held assumptions about how the universe works — but in doing so, he managed to anticipate a number of 21st century scientific and philosophical problems and provide novel solutions.

1141:

The object of the following Chapters is not to teach mathematics, but to enable students from the very beginning of their course to know what the science is about, and why it is necessarily the foundation of exact thought as applied to natural

653:

In 1910, Whitehead resigned his senior lectureship in mathematics at Trinity and moved to London without first obtaining another job. After being unemployed for a year, he accepted a position as lecturer in applied mathematics and mechanics at

1114:

legacy might be described as its key role in disproving the possibility of achieving its own stated goals. But beyond this somewhat ironic legacy, the book popularized modern mathematical logic and drew important connections between logic,

1840:

who imposes his will on the world, and whose most important attribute is power. As opposed to the most widely accepted forms of Christianity, Whitehead emphasized an idea of God that he called "the brief Galilean vision of humility":

1983:

and Whitehead further elucidates this necessary duality of social and individual roles in religious experience. Whitehead also described religion more technically as "an ultimate craving to infuse into the insistent particularity of

1667:

Whitehead describes causal efficacy as "the experience dominating the primitive living organisms, which have a sense for the fate from which they have emerged, and the fate towards which they go." It is, in other words, the sense of

1317:

in which events are primary and are fundamentally interrelated and dependent on one another. He also argued that the most basic elements of reality can all be regarded as experiential, indeed that everything is constituted by its

1866:

system. His system required that an order exist among possibilities, an order that allowed for novelty in the world and provided an aim to all entities. Whitehead posited that these ordered potentials exist in what he called the

947:

wrote: "The main idea of the work is not unification of the several methods, nor generalization of ordinary algebra so as to include them, but rather the comparative study of their several structures." In a separate review,

2652:. For Dibben, this allows "a comprehensive exploration of life as perpetually active experiencing, as opposed to occasional – and thoroughly passive – happening." Dibben has published two books on applied process thought, 1102:

of 1931 definitively demonstrated that for any set of axioms and inference rules proposed to encapsulate mathematics, there would in fact be some truths of mathematics which could not be deduced from them, and hence that

2608:

created a Process Philosophy Research Unit and sponsored several conferences on process philosophy and education. Howard Woodhouse at the University of Saskatchewan remains a strong proponent of Whiteheadian education.

1220:

Whitehead argued that curriculum should be developed specifically for its own students by its own staff, or else risk total stagnation, interrupted only by occasional movements from one group of inert ideas to another.

2683:

that "understands becoming as a relational process; difference as being related, yet unique; and the purpose of becoming as harmonizing difference." This connection is further analyzed by Stout and Jeannine M. Love in

5083:

George Garin, "Theistic Evolution in a Sacramental Universe: The Theology of William Temple Against the Background of Process Thinkers (Whitehead, Alexander, Etc.)," (Protestant University Press, Kinshasa, The Congo,

3511: 2082:

But while Claremont remains the most concentrated hub of Whiteheadian activity, the place where Whitehead's thought currently seems to be growing the most quickly is in China. In order to address the challenges of

514:, a school for boys previously headed by Alfred's father, Thomas Whitehead. Whitehead himself recalled both of them as being very successful school masters, with his grandfather being the more "remarkable" man. 3008:

is currently working on a critical edition of Whitehead's writings, which is set to include notes taken by Whitehead's students during his Harvard classes, correspondence, and corrected editions of his books.

1615:

emphasizing that all physical things change and evolve and that changeless "essences" such as matter are mere abstractions from the interrelated events that are the final real things that make up the world.

1298:," he argued that people need to continually reimagine their basic assumptions about how the universe works if philosophy and science are to make any real progress, even if that progress remains permanently 1959:"religion is what the individual does with his own solitariness ... and if you are never solitary, you are never religious." Whitehead saw religion as a system of general truths that transformed a person's 1942:"What is done in the world is transformed into a reality in heaven, and the reality in heaven passes back into the world... In this sense, God is the great companion – the fellow-sufferer who understands." 1989:

served as a kind of bridge between philosophy and the emotions and purposes of a particular society. It is the task of religion to make philosophy applicable to the everyday lives of ordinary people.

1189:" – ideas that are disconnected scraps of information, with no application to real life or culture. He opined that "education with inert ideas is not only useless: it is, above all things, harmful." 1372:. Even professional philosophers struggled to follow Whitehead's writings. One famous story illustrating the level of difficulty of Whitehead's philosophy centres around the delivery of Whitehead's 4234:

George P. Conger, "Whitehead lecture notes: Seminary in Logic: Logical and Metaphysical Problems", 1927, Manuscripts and Archives, Yale University Library, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.

2107:

Overall, however, Whitehead's influence is very difficult to characterize. In English-speaking countries, his primary works are little-studied outside of Claremont and a select number of liberal

1368:

This is not to say that Whitehead's thought was widely accepted or even well understood. His philosophical work is generally considered to be among the most difficult to understand in all of the

4536:

Louise R. Heath, "Notes on Whitehead's Philosophy 3b: Philosophical Presuppositions of Science", 27 September 1924, Whitehead Research Project, Center for Process Studies, Claremont, California.

1886:

The primordial nature he described as "the unlimited conceptual realization of the absolute wealth of potentiality" — i.e., the unlimited possibility of the universe. This primordial nature is

1395:

It may not be inappropriate to speculate that some fair portion of the respect generally shown to Whitehead by his philosophical peers at the time arose from their sheer bafflement. The Chicago

1204:, and laden with values and general principles that provide students with a bedrock of wisdom and help them to make connections between areas of knowledge that are usually regarded as separate. 2413:

disagrees with experimental findings, and proposed that Einstein's work does not actually refute Whitehead's formulation. Whitehead's view has now been rendered obsolete, with the discovery of

6386: 802:

The two-volume biography of Whitehead by Victor Lowe is the most definitive presentation of the life of Whitehead. However, many details of Whitehead's life remain obscure because he left no

4209:

Alfred North Whitehead to Bertrand Russell, 13 February 1895, Bertrand Russell Archives, Archives and Research Collections, McMaster Library, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.

1917:, whose apparent self-contradictions depend on neglect of the diverse categories of existence. In each antithesis there is a shift of meaning which converts the opposition into a contrast. 1341:

was quoted as saying that Whitehead was "the best philosopher writing in English." So impressive and different was Whitehead's philosophy that in 1924 he was invited to join the faculty at

2056:

made Whitehead's philosophy arguably the most important intellectual thread running through the divinity school. They taught generations of Whitehead scholars, the most notable of whom is

1026:

is considered one of the twentieth century's most important works in mathematics, and placed 23rd in a list of the top 100 English-language nonfiction books of the twentieth century by

1391:

had not known Whitehead well he would have suspected that it was an imposter making it up as he went along... The audience at subsequent lectures was only about half a dozen in all.

2265:

in their views and interests. John B. Cobb is a process theologian who has also written books on biology and economics. Roland Faber and Catherine Keller integrate Whitehead with

681:

department, help establish a Bachelor of Science degree (previously only Bachelor of Arts degrees had been offered), and make the school more accessible to less wealthy students.

1216:

class of boys, and its endowments. I suggest that no system of external tests which aims primarily at examining individual scholars can result in anything but educational waste.

6257:. The Center organizes conferences and events and publishes materials pertaining to Whitehead and process thought. It also maintains extensive Whitehead-related bibliographies. 2654: 2644:

is Mark Dibben, who works in what he calls "applied process thought" to articulate a philosophy of management and business administration as part of a wider examination of the

7413: 1484:

but are not the world's basic building blocks. What is ordinarily conceived of as a single person, for instance, is philosophically described as a continuum of overlapping

8697: 8449:

The Nancy Lyman Roelker papers, Brown University, John Hay Library, Special Collections, Box A, Series 1, Box 2. List of contents at this link accessed 15 August 2023,

1476:," scientific materialism hides the fact that nothing ever stays the same. For Whitehead, change is fundamental and inescapable; he emphasizes that "all things flow." 2316:

displays the range of areas in which different process philosophers work, including physics, ecology, medicine, public policy, nonviolence, politics, and psychology.

1286:

science had led to a general consensus in academia that the development of comprehensive metaphysical systems was a waste of time because they were not subject to

5777: 3667: 7353: 1611:

uniqueness and individuality arise from its own self-determination as to just how it will take account of the world within the limits that have been set for it.

2660: 3845: 658:, but was passed over a year later for the Goldsmid Chair of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics, a position for which he had hoped to be seriously considered. 4141: 4196:"An Iconic College View: Harvard University, circa 1900. Richard Rummell (1848–1924)", last modified 6 July 2011, Graham Arader, accessed 5 December 2013, 2437: 2585:. His philosophy inspired the formation of the Association for Process Philosophy of Education (APPE), which published eleven volumes of a journal titled 1406:: "It is infuriating, and I must say embarrassing as well, to read page after page of relatively familiar words without understanding a single sentence." 979:

prominent, in the belief that the properties and operations involved in it can be made to form a uniform method of interpretation of the various algebras.

5773:"Mark Dibben – School of Management – University of Tasmania, Australia", last modified 16 July 2013, University of Tasmania, accessed 21 November 2013, 677:

in 1920, a post which he held until he departed for America in 1924. Whitehead was able to exert his newfound influence to successfully lobby for a new

8542: 8492: 5391: 2597:

having to devote its energies to the development of curricula without any coherent ideas about the nature of the creature for whom they are intended."

1687:

interpretation. In other words, it is pure appearance, which may or may not be delusive (e.g., mistaking an image in a mirror for "the real thing").

8637: 8582: 3549: 1967:

good – an idea which he called a "dangerous delusion" (e.g., a religion might encourage the violent extermination of a rival religion's adherents).

1309:

idea that reality is fundamentally constructed of bits of matter that exist totally independently of one another, which he rejected in favour of an

8642: 6393: 5625:"History of Environmental Ethics for the Novice", last modified 15 March 2011, The Center for Environmental Philosophy, accessed 21 November 2013, 2308:

Process philosophy is even more difficult to pin down than process theology. In practice, the two fields cannot be neatly separated. The 32-volume

1926:"It is as true to say that, in comparison with the World, God is actual eminently, as that, in comparison with God, the World is actual eminently. 2593:

and education from 1996 to 2008. Whitehead's theories on education also led to the formation of new modes of learning and new models of teaching.

8812: 8597: 7586: 6211: 6034: 2943:. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1929. Based on the March 1929 Louis Clark Vanuxem Foundation Lectures delivered at Princeton University. 5811:(Research in Ethical Issues in Organizations, Volume 8), ed. Michael Schwartz and Howard Harris (Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 2012): 63-83. 5662:, a publication of the Association for Process Philosophy of Education. Volume 1 published in 1996, Volume 11 (final volume) published in 2008. 4076:

Report of the Committee Appointed by the Prime Minister to Inquire into the Position of Classics in the Educational System of the United Kingdom

2551: 8602: 8592: 8537: 8487: 3269: 3238:

Griffin Ed., Nicholas (1992). The Selected Letters of Bertrand Russell, Volume 1, pp.215-217. New York: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-395-56269-4.

1643:, meaning "to seize". The term is meant to indicate a kind of perception that can be conscious or unconscious, applying to people as well as 672:

In 1918, Whitehead's academic responsibilities began to seriously expand as he accepted a number of high administrative positions within the

1207:

In order to make this sort of teaching a reality, however, Whitehead pointed to the need to minimize the importance of (or radically alter)

8732: 8562: 8507: 6296: 3650: 2124:– the dominant strain of philosophy in English-speaking countries in the 20th century. Whitehead has also had high-profile admirers in the 3351:

The Search for Mathematical Roots 1870–1940: Logics, Set Theories, and the Foundations of Mathematics from Cantor through Russell to Gödel

1572:

to in some way conform to it; that is to say, if theoretically, a thing made strictly no difference to any other entity (i.e., it was not

8827: 8817: 8547: 8497: 2063:

Although interest in Whitehead has since faded at Chicago's divinity school, Cobb effectively grabbed the torch and planted it firmly in

5727: 1107:

could never achieve its aims. However, Gödel could not have come to this conclusion without Whitehead and Russell's book. In this way,

8752: 8617: 8567: 8552: 8512: 8502: 5684:"FEELS: A Constructive Postmodern Approach To Curriculum and Education", Xie Bangxiu, JesusJazzBuddhism.org, accessed 5 December 2013, 4045: 4010: 3700: 2167:

elements in his philosophy, or the perception of metaphysics itself as passé, or simply the sheer difficulty and density of his prose.

1676:. Presentational immediacy, on the other hand, is what is usually referred to as "pure sense perception," unmediated by any causal or 5708: 1551:. It sees every object as distinct and discrete from all other objects. Each object is simply an inert clump of matter that is only 8782: 8757: 8657: 8572: 8517: 8205: 1051:

from which all mathematical truths could in principle be proven. Whitehead and Russell were working on such a foundational level of

5807:(2009); Cristina Neesham and Mark Dibben, "The Social Value of Business: Lessons from Political Economy and Process Philosophy," in 1894:, providing entities in the universe with possibilities for realization. Whitehead also calls this primordial aspect "the lure for 8787: 8742: 8577: 7642: 1177:, which collected numerous essays and addresses by Whitehead on the subject published between 1912 and 1927. The essay from which 5943: 5922: 5901: 5880: 2719:

On the other hand, many Whitehead scholars read his work as providing a philosophical foundation for the social liberalism of the

790:

The Whiteheads remained in the United States after moving to Harvard in 1924. Alfred retired from Harvard in 1937 and remained in

8682: 8527: 7871: 6285: 5409: 5309: 5291: 5216: 3974: 3917: 2531:

of value lends itself so readily to an ecological point of view, many see his work as a promising alternative to the traditional

1540: 593: 2931:

and Donald W. Sherburne corrects many errors in both the British and American editions, and also provides a comprehensive index.

8762: 8692: 8557: 6008:

Whitehead und der Prozeßbegriff / Whitehead and The Idea of Process. Proceedings of the First International Whitehead-Symposion

1170:

as part of a 20-person committee to investigate the educational systems and practices of the UK in 1921 and recommend reform.

8822: 8797: 8772: 8687: 8522: 8042: 7383: 6551: 5493: 5162: 5042: 3175: 2751: 2037: 1361: 727: 3846:

http://projecteuclid.org/DPubS/Repository/1.0/Disseminate?handle=euclid.chmm/1263316510&view=body&content-type=pdf_1

1946:

The above is some of Whitehead's most evocative writing about God, and was powerful enough to inspire the movement known as

1228:

and the free play of ideas. In his essay "Universities and Their Function", Whitehead writes provocatively on imagination:

1163:

at all levels. In addition to his numerous individually written works on the subject, Whitehead was appointed by Britain's

1099: 8767: 7483: 7403: 6485: 6126:. Unpublished dissertation, 1940, Harvard University. Held in John Hay Library's Special Collections at Brown University. 2398: 1164: 688:. Though he had no advanced training in philosophy, his philosophical work soon became highly regarded. After publishing 5800:(2004): 25-39; Mark Dibben, "Organisations and Organising: Understanding and Applying Whitehead's Processual Account," in 3776:(Frankfurt / Lancaster, Ontos Verlag, Process Thought X1 & X2, 2008) and Ronny Desmet & Michel Weber (edited by), 1302:. For this reason, Whitehead regarded metaphysical investigations as essential to both good science and good philosophy. 8777: 8667: 7864: 7579: 5688: 5193: 3731: 2136:, who once dryly remarked of Whitehead that "he stands provisionally as the last great Anglo-American philosopher before 1672:

relations between entities, a feeling of being influenced and affected by the surrounding environment, unmediated by the

2079:

in 1973. Largely due to Cobb's influence, today Claremont remains strongly identified with Whitehead's process thought.

8747: 8632: 7614: 6464: 5774: 4197: 3047: 598: 5793:

Mark Dibben, "Exploring the Processual Nature of Trust and Cooperation in Organisations: A Whiteheadian Analysis," in

3957: 8707: 8225: 8220: 8173: 7854: 6427: 6166: 6152: 6094: 6015: 2744: 1493: 943:

drew attention to the need to expand algebraic structures beyond the associatively multiplicative class. In a review

678: 3646:"Critical Edition of Whitehead", last modified 16 July 2013, Whitehead Research Project, accessed 21 November 2013, 2028:

of 1932-1934 (subsequently published as "Nature, Man and God"), Whitehead is one of a number of philosophers of the

1920:"It is as true to say that God is permanent and the World fluent, as that the World is permanent and God is fluent. 1238:

so much useless trivia, and the students themselves become good at parroting facts but not thinking for themselves.

8677: 8612: 2894: 2798: 2535:

worldview, providing a detailed metaphysical picture of a world constituted by a web of interdependent relations."

1329:

Whitehead's philosophy was highly original, and soon garnered interest in philosophical circles. After publishing

819:

is currently working on a critical edition of Whitehead's published and unpublished works. The first volume of the

758:

In 1890, Whitehead married Evelyn Wade, an Irishwoman raised in France; they had a daughter, Jessie, and two sons,

6193: 4138: 530:

which "discussed aesthetic and philosophical questions in a spirit of agnosticism and were strongly influenced by

8717: 8702: 8467: 8235: 7333: 6379: 2914:. New York: Macmillan Co., 1927. Based on the 1927 Barbour-Page Lectures delivered at the University of Virginia. 1576:

to any other entity), it could not be said to really exist. Relations are not secondary to what a thing is; they

715:

During his time at Harvard, Whitehead produced his most important philosophical contributions. In 1925, he wrote

5704:"International Conferences – University of Saskatchewan", University of Saskatchewan, accessed 5 December 2013, 5629: 8792: 8672: 8627: 8405: 7572: 6510: 6302: 6137: 5820:

Margaret Stout & Carrie M. Staton, "The Ontology of Process Philosophy in Follett's Administrative Theory"

5387:"Search Results For: SUNY series in Constructive Postmodern Thought", Sunypress.edu, accessed 5 December 2013, 2703:

Now the intercourse between individuals and between social groups takes one of two forms, force or persuasion.

1270:, but it is evident that he considered himself a rank amateur. In one letter to his friend and former student 731: 569: 6269:, a scholarly society that holds periodic meetings in conjunction with each of the divisional meetings of the 1181:

derived its name was delivered as an address in 1916 when Whitehead was president of the London Branch of the

1079:, and 50 apiece by Whitehead and Russell themselves. Despite the initial loss, today there is likely no major 970:(this last number system was to be taken up in Volume II, which was never finished due to Whitehead's work on 8802: 8737: 8622: 8587: 8532: 7189: 7099: 7074: 6985: 6254: 3866: 3077: 2546:(1971) was the first single-authored book in environmental ethics. Cobb also co-authored a book with leading 2374:

Scientists of the early 20th century for whom Whitehead's work has been influential include physical chemist

2319:

One philosophical school which has historically had a close relationship with process philosophy is American

2243: 2044:

initiated an interest in Whitehead's work that would last for about thirty years. Professors such as Wieman,

342: 150: 48: 5388: 1898:, the eternal urge of desire," pulling the entities in the universe toward as-yet unrealized possibilities. 8722: 8662: 8095: 8088: 7518: 6624: 6250: 6202: 5546:

Foundations of Relational Realism: A Topological Approach to Quantum Mechanics and the Philosophy of Nature

3772: 2450:

Foundations of Relational Realism: A Topological Approach to Quantum Mechanics and the Philosophy of Nature

2309: 2068: 1975: 1974:

in solitariness, he also saw religion as necessarily expanding beyond the individual. In keeping with his

952:

wrote, "It possesses a unity of design which is really remarkable, considering the variety of its themes."

723: 511: 334: 40: 17: 1730: 649:

in 1907. Russell was a student of Whitehead's at Trinity College, and a longtime collaborator and friend.

546:(1910–13), in the light of which they searched for definitions of the good, the true, and the beautiful". 430:

Beginning in the late 1910s and early 1920s, Whitehead gradually turned his attention from mathematics to

8807: 8607: 8472: 7947: 7922: 7907: 7393: 5972: 5120:, ed. David Ray Griffin and Joseph C. Hough, Jr. (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1991), 229. 3557: 3107: 2004:

and theologians, and the palette has been enriched by practitioners from the most diverse horizons, from

1680: 423:, and placed 23rd in a list of the top 100 English-language nonfiction books of the twentieth century by 338: 44: 3778: 2671:

Margaret Stout and Carrie M. Staton have also written recently on the mutual influence of Whitehead and

2559:

For the Common Good: Redirecting the Economy toward Community, the Environment, and a Sustainable Future

1426:

decades of discussion and analysis, one will be able to understand it more readily than can now be done.

869:

in particular is regarded as one of the most important works in mathematical logic of the 20th century.

510:, England, in 1861. His father, Alfred Whitehead, became an Anglican minister after being headmaster of 8652: 8647: 7498: 6964: 6579: 6517: 6503: 6181: 3005: 3001: 2869: 2605: 2489: 2072: 1072: 825:

The Harvard Lectures of Alfred North Whitehead, 1924–1925: The Philosophical Presuppositions of Science

816: 812: 712:

as a professor of philosophy. The Whiteheads would spend the rest of their lives in the United States.

580: 491: 117: 2512:

One of the most promising applications of Whitehead's thought in recent years has been in the area of

8712: 8450: 8120: 8100: 8008: 8004: 7927: 7619: 7234: 7069: 6689: 6544: 6280: 5462: 3247:

Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Bloomsbury group". Encyclopedia Britannica, 20 Feb. 2021,

1829: 1591:

is the absolute principle of existence, and every entity (whether it is a human being, a tree, or an

862: 655: 554: 191: 4074:

Committee To Inquire into the Position of Classics in the Educational System of the United Kingdom,

8125: 7765: 7750: 7739: 7716: 7508: 7443: 6478: 5802: 5795: 5221: 4039:

Christoph Wassermann, "The Relevance of An Introduction to Mathematics to Whitehead's Philosophy",

4004:

Christoph Wassermann, "The Relevance of An Introduction to Mathematics to Whitehead's Philosophy",

3694:

Christoph Wassermann, "The Relevance of An Introduction to Mathematics to Whitehead's Philosophy",

3015:

The Harvard Lectures of Alfred North Whitehead, 1924–1925: Philosophical Presuppositions of Science

2949:. New York: Macmillan Company, 1933. Also published by Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1933. 2338: 2231: 2199: 1733:" (the idea that all entities experience) to describe Whitehead's view, and to distinguish it from 1182: 1002: 835:

In addition to numerous articles on mathematics, Whitehead wrote three major books on the subject:

791: 550: 498:. Whitehead spent thirty years at Trinity, five as a student and twenty-five as a senior lecturer. 257: 105: 5307:"Alfred North Whitehead", last modified 1 October 2013, Andrew David Irvine, ed. Edward N. Zalta, 3811: 3580: 3261: 3052: 1699:

Whitehead believed that when asking questions about the basic facts of existence, questions about

661:

In 1914, Whitehead accepted a position as professor of applied mathematics at the newly chartered

486: 8363: 8110: 8105: 8078: 8013: 7967: 7962: 7897: 7790: 7373: 7303: 7184: 6969: 6649: 6232: 6071: 5289:"Alfred North Whitehead", last modified 10 March 2015, Andrew David Irvine, ed. Edward N. Zalta, 5225: 4421:

Whitehead's Radically Different Postmodern Philosophy: An Argument for Its Contemporary Relevance

3354: 2835: 2817: 2783: 2676: 2629: 2255: 2117: 2021: 1923:"It is as true to say that God is one and the World many, as that the World is one and God many. 1891: 1595:) has some degree of novelty in how it responds to other entities and is not fully determined by 1263: 1076: 763: 746: 662: 519: 462: 196: 133: 3979: 3922: 3647: 2261:

In fact, process theology is difficult to define because process theologians are so diverse and

8308: 7726: 7652: 7609: 7245: 7119: 6996: 6924: 6869: 6792: 6574: 5944:

http://www.ams.org/journals/bull/1928-34-02/S0002-9904-1928-04525-1/S0002-9904-1928-04525-1.pdf

5923:

http://www.ams.org/journals/bull/1926-32-06/S0002-9904-1926-04306-8/S0002-9904-1926-04306-8.pdf

5902:

http://www.ams.org/journals/bull/1912-18-08/S0002-9904-1912-02233-4/S0002-9904-1912-02233-4.pdf

5881:

http://www.ams.org/journals/bull/1909-15-09/S0002-9904-1909-01815-4/S0002-9904-1909-01815-4.pdf

2532: 2410: 2342: 2125: 1600: 1536: 1275: 929: 921: 858: 778: 759: 5724: 3779:

Whitehead. The Algebra of Metaphysics. Applied Process Metaphysics Summer Institute Memorandum

2604:

Whitehead's philosophy of education has also found institutional support in Canada, where the

2214:

as Whitehead's teaching assistant in 1925, and is widely credited with developing Whitehead's

8168: 8163: 8115: 8083: 8073: 8032: 7812: 7689: 7595: 7433: 7343: 7214: 6904: 6849: 6844: 6802: 6730: 6664: 6594: 6418: 6246: 6124:

An Application Of Whitehead's Concepts Of Conformity and Novelty to the Philosophy of History

3900: 3346: 2829: 2811: 2777: 2633: 2493: 2379: 2302: 2064: 1628: 1489: 1353: 1014: 940: 876:, Whitehead's theory of "extensive abstraction" is considered foundational for the branch of 841: 783: 631: 542: 431: 407: 6145:

The Method of Speculative Philosophy: An Essay on the Foundations of Whitehead's Metaphysics

5705: 5414: 4053: 4018: 3708: 2927:

delivered at the University of Edinburgh. The 1978 Free Press "corrected edition" edited by

2637: 8727: 8482: 8477: 8148: 8143: 8018: 7902: 7807: 7780: 7662: 7541: 7478: 6939: 6914: 6839: 6537: 6307: 6087:

Whiteheads Metaphysik der Kreativität. Internationales Whitehead-Symposium Bad Homburg 1983

5505:

Yutaka Tanaka, "The Comparison between Whitehead's and Einstein's Theories of Relativity",

5481: 3791: 2664:(2009), as well as other papers in this vein in the fields of philosophy of management and 2547: 2521: 1875:. This led him to reflect more intensively on what he saw as the second nature of God, the 1872: 1809: 1334: 944: 693: 673: 466: 355: 5240:, "Contemporary Philosophy in the United States", in N. Bunnin and E.P. Tsui-James, eds., 2793: 2765: 1707:, or the hypothetical natural process by which life arises from simple organic compounds. 1587:

a sum of its relations, but also a valuation of them and reaction to them. For Whitehead,

8: 8210: 7892: 7785: 7760: 7745: 7674: 7323: 7159: 7124: 7104: 7059: 6874: 6864: 6834: 6437: 6290: 6129: 6119: 6079: 5453:, ed. John B. Cobb Jr. (Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 2008), 252. 5211: 4368: 3934: 3358: 3042: 2980: 2969: 2918: 2883: 2855: 2672: 2573:(1994), which aimed to challenge "economists' zealous faith in the great god of growth." 2414: 2364: 2333: 2286: 2262: 2137: 2121: 2053: 2041: 1980: 1960: 1814: 1531: 1411: 1382: 1357: 1305:

Perhaps foremost among what Whitehead considered faulty metaphysical assumptions was the

1198: 917: 893: 736: 705: 588: 453: 438:. He developed a comprehensive metaphysical system which radically departed from most of 158: 7039: 1963:. He took special care to note that while religion is often a good influence, it is not 1808:. One of my preoccupations has been to rescue their type of thought from the charge of 8358: 8313: 8200: 8023: 7844: 7679: 7669: 7513: 7503: 7273: 7263: 6767: 6679: 6471: 6326: 5989: 5354: 5325: 4616: 4131:"China embraces Alfred North Whitehead", last modified 10 December 2008, Douglas Todd, 3485: 3111: 2649: 2590: 2501: 2406: 2312:

series in constructive postmodern thought edited by process philosopher and theologian

2249:

Process theology typically stresses God's relational nature. Rather than seeing God as

2215: 2207: 2184: 2129: 2045: 2029: 1936:"It is as true to say that God transcends the World, as that the World transcends God. 1850:. It does not look to the future; for it finds its own reward in the immediate present. 1723: 1485: 1447:

was misleading as a way of describing the ultimate nature of things. In his 1925 book

1342: 1323: 1310: 1287: 1251: 1167: 1160: 1063:

humorously accompanied by the comment, "The above proposition is occasionally useful."

1060: 1018:(1910–1913) is Whitehead's most famous mathematical work. Written with former student 925: 920:

themselves, rather than examples ("models") of algebraic structures. Whitehead credits

767: 709: 447: 439: 420: 359: 300: 232: 201: 170: 143: 2612:

Three recent books which further develop Whitehead's philosophy of education include:

2151:

even went so far as to call Whitehead "the greatest philosopher of the 20th century."

1246: 8417: 8190: 8047: 7837: 7802: 7696: 7635: 7553: 7283: 7199: 7154: 6740: 6709: 6342: 6162: 6148: 6090: 6011: 5489: 5430: 5280:, trans. Michael Chase (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2011), x. 5277: 5109: 5038: 4773: 4653: 4416: 4407:, trans. Michael Chase (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2011), 6. 4400: 4133: 3171: 3088: 2928: 2845: 2740: 2720: 2497: 2418: 2394:

dedicated his "Explorations in Personality" to Whitehead, a contemporary at Harvard.

2313: 2266: 2227: 2088: 2076: 1997: 1726: 1556:

taking notes in one of Whitehead's fall 1924 classes wrote that, "Reality applies to

1504: 1208: 1194: 959: 912: 811:

Led by Executive Editor Brian G. Henning and General Editor George R. Lucas Jr., the

636: 8288: 7044: 5775:

http://www.utas.edu.au/business-and-economics/people/profiles/accounting/Mark-Dibben

4325:

The Making of American Liberal Theology: Crisis, Irony, and Postmodernity, 1950–2005

4198:

http://grahamarader.blogspot.com/2011/07/iconic-college-view-harvard-university.html

4079: 3248: 2618:

The Adventure of Education: Process Philosophers on Learning, Teaching, and Research

2298: 1535:, Whitehead wrote: "The writer who most fully anticipated the main positions of the 1306: 8388: 8343: 8323: 7859: 7849: 7832: 7179: 7164: 7144: 6944: 6756: 6699: 6351: 6109: 6099: 5757: 4921: 3958:

https://www.npr.org/2010/12/22/132265870/Principia-Mathematica-Celebrates-100-Years

3815: 2924: 2905: 2824: 2806: 2772: 2582: 2566: 2505: 2465: 2219: 2180: 2113: 2025: 1947: 1939:"It is as true to say that God creates the World, as that the World creates God... 1828:

differs from traditional monotheistic notions. Perhaps his most famous and pointed

1812:, which rightly or wrongly has been associated with it." – Alfred North Whitehead, 1684: 1377: 1373: 1271: 1224:

Above all else in his educational writings, Whitehead emphasized the importance of

1080: 1019: 985: 889: 881: 846: 646: 626: 565: 536: 527: 412: 321: 304: 262: 247: 175: 6260: 5959: 5314: 5296: 5170: 2748: 8378: 8338: 8260: 8215: 8052: 7957: 7942: 7917: 7731: 7711: 7293: 7224: 7209: 7129: 7109: 7084: 6894: 6704: 6639: 6457: 5781: 5731: 5712: 5692: 5633: 5609: 5573: 5407:"Richard Rorty", last modified 16 June 2007, Bjørn Ramberg, ed. Edward N. Zalta, 5395: 5371: 5032: 4145: 3654: 3127: 2865: 2755: 2665: 2402: 2270: 2235: 2155:

metaphysical ideas seeming somewhat counterintuitive (such as his assertion that

2108: 1596: 1473: 1399: 1295: 1266:. Early in his life, he showed great interest in and respect for philosophy and 1186: 252: 4078:, (London: His Majesty's Stationery Office, 1921), 1, 282. Available online at 3950:"'Principia Mathematica' Celebrates 100 Years", last modified 22 December 2010, 3668:"The Edinburgh Critical Edition of the Complete Works of Alfred North Whitehead" 2301:

repeatedly credit Whitehead for the process theology they see rising out of the

8429: 8298: 8158: 7797: 7706: 7423: 7204: 7194: 7049: 7034: 6979: 6750: 6609: 6338: 6236: 6212:

Creativity and Its Discontents. The Response to Whitehead's Process and Reality

5605: 5253: 4139:

http://blogs.vancouversun.com/2008/12/10/china-embraces-alfred-north-whitehead/

2873: 2645: 2517: 2375: 2294: 2145: 2133: 2049: 1832:

is that "the Church gave unto God the attributes which belonged exclusively to

1636: 1048: 1044: 1027: 666: 424: 242: 237: 5938:

by A. N. Whitehead and B. Russell, Volumes II and III, Second Edition, 1927",

5685: 5671:

Daniel C. Jordan and Raymond P. Shepard, "The Philosophy of the ANISA Model",

3108:"The Modern Library's Top 100 Nonfiction Books of the Century". 30 April 1999. 989: 8461: 8348: 8283: 8255: 8183: 7912: 7827: 7493: 7219: 7169: 7134: 7114: 7094: 6659: 6001:

The Ethics of Creativity: Beauty, Morality, and Nature in a Processive Cosmos

5446: 3807: 3073: 3037: 3032: 3027: 2387: 2383: 2349: 2346: 2324: 2278: 2250: 2084: 1801: 1797: 1774: 1768: 1760: 1754: 1738: 1604: 1516: 1499:

To put it another way, a thing or person is often seen as having a "defining

1369: 1338: 949: 885: 854: 741: 347: 227: 3972:", last modified 3 December 2013, Andrew David Irvine, ed. Edward N. Zalta, 3915:", last modified 3 December 2013, Andrew David Irvine, ed. Edward N. Zalta, 2436:

In the 21st century, Whiteheadian thought is still a stimulating influence:

2140:'s disciples spread their misty confusion, sufficiency, and terror." French 1722:, however small, which allows them to be at least partly self-directed. The 1647:. It is also intended to make clear Whitehead's rejection of the theory of 1568:

the world around it. A real thing is just that which forces the rest of the

1095: 734:

in 1926. Lectures from 1927 to 1928, were published in 1929 as a book named

8393: 8373: 8328: 8303: 8293: 8265: 8195: 8153: 8027: 7981: 7952: 7932: 7473: 7239: 7174: 7064: 6974: 6824: 6694: 6604: 6584: 6311: 6188: 6176: 5958:

For the most comprehensive list of resources related to Whitehead, see the

5589: 5557: 5269: 5260:, trans. Tom Conley (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1993), 76. 5129: 5113: 5093: 4937: 4805: 4632: 4352: 3767: 3225: 2539: 2485: 2457: 2391: 2239: 2223: 2148: 2100: 2057: 2013: 1879:. Whitehead's conception of God as a "dipolar" entity has called for fresh 1863: 1116: 963: 936: 720: 584: 470: 214: 6136:. Evanston and Chicago: Northwestern University Press, 1941. Part of the 2864:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1920. Based on the November 1919 2370:. Bohm is one example of a scientist influenced by Whitehead's philosophy. 1950:, a vibrant theological school of thought that continues to thrive today. 1380:'s lectures of the year previous – which Whitehead would later publish as 1364:

become closely associated with Whitehead's thought for about thirty years.

821:

Edinburgh Critical Edition of the Complete Works of Alfred North Whitehead

573: 8383: 8368: 8353: 8333: 8250: 8178: 7995: 7985: 7972: 7937: 7887: 7817: 7770: 7657: 7647: 7229: 7149: 7079: 7029: 6807: 6735: 6714: 6669: 6634: 6589: 6560: 6371: 6318:

Centre de philosophie pratique « Chromatiques whiteheadiennes »

6052:

The Event Universe: The Revisionary Metaphysics of Alfred North Whitehead

5647:

Sustaining the Common Good: A Christian Perspective on the Global Economy

5389:

http://www.sunypress.edu/Searchadv.aspx?IsSubmit=true&CategoryID=6899

5237: 2696: 2571:

Sustaining the Common Good: A Christian Perspective on the Global Economy

2554: 2528: 2500:

in 1973, and is often regarded as the preeminent scholar in the field of

2426: 2422: 2203: 2195:

Historically, Whitehead's work has been most influential in the field of

2160: 2141: 2001: 1906: 1880: 1734: 1704: 1639:

beings. The term he coined was "prehension," which comes from the Latin

1624: 1481: 1267: 1259: 1225: 1148: 1120: 1052: 857:, while the latter book was intended for a larger audience, covering the 762:

and Eric. Thomas followed his father to Harvard in 1931, to teach at the

684:

Toward the end of his time in England, Whitehead turned his attention to

614: 435: 394: 351: 285: 280: 7564: 6322: 5835:

Integrative Process: Follettian Thinking from Ontology to Administration

3132:

Process-Relational Philosophy: An Introduction to Alfred North Whitehead

2686:

Integrative Process: Follettian Thinking from Ontology to Administration

2569:

for Ideas Improving World Order. Cobb followed this with a second book,

1547:

A second problem with materialism is that it obscures the importance of

8270: 7999: 7990: 7977: 7721: 7684: 7363: 7089: 7054: 7004: 6889: 6787: 6674: 6599: 6303:

Jesus, Jazz, and Buddhism: Process Thinking for a More Hospitable World

6239:

magazine. An accessible summary of Alfred North Whitehead's philosophy.

5191:"Whitehead, Alfred North", last modified 8 May 2007, Gary L. Herstein, 5169:. The Institute for the Postmodern Development of China. Archived from 4778:

Reenchantment Without Supernaturalism: A Process Philosophy of Religion

4658:

Reenchantment Without Supernaturalism: A Process Philosophy of Religion

4218: 3861: 3844:(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1898), v. Available online at 3729:"Whitehead, Alfred North", last modified 8 May 2007, Gary L. Herstein, 3093:

Reenchantment without Supernaturalism: A Process Philosophy of Religion

2641: 2430: 2367: 2328: 2320: 2282: 2188: 1914: 1805: 1788: 1782: 1719: 1632: 1588: 1526: 1396: 1319: 1299: 967: 774: 685: 587:. He earned his B.A. from Trinity in 1884, writing his dissertation on 531: 387: 8424: 6274: 2655:

Applied Process Thought I: Initial Explorations in Theory and Research

2614:

Modes of Learning: Whitehead's Metaphysics and the Stages of Education

1519:

sound to think that a person is the same from one second to the next.

1472:

thing throughout time, with any changes to it being secondary to its "

457: – are regarded as the foundational texts of process philosophy. 8037: 7630: 7523: 7488: 7468: 7014: 6899: 6829: 6782: 6745: 6684: 6614: 6266: 6082:, 125–163. Evanston and Chicago: Northwestern University Press, 1941. 5626: 2983:, 682–700. Evanston and Chicago: Northwestern University Press, 1941. 2972:, 666–681. Evanston and Chicago: Northwestern University Press, 1941. 2562: 2425:

of processes has proved attractive to some physicists in that field.

2196: 2175: 1837: 1700: 1456: 1283: 1262:. In fact, he never had any formal training in philosophy beyond his 853:(1911). The former two books were aimed exclusively at professional 495: 419:

is considered one of the twentieth century's most important works in

383: 371: 362:, which has been applied in a wide variety of disciplines, including 5210:"Quine Biography", last modified October 2003, John J. O'Connor and 2409:. It has been severely criticized. Yutaka Tanaka suggested that the 1059:

that it took them until page 86 of Volume II to prove that 1+1=2, a

8057: 7775: 7463: 7024: 6879: 6654: 6619: 6360: 6356: 5332:, 2nd edition (Louisville, Westminster John Knox Press, 2007), 112. 5198: 4384:

Peter Simons, "Metaphysical systematics: A lesson from Whitehead",

3883:, Second Edition (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1950), 83. 3736: 2882:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1922. Available online at 2854:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1919. Available online at 2834:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1913. Available online at 2816:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1912. Available online at 2792:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1911. Available online at 2782:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1910. Available online at 2764:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1907. Available online at 2704: 2680: 2274: 2164: 2096: 2017: 2009: 1930: 1887: 1855: 1644: 1592: 1569: 1314: 877: 804: 503: 367: 164: 86: 8451:

https://www.riamco.org/render?eadid=US-RPB-ms2012.006&view=all

5917:

by A. N. Whitehead and B. Russell, Vol. I, Second Edition, 1925",

2480: 1703:

can never be fully escaped. This is borne out in his thoughts on

1254:, facing northeast. Whitehead taught at Harvard from 1924 to 1937. 7755: 7313: 7019: 6949: 6919: 6884: 6819: 6777: 6762: 6629: 5449:, "Why Aren't We Zombies? Neo-Darwinism and Process Thought", in 5118:

Theology and the University: Essays in Honor of John B. Cobb, Jr.

2880:

The Principle of Relativity with Applications to Physical Science

2712: 2679:. Stout and Staton see both Whitehead and Follett as sharing an 2513: 2453: 2211: 2202:. The most important early proponent of Whitehead's thought in a 2005: 1985: 1895: 1500: 916:

had essentially the same meaning that it has today: the study of

618: 443: 402: 379: 375: 363: 6332: 6159:

Myths of the Self: Narrative Identity and Postmodern Metaphysics

5760:, "Special Focus: Process Thought and Organization Studies," in 642: 7822: 6909: 6859: 6772: 6644: 2156: 2092: 1847: 1833: 1715: 1677: 1669: 1460: 1444: 1410:

In 1927, they invited one of America's only Whitehead experts,

1348: 1185:. In it, he cautioned against the teaching of what he called " 610: 6529: 5963: 5614:

Creating Women's Theology: A Movement Engaging Process Thought

5533:

Quantum Mechanics and the Philosophy of Alfred North Whitehead

5226:

http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Quine.html

4812:(Louisville: Westminster John Knox Press, 2008), chapters 4–5. 3897:

Great Feuds in Mathematics: Ten of the Liveliest Disputes Ever

2836:

http://www.hti.umich.edu/cgi/b/bib/bibperm?q1=AAT3201.0003.001

2818:

http://www.hti.umich.edu/cgi/b/bib/bibperm?q1=AAT3201.0002.001

2784:

http://www.hti.umich.edu/cgi/b/bib/bibperm?q1=AAT3201.0001.001

2446:

Quantum Mechanics and the Philosophy of Alfred North Whitehead

2331:, and acknowledged his indebtedness to them in the preface to 1529:

was one of Whitehead's primary influences. In the preface to

58: 7414:

Concluding Unscientific Postscript to Philosophical Fragments

7009: 6959: 6317: 6242: 5488:, revised edition, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge UK, 5274:

Thinking with Whitehead: A Free and Wild Creation of Concepts

4405:

Thinking with Whitehead: A Free and Wild Creation of Concepts

3980:

http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/principia-mathematica/#SOPM

3923:

http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/principia-mathematica/#HOPM

3899:(Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, 2006). Available online at 3648:

http://whiteheadresearch.org/research/cew/press-release.shtml

3616:

Alfred North Whitehead: The Man and his Work, Vols I & II

3168:

Putting Philosophy to Work: Toward an Ecological Civilization

2433:

are among those whose work has been influenced by Whitehead.

2401:

articulated a view that might perhaps be regarded as dual to

2360: 1859: 1673: 1507:" that is unchanging, and describes what the thing or person 1173:

Whitehead's most complete work on education is the 1929 book

1056: 1040: 766:. Eric died in action at the age of 19, while serving in the 398: 6270: 4619:, "Freedom Requires Indeterminism and Universal Causality", 4423:(Albany: State University of New York Press, 2007), viii–ix. 2844:. London: Williams & Norgate, 1917. Available online at 1836:." Here, Whitehead is criticizing Christianity for defining 1522: 1459:

which presupposes the ultimate fact of an irreducible brute

1421:

appeared in 1929, Wieman famously wrote in his 1930 review:

669:

had recently been appointed chief professor of mathematics.

461:

Whitehead's thought in recent years has been in the area of

7701: 6954: 6934: 6929: 6854: 6812: 6797: 4944:(Louisville: Westminster John Knox Press, 2008), chapter 1. 3064: 2732:

Books written by Whitehead, listed by date of publication.

2715:, and governmental compulsion exemplify the reign of force. 2472:(2012) are examples of Whiteheadian approaches to biology. 1652: 849:

and published in three volumes between 1910 and 1913), and

823:

was published in 2017 by Paul A. Bogaard and Jason Bell as

625:(1898), and the 1900s collaborating with his former pupil, 572:, where he excelled in sports and mathematics and was head 507: 6171:

Alfred North Whitehead: Toward a More Fundamental Ontology

6045:

What is Process Thought?: Seven Answers to Seven Questions

5977:

Parts and Places: The Structures of Spatial Representation

3901:

https://books.google.com/books?id=ft8bEGf_OOcC&pg=PT12

3581:"Whitehead's 1911 Criticism of The Problems of Philosophy" 2923:. New York: Macmillan Company, 1929. Based on the 1927–28 2707:

is the great example of intercourse by way of persuasion.

773:

From 1910, the Whiteheads had a cottage in the village of

621:

at the college until 1910, spending the 1890s writing his

346:(15 February 1861 – 30 December 1947) was an English 6040:. Zouq Mosbeh, Lebanon: Notre Dame Louaize, 2016. 436 pp. 5996:. Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press, 1972. 5706:

https://www.usask.ca/usppru/international-conferences.php

5415:

http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2009/entries/rorty/

4327:(Louisville: Westminster John Knox Press, 2006), 123–124. 3952: 3159: 3134:(West Conshohocken: Templeton Foundation Press, 2009), 9. 3069: 3067: 2852:

An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Natural Knowledge

2708: 2036:

Early followers of Whitehead were found primarily at the

1825: 726:

then prevalent in popular science. He was elected to the

708:

invited the 63-year-old Whitehead to join the faculty at

2904:. New York: Macmillan Company, 1926. Based on the 1926 2116:, and he also taught and supervised the dissertation of 1656:

Whitehead regards perception as occurring in two modes,

719:, which was immediately hailed as an alternative to the 7354:

A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge

5520:

Physics and Whitehead: Quantum, Process, and Experience

2794:

http://quod.lib.umich.edu/u/umhistmath/AAW5995.0001.001

2766:

http://quod.lib.umich.edu/u/umhistmath/ABN2643.0001.001

2675:, a pioneer in the fields of organizational theory and 2475: 1718:. Instead, all things have some measure of freedom or 613:

of Trinity in 1884, Whitehead would teach and write on

540:(1903) and by A. N. Whitehead's and Bertrand Russell's 5734:, University of Saskatchewan, accessed 5 December 2013 5562:

God as Poet of the World: Exploring Process Theologies

4942:

God as Poet of the World: Exploring Process Theologies

4810:

God as Poet of the World: Exploring Process Theologies

3618:(Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1985 & 1990). 2884:

https://archive.org/details/theprincipleofre00whituoft

2856:

https://archive.org/details/enquiryconcernpr00whitrich

2842:

The Organization of Thought Educational and Scientific

1714:

For Whitehead, there is no such thing as wholly inert

1443:

Whitehead was convinced that the scientific notion of

1133:

Unlike Whitehead's previous two books on mathematics,

6089:. Verlag Karl Alber, Freiburg i. B. / München, 1986. 6010:. Verlag Karl Alber, Freiburg i. B. / München, 1984. 4309:(Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1990), 127, 133. 4127: 4125: 4123: 4121: 4119: 4117: 5564:(Louisville: Westminster John Knox Press, 2008), 35. 4639:(Louisville: Westminster John Knox Press, 1978), 52. 4338:

Alfred North Whitehead: The Man and his Work, Vol II

4307:

Alfred North Whitehead: The Man and his Work, Vol II

3831:(Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1985), 190–191. 3603:

Alfred North Whitehead: The Man and his Work, Vol II

3537:

Alfred North Whitehead: The Man and his Work, Vol II

3460:

Alfred North Whitehead: The Man and his Work, Vol II

3444:

Alfred North Whitehead: The Man and his Work, Vol II

3431:

Alfred North Whitehead: The Man and his Work, Vol II

3418:

Alfred North Whitehead: The Man and his Work, Vol II

3402:

Alfred North Whitehead: The Man and his Work, Vol II

3389:

Alfred North Whitehead: The Man and his Work, Vol II

3365:(New York: Tudor Publishing Company, 1941), 125–163. 3336:(Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1985), 103-109. 2892:. New York: Macmillan Company, 1925. Vol. 55 of the 2661:

Applied Process Thought II: Following a Trail Ablaze

1438: 1250:

Richard Rummell's 1906 watercolor landscape view of

583:, and studied mathematics. His academic advisor was 557:

and wrote the closely observed ethnographic account

8698:

Harvard University Department of Philosophy faculty

6310:an introductory video series to process thought by 6116:. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2001. 6106:. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1995. 6061:. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1986. 6059:

Whitehead's Metaphysics of Extension and Solidarity

6003:. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2005. 5986:. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1985. 5522:(Albany: State University of New York Press, 2004). 5437:(Albany: State University of New York Press, 1986). 5150: