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659:), a lodger of the mission and eyewitness to the event, the men knocked on the Whitmans' kitchen door and demanded medicine. Bridger said that Marcus brought the medicine, and began a conversation with Tiloukaikt. While Whitman was distracted, Tomahas struck him twice in the head with a hatchet from behind and another man shot him in the neck. The Cayuse men rushed outside and attacked the white men and boys working outdoors. Narcissa found Whitman fatally wounded. He lived for several hours after the attack, sometimes responding to her anxious reassurances. Catherine Sager, who had been with Narcissa in another room when the attack occurred, later wrote in her reminiscences that "Tiloukaikt chopped the doctor's face so badly that his features could not be recognized."
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488:. He was present when the Catholic priests held their first Mass at Fort Nez Percés. Demers returned to the trading post for two weeks in the summer of 1839. One of Tawatoy's sons was baptized at this time and Pierre-Chrysologue Pambrun was named as his godfather. According to Whitman, the Catholic priest forbade Tawatoy from visiting him. While Tawatoy did occasionally visit Whitman, he avoided the Protestant's religious services. Also, the headman gave the Catholics a small house which Pambrun had built for him, for their use for religious services.
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seasonal migrations consumed much of
Whitman's time. He believed that if they would cultivate their food supply through farming, they would remain in the vicinity of Waiilaptu. He told his superiors that if the Cayuse would abandon their habit of relocating during the winter, he could spend more time proselytizing among them. In particular, Whitman told Rev. Green that " ... although we bring the gospel as the first object we cannot gain an assurance unless they are attracted and retained by the plough and hoe ... "
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and annoying behavior," he was able to persuade the US Senate to print an official pamphlet in 1871 about
Whitman. Spalding falsely claimed that Whitman had in 1842 travelled by horse across the country to the White House to warn president John Tyler of a British, Catholic, and Native American plot to "steal" Oregon. He also claimed that the British and Catholics had persuaded the Cayuses to kill Whitman. These myths were debunked in 1901, but Washington state still sent Whitman's statue to the
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824:, Walla Walla was not an easy location to access in 1923–24. But local businesses worked with the Chamber of Commerce to provide special train service to the area, which included "sleeping car accommodations for all who wish to join the party", for a round-trip fare of $ 24.38. Arrangements were made for the train to park near the amphitheater until the morning after the final performance, "thus giving the excursionists a hotel on wheels during their stay."
281:... most of its people were not dependent on agriculture, but traders had spread Christianity for thirty years. When Catholic and Protestant missionaries arrived they met Indians already content with their blend of Christianity and native religions, skeptical toward farming, and wary of the whites' apparent power to inflict diseases. Local Indians expected trade and gifts (especially tobacco) as part of any interaction with whites, religious or medical.
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727:, some of the settlers insisted that the matter was still unresolved. The new governor, General Mitchell Lambertsen, demanded the surrender of those who carried out the Whitman mission killings. The head chief attempted to explain why they had killed the whites and that the Cayuse War that followed had resulted in a greater loss of his own people than the number killed at the mission. The explanation was not accepted.
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Cayuse always emphasized commercial exchanges. In particular, they requested that he purchase their stockpiles of beaver skins, at rates comparable to those at Fort Nez Percés. The
Mission supplies were, in general, not appealing enough to the Sahaptin to serve as compensation for their labor. Whitman lacked sizable stockpiles of gunpowder, tobacco, or clothing, so he had to assign most labor to
766:, Tiloukaikt, Tomahas, Kiamasumpkin, Iaiachalakis, and Klokomas, were publicly hanged. Isaac Keele served as the hangman. An observer wrote, "We have read of heroes of all times, never did we read of, or believe, that such heroism as these Indians exhibited could exist. They knew that to be accused was to be condemned, and that they would be executed in the civilized town of Oregon city ... "
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at the demands, Whitman told
Tiloukaikt that "I never would give him anything ... " During the start of 1842, Narcissa reported that the Cayuse leaders "said we must pay them for their land we lived on." A common complaint was that Whitman sold wheat to settlers, while giving none to the Cayuse landholders and demanding payment from them for using his grist mill.
611:, could be killed in retribution if patients died. It is likely that the Cayuse held Whitman responsible for the numerous deaths and therefore felt justified to take his life. The Cayuse feared that he had treated them with strychnine, or that someone from the Hudson's Bay Company had injected strychnine into the medicine after Whitman had given it to the tribe.
805:"The pageant of today is the Drama of our Democracy!" declared Burrell. He praised the merits of the pageant, citing "solidarity," "communal ," and "spirit." The pageant's success was due, in part to the popularity of the theatrical form during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, which held certain commonalities with other spectacular events, such as
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Indigenous that the missionaries would "not permit them to go into the other part of the house at all ... ". According to
Narcissa, the Natives were "so filthy they make a great deal of cleaning wherever they go ... " She wrote that "we have come to elevate them and not to suffer ourselves to sink down to their standard."
569:. Several Cayuse ate the deadly meat but survived. Tiloukaikt visited Waiilatpu after the people recovered, and said that if any of the sick Cayuse had died, he would have killed Young. Whitman reportedly laughed when told of the conversation, saying he had warned the Cayuse several times of the tainted meat.
813:. These commonalities include a large number of actor/participants, multiple stage/tableaux settings, and the propagation of ideological concerns. The Pageant contributed to a narrative that divine providence had ensured the success of European settlers over Native Americans in the conquest of western lands.
798:. The Whitman Massacre was presented as a small but significant part of a production in four movements: "The White Man Arrives," "The Indian Wars," "The Building of Walla Walla," and "The Future." The production included 3,000 volunteers from Washington, Oregon, and Idaho. The Pageant was directed by
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Whitman and his fellow missionaries urged the adjacent
Plateau peoples to learn to adopt European-American style agriculture, and settle on subsistence farms. This topic was a common theme in their dispatches to the Secretary of ABCFM, Rev. David Greene. Trying to persuade the Cayuse to abandon their
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Whitman claimed that the farmland was specifically for the mission and not for roving horses. Tiloukaikt told the doctor " ... that this was his land, that he grew up here and that the horses were only eating up the growth of the soil; and demanded of me what I had ever paid him for the land." Aghast
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President, Stephen
Penrose, as an event marking the 75th anniversary of the Whitman Massacre, the Pageant quickly gained support throughout the greater Walla Walla community. It was produced as a theatrical spectacle that was allegorical in nature and spoke to prevalent social themes of the frontier
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The Cayuse took 54 missionaries as captives and held them for ransom including Mary Ann
Bridger and the five surviving Sager children. Several of the prisoners died in captivity, including Helen Mar Meek, mostly from illness such as the measles. Henry and Eliza Spalding's daughter, also named Eliza,
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because of good road conditions. "We have been informed that the maintenance department of the State
Highway Commission is arranging to put scraper crews on all the gravel road stretches of the route next week and put a brand new surface on the road for the special benefit of the pageant tourists."
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The Cayuse started to harvest various acreages of crops originally provided to them by
Whitman. Despite this, they continued their traditional winter migrations. The ABCFM declared in 1842 that the Cayuse were still " ... addicted to a wandering life". The board said that the natives were "not much
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In particular, the Cayuse leader impeded Gray's cutting of timber intended for various buildings at Waiilatpu. He demanded payment for the lumber and firewood gathered by the missionaries. These measures were intended to delay the use of the wood resources, as a settler in the Willamette Valley had
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In the beginning of 1842, when the Cayuse returned to the vicinity of Waiilatpu after winter, the Whitmans told the tribesmen to establish a house of worship for their use. The Cayuse noblemen disagreed, stating that the existing mission buildings were sufficient. The Whitmans tried to explain that
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Because the beaver population of the Columbian Plateau had declined, British fur trading activities were being curtailed. Despite this, the HBC practices during previous decades shaped the perceptions and expectations of the Cayuse in relation to the missionaries. Whitman was frustrated because the
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published "Murder at the Mission" to explore how the Whitman massacre myth was created by an erratic, self-promoting Henry Harmon Spalding who avoided the massacre. Although Spalding had "periodic bouts of irrationality" and "fellow missionaries wrote countless letters about his erratic, spiteful,
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to Christianity. While Blanchet and Demers were at the trading post for one day, they preached to an assembled group of Walla Wallas and Cayuse. Blanchet would later allege that Whitman had ordered local natives against attending their service. Whitman contacted the agent McLoughlin to complain of
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The missionary family suffered from a lack of privacy, as the Cayuse thought nothing of entering their quarters. Narcissa complained that the kitchen was "always filled with four or five or more Indians--men especially--at meal time ... " and said that once a room was established specifically for
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After Demers left the area in 1840, Whitman preached to assembled Cayuse on several occasions, saying that they were in a "lost ruined and condemned state ... in order to remove the hope that worshipping will save them." While he faced threats of violence for denying the power of worship, Whitman
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of the mission melon patch, the larger of them poisoned. This was from Cayuse taking the produce, to safeguard the patch Gray stated that he " ... put a little poison ... in order that the Indians who will eat them might be a little sick ... " During the winter of 1846, Young was employed on the
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Umtippe returned the following winter to again demand payment, along with medical attention for his sick wife. He informed Whitman that "Doctor, you have come here to give us bad medicines; you come to kill us, and you steal our lands. You had promised to pay me every year, and you have given me
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The Cayuse allowed construction of the mission, in the belief that Parker's promises still held. During the summer of 1837, a year after construction had started, the Whitmans were called upon to make due payment. The chief who owned the surrounding land was named Umtippe. Whitman balked at his
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By the 1940s, historians no longer considered the measles epidemic as a main cause of the murders at Waiilaptu. Robert Heizer said that "This measles epidemic, as an important contributing factor to the Whitman massacre, has been minimized by historians searching for the cause of the outrage."
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in 1840, because he thought it would allow "the Catholics to unite all the coast from California to the North ... " Religious strife continued between the two Christian denominations. Cayuse and related natives "brought under papal influences" was, according to the ABCFM board, "manifest less
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was established in 1936 to preserve the location of the mission and surrounding land. In 1997, the NPS stopped referring to the historical event as the "Whitman massacre" calling it the "Tragedy at Waiilatpu" in an attempt to more neutrally and holistically describe not only the murder of the
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The massacre is usually ascribed to the inability of Whitman, a physician, to prevent the measles outbreak. Cayuse in at least three villages held Whitman responsible for the widespread epidemic that killed hundreds of Cayuse while leaving settlers comparatively unscathed. Some Cayuse accused
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ministers later claimed that the Whitman killings were instigated by Catholic priests. According to their accounts, the Catholics may have told the Cayuse that Whitman had caused disease among their people and incited them to attack. Spalding and other Protestant ministers suggested that the
419:(who had settled after working as sailors) or whites. To bolster food supplies for the first winter, Whitman purchased several horses from the Cayuse. Additionally, the initial plowing of the Waiilatpu farm was done primarily with draft animals loaned by a Cayuse noble and Fort Nez Percés.
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The novelty of working for themselves and supplying their own wants seem to have passed away; while the papal teachers and other opposers of the mission appear to have succeeded in making them believe that the missionaries ought to furnish them with food and clothing and supply all their
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men who accused Whitman of poisoning 200 Cayuse in his medical care during an outbreak of measles that included the Whitman household. The killings occurred at the Whitman Mission at the junction of the Walla Walla River and Mill Creek in what is now southeastern Washington near
358:] there will come every year a big ship, loaded with goods to be divided among the Indians. Those goods will not be sold, but given to you. The missionaries will bring you plows and hoes, to teach you how to cultivate the land, and they will not sell, but give them to you."
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to process any wheat produced. Whitman believed that a mill would be another incentive for the Cayuse nation to stay near Waiilaptu. To allow him some freedom from secular tasks, Whitman began to ask that a farmer be hired to work at his station and advise the Cayuse.
427:"we could not have them worship there for they would make it so dirty and fill it so full of fleas that we could not live in it." The Cayuse who visited the Whitmans found Narcissa's haughtiness and Marcus' refusal to hold sermons in the mission household to be rude.
667:, Nathan Kimball, Isaac Gilliland, James Young, Crocket Bewley, and Amos Sales. Peter Hall, a carpenter who had been working on the house, managed to escape the massacre and reach Fort Walla Walla to raise the alarm and get help. From there he tried to get to
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Narcissa later went to the door to look out; she was shot by a Cayuse man. She died later from a volley of gunshots after she had been coaxed to leave the house. Additional persons killed were Andrew Rodgers, Jacob Hoffman, L. W. Saunders, Walter Marsh,
257:, regularized economic and cultural exchanges, including gift giving. Interactions were not always peaceful. Native Americans suspected that the whites had power over the new diseases that they suffered. Reports from the period note that members of the
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In 1838, Whitman wrote about his plans to begin altering the Cayuse diet and lifestyle. He asked to be supplied with a large stockpile of agricultural equipment, so that he could lend it to interested Cayuse. He also needed machinery to use in a
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nations faced threats of destruction through white-carried illnesses, as the natives had no immunity to these new infectious diseases. After becoming the premier fur gathering operation in the region, the HBC continued to develop ties on the
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Whitmans, but the events that led to it and the trial of the Cayuse people. Numerous scholars have used the NPS terminology and written about the incidents at length in an attempt to re-frame descriptions of the events more objectively.
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An additional point of contention between Whitman and the Cayuse was the missionaries' use of poisons. John Young, an immigrant from the United States, reported two cases in particular that strained relations. In 1840, he was warned by
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but never arrived. It is speculated that Hall drowned in the Columbia River or was caught and killed. Chief "Beardy" tried in vain to stop the massacre, but did not succeed. He was found crying while riding toward the Whitman Mission.
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nothing. You had better go away; if my wife dies, you shall die also." Cayuse men continued to complain to HBC traders of Whitman's refusal to pay for using their land and of his preferential treatment of incoming white colonists.
759:, seeking revenge for the death of his daughter Helen, was also involved with the process. The verdict was controversial because some observers believed that witnesses called to testify had not been present at the killings.
603:, hoping to create a situation in which he could ransack the Whitman Mission. He told the Cayuse that Whitman, who was attempting to treat them during a measles epidemic, was not trying to save them but to poison them. The
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as the prosecutor. In the trial, the five Cayuse who had surrendered used the defense that it is tribal law to kill the medicine man who gives bad medicine. After a lengthy trial, the Native Americans were found guilty;
588:, and it claimed lives among their party. Shortly after the expedition reached home, the disease appeared among the general population around Walla Walla and quickly spread among the tribes of the middle Columbia River.
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of tobacco for the return of the 49 surviving prisoners. The Hudson's Bay Company never billed the American settlers for the ransom nor did the latter ever offer cash payment to the company.
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confidence in the ceremonies of that delusive system." Despite this claim, in 1845 the board admitted that no Cayuse had formally joined the churches maintained by ABCFM missionaries.
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1438:"Defendants Request, Whitman Massacre Trial, 1851 (Transcript of original document)". Echoes of Oregon History Learning Guide. Oregon State Archives. Retrieved May 13, 2012.
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Authentic Account of the Murder of Dr. Whitman and Other Missionaries, by the Cayuse Indians of Oregon, in 1847, and the Causes Which Led to That Horrible Catastrophe.
237:(ABCFM). These relations set expectations among the Cayuse for how exchanges and dialogue with whites would operate. Primarily the early Euro-Americans engaged in the
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settlers of poisoning them so they could take their land. In the trial of five Cayuse accused of the killing, they used the defense that it was tribal law to kill the
245:. Marine captains regularly gave small gifts to indigenous merchants as a means to encourage commercial transactions. Later land-based trading posts, operated by the
652:, Tomahas, Kiamsumpkin, Iaiachalakis, Endoklamin, and Klokomas, enraged by Joe Lewis' talk, attacked Waiilatpu. According to Mary Ann Bridger (the young daughter of
884:, the first Native American director of the National Park Service (NPS), Whitman College announced that they will offer five full scholarships to students from the
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The Cayuse involved in the incident had previously lived at the Waiilatpu mission. Among the many new arrivals at Waiilatpu in 1847 was Joe Lewis, a mixed-race
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arrived at Fort Nez Percés on 18 November 1839. This began a long-lasting competition between the ABCFM and the Catholic missionaries to convert the
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711:, Ogden arranged for an exchange of 62 blankets, 62 cotton shirts, 12 Hudson's Bay rifles, 22 handkerchiefs, 300 loads of ammunition, and 15
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inclined to change their mode of life ... " During the winter of 1843-44, food supplies were short among the Cayuse. As the ABCFM recounted:
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discontinued the nickname "the missionaries" for its athletes. Colleges and towns have debated removal of statues of Whitman. The city of
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the Catholic activity. McLoughlin responded saying he had no oversight of the priests, but would advise them to avoid the Waiilaptu area.
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The Coming of the Spirit of Pestilence: Introduced Infectious Diseases and Population Decline among Northwest Coast Indians, 1774-1874.
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644:. It was alleged to have been based upon an incident involving Cayuse chief Five Crows and a Whitman Massacre survivor Lorinda Bewley
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Historian Cameron Addis recounted that after 1840, much of the Columbian Plateau was no longer important in the fur trade and that:
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and white "halfbreed". Bitter from discriminatory treatment in the East, Lewis attempted to spread discontent among the local
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Sahaptin nations came into direct contact with white colonizers several decades before the arrival of the members of the
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The Pageant brought 10,000 tourists to Walla Walla each year, including regional dignitaries such as Oregon Governor
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Catholics wanted to take over the Protestant mission, which Whitman had refused to sell to them. They accused Fr.
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mission sawmill. Whitman gave him instructions to place poisoned meat in the area surrounding Waiilatpu to kill
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and Tomahas, who had been present at the original incident, and three additional Cayuse men consented to go to
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demands and refused to fulfill the agreement, insisting that the land had been granted to him free of charge.
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Addis, Cameron. "The Whitman Massacre: Religion and Manifest Destiny on the Columbia Plateau, 1809-1858",
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Recent scholarship has helped to understand the origins of myths regarding the Whitman Massacre. In 2021,
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Walter Benjamin, translated by Howard Eiland and Kevin McLaughlin, Belknap Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1999
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Oregon and the Collapse of Illahee U.S. Empire and the Transformation of an Indigenous World, 1792-1859.
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was staying at Waiilatpu when the massacre occurred. The ten-year-old Eliza, who was conversant in the
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Murder at the Mission: A Frontier Killing, Its Legacy of Lies, and the Taking of the American West
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kept his horses within the Waiilatpu farm, earning Whitman's enmity as the horses destroyed the
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The belief that Marcus Whitman was deliberately poisoning Native Americans infected with measles
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A History of Oregon, 1792–1849, drawn from personal observation and authentic information ...
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suggested to the noble that he would establish a trading post in the vicinity. During 1841,
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1847 murder of American missionaries by Cayuse Native Americans near Walla Walla, Washington
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reported the verdict as foreman of the jury of twelve. Newly appointed Territorial Marshal
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1861:"It's Official: Statue Honoring Billy Frank Jr. To Replace Marcus Whitman At U.S. Capitol"
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to minister to the spiritual needs of both the regional Indigenous and Catholic settlers.
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The Morning Astorian Astoria, Oregon · Thursday, March 31, 1881 page 3 Historical facts.
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Narcissa Whitman to Rev. Mrs. H. K. W. Perkins, May 2, 1840. Whitman, Narcissa Prentiss.
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Unsettled ground : the Whitman Massacre and its shifting legacy in the American West
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The United States Army and Navy Journal, and Gazette of the Regular and Volunteer Forces
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The Automobile Club of Western Washington encouraged motorists to take the drive over
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Walla Walla, Washington, 1923, To the People of the Pageant (Director's Introduction)
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I do not intend to take your lands for nothing. After the Doctor is come, [
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1753:"The nomination of Chuck Sams to lead the Park Service is already changing history"
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That person (Rogers) then told the Natives that the doctor intended to poison them.
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Heizer, Robert Fleming. "Walla Walla Indian Expeditions to the Sacramento Valley,"
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continued to tell the Cayuse that their interpretation of Christianity was wrong.
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that winter as the men went to begin work on constructing the Waiilatpu Mission.
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One month following the massacre, on December 29, on orders from Chief Factor
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A few years later, after further violence in what would become known as the
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1779:"How a journalist unraveled a gory founding myth of the Pacific Northwest"
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on June 6–7, 1923, and again on May 28–29, 1924. Originally conceived by
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University of Washington Press, Seattle and London, 1999, pp. 146-148.
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were there. They carried the contagion to Waiilatpu as they ended the
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Whitman returned the following year with his wife, Narcissa, mechanic
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to locate potential mission locations. Parker hired a translator from
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1672:. Vol. 17. New York: Publication Office, No. 39 Park Row, 1880. 242.
868:(WA) is considering removal of the statue, while in 2021, Governor
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Whitman had opposed closing the Waiilatpu Mission, as suggested by
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was established on August 14, 1848, to protect the white settlers.
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signed legislation to remove and replace the statue of Whitman in
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The rival missionaries competed for the attention of Cayuse noble
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American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (1845), pp.
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Whitman Mission. December 27, 1839. Accessed September 17, 2015.
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Whitman Mission. November 11, 1841. Accessed September 17, 2015.
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Whitman Mission. October 29, 1840. Accessed September 17, 2015.
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Whitman Mission. November 11, 1841. Accessed September 8, 2015.
1033:"The fraud that inspired the settling of the Pacific Northwest"
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1887:"Whitman 'Massacre': Are we past the whitewashing of history?"
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Whitman Mission. October 5, 1838. Accessed September 17, 2015.
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Whitman Mission. October 15, 1840. Accessed September 8, 2015.
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Situated in Eastern Washington 250 miles east of the ports of
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Eleven years in the Rocky Mountains and a life on the frontier
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National Park Service: Whitman Mission National Historic Site
1738:"Visitors Crowd Into this City to View Pageant", May 29, 1924
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American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (1845),
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Whitman Mission. March 27, 1840. Accessed September 17, 2015.
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Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2010. p. 94.
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View of Waiilatpu and the site of the Whitman's mission today
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The Catholic Church dispatched two priests in 1838 from the
1940:(Revised ed.). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
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Whitman Mission. May 8, 1838. Accessed September 17, 2015.
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The Tainted Gift: The Disease Method of Frontier Expansion
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Today, the Cayuse are one of three tribes comprising the
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2nd ed. Portland, OR.: S.J. McCormick, 1869. pp. 23-24.
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and Marcus Whitman journeyed overland in 1835 from the
1381:
American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions.
215:
Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation
1620:"The Whitman Massacre Trial: An indictment is issued"
344:, six miles from the site of the present-day city of
321:. He wanted help in consulting with the elite of the
1937:
The Pacific Northwest : an interpretive history
1713:
1293:
1240:
Historical sketches of the Catholic Church in Oregon
1150:
235:
American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions
1280:
1278:
1276:
1722:"Seattle to Join Sister City in Big Celebration",
1645:"The Whitman Massacre Trial: A Verdict is Reached"
738:(then capital of Oregon), to be tried for murder.
340:During specific negotiations over what became the
151:, Tomahas, Kiamsumpkin, Iaiachalakis, and Klokomas
1910:"Tragedy at Waiilatpu: a new look at old history"
1344:
1342:
623:Painting of the assassination from O. W. Nixon's
403:advised against the missionaries residing on the
177:) refers to the killing of American missionaries
2712:
1273:
1055:
1053:
911:, spread of disease which preceded the massacre
285:
78:Waiilatpu mission, near Walla Walla, Washington
2056:
1835:"Walla Walla debates future of Whitman statue"
1357:
1339:
1251:
1249:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1193:
876:with a statue honoring tribal treaty activist
2087:
1746:
1744:
1399:
1397:
1395:
1393:
1217:
1215:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1050:
348:, Parker told the assembled Cayuse men that:
2771:National Historic Sites of the United States
1685:Walla Walla, Washington: 1923, Introduction
1377:
1375:
1316:
1314:
1117:
1115:
1113:
746:presided over the trial, with U.S. Attorney
2751:Pre-statehood history of Washington (state)
1460:Marcus Whitman and the Early Days of Oregon
1246:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1190:
1179:
1177:
1175:
1173:
614:
2094:
2080:
2041:
1741:
1390:
1212:
1130:
998:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
769:
53:
1995:, Harris and Holman: 1870, pp. 464,
1971:Lyman's History of old Walla Walla County
1933:
1479:
1477:
1372:
1311:
1110:
430:
59:Dramatic depiction of the incident, from
1807:"Debunking the Marcus Whitman Mythology"
1804:
1696:How the West was Won: A Pioneer Pageant,
1683:How the West was Won: A Pioneer Pageant,
1639:
1637:
1427:California Historical Society Quarterly,
1224:
1187:. Fairfield, WA: Ye Galleon Press, 1986.
1170:
773:
682:
674:
632:
618:
550:
374:
366:
331:
224:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1065:Echoes of Oregon History Learning Guide
1026:
1024:
783:How the West was Won: A Pioneer Pageant
687:Seven survivors of the Whitman massacre
515:of being a party to such provocations.
2713:
1832:
1750:
1492:Drury (2005) Vol. 2, pp. 256, 261-262.
1474:
1030:
896:Whitman Mission National Historic Site
297:into portions of the modern states of
2102:Pioneer history of Oregon (1806–1890)
2075:
1968:
1885:Tate, Cassandra (November 28, 2017).
1858:
1776:
1634:
1456:
778:Gravesite of Whitman Massacre victims
679:Tiloukaikt and Tomahas, Cayuse chiefs
459:
1962:
1907:
1884:
1092:
1021:
1012:
963:
959:
957:
955:
926:
924:
607:tribes believed that the doctor, or
1751:Harden, Blaine (October 18, 2021).
843:
626:Whitman's Ride through Savage lands
580:in 1846, when a party of primarily
13:
2002:
1915:. No. 23–1. Columbia Magazine
1777:Berry, Lorraine (April 22, 2021).
1258:To Rev. Walker: December 27, 1839.
1206:To Rev. Greene: November 11, 1841.
546:
14:
2792:
2741:1847 murders in the United States
2018:
1833:Dinman, Emry (January 24, 2022).
1805:Connelly, Joel (April 26, 2021).
1483:Drury (2005) Vol. 2, pp. 250-252.
1305:To Rev. Greene: October 29, 1840.
1164:To Rev. Greene: October 15, 1840.
952:
921:
387:, and the missionary couple Rev.
2205:
2140:Oregon & California Railroad
2030:Walla Walla Treaty Council, 1855
1457:Mowry, William Augustus (1901).
1351:To Rev. Greene: October 5, 1838.
1031:Harden, Blaine (July 15, 2021).
362:
2667:Oregon Steam Navigation Company
1969:Lyman, William Denison (2020).
1927:
1901:
1878:
1852:
1826:
1798:
1770:
1729:
1701:
1688:
1675:
1659:
1612:
1603:
1594:
1585:
1576:
1567:
1558:
1549:
1540:
1531:
1528:Drury (2005) Vol. 2, p. 257–258
1522:
1513:
1504:
1495:
1486:
1450:
1441:
1432:
1429:Vol. 21, No. 1 (1942), pp. 1-7.
1419:
1406:
1326:
1287:To Rev. Greene: March 27, 1840.
1264:
1185:The Letters of Narcissa Whitman
2776:Walla Walla County, Washington
1387:Boston: 1845. Vol. 33, p. 194.
1145:"To Rev. Greene: May 5, 1837."
1107:25, No. 2 (2005), pp. 221-258.
1079:
1006:
518:
1:
2756:Massacres by Native Americans
2227:Russo-American Treaty of 1824
1934:Schwantes, Carlos A. (1996).
1859:Banse, Tom (April 14, 2021).
1384:Annual Report: Volumes 32-36.
1105:Journal of the Early Republic
915:
586:second Walla Walla expedition
220:
1366:To Rev. Greene: May 8, 1838.
1243:, Portland, OR: 1878, p. 35.
1013:Mann, Barbara Alice (2009).
286:Establishment of the mission
7:
1736:Walla Walla Union Bulletin,
1609:Drury (2005) Vol. 2, p. 321
1600:Drury (2005) Vol. 2, p. 328
1591:Drury (2005) Vol. 2, p. 305
1582:Drury (2005) Vol. 2, p. 337
1573:Drury (2005) Vol. 2, p. 263
1564:Drury (2005) Vol. 2, p. 287
1555:Drury (2005) Vol. 2, p. 269
1546:Drury (2005) Vol. 2, p. 254
1537:Drury (2005) Vol. 2, p. 265
1519:Drury (2005) Vol. 2, p. 252
1510:Drury (2005) Vol. 2, p. 253
1501:Drury (2005) Vol. 2, p. 262
1463:. Silver, Burdett. p.
902:
730:Eventually, tribal leaders
125:November 29, 1847
10:
2797:
1839:Walla Walla Union Bulletin
311:Pierre-Chrysologue Pambrun
2675:
2624:
2408:
2292:
2274:Constitutional Convention
2232:Willamette Cattle Company
2214:
2203:
2107:
1666:"A parallel for the Utes"
1236:Blanchet, Francis Norbert
880:After some persuasion by
470:François Norbert Blanchet
155:
144:
136:
121:
82:
74:
52:
44:
39:
1403:Brouillet (1869), p. 30.
1221:Brouillet (1869), p. 27.
964:Tate, Cassandra (2020).
836:and Washington Governor
718:
615:Outbreak of the violence
239:North American fur trade
210:who gives bad medicine.
2400:Willamette Trading Post
2257:Donation Land Claim Act
2145:Oregon boundary dispute
2064:The Oregon Encyclopedia
2049:The Oregon Encyclopedia
1908:Ruby, Robert H (2009).
1647:. Oregon State Archives
1622:. Oregon State Archives
1270:Blanchet (1878), p. 93.
1067:. Oregon State Archives
909:Walla Walla expeditions
787:Walla Walla, Washington
770:Anniversary remembrance
346:Walla Walla, Washington
26:Infobox civilian attack
18:
2726:1847 in Oregon Country
2685:Native peoples history
2385:Thomas and Ruckle Road
2197:Provisional Government
2011:, Blaine Harden (2021)
779:
688:
680:
665:John and Francis Sager
645:
630:
556:
544:
431:Land ownership dispute
380:
372:
360:
337:
283:
230:
106:46.04222°N 118.46417°W
31:considered for merging
2461:Abigail Scott Duniway
939:National Park Service
892:Tribal members live.
777:
762:On June 3, 1850, the
686:
678:
636:
622:
555:Sketch of the mission
554:
539:
378:
370:
350:
335:
279:
229:A Cayuse tribe member
228:
67:Frances Fuller Victor
2731:November 1847 events
2135:Hudson's Bay Company
2115:American Fur Company
1991:William Henry Gray,
1708:The Arcades Project,
1121:Brouillet, J. B. A.
886:Umatilla Reservation
800:Percy Jewett Burrell
740:Oregon Supreme Court
702:Hudson's Bay Company
315:Hudson's Bay Company
255:Hudson's Bay Company
175:Tragedy at Waiilatpu
111:46.04222; -118.46417
2581:Eliza Hart Spalding
2192:Pacific Fur Company
2160:Oregon missionaries
2125:Executive Committee
2057:Lansing, Robert B.
1757:The Washington Post
785:, was performed in
567:Northwestern wolves
513:Pierre-Jean De Smet
393:Eliza Hart Spalding
317:(HBC) trading post
247:Pacific Fur Company
169:(also known as the
102: /
2526:Morton M. McCarver
2516:David Thomas Lenox
2380:Philip Foster Farm
2284:Great Gale of 1880
2120:Columbian exchange
2059:"Whitman massacre"
2044:"Whitman massacre"
2035:2016-03-03 at the
1973:. Outlook Verlag.
780:
689:
681:
646:
640:, 1891 picture by
631:
557:
460:Conversion efforts
381:
373:
338:
251:North West Company
243:maritime fur trade
231:
2736:Massacres in 1847
2721:Conflicts in 1847
2708:
2707:
2591:William Vandevert
2486:Cornelius Gilliam
2466:Thomas Lamb Eliot
2441:William H. Boring
2436:François Blanchet
2365:Methodist Mission
2237:Champoeg Meetings
1812:Los Angeles Times
1784:Los Angeles Times
1694:Stephen Penrose,
1681:Stephen Penrose,
1363:Whitman, Marcus.
1348:Whitman, Marcus.
1302:Whitman, Marcus.
1284:Whitman, Marcus.
1255:Whitman, Marcus.
1203:Whitman, Marcus.
1161:Whitman, Marcus.
1143:Whitman, Marcus.
977:978-1-63217-250-1
932:"Whitman Mission"
700:, an official of
698:Peter Skene Ogden
313:, manager of the
272:Columbian Plateau
196:Pacific Northwest
163:
162:
2788:
2746:Oregon Territory
2611:Geo. H. Williams
2606:Narcissa Whitman
2416:George Abernethy
2390:Tualatin Academy
2375:Oregon Institute
2269:Rogue River Wars
2247:Whitman massacre
2209:
2172:Oregon Territory
2166:Oregon Spectator
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2089:
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2073:
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2042:Addis, Cameron.
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928:
844:Legacy and myths
834:Walter E. Pierce
796:manifest destiny
794:period, such as
744:Orville C. Pratt
648:On November 29,
605:Columbia Plateau
478:Sahaptin peoples
466:Red River colony
417:Hawaiian Kanakas
405:Columbia Plateau
379:Narcissa Whitman
200:Oregon Territory
183:Narcissa Whitman
171:Whitman killings
167:Whitman massacre
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2695:Pioneer history
2690:History to 1806
2671:
2620:
2566:Osborne Russell
2546:James D. Miller
2531:John McLoughlin
2421:Jesse Applegate
2404:
2395:Whitman Mission
2305:Applegate Trail
2288:
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2100:
2037:Wayback Machine
2021:
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2003:Further reading
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970:. Seattle, WA.
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878:Billy Frank Jr.
862:Whitman College
846:
829:Snoqualmie Pass
791:Whitman College
772:
721:
694:Cayuse language
642:E. Irving Couse
617:
572:Measles was an
549:
547:Rising tensions
521:
497:Asa Bowen Smith
462:
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401:John McLoughlin
385:William H. Gray
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342:Whitman Mission
319:Fort Nez Percés
295:Rocky Mountains
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2700:Modern history
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2677:Oregon history
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2654:Colonel Wright
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2625:Transportation
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2601:Marcus Whitman
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2586:Henry Spalding
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2019:External links
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1980:978-3752433838
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325:(Cayuse) and
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2781:Oregon Trail
2659:
2652:
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2640:Lot Whitcomb
2638:
2632:
2596:Elijah White
2496:Chief Joseph
2476:Peter French
2345:Fort William
2330:Fort Astoria
2261:
2246:
2187:Organic Laws
2177:Oregon Trail
2164:
2062:
2047:
2014:
2008:
1992:
1970:
1964:
1936:
1929:
1917:. Retrieved
1903:
1891:. Retrieved
1880:
1868:. Retrieved
1864:
1854:
1844:February 24,
1842:. Retrieved
1838:
1828:
1818:February 24,
1816:. Retrieved
1810:
1800:
1790:February 24,
1788:. Retrieved
1782:
1772:
1762:February 24,
1760:. Retrieved
1756:
1735:
1731:
1723:
1707:
1703:
1695:
1690:
1682:
1677:
1669:
1661:
1651:February 18,
1649:. Retrieved
1624:. Retrieved
1614:
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1447:Mann (2009).
1443:
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1163:
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1104:
1086:
1081:
1069:. Retrieved
1064:
1042:February 24,
1040:. Retrieved
1036:
1014:
1008:
966:
942:. Retrieved
938:
894:
859:
855:U.S. Capitol
847:
826:
815:
804:
782:
781:
761:
729:
722:
706:
690:
661:
654:mountain man
647:
637:
624:
594:
590:
582:Walla Wallas
571:
562:William Gray
558:
540:
535:
526:
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397:Chief Factor
382:
353:
351:
339:
289:
280:
276:
232:
212:
208:medicine man
204:
174:
170:
166:
164:
145:Perpetrators
61:
45:Part of the
24:
2616:Ewing Young
2561:Joel Palmer
2541:Ezra Meeker
2536:Joseph Meek
2521:Asa Lovejoy
2481:Joseph Gale
2426:Ira Babcock
2370:Oregon City
2360:Meek Cutoff
2335:Fort Dalles
2310:Barlow Road
1017:. ABC Clio.
866:Walla Walla
764:Cayuse Five
757:Joseph Meek
736:Oregon City
657:Jim Bridger
638:The Captive
519:Agriculture
192:Walla Walla
109: /
97:118°27′51″W
84:Coordinates
20:‹ The
2761:Cayuse War
2715:Categories
2576:Levi Scott
2551:John Minto
2506:H.A.G. Lee
2491:David Hill
2431:Sam Barlow
2252:Cayuse War
1889:. Crosscut
986:1127788843
916:References
882:Chuck Sams
870:Jay Inslee
732:Tiloukaikt
725:Cayuse War
650:Tiloukaikt
530:grist mill
506:and other
446:Tiloukaikt
307:Washington
253:, and the
221:Background
149:Tiloukaikt
129:1847-11-29
94:46°02′32″N
47:Cayuse War
2511:Jason Lee
2355:Linn City
2279:Modoc War
994:cite book
860:In 2021,
857:in 1953.
267:Chinookan
217:(CTUIR).
29:is being
2633:Columbia
2320:Champoeg
2033:Archived
1956:32820010
1919:April 7,
1893:April 6,
1626:March 3,
1322:212-213.
944:April 6,
903:See also
822:Portland
809:and the
742:justice
597:Iroquois
574:epidemic
327:Niimíipu
241:and the
173:and the
75:Location
33:. ›
22:template
2661:Gazelle
2647:Canemah
2315:Canemah
2130:Ferries
1870:Feb 24,
1071:May 13,
818:Seattle
811:arcades
713:fathoms
629:(1905).
576:around
486:Tawatoy
323:Liksiyu
127: (
2409:People
2300:Albina
2293:Places
2215:Events
2108:Topics
1977:
1954:
1944:
1334:p. 187
984:
974:
890:Cayuse
888:where
609:shaman
601:Cayuse
542:wants.
452:crop.
305:, and
303:Oregon
265:, and
259:Umpqua
249:, the
187:Cayuse
179:Marcus
156:Motive
137:Deaths
1913:(PDF)
935:(PDF)
719:Trial
450:maize
299:Idaho
263:Makah
1975:ISBN
1952:OCLC
1942:ISBN
1921:2022
1895:2022
1872:2022
1865:NWPB
1846:2022
1820:2021
1792:2022
1764:2022
1653:2008
1628:2008
1073:2012
1044:2022
1000:link
982:OCLC
972:ISBN
946:2022
820:and
472:and
399:Dr.
391:and
181:and
165:The
122:Date
1997:MOA
1465:320
355:sic
65:by
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
