Wi-Fi - Knowledge

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each hop, and there may be a reduction in the maximum available data throughput. Besides, the effect of additional users using a network employing wireless range-extenders is to consume the available bandwidth faster than would be the case whereby a single user migrates around a network employing extenders. For this reason, wireless range-extenders work best in networks supporting low traffic throughput requirements, such as for cases whereby a single user with a Wi-Fi-equipped tablet migrates around the combined extended and non-extended portions of the total connected network. Also, a wireless device connected to any of the repeaters in the chain has data throughput limited by the "weakest link" in the chain between the connection origin and connection end. Networks using wireless extenders are more prone to degradation from interference from neighbouring access points that border portions of the extended network and that happen to occupy the same channel as the extended network.

2742: 2311: 2605: 2836:; alternatively, a wireless bridge can be used to enable a device that supports a wired connection to operate at a wireless networking standard that is faster than supported by the wireless network connectivity feature (external dongle or inbuilt) supported by the device (e.g., enabling Wireless-N speeds (up to the maximum supported speed on the wired Ethernet port on both the bridge and connected devices including the wireless access point) for a device that only supports Wireless-G). A dual-band wireless bridge can also be used to enable 5 GHz wireless network operation on a device that only supports 2.4 GHz wireless and has a wired Ethernet port. 1813:(CSMA/CA) governs the way stations share channels. With CSMA/CA stations attempt to avoid collisions by beginning transmission only after the channel is sensed to be idle, but then transmit their packet data in its entirety. CSMA/CA cannot completely prevent collisions, as two stations may sense the channel to be idle at the same time and thus begin transmission simultaneously. A collision happens when a station receives signals from multiple stations on a channel at the same time. This corrupts the transmitted data and can require stations to re-transmit. The lost data and re-transmission reduces throughput, in some cases severely. 2711: 2298: 1918: 1898: 745: 859: 2446: 1908: 124: 1997:). The base version of the standard was released in 1997 and has had many subsequent amendments. The standard and amendments provide the basis for wireless network products using the Wi-Fi brand. While each amendment is officially revoked when incorporated in the latest version of the standard, the corporate world tends to market to the revisions because they concisely denote capabilities of their products. As a result, in the market place, each revision tends to become its own standard. 2570: 47: 2584: 11335: 2288: 1596: 1078: 2438: 2151: 2268:, and therefore the antenna can project or accept a usable signal further in particular directions, as compared to a similar output power on a more isotropic antenna. For example, an 8 dBi antenna used with a 100 mW driver has a similar horizontal range to a 6 dBi antenna being driven at 500 mW. This assumes that radiation in the vertical is lost; this may not be the case in some situations, especially in large buildings or within a 1932: 3271:(WHO) says, "no health effects are expected from exposure to RF fields from base stations and wireless networks", but notes that they promote research into effects from other RF sources. (a category used when "a causal association is considered credible, but when chance, bias or confounding cannot be ruled out with reasonable confidence"), this classification was based on risks associated with wireless phone use rather than Wi-Fi networks. 2526:, all of which can cause significant additional interference. It is also an issue when municipalities or other large entities (such as universities) seek to provide large area coverage. On some 5 GHz bands interference from radar systems can occur in some places. For base stations that support those bands they employ Dynamic Frequency Selection which listens for radar, and if it is found, it will not permit a network on that band. 11345: 2858: 2969: 11324: 2562:

common applications are included as well. This text and measurements do not cover packet errors but information about this can be found at the above references. The table below shows the maximum achievable (application-specific) UDP throughput in the same scenarios (same references again) with various WLAN (802.11) flavours. The measurement hosts have been 25 metres (yards) apart from each other; loss is again ignored.

2321: 1843:. In the standards, channels are numbered at 5 MHz spacing within a band (except in the 60 GHz band, where they are 2.16 GHz apart), and the number refers to the centre frequency of the channel. Although channels are numbered at 5 MHz spacing, transmitters generally occupy at least 20 MHz, and standards allow for channels to be bonded together to form wider channels for higher throughput. 11355: 1878:, which, for much of the world, offers at least 23 non-overlapping 20 MHz channels. This is in contrast to the 2.4 GHz frequency band where the channels are only 5 MHz wide. In general, lower frequencies have longer range but have less capacity. The 5 GHz bands are absorbed to a greater degree by common building materials than the 2.4 GHz bands and usually give a shorter range. 1488: 1959: 2054: 2354:

standard as "Wi-Fi CERTIFIED ac". This standard uses several signal processing techniques such as multi-user MIMO and 4X4 Spatial Multiplexing streams, and wide channel bandwidth (160 MHz) to achieve its gigabit throughput. According to a study by IHS Technology, 70% of all access point sales revenue in the first quarter of 2016 came from 802.11ac devices.

2643: 3232:. These vary from the accessibility of other resources, like books, the location of the workplace, and the social aspect of meeting other people in the same place. Moreover, the increase of people working from public places results in more customers for local businesses thus providing an economic stimulus to the area. 3219:. These long-range Wi-Fi networks have two main uses: offer Internet access to populations in isolated villages, and to provide healthcare to isolated communities. In the case of the aforementioned example, it connects the central hospital in Iquitos to 15 medical outposts which are intended for remote diagnosis. 930:, commercially used at least as early as August 1999, was coined by the brand-consulting firm Interbrand. The Wi-Fi Alliance had hired Interbrand to create a name that was "a little catchier than 'IEEE 802.11b Direct Sequence'." According to Phil Belanger, a founding member of the Wi-Fi Alliance, the term 2848:

can extend the range of an existing wireless network. Strategically placed range-extenders can elongate a signal area or allow for the signal area to reach around barriers such as those pertaining in L-shaped corridors. Wireless devices connected through repeaters suffer from an increased latency for

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throughput measurements. Each represents an average throughput of 25 measurements (the error bars are there, but barely visible due to the small variation), is with specific packet size (small or large), and with a specific data rate (10 kbit/s – 100 Mbit/s). Markers for traffic profiles of

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use. Many common obstructions, such as walls, pillars, home appliances, etc., may greatly reduce range, but this also helps minimize interference between different networks in crowded environments. The range of an access point is about 20 m (66 ft) indoors, while some access points claim up

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Wireless bridging can connect a wired network to a wireless network. A bridge differs from an access point: an access point typically connects wireless devices to one wired network. Two wireless bridge devices may be used to connect two wired networks over a wireless link, useful in situations where

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Equipment frequently supports multiple versions of Wi-Fi. To communicate, devices must use a common Wi-Fi version. The versions differ between the radio wavebands they operate on, the radio bandwidth they occupy, the maximum data rates they can support and other details. Some versions permit the use

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is the set of all the devices associated with a particular Wi-Fi network. Devices in a service set need not be on the same wavebands or channels. A service set can be local, independent, extended, mesh, or a combination. Each service set has an associated identifier, a 32-byte service set identifier

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On an unsecured access point, an unauthorized user can obtain security information (factory preset passphrase or Wi-Fi Protected Setup PIN) from a label on a wireless access point and use this information (or connect by the Wi-Fi Protected Setup pushbutton method) to commit unauthorized or unlawful

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However, many 2.4 GHz 802.11b and 802.11g access-points default to the same channel on initial startup, contributing to congestion on certain channels. Wi-Fi pollution, or an excessive number of access points in the area, can prevent access and interfere with other devices' use of other access

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The Wi-Fi 5 standard uses the 5 GHz band exclusively, and is capable of multi-station WLAN throughput of at least 1 gigabit per second, and a single station throughput of at least 500 Mbit/s. As of the first quarter of 2016, The Wi-Fi Alliance certifies devices compliant with the 802.11ac

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In addition to 802.11, the IEEE 802 protocol family has specific provisions for Wi-Fi. These are required because Ethernet's cable-based media are not usually shared, whereas with wireless all transmissions are received by all stations within the range that employ that radio channel. While Ethernet

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to devices that are within Wi-Fi range of one or more routers that are connected to the Internet. The coverage of one or more interconnected access points can extend from an area as small as a few rooms to as large as many square kilometres. Coverage in the larger area may require a group of access

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with each other as well as with wired devices and the Internet. Different versions of Wi-Fi are specified by various IEEE 802.11 protocol standards, with different radio technologies determining radio bands, maximum ranges, and speeds that may be achieved. Wi-Fi most commonly uses the 2.4 gigahertz

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Additionally, in the same study it has been noted that wireless connection provides more freedom of movement while working. Both when working at home or from the office it allows the displacement between different rooms or areas. In some offices (notably Cisco offices in New York) the employees do

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Over half the world does not have access to the Internet, prominently rural areas in developing nations. Technology that has been implemented in more developed nations is often costly and low energy efficient. This has led to developing nations using more low-tech networks, frequently implementing

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introduced the first ARM Cortex-M4 microcontroller with an onboard dedicated Wi-Fi MCU, the SimpleLink CC3200. It makes embedded systems with Wi-Fi connectivity possible to build as single-chip devices, which reduces their cost and minimum size, making it more practical to build wireless-networked

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These bands can be used by low power transmitters without a licence, and with few restrictions. However, while unintended interference is common, users that have been found to cause deliberate interference (particularly for attempting to locally monopolize these bands for commercial purposes) have

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Access to Wi-Fi in public spaces such as cafes or parks allows people, in particular freelancers, to work remotely. While the accessibility of Wi-Fi is the strongest factor when choosing a place to work (75% of people would choose a place that provides Wi-Fi over one that does not), other factors

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Piggybacking often occurs unintentionally – a technically unfamiliar user might not change the default "unsecured" settings to their access point and operating systems can be configured to connect automatically to any available wireless network. A user who happens to start up a laptop in the

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A common measure to deter unauthorized users involves hiding the access point's name by disabling the SSID broadcast. While effective against the casual user, it is ineffective as a security method because the SSID is broadcast in the clear in response to a client SSID query. Another method is to

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Increasingly in the last few years (particularly as of 2007), embedded Wi-Fi modules have become available that incorporate a real-time operating system and provide a simple means of wirelessly enabling any device that can communicate via a serial port. This allows the design of simple monitoring

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Wi-Fi connections can be blocked or the Internet speed lowered by having other devices in the same area. Wi-Fi protocols are designed to share the wavebands reasonably fairly, and this often works with little to no disruption. To minimize collisions with Wi-Fi and non-Wi-Fi devices, Wi-Fi employs

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In infrastructure mode, which is the most common mode used, all communications go through a base station. For communications within the network, this introduces an extra use of the airwaves but has the advantage that any two stations that can communicate with the base station can also communicate

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and MAC address are crucial for identifying access points. The accuracy depends on nearby access points in the database. Signal fluctuations can cause errors, which can be reduced with noise-filtering techniques. For low precision, integrating Wi-Fi data with geographical and time information has

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Various layer-2 variants of IEEE 802.11 have different characteristics. Across all flavours of 802.11, maximum achievable throughputs are either given based on measurements under ideal conditions or in the layer-2 data rates. This, however, does not apply to typical deployments in which data are

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Wi-Fi networks have also affected how the interior of homes and hotels are arranged. For instance, architects have described that their clients no longer wanted only one room as their home office, but would like to work near the fireplace or have the possibility to work in different rooms. This

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vicinity of an access point may find the computer has joined the network without any visible indication. Moreover, a user intending to join one network may instead end up on another one if the latter has a stronger signal. In combination with automatic discovery of other network resources (see

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As with other IEEE 802 LANs, stations come programmed with a globally unique 48-bit MAC address. The MAC addresses are used to specify both the destination and the source of each data packet. On the reception of a transmission, the receiver uses the destination address to determine whether the

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is configured within the devices that are part of the network. A basic service set (BSS) is a group of stations that share the same wireless channel, SSID, and other settings that have wirelessly connected, usually to the same access point. Each BSS is identified by a MAC address called the

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or 802.11g (20 MHz). 802.11n can be set to limit itself to 20 MHz bandwidth to prevent interference in dense communities. In the 5 GHz band, 20 MHz, 40 MHz, 80 MHz, and 160 MHz channels are permitted with some restrictions, giving much faster connections.

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Other factors that contribute to the overall application data rate are the speed with which the application transmits the packets (i.e. the data rate) and the energy with which the wireless signal is received. The latter is determined by distance and by the configured output power of the

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Wi-Fi allows wireless deployment of local area networks (LANs). Also, spaces where cables cannot be run, such as outdoor areas and historical buildings, can host wireless LANs. However, building walls of certain materials, such as stone with high metal content, can block Wi-Fi signals.

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only when applicable packets are received: the card ignores information not addressed to it. The use of the same channel also means that the data bandwidth is shared, such that, for example, available data bandwidth to each device is halved when two stations are actively transmitting.

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standards from the IEEE. Manufacturers with membership in the Wi-Fi Alliance, whose products pass the certification process, gain the right to mark those products with the Wi-Fi logo. Specifically, the certification process requires conformance to the IEEE 802.11 radio standards, the

2458:(CSMA/CA), where transmitters listen before transmitting and delay transmission of packets if they detect that other devices are active on the channel, or if noise is detected from adjacent channels or non-Wi-Fi sources. Nevertheless, Wi-Fi networks are still susceptible to the 2915:. To access Wi-Fi, one must merely be within the range of the Wi-Fi network. Most business networks protect sensitive data and systems by attempting to disallow external access. Enabling wireless connectivity reduces security if the network uses inadequate or no encryption. 2393:

Due to the complex nature of radio propagation at typical Wi-Fi frequencies, particularly around trees and buildings, algorithms can only approximately predict Wi-Fi signal strength for any given area in relation to a transmitter. This effect does not apply equally to

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Due to the difference in the frame (header) lengths of these two media, the packet size of an application determines the speed of the data transfer. This means that an application that uses small packets (e.g. VoIP) creates a data flow with high overhead traffic (low

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Spectrum assignments and operational limitations are not consistent worldwide: Australia and Europe allow for an additional two channels (12, 13) beyond the 11 permitted in the United States for the 2.4 GHz band, while Japan has three more (12–14).

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easily breakable even when correctly configured. Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) encryption, which became available in devices in 2003, aimed to solve this problem. Wi-Fi Protected Access 2 (WPA2) ratified in 2004 is considered secure, provided a strong

2869:, allows embedded devices with a limited graphical user interface to connect to the Internet with ease. Wi-Fi Protected Setup has 2 configurations: The Push Button configuration and the PIN configuration. These embedded devices are also called The 5766:

Magda Chelly, Nel Samama. New techniques for indoor positioning, combining deterministic and estimation methods. ENC-GNSS 2009: European Navigation Conference – Global Navigation Satellite Systems, May 2009, Naples, Italy. pp.1 – 12. hal-01367483

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The Internet has become an integral part of living. As of 2016, 81.9% of American households have Internet access. Additionally, 89% of American households with broadband connect via wireless technologies. 72.9% of American households have Wi-Fi.

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On wireless routers with detachable antennas, it is possible to improve range by fitting upgraded antennas that provide a higher gain in particular directions. Outdoor ranges can be improved to many kilometres (miles) through the use of high gain

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Magda Chelly, Nel Samama. Detecting visibility in heterogeneous simulated environments for positioning purposes. IPIN 2010: International Conference on Indoor Positioning and Indoor Navigation, Sep 2010, Hoenggerberg, Switzerland. ⟨hal-01345039⟩

6620: 3126:. Indeed, many access points are intentionally installed without security turned on so that they can be used as a free service. Providing access to one's Internet connection in this fashion may breach the Terms of Service or contract with the 2910:

is its simplified access to the network compared to traditional wired networks such as Ethernet. With wired networking, one must either gain access to a building (physically connecting into the internal network), or break through an external

2077:. Different types of ad hoc networks exist. In the simplest case network nodes must talk directly to each other. In more complex protocols nodes may forward packets, and nodes keep track of how to reach other nodes, even if they move around. 1675:. Installation of the screens began in late 2015. The city government plans to implement more than seven thousand kiosks over time, eventually making LinkNYC the largest and fastest public, government-operated Wi-Fi network in the world. The 1800:

by multiple networks. When communication happens on the same channel, any information sent by one computer is locally received by all, even if that information is intended for just one destination. The network interface card interrupts the

1451:). These generations have a high degree of backward compatibility with previous versions. The alliance has stated that the generational level 4, 5, or 6 can be indicated in the user interface when connected, along with the signal strength. 2235:

To reach requirements for wireless LAN applications, Wi-Fi has higher power consumption compared to some other standards designed to support wireless personal area network (PAN) applications. For example, Bluetooth provides a much shorter

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Not every Wi-Fi device is submitted for certification. The lack of Wi-Fi certification does not necessarily imply that a device is incompatible with other Wi-Fi devices. The Wi-Fi Alliance may or may not sanction derivative terms, such as

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non-overlapping channels in North America. However, whether the overlap is significant depends on physical spacing. Channels that are four apart interfere a negligible amount – much less than reusing channels (which causes

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IEEE Standard for Information technology—Telecommunications and information exchange between systems Local and metropolitan area networks—Specific requirements - Part 11: Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY)

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authentication standard. Certification may optionally include tests of IEEE 802.11 draft standards, interaction with cellular-phone technology in converged devices, and features relating to security set-up, multimedia, and power-saving.

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According to a founding member of the Wi-Fi Alliance, "Wi-Fi" has no expanded meaning, and was simply chosen as a more memorable name for the technology. Some Wi-Fi Alliance materials produced soon after this selection used the phrase

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may be formed by deploying multiple access points that are configured with the same SSID and security settings. Wi-Fi client devices typically connect to the access point that can provide the strongest signal within that service set.

5495: 2272:. In the above example, a directional waveguide could cause the low-power 6 dBi antenna to project much further in a single direction than the 8 dBi antenna, which is not in a waveguide, even if they are both driven at 100 mW. 3968: 3107:

Piggybacking refers to access to a wireless Internet connection by bringing one's computer within the range of another's wireless connection, and using that service without the subscriber's explicit permission or knowledge.

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that is accessible to wired and wireless LAN clients and often optionally to WAN clients. This utility may also be an application that is run on a computer, as is the case with as Apple's AirPort, which is managed with the

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were moving to provide free Internet access at more than 10,000 locations around the city, including outdoor public spaces, major streets, and densely populated residential areas. Seoul was planning to grant leases to KT,

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A standard speed Wi-Fi signal occupies five channels in the 2.4 GHz band. Interference can be caused by overlapping channels. Any two channel numbers that differ by five or more, such as 2 and 7, do not overlap (no

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Mobile use of Wi-Fi over wider ranges is limited, for instance, to uses such as in an automobile moving from one hotspot to another. Other wireless technologies are more suitable for communicating with moving vehicles.

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Countries apply their own regulations to the allowable channels, allowed users and maximum power levels within these frequency ranges. 802.11b/g/n can use the 2.4 GHz band, operating in the United States under FCC

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band used in newer generations of the standard; these bands are subdivided into multiple channels. Channels can be shared between networks, but, within range, only one transmitter can transmit on a channel at a time.

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Distance records (using non-standard devices) include 382 km (237 mi) in June 2007, held by Ermanno Pietrosemoli and EsLaRed of Venezuela, transferring about 3 MB of data between the mountain-tops of

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to a 150 m (490 ft) range outdoors. Hotspot coverage can be as small as a single room with walls that block radio waves or as large as many square kilometers using many overlapping access points with

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contradicts architect's pre-existing ideas of the use of rooms that they designed. Additionally, some hotels have noted that guests prefer to stay in certain rooms since they receive a stronger Wi-Fi signal.

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An attacker who has gained access to a Wi-Fi network router can initiate a DNS spoofing attack against any other user of the network by forging a response before the queried DNS server has a chance to reply.

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might have a range of 100 m (0.062 mi). The same radio with an external semi-parabolic antenna (15 dB gain) with a similarly equipped receiver at the far end might have a range over 20 miles.

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Y. Chen and H. Kobayashi, “Signal strength based indoor geolocation,” in Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC ’02), vol. 1, pp. 436–439, New York, NY, USA, April–May 2002.

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Compared to cell phones and similar technology, Wi-Fi transmitters are low-power devices. In general, the maximum amount of power that a Wi-Fi device can transmit is limited by local regulations, such as

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held by many different organizations. Australia, the United States and the Netherlands simultaneously claim the invention of Wi-Fi, and a consensus has not been reached globally. In 2009, the Australian

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In the 2.4 GHz wavebands as well as others, transmitters straddle multiple channels. Overlapping channels can suffer from interference unless this is a small portion of the total received power.

6493: 3042:(GUI). On unencrypted Wi-Fi networks connecting devices can monitor and record data (including personal information). Such networks can only be secured by using other means of protection, such as a 2733:

between connected wireless devices in addition to a (usually) single connected wired device, most often an Ethernet hub or switch, allowing wireless devices to communicate with other wired devices.

822:(IEEE) to create a standard and were involved in designing the initial 802.11b and 802.11a specifications within the IEEE. They have both been subsequently inducted into the Wi-Fi NOW Hall of Fame. 8320: 4311: 7604: 1885:

channels together to gain still more throughput where the bandwidth for additional channels is available. 802.11n allows for double radio spectrum bandwidth (40 MHz) per channel compared to

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was introduced in 2004 and is supported by most new Wi-Fi devices. WPA2 is fully compatible with WPA. In 2017, a flaw in the WPA2 protocol was discovered, allowing a key replay attack, known as

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has essentially negligible error rates, wireless communication media are subject to significant interference. Therefore, the accurate transmission is not guaranteed so delivery is, therefore, a

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Antenna of wireless network interface controller Gigabyte GC-WB867D-I. Simple stick-like antennas like these have omnidirectional reception and relatively low range of 20 metres (yards) or so.

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Different competitive brands of access points and client network-interfaces can inter-operate at a basic level of service. Products designated as "Wi-Fi Certified" by the Wi-Fi Alliance are

7703: 4367: 4326: 3958: 973:"The Standard for Wireless Fidelity" for a short time after the brand name was created, and the Wi-Fi Alliance was also called the "Wireless Fidelity Alliance Inc." in some publications. 7221: 709:" devices. As of 2017, the Wi-Fi Alliance consisted of more than 800 companies from around the world. As of 2019, over 3.05 billion Wi-Fi-enabled devices are shipped globally each year. 7581: 5564: 4417: 6993: 6814: 7313: 2832:

a wired connection may be unavailable, such as between two separate homes or for devices that have no wireless networking capability (but have wired networking capability), such as

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forwarding through an integrated WAN-interface. A wireless router allows wired and wireless Ethernet LAN devices to connect to a (usually) single WAN device such as a cable modem,

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As 802.11 specifications evolved to support higher throughput, the protocols have become much more efficient in their bandwidth use. Additionally, they have gained the ability to

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Wireless adapters allow devices to connect to a wireless network. These adapters connect to devices using various external or internal interconnects such as PCI, miniPCI, USB,

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transferred between two endpoints of which at least one is typically connected to a wired infrastructure, and the other is connected to an infrastructure via a wireless link.

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Network planning frequency allocations for North America and Europe. Using these types of frequency allocations can help minimize co-channel and adjacent-channel interference.

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Wi-Fi 6E is the industry name that identifies Wi-Fi devices that operate in 6 GHz. Wi-Fi 6E offers the features and capabilities of Wi-Fi 6 extended into the 6 GHz band.

8878: 4112: 7077: 4222: 3754: 2507:(SNR) between access points. These issues can become a problem in high-density areas, such as large apartment complexes or office buildings with many Wi-Fi access points. 905:

was awarded $ 200 million after a patent settlement with 14 technology companies, with a further $ 220 million awarded in 2012 after legal proceedings with 23 companies.

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Depiction of a Wi-Fi network in infrastructure mode. The device sends information wirelessly to another device, both connected to the local network, to print a document.

2204:, receiver sensitivity, antenna gain, and antenna type as well as the modulation technique. Also, the propagation characteristics of the signals can have a big impact. 6759: 4391: 4818: 2795:. A wireless router allows all three devices, mainly the access point and router, to be configured through one central utility. This utility is usually an integrated 1531:, such as airports, hotels, and restaurants, often provide free or paid-use hotspots to attract customers, to provide services to promote business in selected areas. 893:

In the year 2000, Radiata, a group of Australian scientists connected to the CSIRO, were the first to use the 802.11a standard on chips connected to a wi fi network.

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Chakraborty, Sandip; Nandi, Sukumar; Chattopadhyay, Subhrendu (22 September 2015). "Alleviating Hidden and Exposed Nodes in High-Throughput Wireless Mesh Networks".

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Giordano, Lorenzo; Geraci, Giovanni; Carrascosa, Marc; Bellalta, Boris (21 November 2023). "What Will Wi-Fi 8 Be? A Primer on IEEE 802.11bn Ultra High Reliability".

8110: 7962: 4574: 7804: 3812: 2178:. Except for the smallest implementations (such as home or small office networks), Wi-Fi implementations have moved toward "thin" access points, with more of the 7875: 6401: 5731:"Cisco Prime Network Control System Configuration Guide, Release 1.0 - Chapter 6: Monitoring Maps [Cisco Prime Network Control System Series Appliances]" 5517: 5430: 4189: 3556: 7239: 7042: 6560: 4076: 1550:

and a Wi-Fi access point. When subscribed to a cellular data carrier, they allow nearby Wi-Fi stations to access the Internet. Many smartphones have a built-in

4276: 2455: 1810: 7614: 6234: 5057: 3207:, creating a network that is resistant to disruptions such as power outages. For instance, in 2007, a 450 km (280 mile) network between Cabo Pantoja and 1607:(Mysuru) became India's first Wi-Fi-enabled city. A company called WiFiyNet has set up hotspots in Mysore, covering the whole city and a few nearby villages. 2950:. WPA was specifically designed to work with older equipment usually through a firmware upgrade. Though more secure than WEP, WPA has known vulnerabilities. 6912: 6485: 10599: 5091: 2487:) – if transmitters are at least a few metres apart. In Europe and Japan where channel 13 is available, using Channels 1, 5, 9, and 13 for 3285:, "...suggests that 'electromagnetic hypersensitivity' is unrelated to the presence of an EMF, although more research into this phenomenon is required." 7169:

Villegas, Eduard Garcia; Lopez-Aguilera, Elena; Vidal, Rafael; Paradells, Josep (2007). "Effect of Adjacent-Channel Interference in IEEE 802.11 WLANs".

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Wi-Fi 4 and higher standards allow devices to have multiple antennas on transmitters and receivers. Multiple antennas enable the equipment to exploit

1985:(PHY) specifications are defined by IEEE 802.11 for modulating and receiving one or more carrier waves to transmit the data in the infrared, and 2.4, 1789:

transmission is relevant to the station or should be ignored. A network interface normally does not accept packets addressed to other Wi-Fi stations.

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In the early 2000s, many cities around the world announced plans to construct citywide Wi-Fi networks. There are many successful examples; in 2004,

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using the WIFI scheme can specify the SSID, encryption type, password/passphrase, and if the SSID is hidden or not, so users can follow links from

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Parabolic dishes transmit and receive the radio waves only in particular directions and can give much greater range than omnidirectional antennas.

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property is a security weakness of shared-medium Wi-Fi since a node on a Wi-Fi network can eavesdrop on all traffic on the wire if it so chooses.

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and are low-power, battery-operated embedded systems. Several Wi-Fi manufacturers design chips and modules for embedded Wi-Fi, such as GainSpan.

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of Wi-Fi have increased. As of 2019, some versions of Wi-Fi, running on suitable hardware at close range, can achieve speeds of 9.6 Gbit/s (

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housed in a centralized network appliance, relegating individual access points to the role of "dumb" transceivers. Outdoor applications may use

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Rubin, G.; Das Munshi, Jayati; Wessely, Simon (1 March 2005). "Electromagnetic Hypersensitivity: A Systematic Review of Provocation Studies".

7573: 4245: 3584: 2987:(WPS), let WPA and WPA2 security be bypassed. The only remedy as of 2011 was to turn off Wi-Fi Protected Setup, which is not always possible. 9042: 8080: 7901: 6946: 5838:

Youssef, M. A.; Agrawala, A.; Shankar, A. Udaya (1 March 2003). "WLAN location determination via clustering and probability distributions".

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have fairly long range, but much lower data rate. The high power consumption of Wi-Fi makes battery life in some mobile devices a concern.

2094: 1562:-branded devices provide the capability. Some laptops that have a cellular modem card can also act as mobile Internet Wi-Fi access points. 844:

The first version of the 802.11 protocol was released in 1997, and provided up to 2 Mbit/s link speeds. This was updated in 1999 with

8040: 4135: 874:

series of laptops in 1999. It was the first mass consumer product to offer Wi-Fi network connectivity, which was then branded by Apple as

8173: 8169: 7398: 7303: 5617: 5463: 3902: 1158: 7468: 6324: 5233: 5154: 4357: 4175: 1577:

campus in 1993 before Wi-Fi branding existed. Many universities collaborate in providing Wi-Fi access to students and staff through the

9853: 7446: 7073: 4461: 4301: 3488:

In some cases, the factory-assigned address can be overridden, either to avoid an address change when an adapter is replaced or to use

2946:

can quickly recover WEP encryption keys. Because of WEP's weakness the Wi-Fi Alliance approved Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) which uses

2939: 2877:

devices. An example is a portable ECG device monitoring a patient at home. This Wi-Fi-enabled device can communicate via the Internet.

2432: 2240:

range between 1 and 100 metres (1 and 100 yards) and so in general has a lower power consumption. Other low-power technologies such as

1782: 6960: 6728: 4624: 1554:

capability of this sort, though carriers often disable the feature, or charge a separate fee to enable it. Standalone devices such as

9719: 9460: 9455: 9445: 9440: 9435: 9430: 9425: 9420: 9410: 9405: 9400: 9395: 9385: 9380: 9375: 9370: 9355: 9350: 9345: 9340: 9335: 8361: 7420: 5280: 3838: 2378:

through and around structures, both man-made and natural. Wi-Fi signals are very strongly affected by metallic structures (including

2310: 4792: 4484: 3720: 9960: 8618: 3421: 2928:

only allow computers with known MAC addresses to join the network, but determined eavesdroppers may be able to join the network by

7280: 4102: 3776: 11399: 8198: 8132: 7069: 4851: 3278:

reported in 2007 that exposure to Wi-Fi for a year results in the "same amount of radiation from a 20-minute mobile phone call".

3038:, providing open wireless access to a LAN. To turn security on requires the user to configure the device, usually via a software 2221: 1925:

Wi-Fi router contains dual bands for transmitting the 802.11 standards across the 2.4 and 5 GHz spectrums and supports MIMO.

7498: 5299: 3750: 2587:

Graphical representation of Wi‑Fi application-specific performance envelope of 802.11n using a 40 MHz channel width in the

11301: 10108: 8238: 6642: 6463: 6090: 5730: 3188:

Wireless Internet access has become much more embedded in society. It has thus changed how the society functions in many ways.

2174:, better range, support for fast roaming, and increased overall network-capacity by using more channels or by defining smaller 2135:

for file transfers and media sharing through a new discovery- and security-methodology. Wi-Fi Direct launched in October 2010.

1695:

Telecom, and SK Telecom. The companies were supposed to invest $ 44 million in the project, which was to be completed in 2015.

340: 7977: 5256: 4740: 3034:) mode. Novice users benefit from a zero-configuration device that works out-of-the-box, but this default does not enable any 2542:

This means that typically data frames pass an 802.11 (WLAN) medium and are being converted to 802.3 (Ethernet) or vice versa.

11296: 11286: 11266: 11068: 10229: 8330: 7931: 7194: 6377: 6264: 5865: 5660: 5227: 4766: 3162:, thereby making the login credentials available to anyone listening, if the website uses an insecure protocol such as plain 1627: 1030: 977:

is a separate, but related, organization and their website has stated "WiFi is a short name for Wireless Fidelity". The name

910: 346: 7726: 5666: 4381: 2070:

Wi-Fi also allows communications directly from one computer to another without an access point intermediary. This is called

1543:

and a Wi-Fi access point, are frequently set up in homes and other buildings, to provide Internet access for the structure.

10207: 7639: 7520: 4814: 3262: 787:

for unlicensed use for communications. These frequency bands include the same 2.4 GHz bands used by equipment such as

543: 335: 10433: 5027: 11358: 11291: 11137: 9889: 9879: 8439: 3147: 2725:

A wireless access point (WAP) connects a group of wireless devices to an adjacent wired LAN. An access point resembles a

358: 7954: 6751: 4581: 3869: 3615: 11063: 8728: 8102: 5906: 5486:"New York City unveils the pay phone of the future – and it does a whole lot more than make phone calls" 5420: 3808: 3066: 2632: 1111: 605: 7867: 6393: 6001: 4199: 3698: 3102: 2938:(WEP) encryption was designed to protect against casual snooping but it is no longer considered secure. Tools such as 1435:

Historically, the equipment listed the versions of Wi-Fi supported using the name of the IEEE standards. In 2018, the

11157: 9154: 8673: 7392: 7247: 6552: 5840:

Proceedings of the First IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communications, 2003. (PerCom 2003)

5387: 4066: 3470:

802.11ac only specifies operation in the 5 GHz band. Operation in the 2.4 GHz band is specified by 802.11n.

2993:

can be used to improve the confidentiality of data carried through Wi-Fi networks, especially public Wi-Fi networks.

2651: 2128:

devices. Some devices can also share their Internet connection using ad hoc, becoming hotspots or "virtual routers".

1124: 6069:"Newly Released IEEE 802.11az Standard Improving Wi-Fi Location Accuracy is Set to Unleash a New Wave of Innovation" 2604: 10942: 10490: 10292: 8262: 7840: 4044: 3282: 2670: 2264:

Higher gain rating (dBi) indicates further deviation (generally toward the horizontal) from a theoretical, perfect

1101:

local-area-network technology. The Wi-Fi Alliance enforces the use of the Wi-Fi brand to technologies based on the

6905: 1714:, urban hotspot databases, and indoor positioning systems. Wi-Fi positioning relies on measuring signal strength ( 11053: 8853: 7669: 6667:; Delwar, M.; Allen, D. (7 August 2002). "Evaluating the Communication Performance of an Ad Hoc Mobile Network". 2947: 2142:), which enables two devices on the same Wi-Fi network to communicate directly, instead of via the access point. 1778: 1679:

has planned a similar project across major cities of the country, with the project's first implementation in the

1151: 3154:) this could lead wireless users to send sensitive data to the wrong middle-man when seeking a destination (see 11384: 11048: 10032: 9135: 7217:

den Hartog, F., Raschella, A., Bouhafs, F., Kempker, P., Boltjes, B., & Seyedebrahimi, M. (November 2017).

5889:

Youssef, Moustafa; Youssef, Adel; Rieger, Chuck; Shankar, Udaya; Agrawala, Ashok (1 January 2006). "PinPoint".

5518:"De Blasio Administration Announces Winner of Competition to Replace Payphones with Five-Borough Wi-Fi Network" 5087: 5001: 3406: 3090: 5587: 5356: 11394: 11073: 10190: 9110: 8444: 8354: 4873: 4714: 3668: 2471: 2416: 1797: 1508:

points with overlapping coverage. For example, public outdoor Wi-Fi technology has been used successfully in

838: 469: 221: 8103:"Wi-Fi: How Broadband Households Experience the Internet | NCTA – The Internet & Television Association" 7228:. In 2017 27th International Telecommunication Networks and Applications Conference (ITNAC) (pp. 1–6). IEEE. 7019: 3119:, particularly since people on average use only a fraction of their downstream bandwidth at any given time. 2687:

Since the early 2000s, manufacturers are building wireless network adapters into most laptops. The price of

1710:

isn't suitable due to issues like signal interference or slow satellite acquisition. This includes assisted

11348: 11109: 11006: 10549: 10344: 10316: 9953: 9090: 8611: 8538: 7781: 6878: 4915: 3489: 2958: 2825: 1852: 1056: 915: 206: 6024: 3378: – a term used by some trade press to refer to faster versions of the IEEE 802.11 standards 855:

formed as a trade association to hold the Wi-Fi trademark under which most IEEE 802.11 products are sold.

11338: 10845: 10285: 9519: 9080: 8783: 8698: 8678: 7605:"Free Wi-Fi? User beware: Open connections to Internet are full of security dangers, hackers, ID thieves" 6844: 6792: 5527: 5522: 4517: 4089:

in July 1999 Apple introduced Wi-Fi as an option on its new iBook computers, under the brand name AirPort

3431: 3386: 3163: 3074:

is used. The 2003 version of WPA has not been considered secure since it was superseded by WPA2 in 2004.

3047: 2884:

so that implementers need only minimal Wi-Fi knowledge to provide Wi-Fi connectivity for their products.

2780: 1650: 830: 459: 6526: 5190: 4414:"Statement of Use, s/n 75799629, US Patent and Trademark Office Trademark Status and Document Retrieval" 1046:

Wi-Fi nodes often operate in infrastructure mode in which all communications go through a base station.

11197: 11119: 11058: 10765: 10184: 10116: 9922: 8651: 8627: 8563: 8459: 6294: 4744: 3630: 3362: 3116: 2573:

Graphical representation of Wi‑Fi application-specific performance envelope of 802.11g, which uses the

1590: 1566: 1144: 296: 6611: 2691:

for Wi-Fi continues to drop, making it an economical networking option included in ever more devices.

1734:

allows for positioning based on round trip time measurement, an improvement over the RSSI method. The

1052:

refers to devices communicating directly with each other, without communicating with an access point.

908:

In 2016, the CSIRO's WLAN prototype test bed was chosen as Australia's contribution to the exhibition

10969: 10930: 10775: 10675: 10604: 10537: 10364: 10065: 9489: 8688: 8568: 8202: 8136: 7762: 7100: 6583: 4362: 3391: 3268: 3127: 2363: 2084:

in his 1996 patent of wireless ad hoc routing, implemented on Lucent WaveLAN 802.11a wireless on IBM

1565:

Many traditional university campuses in the developed world provide at least partial Wi-Fi coverage.

1205: 753: 449: 8276: 7070:"Wireless technology is irreplaceable for providing access in remote and scarcely populated regions" 4741:"IEEE 802.11-2007: Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) specifications" 2383: 1769:, blocks of data individually sent and delivered over radio. As with all radio, this is done by the 11328: 10570: 10505: 10458: 10418: 8923: 8543: 8533: 8454: 8347: 7682:

An attacker with access to your network can easily forge responses to your computer's DNS requests.

5848: 5261: 4665: 4253: 3580: 3416: 3348: 3275: 3167: 3155: 3096: 3051: 3039: 2935: 2201: 2171: 1840: 1703: 1680: 1671:, has created a network of kiosks that serve as public Wi-Fi hotspots, high-definition screens and 668: 7171:

2007 2nd International Conference on Cognitive Radio Oriented Wireless Networks and Communications

6162:

Cisco Systems, Inc. White Paper Capacity, Coverage, and Deployment Considerations for IEEE 802.11g

2496: 11167: 11152: 10996: 10947: 10870: 10770: 10448: 10334: 10329: 9946: 9927: 8788: 8778: 8758: 8604: 8553: 8449: 8399: 8389: 8072: 7897: 7699: 6938: 3777:"Authorization of Spread Spectrum Systems Under Parts 15 and 90 of the FCC Rules and Regulations" 3043: 2990: 2484: 2257: 2071: 1802: 1536: 825:

In 1989 in Australia, a team of scientists began working on wireless LAN technology. A prototype

7546: 6181: 5323: 2398:, since longer links typically operate from towers that transmit above the surrounding foliage. 1439:

introduced simplified Wi-Fi generational numbering to indicate equipment that supports Wi-Fi 4 (

934:

was chosen from a list of ten names that Interbrand proposed. Interbrand also created the Wi-Fi

11089: 10875: 10690: 10635: 10630: 10443: 10408: 10027: 9938: 9100: 8661: 8271: 8047: 8009: 5843: 5453: 2558: 2106: 1547: 1107: 1094: 1023: 716: 598: 560: 306: 7382: 5217: 3130:. These activities do not result in sanctions in most jurisdictions; however, legislation and 2821: 10991: 10795: 10760: 10680: 10660: 10582: 10470: 10391: 10044: 9894: 9017: 8753: 8471: 8384: 8162: 7472: 7442: 4451: 4194: 3401: 2984: 2866: 2504: 2420: 2344: 2109: 1822: 1615: 1509: 724: 680: 494: 351: 10324: 6423: 5891:

Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Mobile systems, applications and services

4638: 1958: 833:(WLAN) was developed in 1992 by a team of researchers from the Radiophysics Division of the 10905: 10865: 10835: 10592: 10527: 10349: 10039: 10017: 9160: 8908: 8838: 6968: 6700: 5118: 4386: 3297: 3293:

Several other wireless technologies provide alternatives to Wi-Fi for different use cases:

2912: 2833: 2463: 2301: 2217: 2179: 2163: 2125: 2117: 2014: 2006: 2002: 1035: 737: 733: 729: 479: 17: 8163:"IARC Classifies Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields as Possibly Carcinogenic to Humans" 7428: 6112:

Khalili, Abdullah; Soliman, Abdel-Hamid; Asaduzzaman, Md; Griffiths, Alison (March 2020).

5284: 3115:, providing open access points for anyone within range to use was encouraged to cultivate 3014:

WIFI:S:<SSID>;T:<WEP|WPA|blank>;P:<PASSWORD>;H:<true|false|blank>;

2017:(MAC) protocols to manage retries without relying on higher levels of the protocol stack. 1993:

frequency bands. They are created and maintained by the IEEE LAN/MAN Standards Committee (

993:. Interbrand hoped consumers would find the name catchy, and that they would assume this 8: 10915: 10855: 10614: 10576: 10374: 10359: 10097: 10075: 7661: 5559: 5164: 4953: 4788: 4492: 3959:"CSIRO Wi-Fi invention to feature in upcoming exhibition at National Museum of Australia" 2757:. As of 2010, most newer laptop computers come equipped with built-in internal adapters. 2710: 2695: 2478:

non-overlapping channels is, therefore, not accurate. Channels 1, 6, and 11 are the only

2419:

transferred data 420 km (260 mi), using 6 watt amplifiers to reach an overhead

2277: 2088:

over a size nodes scenario spanning a region of over a mile. The success was recorded in

1848: 1754: 1646: 1499:

between the two BSSs without the user having to explicitly connect to the second network.

803: 762: 91: 7270: 4165: 3081:

was announced as a replacement for WPA2, increasing security; it rolled out on 26 June.

2557:

The same references apply to the attached throughput graphs, which show measurements of

11142: 11099: 11030: 10900: 10830: 10805: 10740: 10587: 10308: 10070: 10012: 9991: 8918: 8297: 8285: 8140: 7730: 7200: 7151: 6720: 6125: 6044: 5993: 5912: 5871: 5811: 4980: 4841: 4696: 4107: 4022: 3963: 3780: 2870: 2784: 2677: 2663: 2297: 2265: 1967: 1917: 1856: 1706:

use known positions of Wi-Fi hotspots to identify a device's location. It is used when

1611: 1532: 1332: 1311: 970: 439: 399: 241: 166: 79: 8206: 6866:, Piscataway, New Jersey: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, p. 8 3236:

not have assigned desks but can work from any office connecting their laptop to Wi-Fi

3122:

Recreational logging and mapping of other people's access points have become known as

1897: 1454:

The most important standards affecting Wi‑Fi are: 802.11a, 802.11b, 802.11g, 802.11n (

806:

invented the precursor to 802.11, intended for use in cashier systems, under the name

744: 11182: 11104: 11018: 11001: 10964: 10810: 10640: 10609: 10475: 10369: 10022: 9591: 9586: 9566: 9550: 9544: 9539: 9534: 9529: 9524: 9514: 9509: 9499: 9494: 9130: 9000: 8960: 8326: 8289: 7609: 7494: 7388: 7355: 7327: 7190: 6701:"Experimenting with an Ad Hoc Wireless Network on Campus: Insights & Experiences" 6373: 6145: 6048: 5997: 5985: 5932:"A Bayesian approach to detect pedestrian destination-sequences from WiFi signatures" 5916: 5902: 5861: 5803: 5712: 5656: 5309: 5223: 4688: 4026: 4014: 3035: 2901: 2888: 2845: 2773: 2647: 2237: 2033: 2021: 1986: 1886: 1290: 1274: 1251: 1228: 858: 845: 591: 499: 484: 474: 444: 379: 196: 107: 75: 10850: 8301: 8228: 8133:"Electromagnetic fields and public health – Base stations and wireless technologies" 7358:. The 2011 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Green Computing and Communications. 7043:"Ermanno Pietrosemoli has set a new record for the longest communication Wi-Fi link" 6634: 6455: 5815: 4748: 4700: 4549: 3994: 2412: 2304:, widely used for television reception, are relatively compact at Wi‑Fi wavelengths. 1432:

of multiple antennas, which permits greater speeds as well as reduced interference.

837:(Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation) in Australia, led by 11187: 11147: 11127: 11094: 11023: 10981: 10895: 10750: 10735: 10710: 10685: 10645: 10495: 10354: 10339: 10060: 9484: 9150: 8281: 7204: 7182: 7174: 7155: 7143: 6906:"Comparison of the IEEE 802.11, 802.15.1,802.15.4, and 802.15.6 wireless standards" 6724: 6712: 6678: 6365: 6135: 6036: 5977: 5943: 5894: 5875: 5853: 5795: 5702: 5622: 5304: 4928: 4680: 4006: 3505: 3309: 3197: 3005: 2907: 2730: 2624: 2445: 2395: 2207:

At longer distances, and with greater signal absorption, speed is usually reduced.

2195: 2175: 2037: 1882: 1835:, 2.4 GHz, 3.6 GHz, 4.9 GHz, 5 GHz, 6 GHz and 60 GHz 1750: 1519:

Wi-Fi provides services in private homes, businesses, as well as in public spaces.

943: 648: 624: 286: 231: 226: 156: 7923: 7178: 6272: 4762: 3358:

technologies for computer networking, which provide viable alternatives to Wi-Fi:

3158:). For example, a user could inadvertently use an unsecured network to log into a 1907: 1618:, became the first cities in the United States to offer citywide free Wi-Fi (from 783:

A 1985 ruling by the U.S. Federal Communications Commission released parts of the

10815: 10670: 10438: 10413: 10401: 9996: 8913: 8370: 7225: 6618:, "Routing Method for Ad-Hoc Mobile Networks", published 16 November 1999 6369: 5768: 5650: 5490: 3933: 3237: 3229: 3183: 2801: 2765: 2609: 2511: 2492: 2488: 2253: 2183: 1975: 1974:

at the data link layer, but with extra address fields. MAC addresses are used as

1851:

rules and regulations. In this frequency band, equipment may occasionally suffer

1828: 1660: 1642: 1570: 1504: 1001: 878:. This was in collaboration with the same group that helped create the standard: 799: 778: 676: 672: 565: 291: 236: 146: 123: 115: 95: 7805:"Serious flaw in WPA2 protocol lets attackers intercept passwords and much more" 7524: 5857: 5756: 5421:"Pay Phones In NYC To Be Replaced With Up To 10,000 Free Wi-Fi Kiosks Next Year" 11379: 11013: 10885: 10860: 10820: 10790: 10665: 10500: 10453: 10428: 10386: 10161: 9986: 9768: 8898: 8893: 8813: 8763: 8409: 7757: 7629: 7332:. IEEE/IFIP Network Operations and Management Symposium. IEEE/IFIP NOMS. 2012. 6840: 6810: 6696: 6664: 6615: 6354: 6040: 5126: 4910: 2817: 2769: 2636: 2612: 2225: 2138:

Another mode of direct communication over Wi-Fi is Tunneled Direct-Link Setup (

2121: 2081: 2029: 1982: 1971: 1676: 1551: 1524: 1436: 1093:

was formed in 1999 to establish and enforce standards for interoperability and

1090: 1006: 852: 788: 690: 489: 454: 409: 161: 141: 6424:"USB 3.0 Radio Frequency Interference Impact on 2.4 GHz Wireless Devices" 5947: 5799: 4010: 3004:, for instance, to join networks without having to manually enter the data. A 11373: 11162: 10935: 10925: 10840: 10730: 10725: 10715: 10700: 10522: 10381: 10157: 9981: 9874: 9818: 9813: 9808: 9758: 9753: 9748: 9738: 9714: 9690: 9678: 9667: 9656: 9644: 9639: 9634: 9629: 9616: 9605: 9095: 9075: 8928: 8903: 8833: 8723: 8668: 7308: 7275: 7147: 6988: 6787: 6149: 5989: 5807: 5716: 5707: 5690: 4932: 4692: 4447: 4277:"How the Aussie government "invented WiFi" and sued its way to $ 430 million" 4071: 4018: 3879: 3607: 3411: 2792: 2620: 2523: 1990: 1746: 1731: 1664: 1656: 1638: 1520: 1387: 1382: 1363: 519: 281: 251: 201: 133: 6682: 5898: 5786:

Forlano, Laura (8 October 2009). "WiFi Geographies: When Code Meets Place".

4327:"WiFi patent case results in $ 229 million payment to Australian government" 4302:"Australia's Biggest Patent Troll Goes After AT&T, Verizon and T-Mobile" 3779:. Federal Communications Commission of the USA. 18 June 1985. Archived from 2510:

Other devices use the 2.4 GHz band: microwave ovens, ISM band devices,

969:

short-form for 'Wireless Fidelity', although the Wi-Fi Alliance did use the

11040: 10880: 10825: 10755: 10720: 10655: 10554: 10544: 10396: 10252: 10213: 10147: 9858: 9848: 9596: 9581: 9576: 9571: 9561: 9504: 9145: 9140: 9125: 9120: 9115: 9065: 8499: 8489: 8293: 7809: 5974:

Techniques & Culture. Revue semestrielle d'anthropologie des techniques

5931: 4281: 3690: 3561: 3436: 2929: 2726: 2699: 2569: 2519: 2515: 2155: 2132: 1836: 1774: 1513: 939: 656: 464: 389: 276: 211: 171: 151: 83: 6716: 6235:"Bad Info Is Nothing New for WLAN- Don't Believe "Full Duplex" in Wi-Fi 6" 6140: 6113: 5969: 1966:

Wi-Fi is part of the IEEE 802 protocol family. The data is organized into

11240: 10890: 10800: 10785: 10745: 10705: 10564: 10177: 10152: 9730: 9470: 9224: 9105: 9070: 9060: 9037: 9032: 9027: 9022: 9005: 8990: 7356:"Application Level Energy and Performance Measurements in a Wireless LAN" 7219:

A Pathway to solving the Wi-Fi Tragedy of the Commons in apartment blocks

4846: 4456: 4166:"IEEE SA – Records of IEEE Standards-Related Patent Letters of Assurance" 3530:

The link layer is equivalent to the physical and data link layers of the

3216: 3204: 3139: 3112: 2943: 2750: 2616: 2459: 2371: 2113: 1953: 1793: 1766: 1623: 1540: 1137: 1120: 1102: 1048: 1040: 652: 529: 434: 384: 246: 7978:"Wi-Fi security is starting to get its biggest upgrade in over a decade" 7836: 4215:"Hedy Lamarr: The Incredible Mind Behind Secure WiFi, GPS And Bluetooth" 4040: 2583: 2347:

on the same frequency bands giving much higher speeds and longer range.

1033:. The combination of a computer and an interface controller is called a 683:

in public places such as coffee shops, hotels, libraries, and airports.

11245: 10952: 10650: 10559: 10515: 10485: 10463: 9843: 9838: 9170: 9052: 8985: 8980: 8975: 8970: 8965: 8955: 5478: 4684: 4611:

Wi-Fi is a registered trademark of the Wireless Fidelity Alliance, Inc.

3123: 3071: 3062: 2796: 2681: 2367: 2200:

Wi-Fi operational range depends on factors such as the frequency band,

2025: 2010: 1574: 883: 867: 795: 701:

certification testing. Non-compliant hardware is simply referred to as

664: 534: 429: 87: 7665: 3660: 2437: 2287: 2150: 1595: 1077: 11230: 10695: 10510: 10277: 10266: 9904: 9884: 9742: 8995: 8888: 8883: 8868: 8858: 8848: 8828: 8823: 8808: 8798: 8793: 8773: 8768: 8748: 8743: 8738: 8733: 8718: 8683: 8479: 8434: 8010:"NoCat's goal is to bring you Infinite Bandwidth Everywhere for Free" 7982: 7574:"802.11 X Wireless Network in a Business Environment – Pros and Cons" 7421:"Free WiFi Analyzer-Best Channel Analyzer Apps For Wireless Networks" 7186: 5213: 4715:"You May Feel Silly When You Find Out What Wi-Fi Actually Stands For" 3903:"Vic Hayes & Bruce Tuch inducted into the Wi-Fi Now Hall of Fame" 3531: 3303: 2857: 2788: 2269: 2062:

through the base station, which enormously simplifies the protocols.

1931: 1864: 1777:. Different versions of Wi-Fi use different techniques, 802.11b uses 1727: 1019: 879: 815: 811: 667:. These are the most widely used computer networks, used globally in 524: 404: 394: 256: 216: 7168: 5981: 5691:"Locating Rogue Access Point Using Fine-Grained Channel Information" 2170:

Increasing the number of Wi-Fi access points for a network provides

1127:(FCC) to describe proposed networking in the UHF TV band in the US. 11225: 11215: 11132: 10957: 10780: 10141: 9175: 8947: 8938: 8656: 8646: 8641: 8573: 8424: 8404: 8233: 7634: 6130: 5546: 5364: 5328: 5159: 4985: 4306: 3381: 3336:, a low-power, low data rate, short-distance communication protocol 3321: 3151: 3135: 3131: 2666: 2628: 2085: 2040:

and, with suitable connectivity, this allows full Internet access.

1994: 1949: 1672: 1528: 1523:

may be set up either free of charge or commercially, often using a

1471: 1463: 1448: 1444: 1348: 1098: 784: 720: 713: 660: 316: 8339: 7778:"Key Reinstallation Attacks: Breaking WPA2 by forcing nonce reuse" 7547:"Wifi Connectivity Explained | MAC Installations & Consulting" 6111: 5588:"Link brings its free public Wi-Fi booths from New York to London" 1462:), 802.11ad, 802.11af, 802.11-2016, 802.11ah, 802.11ai, 802.11aj, 719:

family and is designed to work seamlessly with its wired sibling,

11220: 11205: 10423: 10257: 9899: 9695: 9661: 9610: 9555: 9450: 9415: 9390: 9365: 9360: 9330: 9325: 9320: 9314: 9308: 9303: 9298: 9293: 9287: 9281: 9276: 9271: 9266: 9260: 9254: 9249: 9244: 9239: 9184: 8818: 8803: 8596: 8429: 7955:"WPA3 protocol will make public Wi-Fi hotspots a lot more secure" 7495:"Quatech Rolls Out Airborne Embedded 802.11 Radio for M2M Market" 7015: 6807:"Wi-Fi gets personal: Groundbreaking Wi-Fi Direct launches today" 6025:"Accurate indoor positioning using IEEE 802.11mc round trip time" 5648: 5510: 3208: 3159: 3001: 2973: 2776: 2754: 2719: 2715: 2688: 2674: 2547: 1922: 1860: 1668: 1619: 1578: 1496: 1440: 1358: 1327: 1306: 1089:

does not test equipment for compliance with their standards. The

875: 826: 807: 766: 758: 9968: 7777: 6879:"Fix WiFi Connected But No Internet Access On Windows 11/10/8/7" 5002:"Wi-Fi Now Has Version Numbers, and Wi-Fi 6 Comes Out Next Year" 4978: 3557:"'Why-Fi' or 'Wiffy'? How Americans Pronounce Common Tech Terms" 2968: 2820:

can act to connect two networks to form a single network at the

2350:

Wi-Fi 4 can more than double the range over previous standards.

2320: 1738:

standard promises further improvements in geolocation accuracy.

1527:

webpage for access. Organizations, enthusiasts, authorities and

1495:

consisting of two basic service sets. The clients automatically

11250: 11210: 10532: 10196: 10133: 9762: 9234: 9229: 9219: 9214: 9209: 9204: 9199: 9194: 9189: 8863: 8693: 8548: 8419: 8394: 8325:(Third ed.). CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. 5425: 5412: 4550:"WiFi definition and meaning | Washington Technology Solutions" 3340:

Some alternatives are "no new wires", re-using existing cable:

3333: 2387: 2375: 2366:

usually works best, but signals can transmit, absorb, reflect,

2241: 1634: 1604: 1015: 1011: 897: 887: 7329:

Towards Energy-Awareness in Managing Wireless LAN Applications

5357:"City of London Fires Up Europe's Most Advanced Wi-Fi Network" 3203:

renewable power sources that can solely be maintained through

1569:

built the first campus-wide wireless Internet network, called

1029:

To connect to a Wi-Fi LAN, a computer must be equipped with a

814:, who held the chair of IEEE 802.11 for ten years, along with 11235: 11172: 10480: 10201: 10172: 10127: 10121: 10103: 9620: 9010: 8873: 8713: 8583: 8578: 8523: 8484: 7131: 6489: 5392: 5187:"Wireless Andrew: Creating the World's First Wireless Campus" 3721:"Global Wi-Fi Enabled Devices Shipment Forecast, 2020 – 2024" 3426: 3396: 3375: 3327: 3055: 3030:

Wi-Fi access points typically default to an encryption-free (

2962: 2805: 2474:). The oft-repeated adage that channels 1, 6, and 11 are the 2379: 1875: 1832: 1770: 1687: 1559: 982: 902: 871: 834: 574: 301: 191: 28: 6302: 5155:"How Wi-Fi got its start on the campus of CMU, a true story" 4575:"WPA Deployment Guidelines for Public Access Wi-Fi Networks" 4518:"Securing Wi-Fi Wireless Networks with Today's Technologies" 2332: 1653:

already had extensive outdoor Wi-Fi coverage at that point.

663:

access, allowing nearby digital devices to exchange data by

46: 11177: 10091: 8843: 8708: 8703: 8414: 6361: 6023:

Hashem, Omar; Harras, Khaled A.; Youssef, Moustafa (2021),

5930:

Danalet, Antonin; Farooq, Bilal; Bierlaire, Michel (2014).

5888: 5458: 5445: 5219:

The Innovation Journey of Wi-Fi: The Road to Global Success

4924: 4430:

first used the Certification Mark … as early as August 1999

4170: 3874: 3344: 3315: 3212: 3078: 2954: 2338: 2139: 1781:

on a single carrier, whereas 802.11a, Wi-Fi 4, 5 and 6 use

1719: 1715: 1555: 1487: 1061: 974: 935: 702: 639: 633: 552: 7753:"WPA2 Security Now Mandatory for Wi-Fi CERTIFIED Products" 5689:

Wang, C.; Zheng, X.; Chen, Y.; Yang, J. (September 2017).

4666:"Dependability in Wireless Networks: Can We Rely on WiFi?" 4664:

Aime, Marco; Calandriello, Giorgio; Lioy, Antonio (2007).

3134:

differ considerably across the world. A proposal to leave

2745:

Wireless network interface controller Gigabyte GC-WB867D-I

2105:

This wireless ad hoc network mode has proven popular with

1503:

Wi-Fi technology may be used to provide local network and

8199:"Electromagnetic Fields and Public Health: Mobile Phones" 7725:

Hegerle, Blake; snax; Bruestle, Jeremy (17 August 2001).

6984:"802.11ac Wi-Fi head driving strong WLAN equipment sales" 5893:. MobiSys '06. New York, NY, USA: ACM. pp. 165–176. 5555:"New York to start replacing payphones with Wi-Fi kiosks" 4891: 3330:, for providing long range wireless internet connectivity 2997: 2881: 2772:, and internal router firmware application that provides 2702:, any standard Wi-Fi device works anywhere in the world. 2229: 2131:

Similarly, the Wi-Fi Alliance promotes the specification

1711: 1707: 1458:), 802.11h, 802.11i, 802.11-2007, 802.11–2012, 802.11ac ( 7865: 7240:"6 Easy Steps To Protect Your Baby Monitor From Hackers" 6508: 6204:"Why can't WiFi work as full duplex while 3G and 4G can" 5652:

Local Positioning Systems: LBS Applications and Services

5649:

Krzysztof W. Kolodziej; Johan Hjelm (19 December 2017).

3839:"How a 1998 meeting with Steve Jobs gave birth to Wi-Fi" 2053: 1000:

Other technologies intended for fixed points, including

942:

Wi-Fi logo indicates the certification of a product for

7304:"Wi-Fi hotspot blocking persists despite FCC crackdown" 6864:

IEEE 802 LAN/MAN Standards Committee Meeting, July 2004

5211: 4252:. Netherlands Foreign Investment Agency. Archived from 1692: 8259: 7898:"Share your Wi-Fi SSID & Password using a QR Code" 6699:; Chen, Richard; Delwar, Minar; Allen, Donald (2001). 5929: 5837: 5028:"The Most Common Wi-Fi Standards and Types, Explained" 3608:"What is Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11x)? A Webopedia Definition" 3215:

was erected in which all equipment is powered only by

2642: 2456:

Carrier-sense multiple access with collision avoidance

1811:

carrier-sense multiple access with collision avoidance

841:. A patent for Wi Fi was lodged by the CSIRO in 1992 6325:"Wi-Fi Channels, Frequencies, Bands & Bandwidths" 6091:"Wi-Fi location-based services: How did we get here?" 5936:

Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies

4512: 4510: 3988: 3986: 3347:, which uses existing home wiring, such as phone and 3281:

A review of studies involving 725 people who claimed

3103:

Wi-Fi Protected Setup § Physical security issues

636: 630: 8017: 7521:"CIE article on embedded Wi-Fi for M2M applications" 6752:"Wireless Home Networking with Virtual WiFi Hotspot" 6523:

IEEE Standard for Ethernet, 802.3-2012 – section one

5618:"Seoul Moves to Provide Free City-Wide WiFi Service" 4663: 4567: 3191: 2433:

Electromagnetic interference at 2.4 GHz § Wi-Fi

958:, but these are not approved by the Wi-Fi Alliance. 7724: 6635:"Mobile Computing Magazines and Print Publications" 6022: 5298:Alexander, Steve; Brandt, Steve (5 December 2010). 4815:"Wi-Fi Alliance® statement regarding "Super Wi-Fi"" 3941:

Australian Intellectual Property Newsletter Archive

3065:standard, Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP), has been 2983:A flaw in a feature added to Wi-Fi in 2007, called 1641:pledged to have London-wide Wi-Fi by 2012. Several 1626:has generated $ 1.2 million in profit annually for 627: 7630:"Data-stealing Snoopy drone unveiled at Black Hat" 6695: 6553:"What Does WiFi Stand For and How Does Wifi Work?" 6486:"802.11n Data Rates Dependability and scalability" 6299:Alliance for Telecommunications Industry Solutions 5642: 5189:. Carnegie Mellon University. 2007. Archived from 4507: 4358:"Australian scientists cash in on Wi-Fi invention" 3983: 3008:-like format is supported by Android and iOS 11+. 5688: 4633:Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers 4580:. Wi-Fi Alliance. 28 October 2004. Archived from 4103:"Apple Offers iMac's Laptop Offspring, the iBook" 2718:Wi‑Fi adapter, supporting 802.11g, from an Apple 1831:ranges for use in Wi-Fi communications: 900 1765:Wi-Fi stations communicate by sending each other 1546:Similarly, battery-powered routers may include a 820:Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers 761:permitted between them. Over time, the speed and 655:family of standards, which are commonly used for 11390:Telecommunications-related introductions in 1997 11371: 10202:Multichannel Video and Data Distribution Service 8318: 7702:Department of Computer Science and Engineering. 6165: 5610: 2092:magazine (1999) and later published formally in 1425:They do not exist in the official nomenclature. 997:protocol has high fidelity because of its name. 7872:Federal Trade Commission – Consumer Information 7745: 6257: 5297: 5113: 5111: 5109: 4733: 3683: 2892:controllers into inexpensive ordinary objects. 2020:For internetworking purposes, Wi-Fi is usually 981:was partly chosen because it sounds similar to 6663: 6525:. 28 December 2012. p. 53. Archived from 4908: 3713: 3500: 3498: 1935:A dual-band cellular 4G+ Wi-Fi modem by Huawei 1827:The 802.11 standard provides several distinct 1659:announced a city-wide campaign to convert old 862:Apple Airport Extreme installed in an iBook G4 10293: 9954: 8612: 8355: 8319:The WNDW Authors (2013). Butler, Jane (ed.). 5283:(in Turkish). besttech.com.tr. Archived from 4874:"MCS table (updated with 80211ax data rates)" 4476: 3836: 3803: 3801: 1581:international authentication infrastructure. 1152: 599: 10236:Multichannel multipoint distribution service 9969:Wireless video and data distribution methods 7135:IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications 7098: 6939:"Somebody explain dBi – Wireless Networking" 6783:"Wi-Fi Direct allows device-to-device links" 6705:ACM SIGMETRICS Performance Evaluation Review 6670:IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications 6114:"Wi-Fi sensing: applications and challenges" 5106: 4839: 4609:. High Tech Computer Corp. 2006. p. 2. 4293: 4243: 3952: 3950: 3809:"Do Microwaves Interfere With WiFi Signals?" 3324:, a short-range wireless technology standard 3318:, for long range wireless with low data rate 2768:integrate a Wireless Access Point, Ethernet 2100:ACM SIGMETRICS Performance Evaluation Review 2095:IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications 1957: 1839:. Each range is divided into a multitude of 1010:. Alternative wireless technologies include 921: 866:The major commercial breakthrough came with 11308:Global telecommunications regulation bodies 8322:Wireless Networking in the Developing World 8170:International Agency for Research on Cancer 7975: 6953: 5222:. Cambridge University Press. p. 121. 4999: 4382:"CSIRO wins legal battle over wi-fi patent" 3495: 2390:) and water (such as found in vegetation). 2036:. This means that nodes have an associated 2005:mechanism. Because of this, for Wi-Fi, the 1130: 11344: 10300: 10286: 9961: 9947: 8619: 8605: 8362: 8348: 7074:Association for Progressive Communications 6904:Tjensvold, Jan Magne (18 September 2007). 6876: 5257:"Say Hello to India's First Wirefree City" 4911:"Future Directions for Wi-Fi 8 and Beyond" 4452:"WiFi isn't short for "Wireless Fidelity"" 4246:"10 Inventions You Didn't Know Were Dutch" 4100: 4043:. Official industry association Web site. 3992: 3867: 3798: 3631:"The Dangers of Wi-Fi Radiation (Updated)" 3473: 3464: 2065: 1783:orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing 1159: 1145: 1060:(SSID), which identifies the network. The 606: 592: 45: 8275: 7727:"Wireless Vulnerabilities & Exploits" 7696:"Hacking Techniques in Wireless Networks" 7660: 7627: 7380: 7162: 6903: 6456:"Why Everything Wireless Is 2.4 GHz" 6450: 6448: 6139: 6129: 5847: 5706: 5585: 4984: 4625:"Wireless Fidelity – WiFi" 4482: 3956: 3947: 3751:"Wi-Fi 6: is it really that much faster?" 3628: 3138:describing available services was called 2333:MIMO (multiple-input and multiple-output) 2145: 1901:An example of 2.4 GHz Wi-Fi spectrum 1760: 1039:. Stations are identified by one or more 723:. Compatible devices can network through 697:" to products that successfully complete 7443:"Apple.com Airport Utility Product Page" 7384:Nanometer CMOS ICs: From Basics to ASICs 7067: 7040: 6269:Institute for Telecommunication Sciences 5418: 5025: 4446: 4442: 4440: 4438: 4355: 4136:"State of the Art; Not Born To Be Wired" 3832: 3830: 3422:San Francisco Digital Inclusion Strategy 2967: 2856: 2740: 2709: 2641: 2603: 2582: 2568: 2444: 2436: 2386:in glazing), rock structures (including 2319: 2309: 2296: 2286: 2149: 2052: 1930: 1916: 1906: 1896: 1594: 1486: 1336: 1076: 857: 791:, and are thus subject to interference. 743: 7952: 7924:"zxing documentation: barcode contents" 7866:Federal Trade Commission (March 2014). 7775: 7237: 6550: 5785: 5385: 5300:"Minneapolis moves ahead with wireless" 4909:Reshef, Ehud; Cordeiro, Carlos (2023). 4324: 3900: 2222:Equivalent isotropically radiated power 1911:An example of 5 GHz Wi-Fi spectrum 1512:in London. An international example is 1339: 1258: 693:, which restricts the use of the term " 14: 11372: 10307: 10109:Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service 8073:"Digest of Education Statistics, 2017" 7965:from the original on 16 November 2018. 7868:"Tips for Using Public Wi-Fi Networks" 7837:"CERT/CC Vulnerability Note VU#723755" 7802: 7693: 7571: 7316:from the original on 27 February 2019. 7268: 6749: 6445: 6232: 5967: 5498:from the original on 19 September 2016 5433:from the original on 22 September 2016 4972: 4299: 4274: 3931: 3757:from the original on 20 September 2022 3554: 3025: 2252:An access point compliant with either 1943: 1718:) and fingerprinting. Parameters like 848:to permit 11 Mbit/s link speeds. 341:Wireless electronic devices and health 10281: 10230:Local multipoint distribution service 9942: 8600: 8343: 8038: 7990:from the original on 20 February 2019 7934:from the original on 15 February 2016 7602: 7301: 7283:from the original on 23 February 2008 7099:Pietrosemoli, Ermanno (18 May 2007). 6996:from the original on 28 February 2019 6857: 6581: 6404:from the original on 12 December 2018 6335:from the original on 16 February 2018 6245:from the original on 19 November 2021 5963: 5961: 5959: 5957: 5781: 5779: 5777: 5775: 5695:IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing 5630:from the original on 10 November 2012 5598:from the original on 26 December 2016 5451: 5269:from the original on 20 January 2012. 5254: 5236:from the original on 12 November 2012 5068:from the original on 11 November 2021 5038:from the original on 11 November 2021 5000:Kastrenakes, Jacob (3 October 2018). 4842:"'Super Wi-Fi': Super, But Not Wi-Fi" 4833: 4769:from the original on 25 November 2009 4464:from the original on 21 December 2012 4435: 4244:Van Der Meer, Hilde (26 March 2018). 4133: 4047:from the original on 3 September 2009 3849:from the original on 15 December 2020 3827: 3111:During the early popular adoption of 2978:WIFI:S:Knowledge;T:WPA;P:Password1!;; 2976:to automate a Wi-Fi connection using 2824:over Wi-Fi. The main standard is the 2514:, Zigbee devices, Bluetooth devices, 2158:to announce the presence of networks. 1031:wireless network interface controller 911:A History of the World in 100 Objects 553:Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) 347:International Telecommunication Union 11354: 10208:Multipoint Video Distribution System 7904:from the original on 12 January 2023 7817:from the original on 21 October 2017 7784:from the original on 22 October 2017 7469:"GainSpan low-power, embedded Wi-Fi" 7401:from the original on 17 January 2023 7238:Caravan, Delia (12 September 2014). 7080:from the original on 2 February 2009 6981: 6731:from the original on 2 December 2021 6585:Overview of the IEEE 802.11 Standard 6563:from the original on 1 December 2015 6433:. USB Implementers Forum. April 2012 6287: 6214:from the original on 17 October 2021 6174:"Chapter 4. Beamforming in 802.11ac" 6171: 5970:"Comment bâtir un internet low tech" 5669:from the original on 17 January 2023 5552: 5400:from the original on 7 November 2015 5152: 5134:from the original on 30 January 2022 4146:from the original on 2 February 2017 4134:Lewis, Peter H. (25 November 1999). 4115:from the original on 2 February 2017 3934:"CSIRO wins Wi-Fi patent litigation" 3913:from the original on 7 December 2020 3701:from the original on 24 October 2017 3641:from the original on 1 November 2019 3605: 3443: 3263:Wireless device radiation and health 2880:These Wi-Fi modules are designed by 2357: 2280:at the router and remote device(s). 2210: 818:engineer Bruce Tuch, approached the 372:Radiation sources / regions 336:Wireless device radiation and health 8369: 7976:Kastrenakes, Jacob (26 June 2018). 7843:from the original on 3 January 2012 7362:from the original on 13 August 2014 7336:from the original on 13 August 2014 6949:from the original on 9 August 2014. 6780: 6762:from the original on 30 August 2011 6551:Stobing, Chris (17 November 2015). 6301:. ATIS-0100523.2007. Archived from 5586:McCormick, Rich (25 October 2016). 5466:from the original on 20 August 2016 5454:"Goodbye Pay Phones, Hello LinkNYC" 5419:Chowdhry, Amit (19 November 2014). 5354: 5088:"Wi-Fi Alliance Introduces Wi-Fi 6" 5026:Phillips, Gavin (18 January 2021). 4523:. Wi-Fi Alliance. 6 February 2003. 4178:from the original on 10 April 2012. 4079:from the original on 2 January 2023 3815:from the original on 16 August 2022 3587:from the original on 5 January 2022 3177: 2922: 2895: 2852: 2736: 2405: 2080:Ad hoc mode was first described by 1741: 1686:Officials in South Korea's capital 1491:An example of a service set called 1423:are named by retroactive inference. 705:, and it may or may not work with " 359:World Radiocommunication Conference 24: 8626: 8312: 8286:10.1097/01.psy.0000155664.13300.64 8241:from the original on 21 April 2016 7878:from the original on 9 August 2019 7642:from the original on 30 March 2014 7501:from the original on 28 April 2008 7471:. www.gainspan.com. Archived from 7269:Wilson, Tracy V. (17 April 2006). 7049:from the original on 21 March 2008 7041:Kanellos, Michael (18 June 2007). 6645:from the original on 26 April 2016 6592:from the original on 20 April 2016 5954: 5882: 5831: 5772: 5553:Alba, Alejandro (5 January 2016). 5388:"London gets a mile of free Wi-Fi" 5324:"London-wide wi-fi by 2012 pledge" 5090:. Wi-Fi Alliance. 3 October 2018. 4854:from the original on 20 April 2016 4795:from the original on 22 April 2016 4673:IEEE Security and Privacy Magazine 4483:Graychase, Naomi (27 April 2007). 4420:from the original on 28 April 2015 4394:from the original on 7 August 2019 4370:from the original on 1 April 2012. 4190:"World changing Aussie inventions" 3995:"How we made the wireless network" 3993:O’Sullivan, John (February 2018). 3971:from the original on 9 August 2016 3957:Sibthorpe, Clare (4 August 2016). 3901:Hetting, Claus (8 November 2019). 3731:from the original on 15 March 2021 3618:from the original on 8 March 2012. 3569:from the original on 15 June 2018. 3300:, a low-power variant of Bluetooth 3256: 3020:WIFI:S:MySSID;T:WPA;P:MyPassW0rd;; 752:Wi-Fi's radio bands work best for 736:radio bands, with the 6 gigahertz 25: 11411: 8179:from the original on 4 April 2012 7706:from the original on 5 March 2010 7672:from the original on 27 July 2009 7584:from the original on 5 March 2008 7113:from the original on 5 March 2016 7016:"WiFi Mapping Software:Footprint" 6918:from the original on 20 July 2013 6885:from the original on 24 June 2021 6817:from the original on 26 June 2015 6466:from the original on 26 July 2018 6394:"802.11 WiFi Standards Explained" 6004:from the original on 13 July 2020 5567:from the original on 24 June 2017 5452:Gould, Jessica (5 January 2016). 5386:Wearden, Graeme (18 April 2005). 5094:from the original on 3 April 2019 4821:from the original on 9 April 2016 4622: 4530:from the original on 26 June 2015 4356:Schubert, Misha (31 March 2012). 4212: 3932:Rimmer, Matthew (27 April 2007). 3228:influence the choice of specific 3192:Influence on developing countries 2503:points as well as with decreased 2048: 1125:Federal Communications Commission 712:Wi-Fi uses multiple parts of the 11353: 11343: 11334: 11333: 11322: 10943:Free-space optical communication 10153:Mobile broadband wireless access 8253: 8229:"Q&A: Wi-fi health concerns" 8221: 8191: 8155: 8125: 8113:from the original on 12 May 2020 8095: 8083:from the original on 14 May 2020 8065: 8032: 8002: 7969: 7946: 7916: 7890: 7859: 7829: 7796: 7769: 7729:. wirelessve.org. Archived from 7718: 7687: 7654: 7628:Gittleson, Kim (28 March 2014). 7621: 7596: 7565: 7539: 7513: 7487: 7461: 7449:from the original on 8 June 2011 7435: 7413: 7374: 7348: 7320: 7295: 7262: 7231: 7211: 7125: 7092: 7061: 7034: 7008: 6975: 6931: 6897: 6870: 6851: 6829: 6799: 6774: 6743: 6689: 6657: 6627: 6604: 6575: 6544: 6496:from the original on 5 July 2017 6478: 6416: 6386: 6180:. O'Reilly Atlas. Archived from 5534:from the original on 7 June 2018 5336:from the original on 22 May 2010 5255:Verma, Veruna (20 August 2006). 5119:"Generational Wi-Fi® User Guide" 4892:"Understanding Wi-Fi 4/5/6/6E/7" 4840:Sascha Segan (27 January 2012). 4314:from the original on 6 May 2013. 4289:from the original on 8 May 2012. 3837:Claus Hetting (19 August 2018). 3671:from the original on 13 May 2020 3524: 3283:electromagnetic hypersensitivity 1874:802.11a/h/j/n/ac/ax can use the 1749:is used in applications such as 1072: 623: 122: 7953:Thubron, Rob (9 January 2018). 7803:Goodin, Dan (16 October 2017). 7761:. 13 March 2006. Archived from 7572:Jensen, Joe (26 October 2007). 7553:from the original on 5 May 2020 7381:Veendrick, Harry J. M. (2017). 7022:from the original on 2 May 2009 6961:"802.11n Delivers Better Range" 6837:"What is Wi-Fi Certified TDLS?" 6610: 6347: 6317: 6271:. 7 August 1996. Archived from 6226: 6196: 6156: 6105: 6083: 6061: 6016: 5968:Decker, Kris De (6 June 2017). 5923: 5822: 5760: 5748: 5723: 5681: 5579: 5379: 5348: 5316: 5291: 5273: 5248: 5205: 5179: 5146: 5080: 5050: 5019: 4993: 4946: 4902: 4884: 4866: 4807: 4781: 4755: 4707: 4657: 4616: 4599: 4542: 4406: 4374: 4349: 4318: 4268: 4237: 4206: 4182: 4158: 4127: 4094: 4059: 4033: 3925: 3894: 3861: 3769: 3691:"History | Wi-Fi Alliance" 3629:Schofield, Jack (21 May 2007). 3511: 3482: 3461:, but this was quickly dropped. 3288: 3084: 2861:Embedded serial-to-Wi-Fi module 2705: 2426: 1779:direct-sequence spread spectrum 985:, which consumers take to mean 946:. The name is often written as 886:, Rich McGinn, and others from 671:to link devices and to provide 11400:Wireless communication systems 8205:. October 2014. Archived from 6877:Mohsin Beg (3 December 2021). 6582:Geier, Jim (6 December 2001). 6233:Badman, Lee (26 August 2019). 6029:Pervasive and Mobile Computing 4747:. 8 March 2007. Archived from 4485:"'Wireless Fidelity' Debunked" 4325:Brodkin, Jon (31 March 2012). 4041:"Wi-Fi Alliance: Organization" 3868:Ben Charny (6 December 2002). 3743: 3653: 3622: 3599: 3573: 3555:Garber, Megan (23 June 2014). 3548: 3490:locally administered addresses 3450: 3407:Operating system Wi-Fi support 3222: 3184:Internet § Social Impact 3091:Piggybacking (Internet access) 2834:consumer entertainment devices 2324:A keychain-size Wi-Fi detector 2189: 1698: 669:home and small office networks 13: 1: 10191:Educational Broadband Service 7427:. 8 June 2017. Archived from 7179:10.1109/CROWNCOM.2007.4549783 6967:. 31 May 2007. Archived from 6781:Cox, John (14 October 2009). 5355:Bsu, Indrajit (14 May 2007). 3870:"Vic Hayes – Wireless Vision" 3541: 2906:The main issue with wireless 2533: 2472:adjacent-channel interference 2417:Swedish National Space Agency 1667:in 2014. The project, titled 1599:An outdoor Wi-Fi access point 896:Wi-Fi uses a large number of 748:TP-Link AX1500 Wi-Fi 6 Router 732:and 5 gigahertz (60 mm) 222:Low-noise block downconverter 11329:Telecommunication portal 11110:Telecommunications equipment 8039:Jones, Matt (24 June 2002). 7856:Vulnerability Note VU#723755 7603:Higgs, Larry (1 July 2013). 7302:Brown, Bob (10 March 2016). 7068:Toulouse, Al (2 June 2006). 6370:10.1109/IEEESTD.2016.7786995 6295:"ATIS Telecom Glossary 2007" 5216:; Groenewegen, John (2010). 5153:Smit, Deb (5 October 2011). 5058:"Wi-Fi Generation Numbering" 4916:IEEE Communications Magazine 4275:Mullin, Joe (4 April 2012). 3649:– via TheGuardian.com. 3581:"What Does Wi-Fi Stand For?" 2959:Advanced Encryption Standard 2844:Wireless range-extenders or 2826:wireless distribution system 2631:Internet service providers ( 2256:or 802.11g, using the stock 1584: 1391: 1367: 1315: 1294: 1278: 1255: 1232: 1209: 1110:security standards, and the 916:National Museum of Australia 207:Counterpoise (ground system) 7: 10846:Alexander Stepanovich Popov 5976:(in French) (67): 216–235. 5858:10.1109/PERCOM.2003.1192736 5528:Government of New York City 4654:(originally published 2006) 4300:Popper, Ben (3 June 2010). 4101:Steve Lohr (22 July 1999). 3606:Beal, Vangie (2 May 2001). 3432:Wireless Broadband Alliance 3387:High-speed multimedia radio 3368: 3117:wireless community networks 3048:Hypertext Transfer Protocol 2839: 2599: 1816: 1771:modulation and demodulation 1482: 1399: 1394: 1376: 1370: 1352: 1342: 1321: 1318: 1300: 1297: 1281: 1261: 1238: 1235: 1215: 1212: 831:wireless local area network 460:Friis transmission equation 34:Wireless local area network 10: 11416: 10550:Telecommunications history 10185:Advanced Wireless Services 10117:Digital Video Broadcasting 9923:IEEE Standards Association 7694:Mateti, Prabhaker (2005). 7271:"How Municipal WiFi Works" 7101:"Long Distance WiFi Trial" 6982:Gold, Jon (29 June 2016). 6750:Subash (24 January 2011). 6178:802.11ac: A Survival Guide 6118:The Journal of Engineering 6041:10.1016/j.pmcj.2021.101416 4763:"Wi-Fi Alliance: Programs" 4745:IEEE Standards Association 4067:"A brief history of Wi-Fi" 3363:Ethernet over twisted pair 3306:, a short-distance network 3260: 3243: 3195: 3181: 3100: 3094: 3088: 2899: 2669:device. Wi-Fi devices are 2627:Wi-Fi card widely used by 2522:, and, in some countries, 2430: 2336: 2247: 2193: 1978:for routing over the LAN. 1947: 1820: 1591:Municipal wireless network 1588: 1567:Carnegie Mellon University 779:IEEE 802.11 § History 776: 772: 297:Municipal wireless network 26: 11317: 11259: 11196: 11158:Public Switched Telephone 11118: 11082: 11039: 10980: 10970:telecommunication circuit 10931:Fiber-optic communication 10914: 10676:Francis Blake (telephone) 10623: 10471:Optical telecommunication 10315: 10245: 10222: 10084: 10066:Satellite Internet access 10053: 10005: 9974: 9913: 9867: 9831: 9729: 9469: 9169: 9051: 8946: 8937: 8634: 8516: 8498: 8470: 8377: 8203:World Health Organization 8137:World Health Organization 7387:. Springer. p. 243. 6172:Gast, Matthew S. (2013). 5948:10.1016/j.trc.2014.03.015 5800:10.1080/01972240903213076 5281:"Sunnyvale Uses Metro Fi" 4363:The Sydney Morning Herald 4011:10.1038/s41928-018-0027-y 3392:Indoor positioning system 3269:World Health Organization 2811: 2760: 2530:been issued large fines. 1970:that are very similar to 1730:capability introduced in 1704:Wi-Fi positioning systems 1404: 1331: 922:Etymology and terminology 870:adopting Wi-Fi for their 544:Bell Laboratories Layered 71: 53: 44: 11069:Orbital angular-momentum 10506:Satellite communications 10345:Communications satellite 7148:10.1109/TWC.2015.2480398 6265:"Federal Standard 1037C" 5708:10.1109/TMC.2016.2629473 4933:10.1109/MCOM.003.2200037 3417:Power-line communication 3276:Health Protection Agency 3156:man-in-the-middle attack 3097:Legality of piggybacking 3052:Transport Layer Security 3040:graphical user interface 2991:Virtual private networks 2936:Wired Equivalent Privacy 2043: 1681:London Borough of Camden 1131:Versions and generations 1081:Wi-Fi certification logo 27:Not to be confused with 10948:Molecular communication 10771:Gardiner Greene Hubbard 10600:Undersea telegraph line 10335:Cable protection system 9928:Category:IEEE standards 7776:Vanhoef, Mathy (2017). 7700:Wright State University 7244:Baby Monitor Reviews HQ 6683:10.1109/TWC.2002.800539 5899:10.1145/1134680.1134698 5788:The Information Society 2932:an authorized address. 2865:The security standard, 2554:communicating devices. 2485:co-channel interference 2258:omnidirectional antenna 2154:Access points send out 2066:Ad hoc and Wi-Fi direct 1537:digital subscriber line 1477: 651:protocols based on the 577:Multiple Access (WSDMA) 575:Wideband Space Division 11090:Communication protocol 10876:Charles Sumner Tainter 10691:Walter Houser Brattain 10636:Edwin Howard Armstrong 10444:Information revolution 10028:Terrestrial television 8263:Psychosomatic Medicine 8139:. 2006. Archived from 3519:one speaks, all listen 3504:Unless it is put into 2980: 2862: 2746: 2722: 2655: 2639: 2592: 2578: 2450: 2442: 2325: 2315: 2305: 2292: 2159: 2146:Multiple access points 2110:handheld game consoles 2058: 1963: 1936: 1926: 1912: 1902: 1855:from microwave ovens, 1761:Operational principles 1633:In May 2010, the then 1600: 1548:mobile broadband modem 1510:wireless mesh networks 1500: 1095:backward compatibility 1082: 1024:mobile phone standards 863: 749: 725:wireless access points 689:is a trademark of the 681:wireless access points 307:Radio masts and towers 59:; 27 years ago 57:21 September 1997 11385:Australian inventions 11064:Polarization-division 10796:Narinder Singh Kapany 10761:Erna Schneider Hoover 10681:Jagadish Chandra Bose 10661:Alexander Graham Bell 10392:online video platform 10045:Visual sensor network 6717:10.1145/377616.377622 6516:"3.1.1 Packet format" 6141:10.1049/joe.2019.0790 4195:Australian Geographic 3402:List of WLAN channels 3312:, used by smartphones 3274:The United Kingdom's 3261:Further information: 3101:Further information: 3095:Further information: 2985:Wi-Fi Protected Setup 2971: 2867:Wi-Fi Protected Setup 2860: 2744: 2713: 2654:gateway in one device 2645: 2607: 2586: 2572: 2505:signal-to-noise ratio 2448: 2440: 2431:Further information: 2421:stratospheric balloon 2345:multipath propagation 2323: 2313: 2300: 2290: 2153: 2056: 1961: 1934: 1920: 1910: 1900: 1876:5 GHz U-NII band 1823:List of WLAN channels 1616:Sunnyvale, California 1598: 1589:Further information: 1490: 1080: 1004:, are usually called 861: 747: 657:local area networking 495:Signal-to-noise ratio 330:Safety and regulation 11395:Networking standards 10906:Vladimir K. Zworykin 10866:Almon Brown Strowger 10836:Charles Grafton Page 10491:Prepaid mobile phone 10419:Electrical telegraph 10040:Satellite television 7733:on 19 September 2006 7662:Bernstein, Daniel J. 7224:13 July 2020 at the 7173:. pp. 118–125. 7018:. Alyrica Networks. 6364:. 14 December 2016. 5842:. pp. 143–150. 5530:. 17 November 2014. 5494:. 17 November 2014. 5127:www.wi‑fi.org 4607:HTC S710 User Manual 4495:on 28 September 2007 4202:on 15 December 2011. 3786:on 28 September 2007 3753:. 21 February 2019. 3725:Research and Markets 3298:Bluetooth Low Energy 2662:A Wi-Fi device is a 2464:exposed node problem 2278:directional antennas 2180:network intelligence 2164:Extended Service Set 2126:consumer electronics 2118:PlayStation Portable 2015:media access control 2007:Logical Link Control 2003:best-effort delivery 1962:Generic 802.11 Frame 1535:often incorporate a 480:Radiation resistance 10856:Johann Philipp Reis 10615:Wireless revolution 10577:The Telephone Cases 10434:Hydraulic telegraph 10098:Long Term Evolution 10076:Wireless local loop 10018:Internet television 8517:Long range wireless 6971:on 8 November 2015. 6928:section 1.2 (scope) 6858:Edney, Jon (2004), 6847:on 8 November 2014. 6813:. 25 October 2010. 6795:on 23 October 2009. 6210:. 23 January 2020. 5560:New York Daily News 5367:on 7 September 2008 5361:Digital Communities 5312:on 9 December 2010. 5193:on 1 September 2011 4450:(8 November 2005). 4250:investinholland.com 3811:. 17 January 2018. 3061:The older wireless- 3026:Data security risks 2696:backward compatible 2518:, cordless phones, 2415:and Platillon. The 2362:With Wi-Fi signals 2009:(LLC) specified by 1944:Communication stack 1867:and other devices. 1857:cordless telephones 1755:gesture recognition 1167: 1123:, coined by the US 763:spectral efficiency 72:Compatible hardware 41: 11054:Frequency-division 11031:Telephone exchange 10901:Charles Wheatstone 10831:Jun-ichi Nishizawa 10806:Innocenzo Manzetti 10741:Reginald Fessenden 10476:Optical telegraphy 10309:Telecommunications 10071:Wireless broadband 10013:Amateur television 9992:Radio broadcasting 8020:on 22 October 2011 7250:on 18 October 2014 6943:DSL Reports Forums 6639:www.mobileinfo.com 6532:on 21 October 2014 6093:. 27 February 2023 4954:"What is Wi-Fi 8?" 4878:semfionetworks.com 4817:. Wi-Fi Alliance. 4685:10.1109/MSP.2007.4 4416:. 23 August 2005. 4140:The New York Times 4108:The New York Times 3999:Nature Electronics 3964:The Canberra Times 3667:. Wi-Fi Alliance. 2981: 2871:Internet of things 2863: 2846:wireless repeaters 2747: 2723: 2678:integrated circuit 2656: 2640: 2593: 2579: 2451: 2443: 2326: 2316: 2306: 2293: 2266:isotropic radiator 2202:radio power output 2160: 2075:Wi-Fi transmission 2059: 1964: 1937: 1927: 1913: 1903: 1809:A scheme known as 1792:Channels are used 1612:St. Cloud, Florida 1601: 1501: 1135: 1083: 971:advertising slogan 864: 750: 546:Space-Time (BLAST) 400:Near and far field 76:Personal computers 39: 11367: 11366: 11105:Store and forward 11100:Data transmission 11014:Network switching 10965:Transmission line 10811:Guglielmo Marconi 10776:Internet pioneers 10641:Mohamed M. Atalla 10610:Whistled language 10275: 10274: 10023:Mobile television 9936: 9935: 9827: 9826: 8594: 8593: 8332:978-1-4840-3935-9 7765:on 7 August 2011. 7610:Asbury Park Press 7431:on 8 August 2017. 7196:978-1-4244-0814-6 6881:. newscutzy.com. 6860:"What is an ESS?" 6379:978-1-5044-3645-8 6329:Electronics Notes 5867:978-0-7695-1893-0 5662:978-1-4200-0500-4 5229:978-0-521-19971-1 5212:Lemstra, Wolter; 5167:on 7 October 2011 5032:MUO - Make Use Of 4765:. www.wi-fi.org. 4751:on 18 April 2007. 4644:on 29 August 2017 4213:Field, Shivaune. 3882:on 26 August 2012 3459:wireless fidelity 3444:Explanatory notes 3310:Cellular networks 3036:wireless security 2902:Wireless security 2889:Texas Instruments 2650:access point and 2597: 2596: 2358:Radio propagation 2330: 2329: 2302:Yagi–Uda antennas 2228:is limited to 20 2211:Transmitter power 2034:Internet Protocol 1976:network addresses 1941: 1940: 1429: 1428: 1097:, and to promote 647:) is a family of 616: 615: 500:Spurious emission 485:Radio propagation 475:Radiation pattern 450:Equivalent radius 445:Electrical length 352:Radio Regulations 197:Block upconverter 101: 100: 16:(Redirected from 11407: 11357: 11356: 11347: 11346: 11337: 11336: 11327: 11326: 11325: 11198:Notable networks 11188:Wireless network 11128:Cellular network 11120:Types of network 11095:Computer network 10982:Network topology 10896:Thomas A. Watson 10751:Oliver Heaviside 10736:Philo Farnsworth 10711:Daniel Davis Jr. 10686:Charles Bourseul 10646:John Logie Baird 10355:Data compression 10350:Computer network 10302: 10295: 10288: 10279: 10278: 10061:Mobile broadband 9963: 9956: 9949: 9940: 9939: 8944: 8943: 8621: 8614: 8607: 8598: 8597: 8364: 8357: 8350: 8341: 8340: 8336: 8306: 8305: 8279: 8257: 8251: 8250: 8248: 8246: 8225: 8219: 8218: 8216: 8214: 8195: 8189: 8188: 8186: 8184: 8178: 8167: 8159: 8153: 8152: 8150: 8148: 8129: 8123: 8122: 8120: 8118: 8109:. 6 April 2018. 8099: 8093: 8092: 8090: 8088: 8069: 8063: 8062: 8060: 8058: 8052: 8046:. Archived from 8045: 8041:"Let's Warchalk" 8036: 8030: 8029: 8027: 8025: 8016:. Archived from 8006: 8000: 7999: 7997: 7995: 7973: 7967: 7966: 7950: 7944: 7943: 7941: 7939: 7920: 7914: 7913: 7911: 7909: 7900:. 19 July 2015. 7894: 7888: 7887: 7885: 7883: 7863: 7857: 7852: 7850: 7848: 7833: 7827: 7826: 7824: 7822: 7800: 7794: 7793: 7791: 7789: 7773: 7767: 7766: 7749: 7743: 7742: 7740: 7738: 7722: 7716: 7715: 7713: 7711: 7698:. Dayton, Ohio: 7691: 7685: 7684: 7679: 7677: 7658: 7652: 7651: 7649: 7647: 7625: 7619: 7618: 7613:. Archived from 7600: 7594: 7593: 7591: 7589: 7569: 7563: 7562: 7560: 7558: 7543: 7537: 7536: 7534: 7532: 7527:on 18 April 2015 7523:. Archived from 7517: 7511: 7510: 7508: 7506: 7491: 7485: 7484: 7482: 7480: 7465: 7459: 7458: 7456: 7454: 7439: 7433: 7432: 7425:The Digital Worm 7417: 7411: 7410: 7408: 7406: 7378: 7372: 7371: 7369: 7367: 7352: 7346: 7345: 7343: 7341: 7324: 7318: 7317: 7299: 7293: 7292: 7290: 7288: 7266: 7260: 7259: 7257: 7255: 7246:. 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Archived from 6778: 6772: 6771: 6769: 6767: 6747: 6741: 6740: 6738: 6736: 6693: 6687: 6686: 6661: 6655: 6654: 6652: 6650: 6631: 6625: 6624: 6623: 6619: 6608: 6602: 6601: 6599: 6597: 6579: 6573: 6572: 6570: 6568: 6548: 6542: 6541: 6539: 6537: 6531: 6520: 6512: 6506: 6505: 6503: 6501: 6482: 6476: 6475: 6473: 6471: 6452: 6443: 6442: 6440: 6438: 6428: 6420: 6414: 6413: 6411: 6409: 6390: 6384: 6383: 6351: 6345: 6344: 6342: 6340: 6321: 6315: 6314: 6312: 6310: 6291: 6285: 6284: 6282: 6280: 6261: 6255: 6254: 6252: 6250: 6230: 6224: 6223: 6221: 6219: 6208:Meraki Community 6200: 6194: 6193: 6191: 6189: 6169: 6163: 6160: 6154: 6153: 6143: 6133: 6109: 6103: 6102: 6100: 6098: 6087: 6081: 6080: 6078: 6076: 6065: 6059: 6058: 6057: 6055: 6020: 6014: 6013: 6011: 6009: 5965: 5952: 5951: 5927: 5921: 5920: 5886: 5880: 5879: 5851: 5835: 5829: 5826: 5820: 5819: 5783: 5770: 5764: 5758: 5752: 5746: 5745: 5743: 5741: 5727: 5721: 5720: 5710: 5701:(9): 2560–2573. 5685: 5679: 5678: 5676: 5674: 5646: 5640: 5639: 5637: 5635: 5626:. 15 June 2011. 5623:Voice of America 5614: 5608: 5607: 5605: 5603: 5583: 5577: 5576: 5574: 5572: 5550: 5544: 5543: 5541: 5539: 5514: 5508: 5507: 5505: 5503: 5482: 5476: 5475: 5473: 5471: 5449: 5443: 5442: 5440: 5438: 5416: 5410: 5409: 5407: 5405: 5383: 5377: 5376: 5374: 5372: 5363:. Archived from 5352: 5346: 5345: 5343: 5341: 5320: 5314: 5313: 5308:. Archived from 5305:The Star Tribune 5295: 5289: 5288: 5287:on 22 July 2015. 5277: 5271: 5270: 5252: 5246: 5245: 5243: 5241: 5209: 5203: 5202: 5200: 5198: 5183: 5177: 5176: 5174: 5172: 5163:. Archived from 5150: 5144: 5143: 5141: 5139: 5130:. October 2018. 5123: 5115: 5104: 5103: 5101: 5099: 5084: 5078: 5077: 5075: 5073: 5062:ElectronicsNotes 5054: 5048: 5047: 5045: 5043: 5023: 5017: 5016: 5014: 5012: 4997: 4991: 4990: 4988: 4976: 4970: 4969: 4967: 4965: 4958:everythingrf.com 4950: 4944: 4943: 4941: 4939: 4906: 4900: 4899: 4888: 4882: 4881: 4870: 4864: 4863: 4861: 4859: 4837: 4831: 4830: 4828: 4826: 4811: 4805: 4804: 4802: 4800: 4789:"Wi-Fi Alliance" 4785: 4779: 4778: 4776: 4774: 4759: 4753: 4752: 4737: 4731: 4730: 4728: 4726: 4711: 4705: 4704: 4670: 4661: 4655: 4653: 4651: 4649: 4643: 4637:. Archived from 4629: 4623:Varma, Vijay K. 4620: 4614: 4613: 4603: 4597: 4596: 4594: 4592: 4586: 4579: 4571: 4565: 4564: 4562: 4560: 4546: 4540: 4539: 4537: 4535: 4529: 4522: 4514: 4505: 4504: 4502: 4500: 4491:. Archived from 4480: 4474: 4473: 4471: 4469: 4444: 4433: 4432: 4427: 4425: 4410: 4404: 4403: 4401: 4399: 4390:. 1 April 2012. 4378: 4372: 4371: 4353: 4347: 4346: 4344: 4342: 4337:on 19 April 2023 4333:. Archived from 4322: 4316: 4315: 4297: 4291: 4290: 4272: 4266: 4265: 4263: 4261: 4256:on 19 April 2023 4241: 4235: 4234: 4232: 4230: 4225:on 19 April 2023 4221:. Archived from 4210: 4204: 4203: 4198:. Archived from 4186: 4180: 4179: 4162: 4156: 4155: 4153: 4151: 4131: 4125: 4124: 4122: 4120: 4098: 4092: 4091: 4086: 4084: 4075:. 12 July 2004. 4063: 4057: 4056: 4054: 4052: 4037: 4031: 4030: 3990: 3981: 3980: 3978: 3976: 3954: 3945: 3944: 3943:– via QUT. 3938: 3929: 3923: 3922: 3920: 3918: 3907:Wi-Fi Now Global 3898: 3892: 3891: 3889: 3887: 3878:. Archived from 3865: 3859: 3858: 3856: 3854: 3843:Wi-Fi NOW Global 3834: 3825: 3824: 3822: 3820: 3805: 3796: 3795: 3793: 3791: 3785: 3773: 3767: 3766: 3764: 3762: 3747: 3741: 3740: 3738: 3736: 3717: 3711: 3710: 3708: 3706: 3687: 3681: 3680: 3678: 3676: 3657: 3651: 3650: 3648: 3646: 3626: 3620: 3619: 3603: 3597: 3596: 3594: 3592: 3577: 3571: 3570: 3552: 3535: 3528: 3522: 3515: 3509: 3506:promiscuous mode 3502: 3493: 3486: 3480: 3477: 3471: 3468: 3462: 3454: 3198:Long-range Wi-Fi 3178:Societal aspects 3021: 3015: 2953:The more secure 2923:Securing methods 2908:network security 2896:Network security 2853:Embedded systems 2766:Wireless routers 2737:Wireless adapter 2623:pigtail and R52 2590: 2576: 2565: 2564: 2512:security cameras 2406:Distance records 2396:long-range Wi-Fi 2376:up and down fade 2283: 2282: 2196:Long-range Wi-Fi 2090:Mobile Computing 2038:internet address 2013:employs Wi-Fi's 1981:Wi-Fi's MAC and 1893: 1892: 1751:motion detection 1742:Motion detection 1397: 1374: 1168: 1161: 1154: 1147: 1134: 944:interoperability 699:interoperability 677:wireless routers 649:wireless network 646: 645: 642: 641: 638: 635: 632: 629: 608: 601: 594: 373: 287:Cellular network 227:Passive radiator 126: 103: 102: 96:security cameras 67: 65: 60: 49: 42: 38: 21: 11415: 11414: 11410: 11409: 11408: 11406: 11405: 11404: 11370: 11369: 11368: 11363: 11323: 11321: 11313: 11255: 11192: 11114: 11078: 11035: 10984: 10976: 10917: 10910: 10816:Robert Metcalfe 10671:Tim Berners-Lee 10619: 10439:Information Age 10311: 10306: 10276: 10271: 10261: 10241: 10218: 10080: 10049: 10001: 9997:Satellite radio 9970: 9967: 9937: 9932: 9909: 9863: 9823: 9725: 9473: 9465: 9173: 9165: 9047: 8933: 8630: 8625: 8595: 8590: 8512: 8494: 8466: 8373: 8371:Internet access 8368: 8333: 8315: 8313:Further reading 8310: 8309: 8277:10.1.1.543.1328 8258: 8254: 8244: 8242: 8237:. 21 May 2007. 8227: 8226: 8222: 8212: 8210: 8197: 8196: 8192: 8182: 8180: 8176: 8172:. 31 May 2011. 8165: 8161: 8160: 8156: 8146: 8144: 8131: 8130: 8126: 8116: 8114: 8101: 8100: 8096: 8086: 8084: 8071: 8070: 8066: 8056: 8054: 8050: 8043: 8037: 8033: 8023: 8021: 8008: 8007: 8003: 7993: 7991: 7974: 7970: 7951: 7947: 7937: 7935: 7922: 7921: 7917: 7907: 7905: 7896: 7895: 7891: 7881: 7879: 7864: 7860: 7846: 7844: 7835: 7834: 7830: 7820: 7818: 7801: 7797: 7787: 7785: 7774: 7770: 7751: 7750: 7746: 7736: 7734: 7723: 7719: 7709: 7707: 7692: 7688: 7675: 7673: 7659: 7655: 7645: 7643: 7626: 7622: 7617:on 2 July 2013. 7601: 7597: 7587: 7585: 7570: 7566: 7556: 7554: 7545: 7544: 7540: 7530: 7528: 7519: 7518: 7514: 7504: 7502: 7493: 7492: 7488: 7478: 7476: 7475:on 30 June 2010 7467: 7466: 7462: 7452: 7450: 7441: 7440: 7436: 7419: 7418: 7414: 7404: 7402: 7395: 7379: 7375: 7365: 7363: 7354: 7353: 7349: 7339: 7337: 7326: 7325: 7321: 7300: 7296: 7286: 7284: 7267: 7263: 7253: 7251: 7236: 7232: 7226:Wayback Machine 7216: 7212: 7197: 7167: 7163: 7130: 7126: 7116: 7114: 7110: 7103: 7097: 7093: 7083: 7081: 7066: 7062: 7052: 7050: 7039: 7035: 7025: 7023: 7014: 7013: 7009: 6999: 6997: 6980: 6976: 6959: 6958: 6954: 6937: 6936: 6932: 6921: 6919: 6915: 6908: 6902: 6898: 6888: 6886: 6875: 6871: 6856: 6852: 6835: 6834: 6830: 6820: 6818: 6805: 6804: 6800: 6779: 6775: 6765: 6763: 6748: 6744: 6734: 6732: 6694: 6690: 6662: 6658: 6648: 6646: 6633: 6632: 6628: 6621: 6616:Toh, Chai Keong 6609: 6605: 6595: 6593: 6580: 6576: 6566: 6564: 6549: 6545: 6535: 6533: 6529: 6518: 6514: 6513: 6509: 6499: 6497: 6484: 6483: 6479: 6469: 6467: 6454: 6453: 6446: 6436: 6434: 6426: 6422: 6421: 6417: 6407: 6405: 6392: 6391: 6387: 6380: 6353: 6352: 6348: 6338: 6336: 6323: 6322: 6318: 6308: 6306: 6305:on 2 March 2008 6293: 6292: 6288: 6278: 6276: 6275:on 2 March 2009 6263: 6262: 6258: 6248: 6246: 6231: 6227: 6217: 6215: 6202: 6201: 6197: 6187: 6185: 6170: 6166: 6161: 6157: 6110: 6106: 6096: 6094: 6089: 6088: 6084: 6074: 6072: 6071:(Press release) 6067: 6066: 6062: 6053: 6051: 6021: 6017: 6007: 6005: 5982:10.4000/tc.8489 5966: 5955: 5928: 5924: 5909: 5887: 5883: 5868: 5836: 5832: 5827: 5823: 5784: 5773: 5765: 5761: 5753: 5749: 5739: 5737: 5729: 5728: 5724: 5686: 5682: 5672: 5670: 5663: 5647: 5643: 5633: 5631: 5616: 5615: 5611: 5601: 5599: 5584: 5580: 5570: 5568: 5551: 5547: 5537: 5535: 5516: 5515: 5511: 5501: 5499: 5491:Washington Post 5484: 5483: 5479: 5469: 5467: 5450: 5446: 5436: 5434: 5417: 5413: 5403: 5401: 5384: 5380: 5370: 5368: 5353: 5349: 5339: 5337: 5332:. 19 May 2010. 5322: 5321: 5317: 5296: 5292: 5279: 5278: 5274: 5253: 5249: 5239: 5237: 5230: 5210: 5206: 5196: 5194: 5185: 5184: 5180: 5170: 5168: 5151: 5147: 5137: 5135: 5121: 5117: 5116: 5107: 5097: 5095: 5086: 5085: 5081: 5071: 5069: 5056: 5055: 5051: 5041: 5039: 5024: 5020: 5010: 5008: 4998: 4994: 4977: 4973: 4963: 4961: 4960:. 25 March 2023 4952: 4951: 4947: 4937: 4935: 4907: 4903: 4890: 4889: 4885: 4872: 4871: 4867: 4857: 4855: 4838: 4834: 4824: 4822: 4813: 4812: 4808: 4798: 4796: 4787: 4786: 4782: 4772: 4770: 4761: 4760: 4756: 4739: 4738: 4734: 4724: 4722: 4721:. 15 April 2019 4713: 4712: 4708: 4668: 4662: 4658: 4647: 4645: 4641: 4627: 4621: 4617: 4605: 4604: 4600: 4590: 4588: 4587:on 6 March 2007 4584: 4577: 4573: 4572: 4568: 4558: 4556: 4548: 4547: 4543: 4533: 4531: 4527: 4520: 4516: 4515: 4508: 4498: 4496: 4481: 4477: 4467: 4465: 4445: 4436: 4423: 4421: 4412: 4411: 4407: 4397: 4395: 4380: 4379: 4375: 4354: 4350: 4340: 4338: 4323: 4319: 4298: 4294: 4273: 4269: 4259: 4257: 4242: 4238: 4228: 4226: 4211: 4207: 4188: 4187: 4183: 4164: 4163: 4159: 4149: 4147: 4132: 4128: 4118: 4116: 4099: 4095: 4082: 4080: 4065: 4064: 4060: 4050: 4048: 4039: 4038: 4034: 3991: 3984: 3974: 3972: 3955: 3948: 3936: 3930: 3926: 3916: 3914: 3899: 3895: 3885: 3883: 3866: 3862: 3852: 3850: 3835: 3828: 3818: 3816: 3807: 3806: 3799: 3789: 3787: 3783: 3775: 3774: 3770: 3760: 3758: 3749: 3748: 3744: 3734: 3732: 3727:. 1 July 2020. 3719: 3718: 3714: 3704: 3702: 3689: 3688: 3684: 3674: 3672: 3661:"Certification" 3659: 3658: 3654: 3644: 3642: 3627: 3623: 3604: 3600: 3590: 3588: 3579: 3578: 3574: 3553: 3549: 3544: 3539: 3538: 3529: 3525: 3516: 3512: 3503: 3496: 3487: 3483: 3478: 3474: 3469: 3465: 3455: 3451: 3446: 3441: 3371: 3291: 3265: 3259: 3257:Health concerns 3246: 3225: 3200: 3194: 3186: 3180: 3105: 3099: 3093: 3087: 3028: 3019: 3013: 3012:Common format: 2925: 2904: 2898: 2855: 2842: 2822:data-link layer 2818:network bridges 2814: 2802:AirPort Utility 2763: 2753:, Cardbus, and 2739: 2708: 2646:OSBRiDGE 3GN – 2602: 2588: 2574: 2536: 2435: 2429: 2408: 2360: 2341: 2335: 2250: 2232:(100 mW). 2213: 2198: 2192: 2148: 2122:digital cameras 2068: 2051: 2046: 1972:Ethernet frames 1956: 1948:Main articles: 1946: 1829:radio frequency 1825: 1819: 1763: 1744: 1723:been proposed. 1701: 1593: 1587: 1571:Wireless Andrew 1505:Internet access 1485: 1480: 1447:) and Wi-Fi 6 ( 1424: 1395: 1372: 1192: 1190: 1185: 1183: 1175: 1166: 1165: 1133: 1075: 1002:Motorola Canopy 924: 839:John O'Sullivan 800:NCR Corporation 789:microwave ovens 781: 775: 707:Wi-Fi Certified 695:Wi-Fi Certified 673:Internet access 659:of devices and 626: 622: 612: 583: 582: 579: 576: 570: 566:Spread spectrum 561:Reconfiguration 548: 545: 539: 514: 506: 505: 504: 424: 423:Characteristics 416: 415: 414: 374: 371: 364: 363: 355: 349: 331: 323: 322: 321: 271: 263: 262: 261: 186: 178: 177: 176: 136: 80:gaming consoles 63: 61: 58: 35: 32: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 11413: 11403: 11402: 11397: 11392: 11387: 11382: 11365: 11364: 11362: 11361: 11351: 11341: 11331: 11318: 11315: 11314: 11312: 11311: 11304: 11299: 11294: 11289: 11284: 11283: 11282: 11277: 11269: 11263: 11261: 11257: 11256: 11254: 11253: 11248: 11243: 11238: 11233: 11228: 11223: 11218: 11213: 11208: 11202: 11200: 11194: 11193: 11191: 11190: 11185: 11180: 11175: 11170: 11165: 11160: 11155: 11150: 11145: 11140: 11135: 11130: 11124: 11122: 11116: 11115: 11113: 11112: 11107: 11102: 11097: 11092: 11086: 11084: 11080: 11079: 11077: 11076: 11071: 11066: 11061: 11056: 11051: 11049:Space-division 11045: 11043: 11037: 11036: 11034: 11033: 11028: 11027: 11026: 11021: 11011: 11010: 11009: 10999: 10994: 10988: 10986: 10978: 10977: 10975: 10974: 10973: 10972: 10962: 10961: 10960: 10950: 10945: 10940: 10939: 10938: 10928: 10922: 10920: 10912: 10911: 10909: 10908: 10903: 10898: 10893: 10888: 10886:Camille Tissot 10883: 10878: 10873: 10868: 10863: 10861:Claude Shannon 10858: 10853: 10851:Tivadar Puskás 10848: 10843: 10838: 10833: 10828: 10823: 10821:Antonio Meucci 10818: 10813: 10808: 10803: 10798: 10793: 10791:Charles K. Kao 10788: 10783: 10778: 10773: 10768: 10766:Harold Hopkins 10763: 10758: 10753: 10748: 10743: 10738: 10733: 10728: 10723: 10718: 10713: 10708: 10703: 10698: 10693: 10688: 10683: 10678: 10673: 10668: 10666:Emile Berliner 10663: 10658: 10653: 10648: 10643: 10638: 10633: 10627: 10625: 10621: 10620: 10618: 10617: 10612: 10607: 10605:Videotelephony 10602: 10597: 10596: 10595: 10590: 10580: 10573: 10568: 10562: 10557: 10552: 10547: 10542: 10541: 10540: 10535: 10530: 10520: 10519: 10518: 10508: 10503: 10501:Radiotelephone 10498: 10493: 10488: 10483: 10478: 10473: 10468: 10467: 10466: 10456: 10451: 10446: 10441: 10436: 10431: 10426: 10421: 10416: 10411: 10406: 10405: 10404: 10399: 10394: 10389: 10387:Internet video 10379: 10378: 10377: 10372: 10367: 10362: 10352: 10347: 10342: 10337: 10332: 10327: 10321: 10319: 10313: 10312: 10305: 10304: 10297: 10290: 10282: 10273: 10272: 10270: 10269: 10264: 10259: 10255: 10249: 10247: 10243: 10242: 10240: 10239: 10233: 10226: 10224: 10220: 10219: 10217: 10216: 10211: 10205: 10199: 10194: 10188: 10182: 10181: 10180: 10175: 10170: 10165: 10155: 10150: 10139: 10138: 10137: 10131: 10125: 10114: 10113: 10112: 10106: 10101: 10088: 10086: 10082: 10081: 10079: 10078: 10073: 10068: 10063: 10057: 10055: 10051: 10050: 10048: 10047: 10042: 10037: 10036: 10035: 10025: 10020: 10015: 10009: 10007: 10003: 10002: 10000: 9999: 9994: 9989: 9987:Internet radio 9984: 9978: 9976: 9972: 9971: 9966: 9965: 9958: 9951: 9943: 9934: 9933: 9931: 9930: 9925: 9920: 9914: 9911: 9910: 9908: 9907: 9902: 9897: 9892: 9887: 9882: 9877: 9871: 9869: 9865: 9864: 9862: 9861: 9856: 9851: 9846: 9841: 9835: 9833: 9829: 9828: 9825: 9824: 9822: 9821: 9816: 9811: 9806: 9801: 9796: 9791: 9786: 9781: 9776: 9771: 9766: 9756: 9751: 9746: 9735: 9733: 9727: 9726: 9724: 9723: 9711: 9708: 9705: 9702: 9699: 9687: 9684: 9681: 9676: 9673: 9670: 9665: 9653: 9650: 9647: 9642: 9637: 9632: 9627: 9624: 9614: 9602: 9599: 9594: 9589: 9584: 9579: 9574: 9569: 9564: 9559: 9547: 9542: 9537: 9532: 9527: 9522: 9517: 9512: 9507: 9502: 9497: 9492: 9487: 9481: 9479: 9467: 9466: 9464: 9463: 9458: 9453: 9448: 9443: 9438: 9433: 9428: 9423: 9418: 9413: 9408: 9403: 9398: 9393: 9388: 9383: 9378: 9373: 9368: 9363: 9358: 9353: 9348: 9343: 9338: 9333: 9328: 9323: 9318: 9311: 9306: 9301: 9296: 9291: 9284: 9279: 9274: 9269: 9264: 9257: 9252: 9247: 9242: 9237: 9232: 9227: 9222: 9217: 9212: 9207: 9202: 9197: 9192: 9187: 9181: 9179: 9167: 9166: 9164: 9163: 9158: 9148: 9143: 9138: 9133: 9128: 9123: 9118: 9113: 9108: 9103: 9098: 9093: 9088: 9083: 9078: 9073: 9068: 9063: 9057: 9055: 9049: 9048: 9046: 9045: 9040: 9035: 9030: 9025: 9020: 9015: 9014: 9013: 9003: 8998: 8993: 8988: 8983: 8978: 8973: 8968: 8963: 8958: 8952: 8950: 8941: 8935: 8934: 8932: 8931: 8926: 8921: 8916: 8911: 8906: 8901: 8896: 8891: 8886: 8881: 8876: 8871: 8866: 8861: 8856: 8851: 8846: 8841: 8836: 8831: 8826: 8821: 8816: 8811: 8806: 8801: 8796: 8791: 8786: 8781: 8776: 8771: 8766: 8761: 8756: 8751: 8746: 8741: 8736: 8731: 8726: 8721: 8716: 8711: 8706: 8701: 8696: 8691: 8686: 8681: 8676: 8671: 8666: 8665: 8664: 8654: 8649: 8644: 8638: 8636: 8632: 8631: 8628:IEEE standards 8624: 8623: 8616: 8609: 8601: 8592: 8591: 8589: 8588: 8587: 8586: 8576: 8571: 8566: 8561: 8556: 8551: 8546: 8541: 8536: 8531: 8526: 8520: 8518: 8514: 8513: 8511: 8510: 8504: 8502: 8496: 8495: 8493: 8492: 8487: 8482: 8476: 8474: 8468: 8467: 8465: 8464: 8463: 8462: 8452: 8447: 8442: 8437: 8432: 8427: 8422: 8417: 8412: 8407: 8402: 8397: 8392: 8387: 8381: 8379: 8375: 8374: 8367: 8366: 8359: 8352: 8344: 8338: 8337: 8331: 8314: 8311: 8308: 8307: 8270:(2): 224–232. 8252: 8220: 8209:on 25 May 2016 8190: 8154: 8143:on 22 May 2016 8124: 8094: 8064: 8053:on 5 July 2008 8031: 8001: 7968: 7945: 7915: 7889: 7858: 7828: 7795: 7768: 7758:Wi-Fi Alliance 7744: 7717: 7686: 7653: 7620: 7595: 7564: 7538: 7512: 7486: 7460: 7445:. Apple, Inc. 7434: 7412: 7393: 7373: 7347: 7319: 7294: 7261: 7230: 7210: 7195: 7161: 7142:(2): 928–937. 7124: 7091: 7060: 7033: 7007: 6974: 6952: 6930: 6896: 6869: 6850: 6841:Wi-Fi Alliance 6828: 6811:Wi-Fi Alliance 6798: 6773: 6742: 6688: 6677:(3): 402–414. 6656: 6626: 6603: 6574: 6543: 6507: 6477: 6444: 6415: 6385: 6378: 6357:Specifications 6346: 6316: 6286: 6256: 6225: 6195: 6184:on 3 July 2017 6164: 6155: 6104: 6082: 6060: 6015: 5953: 5922: 5908:978-1595931955 5907: 5881: 5866: 5849:10.1.1.13.4478 5830: 5821: 5794:(5): 344–352. 5771: 5759: 5747: 5722: 5680: 5661: 5641: 5609: 5578: 5545: 5509: 5477: 5444: 5411: 5378: 5347: 5315: 5290: 5272: 5247: 5228: 5204: 5178: 5145: 5105: 5079: 5049: 5018: 4992: 4971: 4945: 4901: 4883: 4865: 4832: 4806: 4791:. TechTarget. 4780: 4754: 4732: 4706: 4656: 4615: 4598: 4566: 4541: 4506: 4475: 4448:Doctorow, Cory 4434: 4405: 4373: 4348: 4317: 4292: 4267: 4236: 4205: 4181: 4157: 4126: 4093: 4058: 4032: 3982: 3946: 3924: 3893: 3860: 3826: 3797: 3768: 3742: 3712: 3695:Wi-Fi Alliance 3682: 3652: 3621: 3598: 3572: 3546: 3545: 3543: 3540: 3537: 3536: 3523: 3510: 3494: 3481: 3472: 3463: 3448: 3447: 3445: 3442: 3440: 3439: 3434: 3429: 3424: 3419: 3414: 3409: 3404: 3399: 3394: 3389: 3384: 3379: 3372: 3370: 3367: 3366: 3365: 3352: 3351: 3338: 3337: 3331: 3325: 3319: 3313: 3307: 3301: 3290: 3287: 3258: 3255: 3245: 3242: 3224: 3221: 3193: 3190: 3179: 3176: 3089:Main article: 3086: 3083: 3027: 3024: 3023: 3022: 3016: 2924: 2921: 2900:Main article: 2897: 2894: 2887:In June 2014, 2854: 2851: 2841: 2838: 2813: 2810: 2762: 2759: 2738: 2735: 2707: 2704: 2637:Czech Republic 2601: 2598: 2595: 2594: 2580: 2535: 2532: 2495:is viable and 2480:group of three 2428: 2425: 2407: 2404: 2384:low-e coatings 2359: 2356: 2337:Main article: 2334: 2331: 2328: 2327: 2317: 2307: 2294: 2249: 2246: 2226:European Union 2224:(EIRP) in the 2212: 2209: 2191: 2188: 2147: 2144: 2112:, such as the 2082:Chai Keong Toh 2067: 2064: 2050: 2049:Infrastructure 2047: 2045: 2042: 2030:internet layer 1983:physical layer 1945: 1942: 1939: 1938: 1928: 1914: 1904: 1821:Main article: 1818: 1815: 1762: 1759: 1743: 1740: 1700: 1697: 1665:digital kiosks 1586: 1583: 1552:mobile hotspot 1525:captive portal 1521:Wi-Fi hotspots 1493:WiFi Knowledge 1484: 1481: 1479: 1476: 1437:Wi-Fi Alliance 1427: 1426: 1402: 1401: 1398: 1393: 1392:expected 2028 1390: 1385: 1379: 1378: 1375: 1369: 1368:expected 2024 1366: 1361: 1355: 1354: 1351: 1345: 1344: 1341: 1338: 1335: 1330: 1324: 1323: 1320: 1317: 1314: 1309: 1303: 1302: 1299: 1296: 1293: 1288: 1284: 1283: 1280: 1277: 1272: 1264: 1263: 1260: 1257: 1254: 1249: 1241: 1240: 1237: 1234: 1231: 1226: 1218: 1217: 1214: 1211: 1208: 1203: 1195: 1194: 1187: 1180: 1177: 1172: 1164: 1163: 1156: 1149: 1141: 1136: 1132: 1129: 1091:Wi-Fi Alliance 1074: 1071: 1007:fixed wireless 923: 920: 882:, Bruce Tuch, 853:Wi-Fi Alliance 777:Main article: 774: 771: 728:(120 mm) 691:Wi-Fi Alliance 614: 613: 611: 610: 603: 596: 588: 585: 584: 581: 580: 573: 569: 568: 563: 557: 556: 555: 549: 542: 538: 537: 532: 527: 522: 516: 515: 512: 511: 508: 507: 503: 502: 497: 492: 490:Radio spectrum 487: 482: 477: 472: 467: 462: 457: 452: 447: 442: 437: 432: 426: 425: 422: 421: 418: 417: 413: 412: 410:Vertical plane 407: 402: 397: 392: 387: 382: 376: 375: 370: 369: 366: 365: 362: 361: 356: 345: 343: 338: 332: 329: 328: 325: 324: 320: 319: 314: 309: 304: 299: 294: 289: 284: 279: 273: 272: 269: 268: 265: 264: 260: 259: 254: 249: 244: 239: 234: 229: 224: 219: 214: 209: 204: 199: 194: 188: 187: 184: 183: 180: 179: 175: 174: 169: 164: 162:Satellite dish 159: 154: 149: 144: 138: 137: 132: 131: 128: 127: 119: 118: 112: 111: 99: 98: 73: 69: 68: 55: 51: 50: 33: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11412: 11401: 11398: 11396: 11393: 11391: 11388: 11386: 11383: 11381: 11378: 11377: 11375: 11360: 11352: 11350: 11342: 11340: 11332: 11330: 11320: 11319: 11316: 11309: 11305: 11303: 11300: 11298: 11295: 11293: 11290: 11288: 11285: 11281: 11278: 11276: 11273: 11272: 11270: 11268: 11265: 11264: 11262: 11258: 11252: 11249: 11247: 11244: 11242: 11239: 11237: 11234: 11232: 11229: 11227: 11224: 11222: 11219: 11217: 11214: 11212: 11209: 11207: 11204: 11203: 11201: 11199: 11195: 11189: 11186: 11184: 11181: 11179: 11176: 11174: 11171: 11169: 11166: 11164: 11161: 11159: 11156: 11154: 11151: 11149: 11146: 11144: 11141: 11139: 11136: 11134: 11131: 11129: 11126: 11125: 11123: 11121: 11117: 11111: 11108: 11106: 11103: 11101: 11098: 11096: 11093: 11091: 11088: 11087: 11085: 11081: 11075: 11074:Code-division 11072: 11070: 11067: 11065: 11062: 11060: 11059:Time-division 11057: 11055: 11052: 11050: 11047: 11046: 11044: 11042: 11038: 11032: 11029: 11025: 11022: 11020: 11017: 11016: 11015: 11012: 11008: 11005: 11004: 11003: 11000: 10998: 10995: 10993: 10990: 10989: 10987: 10985:and switching 10983: 10979: 10971: 10968: 10967: 10966: 10963: 10959: 10956: 10955: 10954: 10951: 10949: 10946: 10944: 10941: 10937: 10936:optical fiber 10934: 10933: 10932: 10929: 10927: 10926:Coaxial cable 10924: 10923: 10921: 10919: 10913: 10907: 10904: 10902: 10899: 10897: 10894: 10892: 10889: 10887: 10884: 10882: 10879: 10877: 10874: 10872: 10869: 10867: 10864: 10862: 10859: 10857: 10854: 10852: 10849: 10847: 10844: 10842: 10841:Radia Perlman 10839: 10837: 10834: 10832: 10829: 10827: 10824: 10822: 10819: 10817: 10814: 10812: 10809: 10807: 10804: 10802: 10799: 10797: 10794: 10792: 10789: 10787: 10784: 10782: 10779: 10777: 10774: 10772: 10769: 10767: 10764: 10762: 10759: 10757: 10754: 10752: 10749: 10747: 10744: 10742: 10739: 10737: 10734: 10732: 10731:Lee de Forest 10729: 10727: 10726:Thomas Edison 10724: 10722: 10719: 10717: 10716:Donald Davies 10714: 10712: 10709: 10707: 10704: 10702: 10701:Claude Chappe 10699: 10697: 10694: 10692: 10689: 10687: 10684: 10682: 10679: 10677: 10674: 10672: 10669: 10667: 10664: 10662: 10659: 10657: 10654: 10652: 10649: 10647: 10644: 10642: 10639: 10637: 10634: 10632: 10629: 10628: 10626: 10622: 10616: 10613: 10611: 10608: 10606: 10603: 10601: 10598: 10594: 10591: 10589: 10586: 10585: 10584: 10581: 10579: 10578: 10574: 10572: 10569: 10566: 10563: 10561: 10558: 10556: 10553: 10551: 10548: 10546: 10545:Smoke signals 10543: 10539: 10536: 10534: 10531: 10529: 10526: 10525: 10524: 10523:Semiconductor 10521: 10517: 10514: 10513: 10512: 10509: 10507: 10504: 10502: 10499: 10497: 10494: 10492: 10489: 10487: 10484: 10482: 10479: 10477: 10474: 10472: 10469: 10465: 10462: 10461: 10460: 10457: 10455: 10452: 10450: 10447: 10445: 10442: 10440: 10437: 10435: 10432: 10430: 10427: 10425: 10422: 10420: 10417: 10415: 10412: 10410: 10407: 10403: 10400: 10398: 10395: 10393: 10390: 10388: 10385: 10384: 10383: 10382:Digital media 10380: 10376: 10373: 10371: 10368: 10366: 10363: 10361: 10358: 10357: 10356: 10353: 10351: 10348: 10346: 10343: 10341: 10338: 10336: 10333: 10331: 10328: 10326: 10323: 10322: 10320: 10318: 10314: 10310: 10303: 10298: 10296: 10291: 10289: 10284: 10283: 10280: 10268: 10265: 10263: 10256: 10254: 10251: 10250: 10248: 10244: 10237: 10234: 10231: 10228: 10227: 10225: 10221: 10215: 10212: 10209: 10206: 10203: 10200: 10198: 10195: 10192: 10189: 10186: 10183: 10179: 10176: 10174: 10171: 10169: 10166: 10163: 10159: 10158:IEEE 802.15.3 10156: 10154: 10151: 10149: 10146: 10145: 10143: 10140: 10135: 10132: 10129: 10126: 10123: 10120: 10119: 10118: 10115: 10110: 10107: 10105: 10102: 10099: 10096: 10095: 10093: 10090: 10089: 10087: 10083: 10077: 10074: 10072: 10069: 10067: 10064: 10062: 10059: 10058: 10056: 10052: 10046: 10043: 10041: 10038: 10034: 10031: 10030: 10029: 10026: 10024: 10021: 10019: 10016: 10014: 10011: 10010: 10008: 10004: 9998: 9995: 9993: 9990: 9988: 9985: 9983: 9982:Digital radio 9980: 9979: 9977: 9973: 9964: 9959: 9957: 9952: 9950: 9945: 9944: 9941: 9929: 9926: 9924: 9921: 9919: 9916: 9915: 9912: 9906: 9903: 9901: 9898: 9896: 9893: 9891: 9888: 9886: 9883: 9881: 9878: 9876: 9873: 9872: 9870: 9866: 9860: 9857: 9855: 9852: 9850: 9847: 9845: 9842: 9840: 9837: 9836: 9834: 9830: 9820: 9817: 9815: 9812: 9810: 9807: 9805: 9802: 9800: 9797: 9795: 9792: 9790: 9787: 9785: 9782: 9780: 9777: 9775: 9772: 9770: 9767: 9764: 9760: 9757: 9755: 9752: 9750: 9747: 9744: 9740: 9737: 9736: 9734: 9732: 9728: 9721: 9717: 9716: 9712: 9709: 9706: 9703: 9700: 9697: 9693: 9692: 9688: 9685: 9682: 9680: 9677: 9674: 9671: 9669: 9666: 9663: 9659: 9658: 9654: 9651: 9648: 9646: 9643: 9641: 9638: 9636: 9633: 9631: 9628: 9625: 9622: 9618: 9615: 9612: 9608: 9607: 9603: 9600: 9598: 9595: 9593: 9590: 9588: 9585: 9583: 9580: 9578: 9575: 9573: 9570: 9568: 9565: 9563: 9560: 9557: 9553: 9552: 9548: 9546: 9543: 9541: 9538: 9536: 9533: 9531: 9528: 9526: 9523: 9521: 9518: 9516: 9513: 9511: 9508: 9506: 9503: 9501: 9498: 9496: 9493: 9491: 9488: 9486: 9483: 9482: 9480: 9477: 9472: 9468: 9462: 9459: 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9031: 9029: 9026: 9024: 9021: 9019: 9016: 9012: 9011:WiMAX · d · e 9009: 9008: 9007: 9004: 9002: 8999: 8997: 8994: 8992: 8989: 8987: 8984: 8982: 8979: 8977: 8974: 8972: 8969: 8967: 8964: 8962: 8959: 8957: 8954: 8953: 8951: 8949: 8945: 8942: 8940: 8936: 8930: 8927: 8925: 8922: 8920: 8917: 8915: 8912: 8910: 8907: 8905: 8902: 8900: 8897: 8895: 8892: 8890: 8887: 8885: 8882: 8880: 8877: 8875: 8872: 8870: 8867: 8865: 8862: 8860: 8857: 8855: 8852: 8850: 8847: 8845: 8842: 8840: 8837: 8835: 8832: 8830: 8827: 8825: 8822: 8820: 8817: 8815: 8812: 8810: 8807: 8805: 8802: 8800: 8797: 8795: 8792: 8790: 8787: 8785: 8782: 8780: 8777: 8775: 8772: 8770: 8767: 8765: 8762: 8760: 8757: 8755: 8752: 8750: 8747: 8745: 8742: 8740: 8737: 8735: 8732: 8730: 8727: 8725: 8722: 8720: 8717: 8715: 8712: 8710: 8707: 8705: 8702: 8700: 8697: 8695: 8692: 8690: 8687: 8685: 8682: 8680: 8677: 8675: 8672: 8670: 8667: 8663: 8660: 8659: 8658: 8655: 8653: 8650: 8648: 8645: 8643: 8640: 8639: 8637: 8633: 8629: 8622: 8617: 8615: 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6812: 6808: 6802: 6794: 6790: 6789: 6788:Network World 6784: 6777: 6761: 6757: 6753: 6746: 6730: 6726: 6722: 6718: 6714: 6710: 6706: 6702: 6698: 6692: 6684: 6680: 6676: 6672: 6671: 6666: 6660: 6644: 6640: 6636: 6630: 6617: 6613: 6607: 6591: 6587: 6586: 6578: 6562: 6558: 6554: 6547: 6528: 6524: 6517: 6511: 6495: 6491: 6487: 6481: 6465: 6461: 6457: 6451: 6449: 6432: 6425: 6419: 6403: 6399: 6395: 6389: 6381: 6375: 6371: 6367: 6363: 6359: 6358: 6350: 6334: 6330: 6326: 6320: 6304: 6300: 6296: 6290: 6274: 6270: 6266: 6260: 6244: 6240: 6236: 6229: 6213: 6209: 6205: 6199: 6183: 6179: 6175: 6168: 6159: 6151: 6147: 6142: 6137: 6132: 6127: 6123: 6119: 6115: 6108: 6092: 6086: 6070: 6064: 6050: 6046: 6042: 6038: 6034: 6030: 6026: 6019: 6003: 5999: 5995: 5991: 5987: 5983: 5979: 5975: 5971: 5964: 5962: 5960: 5958: 5949: 5945: 5941: 5937: 5933: 5926: 5918: 5914: 5910: 5904: 5900: 5896: 5892: 5885: 5877: 5873: 5869: 5863: 5859: 5855: 5850: 5845: 5841: 5834: 5825: 5817: 5813: 5809: 5805: 5801: 5797: 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CRC Press. 5654: 5653: 5645: 5629: 5625: 5624: 5619: 5613: 5597: 5593: 5589: 5582: 5566: 5562: 5561: 5556: 5549: 5533: 5529: 5525: 5524: 5519: 5513: 5497: 5493: 5492: 5487: 5481: 5465: 5461: 5460: 5455: 5448: 5432: 5428: 5427: 5422: 5415: 5399: 5395: 5394: 5389: 5382: 5366: 5362: 5358: 5351: 5335: 5331: 5330: 5325: 5319: 5311: 5307: 5306: 5301: 5294: 5286: 5282: 5276: 5268: 5264: 5263: 5262:The Telegraph 5258: 5251: 5235: 5231: 5225: 5221: 5220: 5215: 5208: 5192: 5188: 5182: 5166: 5162: 5161: 5156: 5149: 5133: 5129: 5128: 5120: 5114: 5112: 5110: 5093: 5089: 5083: 5067: 5063: 5059: 5053: 5037: 5033: 5029: 5022: 5007: 5003: 4996: 4987: 4982: 4975: 4959: 4955: 4949: 4934: 4930: 4926: 4922: 4918: 4917: 4912: 4905: 4897: 4893: 4887: 4879: 4875: 4869: 4853: 4849: 4848: 4843: 4836: 4820: 4816: 4810: 4794: 4790: 4784: 4768: 4764: 4758: 4750: 4746: 4742: 4736: 4720: 4716: 4710: 4702: 4698: 4694: 4690: 4686: 4682: 4678: 4674: 4667: 4660: 4640: 4636: 4634: 4626: 4619: 4612: 4608: 4602: 4583: 4576: 4570: 4555: 4554:watech.wa.gov 4551: 4545: 4526: 4519: 4513: 4511: 4494: 4490: 4486: 4479: 4463: 4459: 4458: 4453: 4449: 4443: 4441: 4439: 4431: 4419: 4415: 4409: 4393: 4389: 4388: 4383: 4377: 4369: 4365: 4364: 4359: 4352: 4336: 4332: 4328: 4321: 4313: 4309: 4308: 4303: 4296: 4288: 4284: 4283: 4278: 4271: 4255: 4251: 4247: 4240: 4224: 4220: 4216: 4209: 4201: 4197: 4196: 4191: 4185: 4177: 4173: 4172: 4167: 4161: 4145: 4141: 4137: 4130: 4114: 4110: 4109: 4104: 4097: 4090: 4078: 4074: 4073: 4072:The Economist 4068: 4062: 4046: 4042: 4036: 4028: 4024: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4008: 4004: 4000: 3996: 3989: 3987: 3970: 3966: 3965: 3960: 3953: 3951: 3942: 3935: 3928: 3912: 3908: 3904: 3897: 3881: 3877: 3876: 3871: 3864: 3848: 3844: 3840: 3833: 3831: 3814: 3810: 3804: 3802: 3782: 3778: 3772: 3756: 3752: 3746: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3716: 3700: 3696: 3692: 3686: 3670: 3666: 3662: 3656: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3625: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3602: 3586: 3582: 3576: 3568: 3564: 3563: 3558: 3551: 3547: 3533: 3527: 3520: 3514: 3507: 3501: 3499: 3491: 3485: 3476: 3467: 3460: 3453: 3449: 3438: 3435: 3433: 3430: 3428: 3425: 3423: 3420: 3418: 3415: 3413: 3412:Passive Wi-Fi 3410: 3408: 3405: 3403: 3400: 3398: 3395: 3393: 3390: 3388: 3385: 3383: 3380: 3377: 3374: 3373: 3364: 3361: 3360: 3359: 3357: 3350: 3346: 3343: 3342: 3341: 3335: 3332: 3329: 3326: 3323: 3320: 3317: 3314: 3311: 3308: 3305: 3302: 3299: 3296: 3295: 3294: 3286: 3284: 3279: 3277: 3272: 3270: 3264: 3254: 3250: 3241: 3239: 3233: 3231: 3220: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3199: 3189: 3185: 3175: 3171: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3143: 3141: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3120: 3118: 3114: 3109: 3104: 3098: 3092: 3082: 3080: 3075: 3073: 3068: 3064: 3059: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3033: 3017: 3011: 3010: 3009: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2994: 2992: 2988: 2986: 2979: 2975: 2970: 2966: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2951: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2931: 2920: 2916: 2914: 2909: 2903: 2893: 2890: 2885: 2883: 2878: 2874: 2872: 2868: 2859: 2850: 2847: 2837: 2835: 2829: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2809: 2807: 2803: 2798: 2794: 2793:optical modem 2790: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2758: 2756: 2752: 2743: 2734: 2732: 2728: 2721: 2717: 2712: 2703: 2701: 2700:mobile phones 2697: 2692: 2690: 2685: 2683: 2679: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2665: 2660: 2653: 2649: 2644: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2611: 2606: 2585: 2581: 2571: 2567: 2566: 2563: 2560: 2555: 2551: 2549: 2543: 2540: 2531: 2527: 2525: 2524:amateur radio 2521: 2520:baby monitors 2517: 2516:video senders 2513: 2508: 2506: 2500: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2467: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2447: 2439: 2434: 2424: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2403: 2399: 2397: 2391: 2389: 2385: 2382:in concrete, 2381: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2364:line-of-sight 2355: 2351: 2348: 2346: 2340: 2322: 2318: 2312: 2308: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2289: 2285: 2284: 2281: 2279: 2273: 2271: 2267: 2262: 2259: 2255: 2245: 2243: 2239: 2233: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2208: 2205: 2203: 2197: 2187: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2168: 2165: 2157: 2156:beacon frames 2152: 2143: 2141: 2136: 2134: 2129: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2108: 2103: 2101: 2097: 2096: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2078: 2076: 2074: 2063: 2055: 2041: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2018: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2004: 1998: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1979: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1968:802.11 frames 1960: 1955: 1951: 1933: 1929: 1924: 1919: 1915: 1909: 1905: 1899: 1895: 1894: 1891: 1888: 1884: 1879: 1877: 1872: 1868: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1844: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1824: 1814: 1812: 1807: 1804: 1799: 1795: 1790: 1786: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1775:carrier waves 1772: 1768: 1758: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1747:Wi-Fi sensing 1739: 1737: 1736:IEEE 802.11az 1733: 1732:IEEE 802.11mc 1729: 1724: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1696: 1694: 1689: 1684: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1657:New York City 1654: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1639:Boris Johnson 1636: 1631: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1608: 1606: 1597: 1592: 1582: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1563: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1544: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1517: 1515: 1511: 1506: 1498: 1494: 1489: 1475: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1452: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1433: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1407: 1403: 1389: 1386: 1384: 1381: 1380: 1365: 1362: 1360: 1357: 1356: 1350: 1347: 1346: 1334: 1329: 1326: 1325: 1313: 1310: 1308: 1305: 1304: 1292: 1289: 1286: 1285: 1276: 1273: 1270: 1266: 1265: 1253: 1250: 1247: 1243: 1242: 1230: 1227: 1224: 1220: 1219: 1207: 1204: 1201: 1197: 1196: 1188: 1181: 1178: 1173: 1170: 1169: 1162: 1157: 1155: 1150: 1148: 1143: 1142: 1139: 1128: 1126: 1122: 1116: 1113: 1109: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1079: 1073:Certification 1070: 1068: 1063: 1058: 1053: 1051: 1050: 1044: 1042: 1041:MAC addresses 1038: 1037: 1032: 1027: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1008: 1003: 998: 996: 992: 988: 987:high fidelity 984: 980: 976: 972: 968: 964: 959: 957: 953: 949: 945: 941: 937: 933: 929: 919: 917: 913: 912: 906: 904: 899: 894: 891: 889: 885: 881: 877: 873: 869: 860: 856: 854: 851:In 1999, the 849: 847: 842: 840: 836: 832: 828: 823: 821: 817: 813: 809: 805: 801: 797: 792: 790: 786: 780: 770: 769:per second). 768: 764: 760: 755: 754:line-of-sight 746: 742: 739: 735: 731: 726: 722: 718: 715: 710: 708: 704: 700: 696: 692: 688: 684: 682: 678: 674: 670: 666: 662: 658: 654: 650: 644: 620: 609: 604: 602: 597: 595: 590: 589: 587: 586: 578: 572: 571: 567: 564: 562: 559: 558: 554: 550: 547: 541: 540: 536: 533: 531: 528: 526: 523: 521: 520:Beam steering 518: 517: 510: 509: 501: 498: 496: 493: 491: 488: 486: 483: 481: 478: 476: 473: 471: 468: 466: 463: 461: 458: 456: 453: 451: 448: 446: 443: 441: 438: 436: 433: 431: 428: 427: 420: 419: 411: 408: 406: 403: 401: 398: 396: 393: 391: 388: 386: 383: 381: 378: 377: 368: 367: 360: 357: 353: 348: 344: 342: 339: 337: 334: 333: 327: 326: 318: 315: 313: 310: 308: 305: 303: 300: 298: 295: 293: 290: 288: 285: 283: 282:Amateur radio 280: 278: 275: 274: 267: 266: 258: 255: 253: 250: 248: 245: 243: 240: 238: 235: 233: 230: 228: 225: 223: 220: 218: 215: 213: 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Retrieved 3575: 3562:The Atlantic 3560: 3550: 3526: 3518: 3513: 3484: 3475: 3466: 3458: 3452: 3437:Wi-Fi Direct 3355: 3353: 3339: 3292: 3289:Alternatives 3280: 3273: 3266: 3251: 3247: 3234: 3226: 3217:solar panels 3201: 3187: 3174:activities. 3172: 3144: 3121: 3110: 3106: 3085:Piggybacking 3076: 3060: 3031: 3029: 2995: 2989: 2982: 2977: 2952: 2934: 2926: 2917: 2905: 2886: 2879: 2875: 2864: 2843: 2830: 2815: 2764: 2748: 2724: 2706:Access point 2693: 2686: 2661: 2657: 2556: 2552: 2544: 2541: 2537: 2528: 2509: 2501: 2479: 2475: 2468: 2452: 2427:Interference 2409: 2400: 2392: 2361: 2352: 2349: 2342: 2274: 2263: 2251: 2234: 2214: 2206: 2199: 2186:topologies. 2169: 2161: 2137: 2133:Wi-Fi Direct 2130: 2124:, and other 2104: 2099: 2093: 2089: 2079: 2072: 2069: 2060: 2019: 1999: 1980: 1965: 1880: 1873: 1869: 1853:interference 1845: 1826: 1808: 1791: 1787: 1767:data packets 1764: 1745: 1725: 1702: 1685: 1661:phone booths 1655: 1632: 1628:its provider 1609: 1602: 1564: 1545: 1518: 1502: 1492: 1467: 1466:, 802.11ax ( 1459: 1455: 1453: 1443:), Wi-Fi 5 ( 1434: 1430: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1405: 1269:Wi-Fi 3 1268: 1246:Wi-Fi 2 1245: 1223:Wi-Fi 1 1222: 1200:Wi-Fi 0 1199: 1117: 1108:WPA and WPA2 1084: 1066: 1054: 1047: 1045: 1034: 1028: 1005: 999: 994: 991:high quality 990: 986: 978: 966: 962: 960: 955: 951: 947: 931: 927: 925: 914:held in the 909: 907: 895: 892: 865: 850: 843: 824: 793: 782: 751: 711: 706: 694: 686: 685: 618: 617: 390:Ground plane 311: 277:Antenna farm 134:Common types 36: 11241:NPL network 10953:Radio waves 10891:Alfred Vail 10801:Hedy Lamarr 10786:Dawon Kahng 10746:Elisha Gray 10706:Yogen Dalal 10631:Nasir Ahmed 10565:Teleprinter 10429:Heliographs 10122:Terrestrial 9490:legacy mode 8077:nces.ed.gov 7710:28 February 7578:Networkbits 7531:28 November 6649:19 December 6567:18 November 6500:20 November 6309:9 September 6279:9 September 5942:: 146–170. 5740:19 December 5538:17 November 5072:10 November 4847:PC Magazine 4591:30 November 4468:21 December 4457:Boing Boing 4398:27 February 4150:28 November 4119:28 November 3917:27 November 3735:23 November 3349:power lines 3223:Work habits 3205:solar power 3140:warchalking 2944:Aircrack-ng 2751:ExpressCard 2729:, relaying 2727:network hub 2664:short-range 2613:RouterBoard 2497:recommended 2460:hidden node 2238:propagation 2220:in the US. 2218:FCC Part 15 2190:Performance 2114:Nintendo DS 2107:multiplayer 2098:, 2002 and 1991:60 GHz 1989:, 5, 6, or 1954:IEEE 802.11 1798:time-shared 1796:and can be 1794:half duplex 1699:Geolocation 1647:Westminster 1624:Minneapolis 1541:cable modem 1539:modem or a 1171:Generation 1140:generations 1121:Super Wi-Fi 1103:IEEE 802.11 1057:service set 1049:Ad hoc mode 794:In 1991 in 665:radio waves 653:IEEE 802.11 530:Beamforming 435:Directivity 385:Focal cloud 247:Transmitter 88:televisions 11374:Categories 11287:Antarctica 11246:Toasternet 11168:Television 10651:Paul Baran 10583:Television 10567:(teletype) 10560:Telegraphy 10538:transistor 10516:Phryctoria 10486:Photophone 10464:Smartphone 10454:Mass media 9868:Superseded 8939:802 series 8564:Muni Wi-Fi 8455:Power-line 8024:14 October 7821:21 October 7788:21 October 7557:9 February 7405:26 October 6766:14 October 6756:Techsansar 6612:US 5987011 6437:14 October 6131:1901.00715 6097:24 October 6075:24 October 6054:24 October 5571:26 January 5470:26 January 5214:Hayes, Vic 5098:24 October 5042:9 November 4986:2303.10442 4964:21 January 4896:wiisfi.com 4773:22 October 4648:16 October 4219:forbes.com 4005:(2): 147. 3675:1 November 3645:1 November 3542:References 3196:See also: 3182:See also: 3124:wardriving 3072:passphrase 3063:encryption 2797:web server 2682:RF circuit 2671:fabricated 2534:Throughput 2194:See also: 2172:redundancy 2028:below the 2026:link layer 2011:IEEE 802.2 1645:including 1575:Pittsburgh 1529:businesses 1400:2.4, 5, 6 1377:2.4, 5, 6 1353:2.4, 5, 6 884:Cees Links 868:Apple Inc. 796:Nieuwegein 535:Small cell 513:Techniques 440:Efficiency 430:Array gain 185:Components 167:Television 64:1997-09-21 54:Introduced 11271:Americas 11260:Locations 11231:Internet2 10992:Bandwidth 10696:Vint Cerf 10593:streaming 10571:Telephone 10511:Semaphore 10402:streaming 10267:Microwave 10134:Satellite 10085:Standards 9743:Bluetooth 8569:Satellite 8480:Bluetooth 8460:Broadband 8435:IEEE 1901 8272:CiteSeerX 8057:9 October 8014:NoCat.net 7983:The Verge 7930:. zxing. 7847:1 January 7366:11 August 7340:11 August 7187:2117/1234 6735:8 October 6697:Toh, C.-K 6665:Toh, C.-K 6470:18 August 6408:18 August 6339:18 August 6150:2051-3305 6049:236299935 5998:165080615 5990:0248-6016 5917:232045615 5844:CiteSeerX 5808:0197-2243 5717:1558-0660 5673:6 October 5592:The Verge 5404:6 January 5240:6 October 5197:6 October 5171:6 October 5006:The Verge 4693:1540-7993 4499:31 August 4083:2 January 4051:23 August 4027:257090965 4019:2520-1131 3819:16 August 3790:31 August 3665:Wi-Fi.org 3612:Webopedia 3591:7 January 3532:OSI model 3304:Bluetooth 3077:In 2018, 2816:Wireless 2808:and iOS. 2789:DSL modem 2698:. 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NCR's 804:AT&T 721:Ethernet 717:protocol 714:IEEE 802 661:Internet 551:Massive 317:Wireless 232:Receiver 157:Monopole 116:Antennas 108:a series 106:Part of 92:printers 11359:Commons 11349:Outline 11302:Oceania 11221:FidoNet 11206:ARPANET 11019:circuit 10588:digital 10317:History 10246:Related 10204:(MVDDS) 10144:family 10130:(DVB-H) 10124:(DVB-T) 10094:family 10033:Digital 9859:P1906.1 9720:Wi-Fi 8 9696:Wi-Fi 7 9662:Wi-Fi 6 9611:Wi-Fi 5 9556:Wi-Fi 4 8635:Current 8430:HomePNA 8390:Dial-up 7994:26 June 7938:28 July 7908:28 July 7854:US CERT 7588:8 April 7479:17 June 7453:14 June 7205:1750404 7156:2498458 6889:25 June 6821:25 June 6725:1486812 6596:8 April 6431:USB.org 6239:Toolbox 5876:2096671 5634:1 April 5602:25 July 5523:nyc.gov 4858:8 April 4825:8 April 4799:8 April 4725:19 June 4534:25 June 3244:Housing 3238:hotspot 3209:Iquitos 3160:website 3018:Sample 2974:QR code 2828:(WDS). 2777:routing 2755:PC Card 2720:MacBook 2716:AirPort 2675:RF CMOS 2648:802.11n 2589:2.4 GHz 2575:2.4 GHz 2548:goodput 2493:802.11n 2489:802.11g 2368:refract 2254:802.11b 2248:Antenna 2032:of the 2022:layered 1923:Netgear 1887:802.11a 1861:USB 3.0 1849:Part 15 1669:LinkNYC 1620:MetroFi 1579:Eduroam 1533:Routers 1468:Wi-Fi 6 1460:Wi-Fi 5 1456:Wi-Fi 4 1441:802.11n 1409:Wi‑Fi 0 1396:100,000 1383:Wi-Fi 8 1359:Wi-Fi 7 1343:2.4, 5 1328:Wi-Fi 6 1307:Wi-Fi 5 1301:2.4, 5 1291:802.11n 1275:802.11g 1252:802.11a 1229:802.11b 1186:(Mb/s) 1182:Maximum 1036:station 898:patents 876:AirPort 846:802.11b 808:WaveLAN 773:History 767:gigabit 759:roaming 292:Hotspot 270:Systems 237:Rotator 147:Fractal 62: ( 11297:Europe 11267:Africa 11251:Usenet 11211:BITNET 11148:Mobile 11024:packet 10533:MOSFET 10528:device 10325:Beacon 10238:(MMDS) 10232:(LMDS) 10210:(MVDS) 10197:HomeRF 10111:(MBMS) 9763:Zigbee 9731:802.15 9471:802.11 8709:1149.1 8549:iBurst 8420:Nessum 8395:DOCSIS 8329: 8300: 8292: 8274: 8245:28 May 8213:28 May 8183:28 May 8147:28 May 7928:GitHub 7391: 7203: 7193: 7154: 7000:19 May 6723: 6622: 6614:, 6536:6 July 6376: 6148: 6047: 5996: 5988: 5915: 5905: 5874: 5864: 5846: 5814: 5806: 5715: 5659: 5426:Forbes 5371:14 May 5340:19 May 5226: 4938:21 May 4923:(10). 4699: 4691: 4635:(IEEE) 4025: 4017: 3853:27 May 3334:Zigbee 3113:802.11 3006:MeCard 2957:using 2812:Bridge 2783:, and 2770:switch 2761:Router 2388:marble 2242:Zigbee 2073:ad hoc 1863:hubs, 1637:mayor 1635:London 1605:Mysore 1558:- and 1419:, and 1373:23,059 1206:802.11 1193:(GHz) 1016:Z-Wave 1012:Zigbee 938:. The 888:Lucent 829:for a 798:, the 470:Height 455:Factor 142:Dipole 11380:Wi-Fi 11280:South 11275:North 11236:JANET 11173:Telex 11163:Radio 11002:Nodes 10997:Links 10918:media 10496:Radio 10481:Pager 10409:Drums 10375:video 10370:image 10360:audio 10193:(EBS) 10187:(AWS) 10173:WiMAX 10168:Wi-Fi 10100:(LTE) 10006:Video 9975:Radio 9854:P1823 9849:P1699 9844:P1619 9839:P1363 9621:WiGig 9485:-1997 9476:Wi-Fi 9185:-1983 9171:802.3 9053:802.1 8929:42010 8924:29148 8919:16326 8914:16085 8909:14764 8904:12207 8899:11073 8584:WiBro 8579:WiMAX 8524:5G NR 8508:Wi-Fi 8485:Li-Fi 8385:Cable 8378:Wired 8298:S2CID 8177:(PDF) 8166:(PDF) 8117:8 May 8087:8 May 8051:(PDF) 8044:(PDF) 7201:S2CID 7152:S2CID 7111:(PDF) 7104:(PDF) 6916:(PDF) 6909:(PDF) 6721:S2CID 6530:(PDF) 6519:(PDF) 6490:Cisco 6460:WIRED 6427:(PDF) 6126:arXiv 6045:S2CID 6008:8 May 5994:S2CID 5913:S2CID 5872:S2CID 5812:S2CID 5735:Cisco 5393:ZDNet 5122:(PDF) 5011:2 May 4981:arXiv 4697:S2CID 4669:(PDF) 4642:(PDF) 4628:(PDF) 4585:(PDF) 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