2849:
each hop, and there may be a reduction in the maximum available data throughput. Besides, the effect of additional users using a network employing wireless range-extenders is to consume the available bandwidth faster than would be the case whereby a single user migrates around a network employing extenders. For this reason, wireless range-extenders work best in networks supporting low traffic throughput requirements, such as for cases whereby a single user with a Wi-Fi-equipped tablet migrates around the combined extended and non-extended portions of the total connected network. Also, a wireless device connected to any of the repeaters in the chain has data throughput limited by the "weakest link" in the chain between the connection origin and connection end. Networks using wireless extenders are more prone to degradation from interference from neighbouring access points that border portions of the extended network and that happen to occupy the same channel as the extended network.
2742:
2311:
2605:
2836:; alternatively, a wireless bridge can be used to enable a device that supports a wired connection to operate at a wireless networking standard that is faster than supported by the wireless network connectivity feature (external dongle or inbuilt) supported by the device (e.g., enabling Wireless-N speeds (up to the maximum supported speed on the wired Ethernet port on both the bridge and connected devices including the wireless access point) for a device that only supports Wireless-G). A dual-band wireless bridge can also be used to enable 5 GHz wireless network operation on a device that only supports 2.4 GHz wireless and has a wired Ethernet port.
1813:(CSMA/CA) governs the way stations share channels. With CSMA/CA stations attempt to avoid collisions by beginning transmission only after the channel is sensed to be idle, but then transmit their packet data in its entirety. CSMA/CA cannot completely prevent collisions, as two stations may sense the channel to be idle at the same time and thus begin transmission simultaneously. A collision happens when a station receives signals from multiple stations on a channel at the same time. This corrupts the transmitted data and can require stations to re-transmit. The lost data and re-transmission reduces throughput, in some cases severely.
2711:
2298:
1918:
1898:
745:
859:
2446:
1908:
124:
1997:). The base version of the standard was released in 1997 and has had many subsequent amendments. The standard and amendments provide the basis for wireless network products using the Wi-Fi brand. While each amendment is officially revoked when incorporated in the latest version of the standard, the corporate world tends to market to the revisions because they concisely denote capabilities of their products. As a result, in the market place, each revision tends to become its own standard.
2570:
47:
2584:
11335:
2288:
1596:
1078:
2438:
2151:
2268:, and therefore the antenna can project or accept a usable signal further in particular directions, as compared to a similar output power on a more isotropic antenna. For example, an 8 dBi antenna used with a 100 mW driver has a similar horizontal range to a 6 dBi antenna being driven at 500 mW. This assumes that radiation in the vertical is lost; this may not be the case in some situations, especially in large buildings or within a
1932:
3271:(WHO) says, "no health effects are expected from exposure to RF fields from base stations and wireless networks", but notes that they promote research into effects from other RF sources. (a category used when "a causal association is considered credible, but when chance, bias or confounding cannot be ruled out with reasonable confidence"), this classification was based on risks associated with wireless phone use rather than Wi-Fi networks.
2526:, all of which can cause significant additional interference. It is also an issue when municipalities or other large entities (such as universities) seek to provide large area coverage. On some 5 GHz bands interference from radar systems can occur in some places. For base stations that support those bands they employ Dynamic Frequency Selection which listens for radar, and if it is found, it will not permit a network on that band.
11345:
2858:
2969:
11324:
2562:
common applications are included as well. This text and measurements do not cover packet errors but information about this can be found at the above references. The table below shows the maximum achievable (application-specific) UDP throughput in the same scenarios (same references again) with various WLAN (802.11) flavours. The measurement hosts have been 25 metres (yards) apart from each other; loss is again ignored.
2321:
1843:. In the standards, channels are numbered at 5 MHz spacing within a band (except in the 60 GHz band, where they are 2.16 GHz apart), and the number refers to the centre frequency of the channel. Although channels are numbered at 5 MHz spacing, transmitters generally occupy at least 20 MHz, and standards allow for channels to be bonded together to form wider channels for higher throughput.
11355:
1878:, which, for much of the world, offers at least 23 non-overlapping 20 MHz channels. This is in contrast to the 2.4 GHz frequency band where the channels are only 5 MHz wide. In general, lower frequencies have longer range but have less capacity. The 5 GHz bands are absorbed to a greater degree by common building materials than the 2.4 GHz bands and usually give a shorter range.
1488:
1959:
2054:
2354:
standard as "Wi-Fi CERTIFIED ac". This standard uses several signal processing techniques such as multi-user MIMO and 4X4 Spatial
Multiplexing streams, and wide channel bandwidth (160 MHz) to achieve its gigabit throughput. According to a study by IHS Technology, 70% of all access point sales revenue in the first quarter of 2016 came from 802.11ac devices.
2643:
3232:. These vary from the accessibility of other resources, like books, the location of the workplace, and the social aspect of meeting other people in the same place. Moreover, the increase of people working from public places results in more customers for local businesses thus providing an economic stimulus to the area.
3219:. These long-range Wi-Fi networks have two main uses: offer Internet access to populations in isolated villages, and to provide healthcare to isolated communities. In the case of the aforementioned example, it connects the central hospital in Iquitos to 15 medical outposts which are intended for remote diagnosis.
930:, commercially used at least as early as August 1999, was coined by the brand-consulting firm Interbrand. The Wi-Fi Alliance had hired Interbrand to create a name that was "a little catchier than 'IEEE 802.11b Direct Sequence'." According to Phil Belanger, a founding member of the Wi-Fi Alliance, the term
2848:
can extend the range of an existing wireless network. Strategically placed range-extenders can elongate a signal area or allow for the signal area to reach around barriers such as those pertaining in L-shaped corridors. Wireless devices connected through repeaters suffer from an increased latency for
2561:
throughput measurements. Each represents an average throughput of 25 measurements (the error bars are there, but barely visible due to the small variation), is with specific packet size (small or large), and with a specific data rate (10 kbit/s – 100 Mbit/s). Markers for traffic profiles of
756:
use. Many common obstructions, such as walls, pillars, home appliances, etc., may greatly reduce range, but this also helps minimize interference between different networks in crowded environments. The range of an access point is about 20 m (66 ft) indoors, while some access points claim up
2831:
Wireless bridging can connect a wired network to a wireless network. A bridge differs from an access point: an access point typically connects wireless devices to one wired network. Two wireless bridge devices may be used to connect two wired networks over a wireless link, useful in situations where
1431:
Equipment frequently supports multiple versions of Wi-Fi. To communicate, devices must use a common Wi-Fi version. The versions differ between the radio wavebands they operate on, the radio bandwidth they occupy, the maximum data rates they can support and other details. Some versions permit the use
1059:
is the set of all the devices associated with a particular Wi-Fi network. Devices in a service set need not be on the same wavebands or channels. A service set can be local, independent, extended, mesh, or a combination. Each service set has an associated identifier, a 32-byte service set identifier
3173:
On an unsecured access point, an unauthorized user can obtain security information (factory preset passphrase or Wi-Fi
Protected Setup PIN) from a label on a wireless access point and use this information (or connect by the Wi-Fi Protected Setup pushbutton method) to commit unauthorized or unlawful
2502:
However, many 2.4 GHz 802.11b and 802.11g access-points default to the same channel on initial startup, contributing to congestion on certain channels. Wi-Fi pollution, or an excessive number of access points in the area, can prevent access and interfere with other devices' use of other access
2353:
The Wi-Fi 5 standard uses the 5 GHz band exclusively, and is capable of multi-station WLAN throughput of at least 1 gigabit per second, and a single station throughput of at least 500 Mbit/s. As of the first quarter of 2016, The Wi-Fi
Alliance certifies devices compliant with the 802.11ac
2000:
In addition to 802.11, the IEEE 802 protocol family has specific provisions for Wi-Fi. These are required because
Ethernet's cable-based media are not usually shared, whereas with wireless all transmissions are received by all stations within the range that employ that radio channel. While Ethernet
1507:
to devices that are within Wi-Fi range of one or more routers that are connected to the
Internet. The coverage of one or more interconnected access points can extend from an area as small as a few rooms to as large as many square kilometres. Coverage in the larger area may require a group of access
727:
with each other as well as with wired devices and the
Internet. Different versions of Wi-Fi are specified by various IEEE 802.11 protocol standards, with different radio technologies determining radio bands, maximum ranges, and speeds that may be achieved. Wi-Fi most commonly uses the 2.4 gigahertz
3235:
Additionally, in the same study it has been noted that wireless connection provides more freedom of movement while working. Both when working at home or from the office it allows the displacement between different rooms or areas. In some offices (notably Cisco offices in New York) the employees do
3202:
Over half the world does not have access to the
Internet, prominently rural areas in developing nations. Technology that has been implemented in more developed nations is often costly and low energy efficient. This has led to developing nations using more low-tech networks, frequently implementing
2891:
introduced the first ARM Cortex-M4 microcontroller with an onboard dedicated Wi-Fi MCU, the SimpleLink CC3200. It makes embedded systems with Wi-Fi connectivity possible to build as single-chip devices, which reduces their cost and minimum size, making it more practical to build wireless-networked
2529:
These bands can be used by low power transmitters without a licence, and with few restrictions. However, while unintended interference is common, users that have been found to cause deliberate interference (particularly for attempting to locally monopolize these bands for commercial purposes) have
3227:
Access to Wi-Fi in public spaces such as cafes or parks allows people, in particular freelancers, to work remotely. While the accessibility of Wi-Fi is the strongest factor when choosing a place to work (75% of people would choose a place that provides Wi-Fi over one that does not), other factors
3145:
Piggybacking often occurs unintentionally – a technically unfamiliar user might not change the default "unsecured" settings to their access point and operating systems can be configured to connect automatically to any available wireless network. A user who happens to start up a laptop in the
2927:
A common measure to deter unauthorized users involves hiding the access point's name by disabling the SSID broadcast. While effective against the casual user, it is ineffective as a security method because the SSID is broadcast in the clear in response to a client SSID query. Another method is to
2876:
Increasingly in the last few years (particularly as of 2007), embedded Wi-Fi modules have become available that incorporate a real-time operating system and provide a simple means of wirelessly enabling any device that can communicate via a serial port. This allows the design of simple monitoring
2453:
Wi-Fi connections can be blocked or the
Internet speed lowered by having other devices in the same area. Wi-Fi protocols are designed to share the wavebands reasonably fairly, and this often works with little to no disruption. To minimize collisions with Wi-Fi and non-Wi-Fi devices, Wi-Fi employs
2061:
In infrastructure mode, which is the most common mode used, all communications go through a base station. For communications within the network, this introduces an extra use of the airwaves but has the advantage that any two stations that can communicate with the base station can also communicate
1722:
and MAC address are crucial for identifying access points. The accuracy depends on nearby access points in the database. Signal fluctuations can cause errors, which can be reduced with noise-filtering techniques. For low precision, integrating Wi-Fi data with geographical and time information has
2538:
Various layer-2 variants of IEEE 802.11 have different characteristics. Across all flavours of 802.11, maximum achievable throughputs are either given based on measurements under ideal conditions or in the layer-2 data rates. This, however, does not apply to typical deployments in which data are
3252:
Wi-Fi networks have also affected how the interior of homes and hotels are arranged. For instance, architects have described that their clients no longer wanted only one room as their home office, but would like to work near the fireplace or have the possibility to work in different rooms. This
3146:
vicinity of an access point may find the computer has joined the network without any visible indication. Moreover, a user intending to join one network may instead end up on another one if the latter has a stronger signal. In combination with automatic discovery of other network resources (see
1788:
As with other IEEE 802 LANs, stations come programmed with a globally unique 48-bit MAC address. The MAC addresses are used to specify both the destination and the source of each data packet. On the reception of a transmission, the receiver uses the destination address to determine whether the
1064:
is configured within the devices that are part of the network. A basic service set (BSS) is a group of stations that share the same wireless channel, SSID, and other settings that have wirelessly connected, usually to the same access point. Each BSS is identified by a MAC address called the
1889:
or 802.11g (20 MHz). 802.11n can be set to limit itself to 20 MHz bandwidth to prevent interference in dense communities. In the 5 GHz band, 20 MHz, 40 MHz, 80 MHz, and 160 MHz channels are permitted with some restrictions, giving much faster connections.
2553:
Other factors that contribute to the overall application data rate are the speed with which the application transmits the packets (i.e. the data rate) and the energy with which the wireless signal is received. The latter is determined by distance and by the configured output power of the
2658:
Wi-Fi allows wireless deployment of local area networks (LANs). Also, spaces where cables cannot be run, such as outdoor areas and historical buildings, can host wireless LANs. However, building walls of certain materials, such as stone with high metal content, can block Wi-Fi signals.
1805:
only when applicable packets are received: the card ignores information not addressed to it. The use of the same channel also means that the data bandwidth is shared, such that, for example, available data bandwidth to each device is halved when two stations are actively transmitting.
1105:
standards from the IEEE. Manufacturers with membership in the Wi-Fi
Alliance, whose products pass the certification process, gain the right to mark those products with the Wi-Fi logo. Specifically, the certification process requires conformance to the IEEE 802.11 radio standards, the
2458:(CSMA/CA), where transmitters listen before transmitting and delay transmission of packets if they detect that other devices are active on the channel, or if noise is detected from adjacent channels or non-Wi-Fi sources. Nevertheless, Wi-Fi networks are still susceptible to the
2915:. To access Wi-Fi, one must merely be within the range of the Wi-Fi network. Most business networks protect sensitive data and systems by attempting to disallow external access. Enabling wireless connectivity reduces security if the network uses inadequate or no encryption.
2393:
Due to the complex nature of radio propagation at typical Wi-Fi frequencies, particularly around trees and buildings, algorithms can only approximately predict Wi-Fi signal strength for any given area in relation to a transmitter. This effect does not apply equally to
2545:
Due to the difference in the frame (header) lengths of these two media, the packet size of an application determines the speed of the data transfer. This means that an application that uses small packets (e.g. VoIP) creates a data flow with high overhead traffic (low
1870:
Spectrum assignments and operational limitations are not consistent worldwide: Australia and Europe allow for an additional two channels (12, 13) beyond the 11 permitted in the United States for the 2.4 GHz band, while Japan has three more (12–14).
3069:
easily breakable even when correctly configured. Wi-Fi
Protected Access (WPA) encryption, which became available in devices in 2003, aimed to solve this problem. Wi-Fi Protected Access 2 (WPA2) ratified in 2004 is considered secure, provided a strong
2869:, allows embedded devices with a limited graphical user interface to connect to the Internet with ease. Wi-Fi Protected Setup has 2 configurations: The Push Button configuration and the PIN configuration. These embedded devices are also called The
5766:
Magda Chelly, Nel Samama. New techniques for indoor positioning, combining deterministic and estimation methods. ENC-GNSS 2009: European Navigation Conference – Global Navigation Satellite Systems, May 2009, Naples, Italy. pp.1 – 12. hal-01367483
3248:
The Internet has become an integral part of living. As of 2016, 81.9% of American households have Internet access. Additionally, 89% of American households with broadband connect via wireless technologies. 72.9% of American households have Wi-Fi.
2275:
On wireless routers with detachable antennas, it is possible to improve range by fitting upgraded antennas that provide a higher gain in particular directions. Outdoor ranges can be improved to many kilometres (miles) through the use of high gain
5754:
Magda Chelly, Nel Samama. Detecting visibility in heterogeneous simulated environments for positioning purposes. IPIN 2010: International Conference on Indoor Positioning and Indoor Navigation, Sep 2010, Hoenggerberg, Switzerland. ⟨hal-01345039⟩
6620:
3126:. Indeed, many access points are intentionally installed without security turned on so that they can be used as a free service. Providing access to one's Internet connection in this fashion may breach the Terms of Service or contract with the
2910:
is its simplified access to the network compared to traditional wired networks such as Ethernet. With wired networking, one must either gain access to a building (physically connecting into the internal network), or break through an external
2077:. Different types of ad hoc networks exist. In the simplest case network nodes must talk directly to each other. In more complex protocols nodes may forward packets, and nodes keep track of how to reach other nodes, even if they move around.
1675:. Installation of the screens began in late 2015. The city government plans to implement more than seven thousand kiosks over time, eventually making LinkNYC the largest and fastest public, government-operated Wi-Fi network in the world. The
1800:
by multiple networks. When communication happens on the same channel, any information sent by one computer is locally received by all, even if that information is intended for just one destination. The network interface card interrupts the
1451:). These generations have a high degree of backward compatibility with previous versions. The alliance has stated that the generational level 4, 5, or 6 can be indicated in the user interface when connected, along with the signal strength.
2235:
To reach requirements for wireless LAN applications, Wi-Fi has higher power consumption compared to some other standards designed to support wireless personal area network (PAN) applications. For example, Bluetooth provides a much shorter
1118:
Not every Wi-Fi device is submitted for certification. The lack of Wi-Fi certification does not necessarily imply that a device is incompatible with other Wi-Fi devices. The Wi-Fi Alliance may or may not sanction derivative terms, such as
2482:
non-overlapping channels in North America. However, whether the overlap is significant depends on physical spacing. Channels that are four apart interfere a negligible amount – much less than reusing channels (which causes
6356:
IEEE Standard for Information technology—Telecommunications and information exchange between systems Local and metropolitan area networks—Specific requirements - Part 11: Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY)
1114:
authentication standard. Certification may optionally include tests of IEEE 802.11 draft standards, interaction with cellular-phone technology in converged devices, and features relating to security set-up, multimedia, and power-saving.
3456:
According to a founding member of the Wi-Fi Alliance, "Wi-Fi" has no expanded meaning, and was simply chosen as a more memorable name for the technology. Some Wi-Fi Alliance materials produced soon after this selection used the phrase
2166:
may be formed by deploying multiple access points that are configured with the same SSID and security settings. Wi-Fi client devices typically connect to the access point that can provide the strongest signal within that service set.
5495:
2272:. In the above example, a directional waveguide could cause the low-power 6 dBi antenna to project much further in a single direction than the 8 dBi antenna, which is not in a waveguide, even if they are both driven at 100 mW.
3968:
3107:
Piggybacking refers to access to a wireless Internet connection by bringing one's computer within the range of another's wireless connection, and using that service without the subscriber's explicit permission or knowledge.
2799:
that is accessible to wired and wireless LAN clients and often optionally to WAN clients. This utility may also be an application that is run on a computer, as is the case with as Apple's AirPort, which is managed with the
1690:
were moving to provide free Internet access at more than 10,000 locations around the city, including outdoor public spaces, major streets, and densely populated residential areas. Seoul was planning to grant leases to KT,
2469:
A standard speed Wi-Fi signal occupies five channels in the 2.4 GHz band. Interference can be caused by overlapping channels. Any two channel numbers that differ by five or more, such as 2 and 7, do not overlap (no
2401:
Mobile use of Wi-Fi over wider ranges is limited, for instance, to uses such as in an automobile moving from one hotspot to another. Other wireless technologies are more suitable for communicating with moving vehicles.
1846:
Countries apply their own regulations to the allowable channels, allowed users and maximum power levels within these frequency ranges. 802.11b/g/n can use the 2.4 GHz band, operating in the United States under FCC
740:
band used in newer generations of the standard; these bands are subdivided into multiple channels. Channels can be shared between networks, but, within range, only one transmitter can transmit on a channel at a time.
2410:
Distance records (using non-standard devices) include 382 km (237 mi) in June 2007, held by Ermanno Pietrosemoli and EsLaRed of Venezuela, transferring about 3 MB of data between the mountain-tops of
4214:
7359:
757:
to a 150 m (490 ft) range outdoors. Hotspot coverage can be as small as a single room with walls that block radio waves or as large as many square kilometers using many overlapping access points with
3253:
contradicts architect's pre-existing ideas of the use of rooms that they designed. Additionally, some hotels have noted that guests prefer to stay in certain rooms since they receive a stronger Wi-Fi signal.
2918:
An attacker who has gained access to a Wi-Fi network router can initiate a DNS spoofing attack against any other user of the network by forging a response before the queried DNS server has a chance to reply.
2260:
might have a range of 100 m (0.062 mi). The same radio with an external semi-parabolic antenna (15 dB gain) with a similarly equipped receiver at the far end might have a range over 20 miles.
5828:
Y. Chen and H. Kobayashi, “Signal strength based indoor geolocation,” in Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC ’02), vol. 1, pp. 436–439, New York, NY, USA, April–May 2002.
7814:
5531:
3566:
2215:
Compared to cell phones and similar technology, Wi-Fi transmitters are low-power devices. In general, the maximum amount of power that a Wi-Fi device can transmit is limited by local regulations, such as
900:
held by many different organizations. Australia, the United States and the Netherlands simultaneously claim the invention of Wi-Fi, and a consensus has not been reached globally. In 2009, the Australian
7046:
7333:
6242:
5065:
4286:
2449:
In the 2.4 GHz wavebands as well as others, transmitters straddle multiple channels. Overlapping channels can suffer from interference unless this is a small portion of the total received power.
6493:
3042:(GUI). On unencrypted Wi-Fi networks connecting devices can monitor and record data (including personal information). Such networks can only be secured by using other means of protection, such as a
2733:
between connected wireless devices in addition to a (usually) single connected wired device, most often an Ethernet hub or switch, allowing wireless devices to communicate with other wired devices.
822:(IEEE) to create a standard and were involved in designing the initial 802.11b and 802.11a specifications within the IEEE. They have both been subsequently inducted into the Wi-Fi NOW Hall of Fame.
8320:
4311:
7604:
1885:
channels together to gain still more throughput where the bandwidth for additional channels is available. 802.11n allows for double radio spectrum bandwidth (40 MHz) per channel compared to
6211:
6068:
2961:
was introduced in 2004 and is supported by most new Wi-Fi devices. WPA2 is fully compatible with WPA. In 2017, a flaw in the WPA2 protocol was discovered, allowing a key replay attack, known as
2001:
has essentially negligible error rates, wireless communication media are subject to significant interference. Therefore, the accurate transmission is not guaranteed so delivery is, therefore, a
2314:
Antenna of wireless network interface controller Gigabyte GC-WB867D-I. Simple stick-like antennas like these have omnidirectional reception and relatively low range of 20 metres (yards) or so.
6332:
5485:
2694:
Different competitive brands of access points and client network-interfaces can inter-operate at a basic level of service. Products designated as "Wi-Fi Certified" by the Wi-Fi Alliance are
7703:
4367:
4326:
3958:
973:"The Standard for Wireless Fidelity" for a short time after the brand name was created, and the Wi-Fi Alliance was also called the "Wireless Fidelity Alliance Inc." in some publications.
7221:
709:" devices. As of 2017, the Wi-Fi Alliance consisted of more than 800 companies from around the world. As of 2019, over 3.05 billion Wi-Fi-enabled devices are shipped globally each year.
7581:
5564:
4417:
6993:
6814:
7313:
2832:
a wired connection may be unavailable, such as between two separate homes or for devices that have no wireless networking capability (but have wired networking capability), such as
4143:
3910:
2787:
forwarding through an integrated WAN-interface. A wireless router allows wired and wireless Ethernet LAN devices to connect to a (usually) single WAN device such as a cable modem,
5627:
1881:
As 802.11 specifications evolved to support higher throughput, the protocols have become much more efficient in their bandwidth use. Additionally, they have gained the ability to
3846:
2749:
Wireless adapters allow devices to connect to a wireless network. These adapters connect to devices using various external or internal interconnects such as PCI, miniPCI, USB,
3728:
2539:
transferred between two endpoints of which at least one is typically connected to a wired infrastructure, and the other is connected to an infrastructure via a wireless link.
2441:
Network planning frequency allocations for North America and Europe. Using these types of frequency allocations can help minimize co-channel and adjacent-channel interference.
698:
3479:
Wi-Fi 6E is the industry name that identifies Wi-Fi devices that operate in 6 GHz. Wi-Fi 6E offers the features and capabilities of Wi-Fi 6 extended into the 6 GHz band.
8878:
4112:
7077:
4222:
3754:
2507:(SNR) between access points. These issues can become a problem in high-density areas, such as large apartment complexes or office buildings with many Wi-Fi access points.
905:
was awarded $ 200 million after a patent settlement with 14 technology companies, with a further $ 220 million awarded in 2012 after legal proceedings with 23 companies.
7987:
2057:
Depiction of a Wi-Fi network in infrastructure mode. The device sends information wirelessly to another device, both connected to the local network, to print a document.
2204:, receiver sensitivity, antenna gain, and antenna type as well as the modulation technique. Also, the propagation characteristics of the signals can have a big impact.
6759:
4391:
4818:
2795:. A wireless router allows all three devices, mainly the access point and router, to be configured through one central utility. This utility is usually an integrated
1531:, such as airports, hotels, and restaurants, often provide free or paid-use hotspots to attract customers, to provide services to promote business in selected areas.
893:
In the year 2000, Radiata, a group of Australian scientists connected to the CSIRO, were the first to use the 802.11a standard on chips connected to a wi fi network.
11389:
7132:
Chakraborty, Sandip; Nandi, Sukumar; Chattopadhyay, Subhrendu (22 September 2015). "Alleviating Hidden and Exposed Nodes in High-Throughput Wireless Mesh Networks".
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5131:
5035:
4979:
Giordano, Lorenzo; Geraci, Giovanni; Carrascosa, Marc; Bellalta, Boris (21 November 2023). "What Will Wi-Fi 8 Be? A Primer on IEEE 802.11bn Ultra High Reliability".
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7962:
4574:
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2178:. Except for the smallest implementations (such as home or small office networks), Wi-Fi implementations have moved toward "thin" access points, with more of the
7875:
6401:
5731:"Cisco Prime Network Control System Configuration Guide, Release 1.0 - Chapter 6: Monitoring Maps [Cisco Prime Network Control System Series Appliances]"
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and a Wi-Fi access point. When subscribed to a cellular data carrier, they allow nearby Wi-Fi stations to access the Internet. Many smartphones have a built-in
4276:
2455:
1810:
7614:
6234:
5057:
3207:, creating a network that is resistant to disruptions such as power outages. For instance, in 2007, a 450 km (280 mile) network between Cabo Pantoja and
1607:(Mysuru) became India's first Wi-Fi-enabled city. A company called WiFiyNet has set up hotspots in Mysore, covering the whole city and a few nearby villages.
2950:. WPA was specifically designed to work with older equipment usually through a firmware upgrade. Though more secure than WEP, WPA has known vulnerabilities.
6912:
6485:
10599:
5091:
2487:) – if transmitters are at least a few metres apart. In Europe and Japan where channel 13 is available, using Channels 1, 5, 9, and 13 for
3285:, "...suggests that 'electromagnetic hypersensitivity' is unrelated to the presence of an EMF, although more research into this phenomenon is required."
7169:
Villegas, Eduard Garcia; Lopez-Aguilera, Elena; Vidal, Rafael; Paradells, Josep (2007). "Effect of Adjacent-Channel Interference in IEEE 802.11 WLANs".
5595:
6203:
6882:
2343:
Wi-Fi 4 and higher standards allow devices to have multiple antennas on transmitters and receivers. Multiple antennas enable the equipment to exploit
1985:(PHY) specifications are defined by IEEE 802.11 for modulating and receiving one or more carrier waves to transmit the data in the infrared, and 2.4,
1789:
transmission is relevant to the station or should be ignored. A network interface normally does not accept packets addressed to other Wi-Fi stations.
4632:
1086:
819:
6836:
6782:
4524:
1603:
In the early 2000s, many cities around the world announced plans to construct citywide Wi-Fi networks. There are many successful examples; in 2004,
9803:
9798:
9793:
9788:
9783:
9778:
9773:
6515:
5186:
3000:
using the WIFI scheme can specify the SSID, encryption type, password/passphrase, and if the SSID is hidden or not, so users can follow links from
7695:
3638:
2291:
Parabolic dishes transmit and receive the radio waves only in particular directions and can give much greater range than omnidirectional antennas.
7853:
5266:
4334:
3521:
property is a security weakness of shared-medium Wi-Fi since a node on a Wi-Fi network can eavesdrop on all traffic on the wire if it so chooses.
2873:
and are low-power, battery-operated embedded systems. Several Wi-Fi manufacturers design chips and modules for embedded Wi-Fi, such as GainSpan.
1735:
765:
of Wi-Fi have increased. As of 2019, some versions of Wi-Fi, running on suitable hardware at close range, can achieve speeds of 9.6 Gbit/s (
7752:
6589:
2182:
housed in a centralized network appliance, relegating individual access points to the role of "dumb" transceivers. Outdoor applications may use
7218:
8260:
Rubin, G.; Das Munshi, Jayati; Wessely, Simon (1 March 2005). "Electromagnetic Hypersensitivity: A Systematic Review of Provocation Studies".
7573:
4245:
3584:
2987:(WPS), let WPA and WPA2 security be bypassed. The only remedy as of 2011 was to turn off Wi-Fi Protected Setup, which is not always possible.
9042:
8080:
7901:
6946:
5838:
Youssef, M. A.; Agrawala, A.; Shankar, A. Udaya (1 March 2003). "WLAN location determination via clustering and probability distributions".
5554:
5397:
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10235:
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8558:
8528:
7550:
7134:
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2244:
have fairly long range, but much lower data rate. The high power consumption of Wi-Fi makes battery life in some mobile devices a concern.
2094:
1562:-branded devices provide the capability. Some laptops that have a cellular modem card can also act as mobile Internet Wi-Fi access points.
844:
The first version of the 802.11 protocol was released in 1997, and provided up to 2 Mbit/s link speeds. This was updated in 1999 with
8040:
4135:
874:
series of laptops in 1999. It was the first mass consumer product to offer Wi-Fi network connectivity, which was then branded by Apple as
8173:
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5463:
3902:
1158:
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campus in 1993 before Wi-Fi branding existed. Many universities collaborate in providing Wi-Fi access to students and staff through the
9853:
7446:
7073:
4461:
4301:
3488:
In some cases, the factory-assigned address can be overridden, either to avoid an address change when an adapter is replaced or to use
2946:
can quickly recover WEP encryption keys. Because of WEP's weakness the Wi-Fi Alliance approved Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) which uses
2939:
2877:
devices. An example is a portable ECG device monitoring a patient at home. This Wi-Fi-enabled device can communicate via the Internet.
2432:
2240:
range between 1 and 100 metres (1 and 100 yards) and so in general has a lower power consumption. Other low-power technologies such as
1782:
6960:
6728:
4624:
1554:
capability of this sort, though carriers often disable the feature, or charge a separate fee to enable it. Standalone devices such as
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9455:
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5280:
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through and around structures, both man-made and natural. Wi-Fi signals are very strongly affected by metallic structures (including
2310:
4792:
4484:
3720:
9960:
8618:
3421:
2928:
only allow computers with known MAC addresses to join the network, but determined eavesdroppers may be able to join the network by
7280:
4102:
3776:
11399:
8198:
8132:
7069:
4851:
3278:
reported in 2007 that exposure to Wi-Fi for a year results in the "same amount of radiation from a 20-minute mobile phone call".
3038:, providing open wireless access to a LAN. To turn security on requires the user to configure the device, usually via a software
2221:
1925:
Wi-Fi router contains dual bands for transmitting the 802.11 standards across the 2.4 and 5 GHz spectrums and supports MIMO.
7498:
5299:
3750:
2587:
Graphical representation of Wi‑Fi application-specific performance envelope of 802.11n using a 40 MHz channel width in the
11301:
10108:
8238:
6642:
6463:
6090:
5730:
3188:
Wireless Internet access has become much more embedded in society. It has thus changed how the society functions in many ways.
2174:, better range, support for fast roaming, and increased overall network-capacity by using more channels or by defining smaller
2135:
for file transfers and media sharing through a new discovery- and security-methodology. Wi-Fi Direct launched in October 2010.
1695:
Telecom, and SK Telecom. The companies were supposed to invest $ 44 million in the project, which was to be completed in 2015.
340:
7977:
5256:
4740:
3034:) mode. Novice users benefit from a zero-configuration device that works out-of-the-box, but this default does not enable any
2542:
This means that typically data frames pass an 802.11 (WLAN) medium and are being converted to 802.3 (Ethernet) or vice versa.
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11266:
11068:
10229:
8330:
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7194:
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5865:
5660:
5227:
4766:
3162:, thereby making the login credentials available to anyone listening, if the website uses an insecure protocol such as plain
1627:
1030:
977:
is a separate, but related, organization and their website has stated "WiFi is a short name for Wireless Fidelity". The name
910:
346:
7726:
5666:
4381:
2070:
Wi-Fi also allows communications directly from one computer to another without an access point intermediary. This is called
1543:
and a Wi-Fi access point, are frequently set up in homes and other buildings, to provide Internet access for the structure.
10207:
7639:
7520:
4814:
3262:
787:
for unlicensed use for communications. These frequency bands include the same 2.4 GHz bands used by equipment such as
543:
335:
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11358:
11291:
11137:
9889:
9879:
8439:
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A wireless access point (WAP) connects a group of wireless devices to an adjacent wired LAN. An access point resembles a
358:
7954:
6751:
4581:
3869:
3615:
11063:
8728:
8102:
5906:
5486:"New York City unveils the pay phone of the future – and it does a whole lot more than make phone calls"
5420:
3808:
3066:
2632:
1111:
605:
7867:
6393:
6001:
4199:
3698:
3102:
2938:(WEP) encryption was designed to protect against casual snooping but it is no longer considered secure. Tools such as
1435:
Historically, the equipment listed the versions of Wi-Fi supported using the name of the IEEE standards. In 2018, the
11157:
9154:
8673:
7392:
7247:
6552:
5840:
Proceedings of the First IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communications, 2003. (PerCom 2003)
5387:
4066:
3470:
802.11ac only specifies operation in the 5 GHz band. Operation in the 2.4 GHz band is specified by 802.11n.
2993:
can be used to improve the confidentiality of data carried through Wi-Fi networks, especially public Wi-Fi networks.
2651:
2128:
devices. Some devices can also share their Internet connection using ad hoc, becoming hotspots or "virtual routers".
1124:
6069:"Newly Released IEEE 802.11az Standard Improving Wi-Fi Location Accuracy is Set to Unleash a New Wave of Innovation"
2604:
10942:
10490:
10292:
8262:
7840:
4044:
3282:
2670:
2264:
Higher gain rating (dBi) indicates further deviation (generally toward the horizontal) from a theoretical, perfect
1101:
local-area-network technology. The Wi-Fi Alliance enforces the use of the Wi-Fi brand to technologies based on the
6905:
1714:, urban hotspot databases, and indoor positioning systems. Wi-Fi positioning relies on measuring signal strength (
11053:
8853:
7669:
6667:; Delwar, M.; Allen, D. (7 August 2002). "Evaluating the Communication Performance of an Ad Hoc Mobile Network".
2947:
2142:), which enables two devices on the same Wi-Fi network to communicate directly, instead of via the access point.
1778:
1679:
has planned a similar project across major cities of the country, with the project's first implementation in the
1151:
3154:) this could lead wireless users to send sensitive data to the wrong middle-man when seeking a destination (see
11384:
11048:
10032:
9135:
7217:
den Hartog, F., Raschella, A., Bouhafs, F., Kempker, P., Boltjes, B., & Seyedebrahimi, M. (November 2017).
5889:
Youssef, Moustafa; Youssef, Adel; Rieger, Chuck; Shankar, Udaya; Agrawala, Ashok (1 January 2006). "PinPoint".
5518:"De Blasio Administration Announces Winner of Competition to Replace Payphones with Five-Borough Wi-Fi Network"
5087:
5001:
3406:
3090:
5587:
5356:
11394:
11073:
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9110:
8444:
8354:
4873:
4714:
3668:
2471:
2416:
1797:
1508:
points with overlapping coverage. For example, public outdoor Wi-Fi technology has been used successfully in
838:
469:
221:
8103:"Wi-Fi: How Broadband Households Experience the Internet | NCTA – The Internet & Television Association"
7228:. In 2017 27th International Telecommunication Networks and Applications Conference (ITNAC) (pp. 1–6). IEEE.
7019:
3119:, particularly since people on average use only a fraction of their downstream bandwidth at any given time.
2687:
Since the early 2000s, manufacturers are building wireless network adapters into most laptops. The price of
1710:
isn't suitable due to issues like signal interference or slow satellite acquisition. This includes assisted
11348:
11109:
11006:
10549:
10344:
10316:
9953:
9090:
8611:
8538:
7781:
6878:
4915:
3489:
2958:
2825:
1852:
1056:
915:
206:
6024:
3378: – a term used by some trade press to refer to faster versions of the IEEE 802.11 standards
855:
formed as a trade association to hold the Wi-Fi trademark under which most IEEE 802.11 products are sold.
11338:
10845:
10285:
9519:
9080:
8783:
8698:
8678:
7605:"Free Wi-Fi? User beware: Open connections to Internet are full of security dangers, hackers, ID thieves"
6844:
6792:
5527:
5522:
4517:
4089:
in July 1999 Apple introduced Wi-Fi as an option on its new iBook computers, under the brand name AirPort
3431:
3386:
3163:
3074:
is used. The 2003 version of WPA has not been considered secure since it was superseded by WPA2 in 2004.
3047:
2884:
so that implementers need only minimal Wi-Fi knowledge to provide Wi-Fi connectivity for their products.
2780:
1650:
830:
459:
6526:
5190:
4414:"Statement of Use, s/n 75799629, US Patent and Trademark Office Trademark Status and Document Retrieval"
1046:
Wi-Fi nodes often operate in infrastructure mode in which all communications go through a base station.
11197:
11119:
11058:
10765:
10184:
10116:
9922:
8651:
8627:
8563:
8459:
6294:
4744:
3630:
3362:
3116:
2573:
Graphical representation of Wi‑Fi application-specific performance envelope of 802.11g, which uses the
1590:
1566:
1144:
296:
6611:
2691:
for Wi-Fi continues to drop, making it an economical networking option included in ever more devices.
1734:
allows for positioning based on round trip time measurement, an improvement over the RSSI method. The
1052:
refers to devices communicating directly with each other, without communicating with an access point.
908:
In 2016, the CSIRO's WLAN prototype test bed was chosen as Australia's contribution to the exhibition
10969:
10930:
10775:
10675:
10604:
10537:
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10065:
9489:
8688:
8568:
8202:
8136:
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6583:
4362:
3391:
3268:
3127:
2363:
2084:
in his 1996 patent of wireless ad hoc routing, implemented on Lucent WaveLAN 802.11a wireless on IBM
1565:
Many traditional university campuses in the developed world provide at least partial Wi-Fi coverage.
1205:
753:
449:
8276:
7070:"Wireless technology is irreplaceable for providing access in remote and scarcely populated regions"
4741:"IEEE 802.11-2007: Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) specifications"
2383:
1769:, blocks of data individually sent and delivered over radio. As with all radio, this is done by the
11328:
10570:
10505:
10458:
10418:
8923:
8543:
8533:
8454:
8347:
7682:
An attacker with access to your network can easily forge responses to your computer's DNS requests.
5848:
5261:
4665:
4253:
3580:
3416:
3348:
3275:
3167:
3155:
3096:
3051:
3039:
2935:
2201:
2171:
1840:
1703:
1680:
1671:, has created a network of kiosks that serve as public Wi-Fi hotspots, high-definition screens and
668:
7171:
2007 2nd International Conference on Cognitive Radio Oriented Wireless Networks and Communications
6162:
Cisco Systems, Inc. White Paper Capacity, Coverage, and Deployment Considerations for IEEE 802.11g
2496:
11167:
11152:
10996:
10947:
10870:
10770:
10448:
10334:
10329:
9946:
9927:
8788:
8778:
8758:
8604:
8553:
8449:
8399:
8389:
8072:
7897:
7699:
6938:
3777:"Authorization of Spread Spectrum Systems Under Parts 15 and 90 of the FCC Rules and Regulations"
3043:
2990:
2484:
2257:
2071:
1802:
1536:
825:
In 1989 in Australia, a team of scientists began working on wireless LAN technology. A prototype
7546:
6181:
5323:
2398:, since longer links typically operate from towers that transmit above the surrounding foliage.
1439:
introduced simplified Wi-Fi generational numbering to indicate equipment that supports Wi-Fi 4 (
934:
was chosen from a list of ten names that Interbrand proposed. Interbrand also created the Wi-Fi
11089:
10875:
10690:
10635:
10630:
10443:
10408:
10027:
9938:
9100:
8661:
8271:
8047:
8009:
5843:
5453:
2558:
2106:
1547:
1107:
1094:
1023:
716:
598:
560:
306:
7382:
5217:
3130:. These activities do not result in sanctions in most jurisdictions; however, legislation and
2821:
10991:
10795:
10760:
10680:
10660:
10582:
10470:
10391:
10044:
9894:
9017:
8753:
8471:
8384:
8162:
7472:
7442:
4451:
4194:
3401:
2984:
2866:
2504:
2420:
2344:
2109:
1822:
1615:
1509:
724:
680:
494:
351:
10324:
6423:
5891:
Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Mobile systems, applications and services
4638:
1958:
833:(WLAN) was developed in 1992 by a team of researchers from the Radiophysics Division of the
10905:
10865:
10835:
10592:
10527:
10349:
10039:
10017:
9160:
8908:
8838:
6968:
6700:
5118:
4386:
3297:
3293:
Several other wireless technologies provide alternatives to Wi-Fi for different use cases:
2912:
2833:
2463:
2301:
2217:
2179:
2163:
2125:
2117:
2014:
2006:
2002:
1035:
737:
733:
729:
479:
17:
8163:"IARC Classifies Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields as Possibly Carcinogenic to Humans"
7428:
6112:
Khalili, Abdullah; Soliman, Abdel-Hamid; Asaduzzaman, Md; Griffiths, Alison (March 2020).
5284:
3115:, providing open access points for anyone within range to use was encouraged to cultivate
3014:
WIFI:S:<SSID>;T:<WEP|WPA|blank>;P:<PASSWORD>;H:<true|false|blank>;
2017:(MAC) protocols to manage retries without relying on higher levels of the protocol stack.
1993:
frequency bands. They are created and maintained by the IEEE LAN/MAN Standards Committee (
993:. Interbrand hoped consumers would find the name catchy, and that they would assume this
8:
10915:
10855:
10614:
10576:
10374:
10359:
10097:
10075:
7661:
5559:
5164:
4953:
4788:
4492:
3959:"CSIRO Wi-Fi invention to feature in upcoming exhibition at National Museum of Australia"
2757:. As of 2010, most newer laptop computers come equipped with built-in internal adapters.
2710:
2695:
2478:
non-overlapping channels is, therefore, not accurate. Channels 1, 6, and 11 are the only
2419:
transferred data 420 km (260 mi), using 6 watt amplifiers to reach an overhead
2277:
2088:
over a size nodes scenario spanning a region of over a mile. The success was recorded in
1848:
1754:
1646:
1499:
between the two BSSs without the user having to explicitly connect to the second network.
803:
762:
91:
7270:
4165:
3081:
was announced as a replacement for WPA2, increasing security; it rolled out on 26 June.
2557:
The same references apply to the attached throughput graphs, which show measurements of
11142:
11099:
11030:
10900:
10830:
10805:
10740:
10587:
10308:
10070:
10012:
9991:
8918:
8297:
8285:
8140:
7730:
7200:
7151:
6720:
6125:
6044:
5993:
5912:
5871:
5811:
4980:
4841:
4696:
4107:
4022:
3963:
3780:
2870:
2784:
2677:
2663:
2297:
2265:
1967:
1917:
1856:
1706:
use known positions of Wi-Fi hotspots to identify a device's location. It is used when
1611:
1532:
1332:
1311:
970:
439:
399:
241:
166:
79:
8206:
6866:, Piscataway, New Jersey: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, p. 8
3236:
not have assigned desks but can work from any office connecting their laptop to Wi-Fi
3122:
Recreational logging and mapping of other people's access points have become known as
1897:
1454:
The most important standards affecting Wi‑Fi are: 802.11a, 802.11b, 802.11g, 802.11n (
806:
invented the precursor to 802.11, intended for use in cashier systems, under the name
744:
11182:
11104:
11018:
11001:
10964:
10810:
10640:
10609:
10475:
10369:
10022:
9591:
9586:
9566:
9550:
9544:
9539:
9534:
9529:
9524:
9514:
9509:
9499:
9494:
9130:
9000:
8960:
8326:
8289:
7609:
7494:
7388:
7355:
7327:
7190:
6701:"Experimenting with an Ad Hoc Wireless Network on Campus: Insights & Experiences"
6373:
6145:
6048:
5997:
5985:
5932:"A Bayesian approach to detect pedestrian destination-sequences from WiFi signatures"
5916:
5902:
5861:
5803:
5712:
5656:
5309:
5223:
4688:
4026:
4014:
3035:
2901:
2888:
2845:
2773:
2647:
2237:
2033:
2021:
1986:
1886:
1290:
1274:
1251:
1228:
858:
845:
591:
499:
484:
474:
444:
379:
196:
107:
75:
10850:
8301:
8228:
8133:"Electromagnetic fields and public health – Base stations and wireless technologies"
7358:. The 2011 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Green Computing and Communications.
7043:"Ermanno Pietrosemoli has set a new record for the longest communication Wi-Fi link"
6634:
6455:
5815:
4748:
4700:
4549:
3994:
2412:
2304:, widely used for television reception, are relatively compact at Wi‑Fi wavelengths.
1432:
of multiple antennas, which permits greater speeds as well as reduced interference.
837:(Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation) in Australia, led by
11187:
11147:
11127:
11094:
11023:
10981:
10895:
10750:
10735:
10710:
10685:
10645:
10495:
10354:
10339:
10060:
9484:
9150:
8281:
7204:
7182:
7174:
7155:
7143:
6906:"Comparison of the IEEE 802.11, 802.15.1,802.15.4, and 802.15.6 wireless standards"
6724:
6712:
6678:
6365:
6135:
6036:
5977:
5943:
5894:
5875:
5853:
5795:
5702:
5622:
5304:
4928:
4680:
4006:
3505:
3309:
3197:
3005:
2907:
2730:
2624:
2445:
2395:
2207:
At longer distances, and with greater signal absorption, speed is usually reduced.
2195:
2175:
2037:
1882:
1835:, 2.4 GHz, 3.6 GHz, 4.9 GHz, 5 GHz, 6 GHz and 60 GHz
1750:
1519:
Wi-Fi provides services in private homes, businesses, as well as in public spaces.
943:
648:
624:
286:
231:
226:
156:
7923:
7178:
6272:
4762:
3358:
technologies for computer networking, which provide viable alternatives to Wi-Fi:
3158:). For example, a user could inadvertently use an unsecured network to log into a
1907:
1618:, became the first cities in the United States to offer citywide free Wi-Fi (from
783:
A 1985 ruling by the U.S. Federal Communications Commission released parts of the
10815:
10670:
10438:
10413:
10401:
9996:
8913:
8370:
7225:
6618:, "Routing Method for Ad-Hoc Mobile Networks", published 16 November 1999
6369:
5768:
5650:
5490:
3933:
3237:
3229:
3183:
2801:
2765:
2609:
2511:
2492:
2488:
2253:
2183:
1975:
1974:
at the data link layer, but with extra address fields. MAC addresses are used as
1851:
rules and regulations. In this frequency band, equipment may occasionally suffer
1828:
1660:
1642:
1570:
1504:
1001:
878:. This was in collaboration with the same group that helped create the standard:
799:
778:
676:
672:
565:
291:
236:
146:
123:
115:
95:
7805:"Serious flaw in WPA2 protocol lets attackers intercept passwords and much more"
7524:
5857:
5756:
5421:"Pay Phones In NYC To Be Replaced With Up To 10,000 Free Wi-Fi Kiosks Next Year"
11379:
11013:
10885:
10860:
10820:
10790:
10665:
10500:
10453:
10428:
10386:
10161:
9986:
9768:
8898:
8893:
8813:
8763:
8409:
7757:
7629:
7332:. IEEE/IFIP Network Operations and Management Symposium. IEEE/IFIP NOMS. 2012.
6840:
6810:
6696:
6664:
6615:
6354:
6040:
5126:
4910:
2817:
2769:
2636:
2612:
2225:
2138:
Another mode of direct communication over Wi-Fi is Tunneled Direct-Link Setup (
2121:
2081:
2029:
1982:
1971:
1676:
1551:
1524:
1436:
1093:
was formed in 1999 to establish and enforce standards for interoperability and
1090:
1006:
852:
788:
690:
489:
454:
409:
161:
141:
6424:"USB 3.0 Radio Frequency Interference Impact on 2.4 GHz Wireless Devices"
5947:
5799:
4010:
3004:, for instance, to join networks without having to manually enter the data. A
11373:
11162:
10935:
10925:
10840:
10730:
10725:
10715:
10700:
10522:
10381:
10157:
9981:
9874:
9818:
9813:
9808:
9758:
9753:
9748:
9738:
9714:
9690:
9678:
9667:
9656:
9644:
9639:
9634:
9629:
9616:
9605:
9095:
9075:
8928:
8903:
8833:
8723:
8668:
7308:
7275:
7147:
6988:
6787:
6149:
5989:
5807:
5716:
5707:
5690:
4932:
4692:
4447:
4277:"How the Aussie government "invented WiFi" and sued its way to $ 430 million"
4071:
4018:
3879:
3607:
3411:
2792:
2620:
2523:
1990:
1746:
1731:
1664:
1656:
1638:
1520:
1387:
1382:
1363:
519:
281:
251:
201:
133:
6682:
5898:
5786:
Forlano, Laura (8 October 2009). "WiFi Geographies: When Code Meets Place".
4327:"WiFi patent case results in $ 229 million payment to Australian government"
4302:"Australia's Biggest Patent Troll Goes After AT&T, Verizon and T-Mobile"
3779:. Federal Communications Commission of the USA. 18 June 1985. Archived from
2510:
Other devices use the 2.4 GHz band: microwave ovens, ISM band devices,
969:
short-form for 'Wireless Fidelity', although the Wi-Fi Alliance did use the
11040:
10880:
10825:
10755:
10720:
10655:
10554:
10544:
10396:
10252:
10213:
10147:
9858:
9848:
9596:
9581:
9576:
9571:
9561:
9504:
9145:
9140:
9125:
9120:
9115:
9065:
8499:
8489:
8293:
7809:
5974:
Techniques & Culture. Revue semestrielle d'anthropologie des techniques
5931:
4281:
3690:
3561:
3436:
2929:
2726:
2699:
2569:
2519:
2515:
2155:
2132:
1836:
1774:
1513:
939:
656:
464:
389:
276:
211:
171:
151:
83:
6716:
6235:"Bad Info Is Nothing New for WLAN- Don't Believe "Full Duplex" in Wi-Fi 6"
6140:
6113:
5969:
1966:
Wi-Fi is part of the IEEE 802 protocol family. The data is organized into
11240:
10890:
10800:
10785:
10745:
10705:
10564:
10177:
10152:
9730:
9470:
9224:
9105:
9070:
9060:
9037:
9032:
9027:
9022:
9005:
8990:
7356:"Application Level Energy and Performance Measurements in a Wireless LAN"
7219:
A Pathway to solving the Wi-Fi Tragedy of the Commons in apartment blocks
4846:
4456:
4166:"IEEE SA – Records of IEEE Standards-Related Patent Letters of Assurance"
3530:
The link layer is equivalent to the physical and data link layers of the
3216:
3204:
3139:
3112:
2943:
2750:
2616:
2459:
2371:
2113:
1953:
1793:
1766:
1623:
1540:
1137:
1120:
1102:
1048:
1040:
652:
529:
434:
384:
246:
7978:"Wi-Fi security is starting to get its biggest upgrade in over a decade"
7836:
4215:"Hedy Lamarr: The Incredible Mind Behind Secure WiFi, GPS And Bluetooth"
4040:
2583:
2347:
on the same frequency bands giving much higher speeds and longer range.
1033:. The combination of a computer and an interface controller is called a
683:
in public places such as coffee shops, hotels, libraries, and airports.
11245:
10952:
10650:
10559:
10515:
10485:
10463:
9843:
9838:
9170:
9052:
8985:
8980:
8975:
8970:
8965:
8955:
5478:
4684:
4611:
Wi-Fi is a registered trademark of the Wireless Fidelity Alliance, Inc.
3123:
3071:
3062:
2796:
2681:
2367:
2200:
Wi-Fi operational range depends on factors such as the frequency band,
2025:
2010:
1574:
883:
867:
795:
701:
certification testing. Non-compliant hardware is simply referred to as
664:
534:
429:
87:
7665:
3660:
2437:
2287:
2150:
1595:
1077:
11230:
10695:
10510:
10277:
10266:
9904:
9884:
9742:
8995:
8888:
8883:
8868:
8858:
8848:
8828:
8823:
8808:
8798:
8793:
8773:
8768:
8748:
8743:
8738:
8733:
8718:
8683:
8479:
8434:
8010:"NoCat's goal is to bring you Infinite Bandwidth Everywhere for Free"
7982:
7574:"802.11 X Wireless Network in a Business Environment – Pros and Cons"
7421:"Free WiFi Analyzer-Best Channel Analyzer Apps For Wireless Networks"
7186:
5213:
4715:"You May Feel Silly When You Find Out What Wi-Fi Actually Stands For"
3903:"Vic Hayes & Bruce Tuch inducted into the Wi-Fi Now Hall of Fame"
3531:
3303:
2857:
2788:
2269:
2062:
through the base station, which enormously simplifies the protocols.
1931:
1864:
1777:. Different versions of Wi-Fi use different techniques, 802.11b uses
1727:
1019:
879:
815:
811:
667:. These are the most widely used computer networks, used globally in
524:
404:
394:
256:
216:
7168:
5981:
5691:"Locating Rogue Access Point Using Fine-Grained Channel Information"
2170:
Increasing the number of Wi-Fi access points for a network provides
1127:(FCC) to describe proposed networking in the UHF TV band in the US.
11225:
11215:
11132:
10957:
10780:
10141:
9175:
8947:
8938:
8656:
8646:
8641:
8573:
8424:
8404:
8233:
7634:
6130:
5546:
5364:
5328:
5159:
4985:
4306:
3381:
3336:, a low-power, low data rate, short-distance communication protocol
3321:
3151:
3135:
3131:
2666:
2628:
2085:
2040:
and, with suitable connectivity, this allows full Internet access.
1994:
1949:
1672:
1528:
1523:
may be set up either free of charge or commercially, often using a
1471:
1463:
1448:
1444:
1348:
1098:
784:
720:
713:
660:
316:
8339:
7778:"Key Reinstallation Attacks: Breaking WPA2 by forcing nonce reuse"
7547:"Wifi Connectivity Explained | MAC Installations & Consulting"
6111:
5588:"Link brings its free public Wi-Fi booths from New York to London"
1462:), 802.11ad, 802.11af, 802.11-2016, 802.11ah, 802.11ai, 802.11aj,
719:
family and is designed to work seamlessly with its wired sibling,
11220:
11205:
10423:
10257:
9899:
9695:
9661:
9610:
9555:
9450:
9415:
9390:
9365:
9360:
9330:
9325:
9320:
9314:
9308:
9303:
9298:
9293:
9287:
9281:
9276:
9271:
9266:
9260:
9254:
9249:
9244:
9239:
9184:
8818:
8803:
8596:
8429:
7955:"WPA3 protocol will make public Wi-Fi hotspots a lot more secure"
7495:"Quatech Rolls Out Airborne Embedded 802.11 Radio for M2M Market"
7015:
6807:"Wi-Fi gets personal: Groundbreaking Wi-Fi Direct launches today"
6025:"Accurate indoor positioning using IEEE 802.11mc round trip time"
5648:
5510:
3208:
3159:
3001:
2973:
2776:
2754:
2719:
2715:
2688:
2674:
2547:
1922:
1860:
1668:
1619:
1578:
1496:
1440:
1358:
1327:
1306:
1089:
does not test equipment for compliance with their standards. The
875:
826:
807:
766:
758:
9968:
7777:
6879:"Fix WiFi Connected But No Internet Access On Windows 11/10/8/7"
5002:"Wi-Fi Now Has Version Numbers, and Wi-Fi 6 Comes Out Next Year"
4978:
3557:"'Why-Fi' or 'Wiffy'? How Americans Pronounce Common Tech Terms"
2968:
2820:
can act to connect two networks to form a single network at the
2350:
Wi-Fi 4 can more than double the range over previous standards.
2320:
1738:
standard promises further improvements in geolocation accuracy.
1527:
webpage for access. Organizations, enthusiasts, authorities and
1495:
consisting of two basic service sets. The clients automatically
11250:
11210:
10532:
10196:
10133:
9762:
9234:
9229:
9219:
9214:
9209:
9204:
9199:
9194:
9189:
8863:
8693:
8548:
8419:
8394:
8325:(Third ed.). CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform.
5425:
5412:
4550:"WiFi definition and meaning | Washington Technology Solutions"
3340:
Some alternatives are "no new wires", re-using existing cable:
3333:
2387:
2375:
2366:
usually works best, but signals can transmit, absorb, reflect,
2241:
1634:
1604:
1015:
1011:
897:
887:
7329:
Towards Energy-Awareness in Managing Wireless LAN Applications
5357:"City of London Fires Up Europe's Most Advanced Wi-Fi Network"
3203:
renewable power sources that can solely be maintained through
1569:
built the first campus-wide wireless Internet network, called
1029:
To connect to a Wi-Fi LAN, a computer must be equipped with a
814:, who held the chair of IEEE 802.11 for ten years, along with
11235:
11172:
10480:
10201:
10172:
10127:
10121:
10103:
9620:
9010:
8873:
8713:
8583:
8578:
8523:
8484:
7131:
6489:
5392:
5187:"Wireless Andrew: Creating the World's First Wireless Campus"
3721:"Global Wi-Fi Enabled Devices Shipment Forecast, 2020 – 2024"
3426:
3396:
3375:
3327:
3055:
3030:
Wi-Fi access points typically default to an encryption-free (
2962:
2805:
2474:). The oft-repeated adage that channels 1, 6, and 11 are the
2379:
1875:
1832:
1770:
1687:
1559:
982:
902:
871:
834:
574:
301:
191:
28:
6302:
5155:"How Wi-Fi got its start on the campus of CMU, a true story"
4575:"WPA Deployment Guidelines for Public Access Wi-Fi Networks"
4518:"Securing Wi-Fi Wireless Networks with Today's Technologies"
2332:
1653:
already had extensive outdoor Wi-Fi coverage at that point.
663:
access, allowing nearby digital devices to exchange data by
46:
11177:
10091:
8843:
8708:
8703:
8414:
6361:
6023:
Hashem, Omar; Harras, Khaled A.; Youssef, Moustafa (2021),
5930:
Danalet, Antonin; Farooq, Bilal; Bierlaire, Michel (2014).
5888:
5458:
5445:
5219:
The Innovation Journey of Wi-Fi: The Road to Global Success
4924:
4430:
first used the Certification Mark … as early as August 1999
4170:
3874:
3344:
3315:
3212:
3078:
2954:
2338:
2139:
1781:
on a single carrier, whereas 802.11a, Wi-Fi 4, 5 and 6 use
1719:
1715:
1555:
1487:
1061:
974:
935:
702:
639:
633:
552:
7753:"WPA2 Security Now Mandatory for Wi-Fi CERTIFIED Products"
5689:
Wang, C.; Zheng, X.; Chen, Y.; Yang, J. (September 2017).
4666:"Dependability in Wireless Networks: Can We Rely on WiFi?"
4664:
Aime, Marco; Calandriello, Giorgio; Lioy, Antonio (2007).
3134:
differ considerably across the world. A proposal to leave
2745:
Wireless network interface controller Gigabyte GC-WB867D-I
2105:
This wireless ad hoc network mode has proven popular with
1503:
Wi-Fi technology may be used to provide local network and
8199:"Electromagnetic Fields and Public Health: Mobile Phones"
7725:
Hegerle, Blake; snax; Bruestle, Jeremy (17 August 2001).
6984:"802.11ac Wi-Fi head driving strong WLAN equipment sales"
5893:. MobiSys '06. New York, NY, USA: ACM. pp. 165–176.
5555:"New York to start replacing payphones with Wi-Fi kiosks"
4891:
3330:, for providing long range wireless internet connectivity
2997:
2881:
2772:, and internal router firmware application that provides
2702:, any standard Wi-Fi device works anywhere in the world.
2229:
2131:
Similarly, the Wi-Fi Alliance promotes the specification
1711:
1707:
1458:), 802.11h, 802.11i, 802.11-2007, 802.11–2012, 802.11ac (
7865:
7240:"6 Easy Steps To Protect Your Baby Monitor From Hackers"
6508:
6204:"Why can't WiFi work as full duplex while 3G and 4G can"
5652:
Local Positioning Systems: LBS Applications and Services
5649:
Krzysztof W. Kolodziej; Johan Hjelm (19 December 2017).
3839:"How a 1998 meeting with Steve Jobs gave birth to Wi-Fi"
2053:
1000:
Other technologies intended for fixed points, including
942:
Wi-Fi logo indicates the certification of a product for
7304:"Wi-Fi hotspot blocking persists despite FCC crackdown"
6864:
IEEE 802 LAN/MAN Standards Committee Meeting, July 2004
5211:
4252:. Netherlands Foreign Investment Agency. Archived from
1692:
8259:
7898:"Share your Wi-Fi SSID & Password using a QR Code"
6699:; Chen, Richard; Delwar, Minar; Allen, Donald (2001).
5929:
5837:
5028:"The Most Common Wi-Fi Standards and Types, Explained"
3608:"What is Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11x)? A Webopedia Definition"
3215:
was erected in which all equipment is powered only by
2642:
2456:
Carrier-sense multiple access with collision avoidance
1811:
carrier-sense multiple access with collision avoidance
841:. A patent for Wi Fi was lodged by the CSIRO in 1992
6325:"Wi-Fi Channels, Frequencies, Bands & Bandwidths"
6091:"Wi-Fi location-based services: How did we get here?"
5936:
Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies
4512:
4510:
3988:
3986:
3347:, which uses existing home wiring, such as phone and
3281:
A review of studies involving 725 people who claimed
3103:
Wi-Fi Protected Setup § Physical security issues
636:
630:
8017:
7521:"CIE article on embedded Wi-Fi for M2M applications"
6752:"Wireless Home Networking with Virtual WiFi Hotspot"
6523:
IEEE Standard for Ethernet, 802.3-2012 – section one
5618:"Seoul Moves to Provide Free City-Wide WiFi Service"
4663:
4567:
3191:
2433:
Electromagnetic interference at 2.4 GHz § Wi-Fi
958:, but these are not approved by the Wi-Fi Alliance.
7724:
6635:"Mobile Computing Magazines and Print Publications"
6022:
5298:Alexander, Steve; Brandt, Steve (5 December 2010).
4815:"Wi-Fi Alliance® statement regarding "Super Wi-Fi""
3941:
Australian Intellectual Property Newsletter Archive
3065:standard, Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP), has been
2983:A flaw in a feature added to Wi-Fi in 2007, called
1641:pledged to have London-wide Wi-Fi by 2012. Several
1626:has generated $ 1.2 million in profit annually for
627:
7630:"Data-stealing Snoopy drone unveiled at Black Hat"
6695:
6553:"What Does WiFi Stand For and How Does Wifi Work?"
6486:"802.11n Data Rates Dependability and scalability"
6299:Alliance for Telecommunications Industry Solutions
5642:
5189:. Carnegie Mellon University. 2007. Archived from
4507:
4358:"Australian scientists cash in on Wi-Fi invention"
3983:
3008:-like format is supported by Android and iOS 11+.
5688:
4633:Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
4580:. Wi-Fi Alliance. 28 October 2004. Archived from
4103:"Apple Offers iMac's Laptop Offspring, the iBook"
2718:Wi‑Fi adapter, supporting 802.11g, from an Apple
1831:ranges for use in Wi-Fi communications: 900
1765:Wi-Fi stations communicate by sending each other
1546:Similarly, battery-powered routers may include a
820:Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
761:permitted between them. Over time, the speed and
655:family of standards, which are commonly used for
11390:Telecommunications-related introductions in 1997
11371:
10202:Multichannel Video and Data Distribution Service
8318:
7702:Department of Computer Science and Engineering.
6165:
5610:
2092:magazine (1999) and later published formally in
1425:They do not exist in the official nomenclature.
997:protocol has high fidelity because of its name.
7872:Federal Trade Commission – Consumer Information
7745:
6257:
5297:
5113:
5111:
5109:
4733:
3683:
2892:controllers into inexpensive ordinary objects.
2020:For internetworking purposes, Wi-Fi is usually
981:was partly chosen because it sounds similar to
6663:
6525:. 28 December 2012. p. 53. Archived from
4908:
3713:
3500:
3498:
1935:A dual-band cellular 4G+ Wi-Fi modem by Huawei
1827:The 802.11 standard provides several distinct
1659:announced a city-wide campaign to convert old
862:Apple Airport Extreme installed in an iBook G4
10293:
9954:
8612:
8355:
8319:The WNDW Authors (2013). Butler, Jane (ed.).
5283:(in Turkish). besttech.com.tr. Archived from
4874:"MCS table (updated with 80211ax data rates)"
4476:
3836:
3803:
3801:
1581:international authentication infrastructure.
1152:
599:
10236:Multichannel multipoint distribution service
9969:Wireless video and data distribution methods
7135:IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications
7098:
6939:"Somebody explain dBi – Wireless Networking"
6783:"Wi-Fi Direct allows device-to-device links"
6705:ACM SIGMETRICS Performance Evaluation Review
6670:IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications
6114:"Wi-Fi sensing: applications and challenges"
5106:
4839:
4609:. High Tech Computer Corp. 2006. p. 2.
4293:
4243:
3952:
3950:
3809:"Do Microwaves Interfere With WiFi Signals?"
3324:, a short-range wireless technology standard
3318:, for long range wireless with low data rate
2768:integrate a Wireless Access Point, Ethernet
2100:ACM SIGMETRICS Performance Evaluation Review
2095:IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications
1957:
1839:. Each range is divided into a multitude of
1010:. Alternative wireless technologies include
921:
866:The major commercial breakthrough came with
11308:Global telecommunications regulation bodies
8322:Wireless Networking in the Developing World
8170:International Agency for Research on Cancer
7975:
6953:
5222:. Cambridge University Press. p. 121.
4999:
4382:"CSIRO wins legal battle over wi-fi patent"
3495:
2390:) and water (such as found in vegetation).
2036:. This means that nodes have an associated
2005:mechanism. Because of this, for Wi-Fi, the
1130:
11344:
10300:
10286:
9961:
9947:
8619:
8605:
8362:
8348:
7074:Association for Progressive Communications
6904:Tjensvold, Jan Magne (18 September 2007).
6876:
5257:"Say Hello to India's First Wirefree City"
4911:"Future Directions for Wi-Fi 8 and Beyond"
4452:"WiFi isn't short for "Wireless Fidelity""
4246:"10 Inventions You Didn't Know Were Dutch"
4100:
4043:. Official industry association Web site.
3992:
3867:
3798:
3631:"The Dangers of Wi-Fi Radiation (Updated)"
3473:
3464:
2065:
1783:orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing
1159:
1145:
1060:(SSID), which identifies the network. The
606:
592:
45:
8275:
7727:"Wireless Vulnerabilities & Exploits"
7696:"Hacking Techniques in Wireless Networks"
7660:
7627:
7380:
7162:
6903:
6456:"Why Everything Wireless Is 2.4 GHz"
6450:
6448:
6139:
6129:
5847:
5706:
5585:
4984:
4625:"Wireless Fidelity – WiFi"
4482:
3956:
3947:
3751:"Wi-Fi 6: is it really that much faster?"
3628:
3138:describing available services was called
2333:MIMO (multiple-input and multiple-output)
2145:
1901:An example of 2.4 GHz Wi-Fi spectrum
1760:
1039:. Stations are identified by one or more
723:. Compatible devices can network through
697:" to products that successfully complete
7443:"Apple.com Airport Utility Product Page"
7384:Nanometer CMOS ICs: From Basics to ASICs
7067:
7040:
6269:Institute for Telecommunication Sciences
5418:
5025:
4446:
4442:
4440:
4438:
4355:
4136:"State of the Art; Not Born To Be Wired"
3832:
3830:
3422:San Francisco Digital Inclusion Strategy
2967:
2856:
2740:
2709:
2641:
2603:
2582:
2568:
2444:
2436:
2386:in glazing), rock structures (including
2319:
2309:
2296:
2286:
2149:
2052:
1930:
1916:
1906:
1896:
1594:
1486:
1336:
1076:
857:
791:, and are thus subject to interference.
743:
7952:
7924:"zxing documentation: barcode contents"
7866:Federal Trade Commission (March 2014).
7775:
7237:
6550:
5785:
5385:
5300:"Minneapolis moves ahead with wireless"
4909:Reshef, Ehud; Cordeiro, Carlos (2023).
4324:
3900:
2222:Equivalent isotropically radiated power
1911:An example of 5 GHz Wi-Fi spectrum
1512:in London. An international example is
1339:
1258:
693:, which restricts the use of the term "
14:
11372:
10307:
10109:Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service
8073:"Digest of Education Statistics, 2017"
7965:from the original on 16 November 2018.
7868:"Tips for Using Public Wi-Fi Networks"
7837:"CERT/CC Vulnerability Note VU#723755"
7802:
7693:
7571:
7316:from the original on 27 February 2019.
7268:
6749:
6445:
6232:
5967:
5498:from the original on 19 September 2016
5433:from the original on 22 September 2016
4972:
4299:
4274:
3931:
3757:from the original on 20 September 2022
3554:
3025:
2252:An access point compliant with either
1943:
1718:) and fingerprinting. Parameters like
848:to permit 11 Mbit/s link speeds.
341:Wireless electronic devices and health
10281:
10230:Local multipoint distribution service
9942:
8600:
8343:
8038:
7990:from the original on 20 February 2019
7934:from the original on 15 February 2016
7602:
7301:
7283:from the original on 23 February 2008
7099:Pietrosemoli, Ermanno (18 May 2007).
6996:from the original on 28 February 2019
6857:
6581:
6404:from the original on 12 December 2018
6335:from the original on 16 February 2018
6245:from the original on 19 November 2021
5963:
5961:
5959:
5957:
5781:
5779:
5777:
5775:
5695:IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing
5630:from the original on 10 November 2012
5598:from the original on 26 December 2016
5451:
5269:from the original on 20 January 2012.
5254:
5236:from the original on 12 November 2012
5068:from the original on 11 November 2021
5038:from the original on 11 November 2021
5000:Kastrenakes, Jacob (3 October 2018).
4842:"'Super Wi-Fi': Super, But Not Wi-Fi"
4833:
4769:from the original on 25 November 2009
4464:from the original on 21 December 2012
4435:
4244:Van Der Meer, Hilde (26 March 2018).
4133:
4047:from the original on 3 September 2009
3849:from the original on 15 December 2020
3827:
3111:During the early popular adoption of
2978:WIFI:S:Knowledge;T:WPA;P:Password1!;;
2976:to automate a Wi-Fi connection using
2824:over Wi-Fi. The main standard is the
2514:, Zigbee devices, Bluetooth devices,
2158:to announce the presence of networks.
1031:wireless network interface controller
911:A History of the World in 100 Objects
553:Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO)
347:International Telecommunication Union
11354:
10208:Multipoint Video Distribution System
7904:from the original on 12 January 2023
7817:from the original on 21 October 2017
7784:from the original on 22 October 2017
7469:"GainSpan low-power, embedded Wi-Fi"
7401:from the original on 17 January 2023
7238:Caravan, Delia (12 September 2014).
7080:from the original on 2 February 2009
6981:
6731:from the original on 2 December 2021
6585:Overview of the IEEE 802.11 Standard
6563:from the original on 1 December 2015
6433:. USB Implementers Forum. April 2012
6287:
6214:from the original on 17 October 2021
6174:"Chapter 4. Beamforming in 802.11ac"
6171:
5970:"Comment bâtir un internet low tech"
5669:from the original on 17 January 2023
5552:
5400:from the original on 7 November 2015
5152:
5134:from the original on 30 January 2022
4146:from the original on 2 February 2017
4134:Lewis, Peter H. (25 November 1999).
4115:from the original on 2 February 2017
3934:"CSIRO wins Wi-Fi patent litigation"
3913:from the original on 7 December 2020
3701:from the original on 24 October 2017
3641:from the original on 1 November 2019
3605:
3443:
3263:Wireless device radiation and health
2880:These Wi-Fi modules are designed by
2357:
2280:at the router and remote device(s).
2210:
818:engineer Bruce Tuch, approached the
372:Radiation sources / regions
336:Wireless device radiation and health
8369:
7976:Kastrenakes, Jacob (26 June 2018).
7843:from the original on 3 January 2012
7362:from the original on 13 August 2014
7336:from the original on 13 August 2014
6949:from the original on 9 August 2014.
6780:
6762:from the original on 30 August 2011
6551:Stobing, Chris (17 November 2015).
6301:. ATIS-0100523.2007. Archived from
5586:McCormick, Rich (25 October 2016).
5466:from the original on 20 August 2016
5454:"Goodbye Pay Phones, Hello LinkNYC"
5419:Chowdhry, Amit (19 November 2014).
5354:
5088:"Wi-Fi Alliance Introduces Wi-Fi 6"
5026:Phillips, Gavin (18 January 2021).
4523:. Wi-Fi Alliance. 6 February 2003.
4178:from the original on 10 April 2012.
4079:from the original on 2 January 2023
3815:from the original on 16 August 2022
3587:from the original on 5 January 2022
3177:
2922:
2895:
2852:
2736:
2405:
2080:Ad hoc mode was first described by
1741:
1686:Officials in South Korea's capital
1491:An example of a service set called
1423:are named by retroactive inference.
705:, and it may or may not work with "
359:World Radiocommunication Conference
24:
8626:
8312:
8286:10.1097/01.psy.0000155664.13300.64
8241:from the original on 21 April 2016
7878:from the original on 9 August 2019
7642:from the original on 30 March 2014
7501:from the original on 28 April 2008
7471:. www.gainspan.com. Archived from
7269:Wilson, Tracy V. (17 April 2006).
7049:from the original on 21 March 2008
7041:Kanellos, Michael (18 June 2007).
6645:from the original on 26 April 2016
6592:from the original on 20 April 2016
5954:
5882:
5831:
5772:
5553:Alba, Alejandro (5 January 2016).
5388:"London gets a mile of free Wi-Fi"
5324:"London-wide wi-fi by 2012 pledge"
5090:. Wi-Fi Alliance. 3 October 2018.
4854:from the original on 20 April 2016
4795:from the original on 22 April 2016
4673:IEEE Security and Privacy Magazine
4483:Graychase, Naomi (27 April 2007).
4420:from the original on 28 April 2015
4394:from the original on 7 August 2019
4370:from the original on 1 April 2012.
4190:"World changing Aussie inventions"
3995:"How we made the wireless network"
3993:O’Sullivan, John (February 2018).
3971:from the original on 9 August 2016
3957:Sibthorpe, Clare (4 August 2016).
3901:Hetting, Claus (8 November 2019).
3731:from the original on 15 March 2021
3618:from the original on 8 March 2012.
3569:from the original on 15 June 2018.
3300:, a low-power variant of Bluetooth
3256:
3020:WIFI:S:MySSID;T:WPA;P:MyPassW0rd;;
752:Wi-Fi's radio bands work best for
736:radio bands, with the 6 gigahertz
25:
11411:
8179:from the original on 4 April 2012
7706:from the original on 5 March 2010
7672:from the original on 27 July 2009
7584:from the original on 5 March 2008
7113:from the original on 5 March 2016
7016:"WiFi Mapping Software:Footprint"
6918:from the original on 20 July 2013
6885:from the original on 24 June 2021
6817:from the original on 26 June 2015
6466:from the original on 26 July 2018
6394:"802.11 WiFi Standards Explained"
6004:from the original on 13 July 2020
5567:from the original on 24 June 2017
5452:Gould, Jessica (5 January 2016).
5386:Wearden, Graeme (18 April 2005).
5094:from the original on 3 April 2019
4821:from the original on 9 April 2016
4622:
4530:from the original on 26 June 2015
4356:Schubert, Misha (31 March 2012).
4212:
3932:Rimmer, Matthew (27 April 2007).
3228:influence the choice of specific
3192:Influence on developing countries
2503:points as well as with decreased
2048:
1125:Federal Communications Commission
712:Wi-Fi uses multiple parts of the
11353:
11343:
11334:
11333:
11322:
10943:Free-space optical communication
10153:Mobile broadband wireless access
8253:
8229:"Q&A: Wi-fi health concerns"
8221:
8191:
8155:
8125:
8113:from the original on 12 May 2020
8095:
8083:from the original on 14 May 2020
8065:
8032:
8002:
7969:
7946:
7916:
7890:
7859:
7829:
7796:
7769:
7729:. wirelessve.org. Archived from
7718:
7687:
7654:
7628:Gittleson, Kim (28 March 2014).
7621:
7596:
7565:
7539:
7513:
7487:
7461:
7449:from the original on 8 June 2011
7435:
7413:
7374:
7348:
7320:
7295:
7262:
7231:
7211:
7125:
7092:
7061:
7034:
7008:
6975:
6931:
6897:
6870:
6851:
6829:
6799:
6774:
6743:
6689:
6657:
6627:
6604:
6575:
6544:
6496:from the original on 5 July 2017
6478:
6416:
6386:
6180:. O'Reilly Atlas. Archived from
5534:from the original on 7 June 2018
5336:from the original on 22 May 2010
5255:Verma, Veruna (20 August 2006).
5119:"Generational Wi-Fi® User Guide"
4892:"Understanding Wi-Fi 4/5/6/6E/7"
4840:Sascha Segan (27 January 2012).
4314:from the original on 6 May 2013.
4289:from the original on 8 May 2012.
3837:Claus Hetting (19 August 2018).
3671:from the original on 13 May 2020
3524:
3283:electromagnetic hypersensitivity
1874:802.11a/h/j/n/ac/ax can use the
1749:is used in applications such as
1072:
623:
122:
7953:Thubron, Rob (9 January 2018).
7803:Goodin, Dan (16 October 2017).
7761:. 13 March 2006. Archived from
7572:Jensen, Joe (26 October 2007).
7553:from the original on 5 May 2020
7381:Veendrick, Harry J. M. (2017).
7022:from the original on 2 May 2009
6961:"802.11n Delivers Better Range"
6837:"What is Wi-Fi Certified TDLS?"
6610:
6347:
6317:
6271:. 7 August 1996. Archived from
6226:
6196:
6156:
6105:
6083:
6061:
6016:
5968:Decker, Kris De (6 June 2017).
5923:
5822:
5760:
5748:
5723:
5681:
5579:
5379:
5348:
5316:
5291:
5273:
5248:
5205:
5179:
5146:
5080:
5050:
5019:
4993:
4946:
4902:
4884:
4866:
4807:
4781:
4755:
4707:
4657:
4616:
4599:
4542:
4406:
4374:
4349:
4318:
4268:
4237:
4206:
4182:
4158:
4127:
4094:
4059:
4033:
3925:
3894:
3861:
3769:
3691:"History | Wi-Fi Alliance"
3629:Schofield, Jack (21 May 2007).
3511:
3482:
3461:, but this was quickly dropped.
3288:
3084:
2861:Embedded serial-to-Wi-Fi module
2705:
2426:
1779:direct-sequence spread spectrum
985:, which consumers take to mean
946:. The name is often written as
886:, Rich McGinn, and others from
671:to link devices and to provide
11400:Wireless communication systems
8205:. October 2014. Archived from
6877:Mohsin Beg (3 December 2021).
6582:Geier, Jim (6 December 2001).
6233:Badman, Lee (26 August 2019).
6029:Pervasive and Mobile Computing
4747:. 8 March 2007. Archived from
4485:"'Wireless Fidelity' Debunked"
4325:Brodkin, Jon (31 March 2012).
4041:"Wi-Fi Alliance: Organization"
3868:Ben Charny (6 December 2002).
3743:
3653:
3622:
3599:
3573:
3555:Garber, Megan (23 June 2014).
3548:
3490:locally administered addresses
3450:
3407:Operating system Wi-Fi support
3222:
3184:Internet § Social Impact
3091:Piggybacking (Internet access)
2834:consumer entertainment devices
2324:A keychain-size Wi-Fi detector
2189:
1698:
669:home and small office networks
13:
1:
10191:Educational Broadband Service
7427:. 8 June 2017. Archived from
7179:10.1109/CROWNCOM.2007.4549783
6967:. 31 May 2007. Archived from
6781:Cox, John (14 October 2009).
5355:Bsu, Indrajit (14 May 2007).
3870:"Vic Hayes – Wireless Vision"
3541:
2906:The main issue with wireless
2533:
2472:adjacent-channel interference
2417:Swedish National Space Agency
1667:in 2014. The project, titled
1599:An outdoor Wi-Fi access point
896:Wi-Fi uses a large number of
748:TP-Link AX1500 Wi-Fi 6 Router
732:and 5 gigahertz (60 mm)
222:Low-noise block downconverter
11329:Telecommunication portal
11110:Telecommunications equipment
8039:Jones, Matt (24 June 2002).
7856:Vulnerability Note VU#723755
7603:Higgs, Larry (1 July 2013).
7302:Brown, Bob (10 March 2016).
7068:Toulouse, Al (2 June 2006).
6370:10.1109/IEEESTD.2016.7786995
6295:"ATIS Telecom Glossary 2007"
5216:; Groenewegen, John (2010).
5153:Smit, Deb (5 October 2011).
5058:"Wi-Fi Generation Numbering"
4916:IEEE Communications Magazine
4275:Mullin, Joe (4 April 2012).
3649:– via TheGuardian.com.
3581:"What Does Wi-Fi Stand For?"
2959:Advanced Encryption Standard
2844:Wireless range-extenders or
2826:wireless distribution system
2631:Internet service providers (
2256:or 802.11g, using the stock
1584:
1391:
1367:
1315:
1294:
1278:
1255:
1232:
1209:
1110:security standards, and the
916:National Museum of Australia
207:Counterpoise (ground system)
7:
10846:Alexander Stepanovich Popov
5976:(in French) (67): 216–235.
5858:10.1109/PERCOM.2003.1192736
5528:Government of New York City
4654:(originally published 2006)
4300:Popper, Ben (3 June 2010).
4101:Steve Lohr (22 July 1999).
3606:Beal, Vangie (2 May 2001).
3432:Wireless Broadband Alliance
3387:High-speed multimedia radio
3368:
3117:wireless community networks
3048:Hypertext Transfer Protocol
2839:
2599:
1816:
1771:modulation and demodulation
1482:
1399:
1394:
1376:
1370:
1352:
1342:
1321:
1318:
1300:
1297:
1281:
1261:
1238:
1235:
1215:
1212:
831:wireless local area network
460:Friis transmission equation
34:Wireless local area network
10:
11416:
10550:Telecommunications history
10185:Advanced Wireless Services
10117:Digital Video Broadcasting
9923:IEEE Standards Association
7694:Mateti, Prabhaker (2005).
7271:"How Municipal WiFi Works"
7101:"Long Distance WiFi Trial"
6982:Gold, Jon (29 June 2016).
6750:Subash (24 January 2011).
6178:802.11ac: A Survival Guide
6118:The Journal of Engineering
6041:10.1016/j.pmcj.2021.101416
4763:"Wi-Fi Alliance: Programs"
4745:IEEE Standards Association
4067:"A brief history of Wi-Fi"
3363:Ethernet over twisted pair
3306:, a short-distance network
3260:
3243:
3195:
3181:
3100:
3094:
3088:
2899:
2669:device. Wi-Fi devices are
2627:Wi-Fi card widely used by
2522:, and, in some countries,
2430:
2336:
2247:
2193:
1978:for routing over the LAN.
1947:
1820:
1591:Municipal wireless network
1588:
1567:Carnegie Mellon University
779:IEEE 802.11 § History
776:
772:
297:Municipal wireless network
26:
11317:
11259:
11196:
11158:Public Switched Telephone
11118:
11082:
11039:
10980:
10970:telecommunication circuit
10931:Fiber-optic communication
10914:
10676:Francis Blake (telephone)
10623:
10471:Optical telecommunication
10315:
10245:
10222:
10084:
10066:Satellite Internet access
10053:
10005:
9974:
9913:
9867:
9831:
9729:
9469:
9169:
9051:
8946:
8937:
8634:
8516:
8498:
8470:
8377:
8203:World Health Organization
8137:World Health Organization
7387:. Springer. p. 243.
6172:Gast, Matthew S. (2013).
5948:10.1016/j.trc.2014.03.015
5800:10.1080/01972240903213076
5281:"Sunnyvale Uses Metro Fi"
4363:The Sydney Morning Herald
4011:10.1038/s41928-018-0027-y
3392:Indoor positioning system
3269:World Health Organization
2811:
2760:
2530:been issued large fines.
1970:that are very similar to
1730:capability introduced in
1704:Wi-Fi positioning systems
1404:
1331:
922:Etymology and terminology
870:adopting Wi-Fi for their
544:Bell Laboratories Layered
71:
53:
44:
11069:Orbital angular-momentum
10506:Satellite communications
10345:Communications satellite
7148:10.1109/TWC.2015.2480398
6265:"Federal Standard 1037C"
5708:10.1109/TMC.2016.2629473
4933:10.1109/MCOM.003.2200037
3417:Power-line communication
3276:Health Protection Agency
3156:man-in-the-middle attack
3097:Legality of piggybacking
3052:Transport Layer Security
3040:graphical user interface
2991:Virtual private networks
2936:Wired Equivalent Privacy
2043:
1681:London Borough of Camden
1131:Versions and generations
1081:Wi-Fi certification logo
27:Not to be confused with
10948:Molecular communication
10771:Gardiner Greene Hubbard
10600:Undersea telegraph line
10335:Cable protection system
9928:Category:IEEE standards
7776:Vanhoef, Mathy (2017).
7700:Wright State University
7244:Baby Monitor Reviews HQ
6683:10.1109/TWC.2002.800539
5899:10.1145/1134680.1134698
5788:The Information Society
2932:an authorized address.
2865:The security standard,
2554:communicating devices.
2485:co-channel interference
2258:omnidirectional antenna
2154:Access points send out
2066:Ad hoc and Wi-Fi direct
1537:digital subscriber line
1477:
651:protocols based on the
577:Multiple Access (WSDMA)
575:Wideband Space Division
11090:Communication protocol
10876:Charles Sumner Tainter
10691:Walter Houser Brattain
10636:Edwin Howard Armstrong
10444:Information revolution
10028:Terrestrial television
8263:Psychosomatic Medicine
8139:. 2006. Archived from
3519:one speaks, all listen
3504:Unless it is put into
2980:
2862:
2746:
2722:
2655:
2639:
2592:
2578:
2450:
2442:
2325:
2315:
2305:
2292:
2159:
2146:Multiple access points
2110:handheld game consoles
2058:
1963:
1936:
1926:
1912:
1902:
1855:from microwave ovens,
1761:Operational principles
1633:In May 2010, the then
1600:
1548:mobile broadband modem
1510:wireless mesh networks
1500:
1095:backward compatibility
1082:
1024:mobile phone standards
863:
749:
725:wireless access points
689:is a trademark of the
681:wireless access points
307:Radio masts and towers
59:; 27 years ago
57:21 September 1997
11385:Australian inventions
11064:Polarization-division
10796:Narinder Singh Kapany
10761:Erna Schneider Hoover
10681:Jagadish Chandra Bose
10661:Alexander Graham Bell
10392:online video platform
10045:Visual sensor network
6717:10.1145/377616.377622
6516:"3.1.1 Packet format"
6141:10.1049/joe.2019.0790
4195:Australian Geographic
3402:List of WLAN channels
3312:, used by smartphones
3274:The United Kingdom's
3261:Further information:
3101:Further information:
3095:Further information:
2985:Wi-Fi Protected Setup
2971:
2867:Wi-Fi Protected Setup
2860:
2744:
2713:
2654:gateway in one device
2645:
2607:
2586:
2572:
2505:signal-to-noise ratio
2448:
2440:
2431:Further information:
2421:stratospheric balloon
2345:multipath propagation
2323:
2313:
2300:
2290:
2153:
2056:
1961:
1934:
1920:
1910:
1900:
1876:5 GHz U-NII band
1823:List of WLAN channels
1616:Sunnyvale, California
1598:
1589:Further information:
1490:
1080:
1004:, are usually called
861:
747:
657:local area networking
495:Signal-to-noise ratio
330:Safety and regulation
11395:Networking standards
10906:Vladimir K. Zworykin
10866:Almon Brown Strowger
10836:Charles Grafton Page
10491:Prepaid mobile phone
10419:Electrical telegraph
10040:Satellite television
7733:on 19 September 2006
7662:Bernstein, Daniel J.
7224:13 July 2020 at the
7173:. pp. 118–125.
7018:. Alyrica Networks.
6364:. 14 December 2016.
5842:. pp. 143–150.
5530:. 17 November 2014.
5494:. 17 November 2014.
5127:www.wi‑fi.org
4607:HTC S710 User Manual
4495:on 28 September 2007
4202:on 15 December 2011.
3786:on 28 September 2007
3753:. 21 February 2019.
3725:Research and Markets
3298:Bluetooth Low Energy
2662:A Wi-Fi device is a
2464:exposed node problem
2278:directional antennas
2180:network intelligence
2164:Extended Service Set
2126:consumer electronics
2118:PlayStation Portable
2015:media access control
2007:Logical Link Control
2003:best-effort delivery
1962:Generic 802.11 Frame
1535:often incorporate a
480:Radiation resistance
10856:Johann Philipp Reis
10615:Wireless revolution
10577:The Telephone Cases
10434:Hydraulic telegraph
10098:Long Term Evolution
10076:Wireless local loop
10018:Internet television
8517:Long range wireless
6971:on 8 November 2015.
6928:section 1.2 (scope)
6858:Edney, Jon (2004),
6847:on 8 November 2014.
6813:. 25 October 2010.
6795:on 23 October 2009.
6210:. 23 January 2020.
5560:New York Daily News
5367:on 7 September 2008
5361:Digital Communities
5312:on 9 December 2010.
5193:on 1 September 2011
4450:(8 November 2005).
4250:investinholland.com
3811:. 17 January 2018.
3061:The older wireless-
3026:Data security risks
2696:backward compatible
2518:, cordless phones,
2415:and Platillon. The
2362:With Wi-Fi signals
2009:(LLC) specified by
1944:Communication stack
1867:and other devices.
1857:cordless telephones
1755:gesture recognition
1167:
1123:, coined by the US
763:spectral efficiency
72:Compatible hardware
41:
11054:Frequency-division
11031:Telephone exchange
10901:Charles Wheatstone
10831:Jun-ichi Nishizawa
10806:Innocenzo Manzetti
10741:Reginald Fessenden
10476:Optical telegraphy
10309:Telecommunications
10071:Wireless broadband
10013:Amateur television
9992:Radio broadcasting
8020:on 22 October 2011
7250:on 18 October 2014
6943:DSL Reports Forums
6639:www.mobileinfo.com
6532:on 21 October 2014
6093:. 27 February 2023
4954:"What is Wi-Fi 8?"
4878:semfionetworks.com
4817:. Wi-Fi Alliance.
4685:10.1109/MSP.2007.4
4416:. 23 August 2005.
4140:The New York Times
4108:The New York Times
3999:Nature Electronics
3964:The Canberra Times
3667:. Wi-Fi Alliance.
2981:
2871:Internet of things
2863:
2846:wireless repeaters
2747:
2723:
2678:integrated circuit
2656:
2640:
2593:
2579:
2451:
2443:
2326:
2316:
2306:
2293:
2266:isotropic radiator
2202:radio power output
2160:
2075:Wi-Fi transmission
2059:
1964:
1937:
1927:
1913:
1903:
1809:A scheme known as
1792:Channels are used
1612:St. Cloud, Florida
1601:
1501:
1135:
1083:
971:advertising slogan
864:
750:
546:Space-Time (BLAST)
400:Near and far field
76:Personal computers
39:
11367:
11366:
11105:Store and forward
11100:Data transmission
11014:Network switching
10965:Transmission line
10811:Guglielmo Marconi
10776:Internet pioneers
10641:Mohamed M. Atalla
10610:Whistled language
10275:
10274:
10023:Mobile television
9936:
9935:
9827:
9826:
8594:
8593:
8332:978-1-4840-3935-9
7765:on 7 August 2011.
7610:Asbury Park Press
7431:on 8 August 2017.
7196:978-1-4244-0814-6
6881:. newscutzy.com.
6860:"What is an ESS?"
6379:978-1-5044-3645-8
6329:Electronics Notes
5867:978-0-7695-1893-0
5662:978-1-4200-0500-4
5229:978-0-521-19971-1
5212:Lemstra, Wolter;
5167:on 7 October 2011
5032:MUO - Make Use Of
4765:. www.wi-fi.org.
4751:on 18 April 2007.
4644:on 29 August 2017
4213:Field, Shivaune.
3882:on 26 August 2012
3459:wireless fidelity
3444:Explanatory notes
3310:Cellular networks
3036:wireless security
2902:Wireless security
2889:Texas Instruments
2650:access point and
2597:
2596:
2358:Radio propagation
2330:
2329:
2302:Yagi–Uda antennas
2228:is limited to 20
2211:Transmitter power
2034:Internet Protocol
1976:network addresses
1941:
1940:
1429:
1428:
1097:, and to promote
647:) is a family of
616:
615:
500:Spurious emission
485:Radio propagation
475:Radiation pattern
450:Equivalent radius
445:Electrical length
352:Radio Regulations
197:Block upconverter
101:
100:
16:(Redirected from
11407:
11357:
11356:
11347:
11346:
11337:
11336:
11327:
11326:
11325:
11198:Notable networks
11188:Wireless network
11128:Cellular network
11120:Types of network
11095:Computer network
10982:Network topology
10896:Thomas A. Watson
10751:Oliver Heaviside
10736:Philo Farnsworth
10711:Daniel Davis Jr.
10686:Charles Bourseul
10646:John Logie Baird
10355:Data compression
10350:Computer network
10302:
10295:
10288:
10279:
10278:
10061:Mobile broadband
9963:
9956:
9949:
9940:
9939:
8944:
8943:
8621:
8614:
8607:
8598:
8597:
8364:
8357:
8350:
8341:
8340:
8336:
8306:
8305:
8279:
8257:
8251:
8250:
8248:
8246:
8225:
8219:
8218:
8216:
8214:
8195:
8189:
8188:
8186:
8184:
8178:
8167:
8159:
8153:
8152:
8150:
8148:
8129:
8123:
8122:
8120:
8118:
8109:. 6 April 2018.
8099:
8093:
8092:
8090:
8088:
8069:
8063:
8062:
8060:
8058:
8052:
8046:. Archived from
8045:
8041:"Let's Warchalk"
8036:
8030:
8029:
8027:
8025:
8016:. Archived from
8006:
8000:
7999:
7997:
7995:
7973:
7967:
7966:
7950:
7944:
7943:
7941:
7939:
7920:
7914:
7913:
7911:
7909:
7900:. 19 July 2015.
7894:
7888:
7887:
7885:
7883:
7863:
7857:
7852:
7850:
7848:
7833:
7827:
7826:
7824:
7822:
7800:
7794:
7793:
7791:
7789:
7773:
7767:
7766:
7749:
7743:
7742:
7740:
7738:
7722:
7716:
7715:
7713:
7711:
7698:. Dayton, Ohio:
7691:
7685:
7684:
7679:
7677:
7658:
7652:
7651:
7649:
7647:
7625:
7619:
7618:
7613:. Archived from
7600:
7594:
7593:
7591:
7589:
7569:
7563:
7562:
7560:
7558:
7543:
7537:
7536:
7534:
7532:
7527:on 18 April 2015
7523:. Archived from
7517:
7511:
7510:
7508:
7506:
7491:
7485:
7484:
7482:
7480:
7465:
7459:
7458:
7456:
7454:
7439:
7433:
7432:
7425:The Digital Worm
7417:
7411:
7410:
7408:
7406:
7378:
7372:
7371:
7369:
7367:
7352:
7346:
7345:
7343:
7341:
7324:
7318:
7317:
7299:
7293:
7292:
7290:
7288:
7266:
7260:
7259:
7257:
7255:
7246:. Archived from
7235:
7229:
7215:
7209:
7208:
7166:
7160:
7159:
7129:
7123:
7122:
7120:
7118:
7112:
7105:
7096:
7090:
7089:
7087:
7085:
7065:
7059:
7058:
7056:
7054:
7038:
7032:
7031:
7029:
7027:
7012:
7006:
7005:
7003:
7001:
6979:
6973:
6972:
6957:
6951:
6950:
6935:
6929:
6927:
6925:
6923:
6917:
6910:
6901:
6895:
6894:
6892:
6890:
6874:
6868:
6867:
6855:
6849:
6848:
6843:. Archived from
6833:
6827:
6826:
6824:
6822:
6803:
6797:
6796:
6791:. Archived from
6778:
6772:
6771:
6769:
6767:
6747:
6741:
6740:
6738:
6736:
6693:
6687:
6686:
6661:
6655:
6654:
6652:
6650:
6631:
6625:
6624:
6623:
6619:
6608:
6602:
6601:
6599:
6597:
6579:
6573:
6572:
6570:
6568:
6548:
6542:
6541:
6539:
6537:
6531:
6520:
6512:
6506:
6505:
6503:
6501:
6482:
6476:
6475:
6473:
6471:
6452:
6443:
6442:
6440:
6438:
6428:
6420:
6414:
6413:
6411:
6409:
6390:
6384:
6383:
6351:
6345:
6344:
6342:
6340:
6321:
6315:
6314:
6312:
6310:
6291:
6285:
6284:
6282:
6280:
6261:
6255:
6254:
6252:
6250:
6230:
6224:
6223:
6221:
6219:
6208:Meraki Community
6200:
6194:
6193:
6191:
6189:
6169:
6163:
6160:
6154:
6153:
6143:
6133:
6109:
6103:
6102:
6100:
6098:
6087:
6081:
6080:
6078:
6076:
6065:
6059:
6058:
6057:
6055:
6020:
6014:
6013:
6011:
6009:
5965:
5952:
5951:
5927:
5921:
5920:
5886:
5880:
5879:
5851:
5835:
5829:
5826:
5820:
5819:
5783:
5770:
5764:
5758:
5752:
5746:
5745:
5743:
5741:
5727:
5721:
5720:
5710:
5701:(9): 2560–2573.
5685:
5679:
5678:
5676:
5674:
5646:
5640:
5639:
5637:
5635:
5626:. 15 June 2011.
5623:Voice of America
5614:
5608:
5607:
5605:
5603:
5583:
5577:
5576:
5574:
5572:
5550:
5544:
5543:
5541:
5539:
5514:
5508:
5507:
5505:
5503:
5482:
5476:
5475:
5473:
5471:
5449:
5443:
5442:
5440:
5438:
5416:
5410:
5409:
5407:
5405:
5383:
5377:
5376:
5374:
5372:
5363:. Archived from
5352:
5346:
5345:
5343:
5341:
5320:
5314:
5313:
5308:. Archived from
5305:The Star Tribune
5295:
5289:
5288:
5287:on 22 July 2015.
5277:
5271:
5270:
5252:
5246:
5245:
5243:
5241:
5209:
5203:
5202:
5200:
5198:
5183:
5177:
5176:
5174:
5172:
5163:. Archived from
5150:
5144:
5143:
5141:
5139:
5130:. October 2018.
5123:
5115:
5104:
5103:
5101:
5099:
5084:
5078:
5077:
5075:
5073:
5062:ElectronicsNotes
5054:
5048:
5047:
5045:
5043:
5023:
5017:
5016:
5014:
5012:
4997:
4991:
4990:
4988:
4976:
4970:
4969:
4967:
4965:
4958:everythingrf.com
4950:
4944:
4943:
4941:
4939:
4906:
4900:
4899:
4888:
4882:
4881:
4870:
4864:
4863:
4861:
4859:
4837:
4831:
4830:
4828:
4826:
4811:
4805:
4804:
4802:
4800:
4789:"Wi-Fi Alliance"
4785:
4779:
4778:
4776:
4774:
4759:
4753:
4752:
4737:
4731:
4730:
4728:
4726:
4711:
4705:
4704:
4670:
4661:
4655:
4653:
4651:
4649:
4643:
4637:. Archived from
4629:
4623:Varma, Vijay K.
4620:
4614:
4613:
4603:
4597:
4596:
4594:
4592:
4586:
4579:
4571:
4565:
4564:
4562:
4560:
4546:
4540:
4539:
4537:
4535:
4529:
4522:
4514:
4505:
4504:
4502:
4500:
4491:. Archived from
4480:
4474:
4473:
4471:
4469:
4444:
4433:
4432:
4427:
4425:
4410:
4404:
4403:
4401:
4399:
4390:. 1 April 2012.
4378:
4372:
4371:
4353:
4347:
4346:
4344:
4342:
4337:on 19 April 2023
4333:. Archived from
4322:
4316:
4315:
4297:
4291:
4290:
4272:
4266:
4265:
4263:
4261:
4256:on 19 April 2023
4241:
4235:
4234:
4232:
4230:
4225:on 19 April 2023
4221:. Archived from
4210:
4204:
4203:
4198:. Archived from
4186:
4180:
4179:
4162:
4156:
4155:
4153:
4151:
4131:
4125:
4124:
4122:
4120:
4098:
4092:
4091:
4086:
4084:
4075:. 12 July 2004.
4063:
4057:
4056:
4054:
4052:
4037:
4031:
4030:
3990:
3981:
3980:
3978:
3976:
3954:
3945:
3944:
3943:– via QUT.
3938:
3929:
3923:
3922:
3920:
3918:
3907:Wi-Fi Now Global
3898:
3892:
3891:
3889:
3887:
3878:. Archived from
3865:
3859:
3858:
3856:
3854:
3843:Wi-Fi NOW Global
3834:
3825:
3824:
3822:
3820:
3805:
3796:
3795:
3793:
3791:
3785:
3773:
3767:
3766:
3764:
3762:
3747:
3741:
3740:
3738:
3736:
3717:
3711:
3710:
3708:
3706:
3687:
3681:
3680:
3678:
3676:
3657:
3651:
3650:
3648:
3646:
3626:
3620:
3619:
3603:
3597:
3596:
3594:
3592:
3577:
3571:
3570:
3552:
3535:
3528:
3522:
3515:
3509:
3506:promiscuous mode
3502:
3493:
3486:
3480:
3477:
3471:
3468:
3462:
3454:
3198:Long-range Wi-Fi
3178:Societal aspects
3021:
3015:
2953:The more secure
2923:Securing methods
2908:network security
2896:Network security
2853:Embedded systems
2766:Wireless routers
2737:Wireless adapter
2623:pigtail and R52
2590:
2576:
2565:
2564:
2512:security cameras
2406:Distance records
2396:long-range Wi-Fi
2376:up and down fade
2283:
2282:
2196:Long-range Wi-Fi
2090:Mobile Computing
2038:internet address
2013:employs Wi-Fi's
1981:Wi-Fi's MAC and
1893:
1892:
1751:motion detection
1742:Motion detection
1397:
1374:
1168:
1161:
1154:
1147:
1134:
944:interoperability
699:interoperability
677:wireless routers
649:wireless network
646:
645:
642:
641:
638:
635:
632:
629:
608:
601:
594:
373:
287:Cellular network
227:Passive radiator
126:
103:
102:
96:security cameras
67:
65:
60:
49:
42:
38:
21:
11415:
11414:
11410:
11409:
11408:
11406:
11405:
11404:
11370:
11369:
11368:
11363:
11323:
11321:
11313:
11255:
11192:
11114:
11078:
11035:
10984:
10976:
10917:
10910:
10816:Robert Metcalfe
10671:Tim Berners-Lee
10619:
10439:Information Age
10311:
10306:
10276:
10271:
10261:
10241:
10218:
10080:
10049:
10001:
9997:Satellite radio
9970:
9967:
9937:
9932:
9909:
9863:
9823:
9725:
9473:
9465:
9173:
9165:
9047:
8933:
8630:
8625:
8595:
8590:
8512:
8494:
8466:
8373:
8371:Internet access
8368:
8333:
8315:
8313:Further reading
8310:
8309:
8277:10.1.1.543.1328
8258:
8254:
8244:
8242:
8237:. 21 May 2007.
8227:
8226:
8222:
8212:
8210:
8197:
8196:
8192:
8182:
8180:
8176:
8172:. 31 May 2011.
8165:
8161:
8160:
8156:
8146:
8144:
8131:
8130:
8126:
8116:
8114:
8101:
8100:
8096:
8086:
8084:
8071:
8070:
8066:
8056:
8054:
8050:
8043:
8037:
8033:
8023:
8021:
8008:
8007:
8003:
7993:
7991:
7974:
7970:
7951:
7947:
7937:
7935:
7922:
7921:
7917:
7907:
7905:
7896:
7895:
7891:
7881:
7879:
7864:
7860:
7846:
7844:
7835:
7834:
7830:
7820:
7818:
7801:
7797:
7787:
7785:
7774:
7770:
7751:
7750:
7746:
7736:
7734:
7723:
7719:
7709:
7707:
7692:
7688:
7675:
7673:
7659:
7655:
7645:
7643:
7626:
7622:
7617:on 2 July 2013.
7601:
7597:
7587:
7585:
7570:
7566:
7556:
7554:
7545:
7544:
7540:
7530:
7528:
7519:
7518:
7514:
7504:
7502:
7493:
7492:
7488:
7478:
7476:
7475:on 30 June 2010
7467:
7466:
7462:
7452:
7450:
7441:
7440:
7436:
7419:
7418:
7414:
7404:
7402:
7395:
7379:
7375:
7365:
7363:
7354:
7353:
7349:
7339:
7337:
7326:
7325:
7321:
7300:
7296:
7286:
7284:
7267:
7263:
7253:
7251:
7236:
7232:
7226:Wayback Machine
7216:
7212:
7197:
7167:
7163:
7130:
7126:
7116:
7114:
7110:
7103:
7097:
7093:
7083:
7081:
7066:
7062:
7052:
7050:
7039:
7035:
7025:
7023:
7014:
7013:
7009:
6999:
6997:
6980:
6976:
6959:
6958:
6954:
6937:
6936:
6932:
6921:
6919:
6915:
6908:
6902:
6898:
6888:
6886:
6875:
6871:
6856:
6852:
6835:
6834:
6830:
6820:
6818:
6805:
6804:
6800:
6779:
6775:
6765:
6763:
6748:
6744:
6734:
6732:
6694:
6690:
6662:
6658:
6648:
6646:
6633:
6632:
6628:
6621:
6616:Toh, Chai Keong
6609:
6605:
6595:
6593:
6580:
6576:
6566:
6564:
6549:
6545:
6535:
6533:
6529:
6518:
6514:
6513:
6509:
6499:
6497:
6484:
6483:
6479:
6469:
6467:
6454:
6453:
6446:
6436:
6434:
6426:
6422:
6421:
6417:
6407:
6405:
6392:
6391:
6387:
6380:
6353:
6352:
6348:
6338:
6336:
6323:
6322:
6318:
6308:
6306:
6305:on 2 March 2008
6293:
6292:
6288:
6278:
6276:
6275:on 2 March 2009
6263:
6262:
6258:
6248:
6246:
6231:
6227:
6217:
6215:
6202:
6201:
6197:
6187:
6185:
6170:
6166:
6161:
6157:
6110:
6106:
6096:
6094:
6089:
6088:
6084:
6074:
6072:
6071:(Press release)
6067:
6066:
6062:
6053:
6051:
6021:
6017:
6007:
6005:
5982:10.4000/tc.8489
5966:
5955:
5928:
5924:
5909:
5887:
5883:
5868:
5836:
5832:
5827:
5823:
5784:
5773:
5765:
5761:
5753:
5749:
5739:
5737:
5729:
5728:
5724:
5686:
5682:
5672:
5670:
5663:
5647:
5643:
5633:
5631:
5616:
5615:
5611:
5601:
5599:
5584:
5580:
5570:
5568:
5551:
5547:
5537:
5535:
5516:
5515:
5511:
5501:
5499:
5491:Washington Post
5484:
5483:
5479:
5469:
5467:
5450:
5446:
5436:
5434:
5417:
5413:
5403:
5401:
5384:
5380:
5370:
5368:
5353:
5349:
5339:
5337:
5332:. 19 May 2010.
5322:
5321:
5317:
5296:
5292:
5279:
5278:
5274:
5253:
5249:
5239:
5237:
5230:
5210:
5206:
5196:
5194:
5185:
5184:
5180:
5170:
5168:
5151:
5147:
5137:
5135:
5121:
5117:
5116:
5107:
5097:
5095:
5086:
5085:
5081:
5071:
5069:
5056:
5055:
5051:
5041:
5039:
5024:
5020:
5010:
5008:
4998:
4994:
4977:
4973:
4963:
4961:
4960:. 25 March 2023
4952:
4951:
4947:
4937:
4935:
4907:
4903:
4890:
4889:
4885:
4872:
4871:
4867:
4857:
4855:
4838:
4834:
4824:
4822:
4813:
4812:
4808:
4798:
4796:
4787:
4786:
4782:
4772:
4770:
4761:
4760:
4756:
4739:
4738:
4734:
4724:
4722:
4721:. 15 April 2019
4713:
4712:
4708:
4668:
4662:
4658:
4647:
4645:
4641:
4627:
4621:
4617:
4605:
4604:
4600:
4590:
4588:
4587:on 6 March 2007
4584:
4577:
4573:
4572:
4568:
4558:
4556:
4548:
4547:
4543:
4533:
4531:
4527:
4520:
4516:
4515:
4508:
4498:
4496:
4481:
4477:
4467:
4465:
4445:
4436:
4423:
4421:
4412:
4411:
4407:
4397:
4395:
4380:
4379:
4375:
4354:
4350:
4340:
4338:
4323:
4319:
4298:
4294:
4273:
4269:
4259:
4257:
4242:
4238:
4228:
4226:
4211:
4207:
4188:
4187:
4183:
4164:
4163:
4159:
4149:
4147:
4132:
4128:
4118:
4116:
4099:
4095:
4082:
4080:
4065:
4064:
4060:
4050:
4048:
4039:
4038:
4034:
3991:
3984:
3974:
3972:
3955:
3948:
3936:
3930:
3926:
3916:
3914:
3899:
3895:
3885:
3883:
3866:
3862:
3852:
3850:
3835:
3828:
3818:
3816:
3807:
3806:
3799:
3789:
3787:
3783:
3775:
3774:
3770:
3760:
3758:
3749:
3748:
3744:
3734:
3732:
3727:. 1 July 2020.
3719:
3718:
3714:
3704:
3702:
3689:
3688:
3684:
3674:
3672:
3661:"Certification"
3659:
3658:
3654:
3644:
3642:
3627:
3623:
3604:
3600:
3590:
3588:
3579:
3578:
3574:
3553:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3538:
3529:
3525:
3516:
3512:
3503:
3496:
3487:
3483:
3478:
3474:
3469:
3465:
3455:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3371:
3291:
3265:
3259:
3257:Health concerns
3246:
3225:
3200:
3194:
3186:
3180:
3105:
3099:
3093:
3087:
3028:
3019:
3013:
3012:Common format:
2925:
2904:
2898:
2855:
2842:
2822:data-link layer
2818:network bridges
2814:
2802:AirPort Utility
2763:
2753:, Cardbus, and
2739:
2708:
2646:OSBRiDGE 3GN –
2602:
2588:
2574:
2536:
2435:
2429:
2408:
2360:
2341:
2335:
2250:
2232:(100 mW).
2213:
2198:
2192:
2148:
2122:digital cameras
2068:
2051:
2046:
1972:Ethernet frames
1956:
1948:Main articles:
1946:
1829:radio frequency
1825:
1819:
1763:
1744:
1723:been proposed.
1701:
1593:
1587:
1571:Wireless Andrew
1505:Internet access
1485:
1480:
1447:) and Wi-Fi 6 (
1424:
1395:
1372:
1192:
1190:
1185:
1183:
1175:
1166:
1165:
1133:
1075:
1002:Motorola Canopy
924:
839:John O'Sullivan
800:NCR Corporation
789:microwave ovens
781:
775:
707:Wi-Fi Certified
695:Wi-Fi Certified
673:Internet access
659:of devices and
626:
622:
612:
583:
582:
579:
576:
570:
566:Spread spectrum
561:Reconfiguration
548:
545:
539:
514:
506:
505:
504:
424:
423:Characteristics
416:
415:
414:
374:
371:
364:
363:
355:
349:
331:
323:
322:
321:
271:
263:
262:
261:
186:
178:
177:
176:
136:
80:gaming consoles
63:
61:
58:
35:
32:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
11413:
11403:
11402:
11397:
11392:
11387:
11382:
11365:
11364:
11362:
11361:
11351:
11341:
11331:
11318:
11315:
11314:
11312:
11311:
11304:
11299:
11294:
11289:
11284:
11283:
11282:
11277:
11269:
11263:
11261:
11257:
11256:
11254:
11253:
11248:
11243:
11238:
11233:
11228:
11223:
11218:
11213:
11208:
11202:
11200:
11194:
11193:
11191:
11190:
11185:
11180:
11175:
11170:
11165:
11160:
11155:
11150:
11145:
11140:
11135:
11130:
11124:
11122:
11116:
11115:
11113:
11112:
11107:
11102:
11097:
11092:
11086:
11084:
11080:
11079:
11077:
11076:
11071:
11066:
11061:
11056:
11051:
11049:Space-division
11045:
11043:
11037:
11036:
11034:
11033:
11028:
11027:
11026:
11021:
11011:
11010:
11009:
10999:
10994:
10988:
10986:
10978:
10977:
10975:
10974:
10973:
10972:
10962:
10961:
10960:
10950:
10945:
10940:
10939:
10938:
10928:
10922:
10920:
10912:
10911:
10909:
10908:
10903:
10898:
10893:
10888:
10886:Camille Tissot
10883:
10878:
10873:
10868:
10863:
10861:Claude Shannon
10858:
10853:
10851:Tivadar Puskás
10848:
10843:
10838:
10833:
10828:
10823:
10821:Antonio Meucci
10818:
10813:
10808:
10803:
10798:
10793:
10791:Charles K. Kao
10788:
10783:
10778:
10773:
10768:
10766:Harold Hopkins
10763:
10758:
10753:
10748:
10743:
10738:
10733:
10728:
10723:
10718:
10713:
10708:
10703:
10698:
10693:
10688:
10683:
10678:
10673:
10668:
10666:Emile Berliner
10663:
10658:
10653:
10648:
10643:
10638:
10633:
10627:
10625:
10621:
10620:
10618:
10617:
10612:
10607:
10605:Videotelephony
10602:
10597:
10596:
10595:
10590:
10580:
10573:
10568:
10562:
10557:
10552:
10547:
10542:
10541:
10540:
10535:
10530:
10520:
10519:
10518:
10508:
10503:
10501:Radiotelephone
10498:
10493:
10488:
10483:
10478:
10473:
10468:
10467:
10466:
10456:
10451:
10446:
10441:
10436:
10431:
10426:
10421:
10416:
10411:
10406:
10405:
10404:
10399:
10394:
10389:
10387:Internet video
10379:
10378:
10377:
10372:
10367:
10362:
10352:
10347:
10342:
10337:
10332:
10327:
10321:
10319:
10313:
10312:
10305:
10304:
10297:
10290:
10282:
10273:
10272:
10270:
10269:
10264:
10259:
10255:
10249:
10247:
10243:
10242:
10240:
10239:
10233:
10226:
10224:
10220:
10219:
10217:
10216:
10211:
10205:
10199:
10194:
10188:
10182:
10181:
10180:
10175:
10170:
10165:
10155:
10150:
10139:
10138:
10137:
10131:
10125:
10114:
10113:
10112:
10106:
10101:
10088:
10086:
10082:
10081:
10079:
10078:
10073:
10068:
10063:
10057:
10055:
10051:
10050:
10048:
10047:
10042:
10037:
10036:
10035:
10025:
10020:
10015:
10009:
10007:
10003:
10002:
10000:
9999:
9994:
9989:
9987:Internet radio
9984:
9978:
9976:
9972:
9971:
9966:
9965:
9958:
9951:
9943:
9934:
9933:
9931:
9930:
9925:
9920:
9914:
9911:
9910:
9908:
9907:
9902:
9897:
9892:
9887:
9882:
9877:
9871:
9869:
9865:
9864:
9862:
9861:
9856:
9851:
9846:
9841:
9835:
9833:
9829:
9828:
9825:
9824:
9822:
9821:
9816:
9811:
9806:
9801:
9796:
9791:
9786:
9781:
9776:
9771:
9766:
9756:
9751:
9746:
9735:
9733:
9727:
9726:
9724:
9723:
9711:
9708:
9705:
9702:
9699:
9687:
9684:
9681:
9676:
9673:
9670:
9665:
9653:
9650:
9647:
9642:
9637:
9632:
9627:
9624:
9614:
9602:
9599:
9594:
9589:
9584:
9579:
9574:
9569:
9564:
9559:
9547:
9542:
9537:
9532:
9527:
9522:
9517:
9512:
9507:
9502:
9497:
9492:
9487:
9481:
9479:
9467:
9466:
9464:
9463:
9458:
9453:
9448:
9443:
9438:
9433:
9428:
9423:
9418:
9413:
9408:
9403:
9398:
9393:
9388:
9383:
9378:
9373:
9368:
9363:
9358:
9353:
9348:
9343:
9338:
9333:
9328:
9323:
9318:
9311:
9306:
9301:
9296:
9291:
9284:
9279:
9274:
9269:
9264:
9257:
9252:
9247:
9242:
9237:
9232:
9227:
9222:
9217:
9212:
9207:
9202:
9197:
9192:
9187:
9181:
9179:
9167:
9166:
9164:
9163:
9158:
9148:
9143:
9138:
9133:
9128:
9123:
9118:
9113:
9108:
9103:
9098:
9093:
9088:
9083:
9078:
9073:
9068:
9063:
9057:
9055:
9049:
9048:
9046:
9045:
9040:
9035:
9030:
9025:
9020:
9015:
9014:
9013:
9003:
8998:
8993:
8988:
8983:
8978:
8973:
8968:
8963:
8958:
8952:
8950:
8941:
8935:
8934:
8932:
8931:
8926:
8921:
8916:
8911:
8906:
8901:
8896:
8891:
8886:
8881:
8876:
8871:
8866:
8861:
8856:
8851:
8846:
8841:
8836:
8831:
8826:
8821:
8816:
8811:
8806:
8801:
8796:
8791:
8786:
8781:
8776:
8771:
8766:
8761:
8756:
8751:
8746:
8741:
8736:
8731:
8726:
8721:
8716:
8711:
8706:
8701:
8696:
8691:
8686:
8681:
8676:
8671:
8666:
8665:
8664:
8654:
8649:
8644:
8638:
8636:
8632:
8631:
8628:IEEE standards
8624:
8623:
8616:
8609:
8601:
8592:
8591:
8589:
8588:
8587:
8586:
8576:
8571:
8566:
8561:
8556:
8551:
8546:
8541:
8536:
8531:
8526:
8520:
8518:
8514:
8513:
8511:
8510:
8504:
8502:
8496:
8495:
8493:
8492:
8487:
8482:
8476:
8474:
8468:
8467:
8465:
8464:
8463:
8462:
8452:
8447:
8442:
8437:
8432:
8427:
8422:
8417:
8412:
8407:
8402:
8397:
8392:
8387:
8381:
8379:
8375:
8374:
8367:
8366:
8359:
8352:
8344:
8338:
8337:
8331:
8314:
8311:
8308:
8307:
8270:(2): 224–232.
8252:
8220:
8209:on 25 May 2016
8190:
8154:
8143:on 22 May 2016
8124:
8094:
8064:
8053:on 5 July 2008
8031:
8001:
7968:
7945:
7915:
7889:
7858:
7828:
7795:
7768:
7758:Wi-Fi Alliance
7744:
7717:
7686:
7653:
7620:
7595:
7564:
7538:
7512:
7486:
7460:
7445:. Apple, Inc.
7434:
7412:
7393:
7373:
7347:
7319:
7294:
7261:
7230:
7210:
7195:
7161:
7142:(2): 928–937.
7124:
7091:
7060:
7033:
7007:
6974:
6952:
6930:
6896:
6869:
6850:
6841:Wi-Fi Alliance
6828:
6811:Wi-Fi Alliance
6798:
6773:
6742:
6688:
6677:(3): 402–414.
6656:
6626:
6603:
6574:
6543:
6507:
6477:
6444:
6415:
6385:
6378:
6357:Specifications
6346:
6316:
6286:
6256:
6225:
6195:
6184:on 3 July 2017
6164:
6155:
6104:
6082:
6060:
6015:
5953:
5922:
5908:978-1595931955
5907:
5881:
5866:
5849:10.1.1.13.4478
5830:
5821:
5794:(5): 344–352.
5771:
5759:
5747:
5722:
5680:
5661:
5641:
5609:
5578:
5545:
5509:
5477:
5444:
5411:
5378:
5347:
5315:
5290:
5272:
5247:
5228:
5204:
5178:
5145:
5105:
5079:
5049:
5018:
4992:
4971:
4945:
4901:
4883:
4865:
4832:
4806:
4791:. TechTarget.
4780:
4754:
4732:
4706:
4656:
4615:
4598:
4566:
4541:
4506:
4475:
4448:Doctorow, Cory
4434:
4405:
4373:
4348:
4317:
4292:
4267:
4236:
4205:
4181:
4157:
4126:
4093:
4058:
4032:
3982:
3946:
3924:
3893:
3860:
3826:
3797:
3768:
3742:
3712:
3695:Wi-Fi Alliance
3682:
3652:
3621:
3598:
3572:
3546:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3537:
3536:
3523:
3510:
3494:
3481:
3472:
3463:
3448:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3366:
3365:
3352:
3351:
3338:
3337:
3331:
3325:
3319:
3313:
3307:
3301:
3290:
3287:
3258:
3255:
3245:
3242:
3224:
3221:
3193:
3190:
3179:
3176:
3089:Main article:
3086:
3083:
3027:
3024:
3023:
3022:
3016:
2924:
2921:
2900:Main article:
2897:
2894:
2887:In June 2014,
2854:
2851:
2841:
2838:
2813:
2810:
2762:
2759:
2738:
2735:
2707:
2704:
2637:Czech Republic
2601:
2598:
2595:
2594:
2580:
2535:
2532:
2495:is viable and
2480:group of three
2428:
2425:
2407:
2404:
2384:low-e coatings
2359:
2356:
2337:Main article:
2334:
2331:
2328:
2327:
2317:
2307:
2294:
2249:
2246:
2226:European Union
2224:(EIRP) in the
2212:
2209:
2191:
2188:
2147:
2144:
2112:, such as the
2082:Chai Keong Toh
2067:
2064:
2050:
2049:Infrastructure
2047:
2045:
2042:
2030:internet layer
1983:physical layer
1945:
1942:
1939:
1938:
1928:
1914:
1904:
1821:Main article:
1818:
1815:
1762:
1759:
1743:
1740:
1700:
1697:
1665:digital kiosks
1586:
1583:
1552:mobile hotspot
1525:captive portal
1521:Wi-Fi hotspots
1493:WiFi Knowledge
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1437:Wi-Fi Alliance
1427:
1426:
1402:
1401:
1398:
1393:
1392:expected 2028
1390:
1385:
1379:
1378:
1375:
1369:
1368:expected 2024
1366:
1361:
1355:
1354:
1351:
1345:
1344:
1341:
1338:
1335:
1330:
1324:
1323:
1320:
1317:
1314:
1309:
1303:
1302:
1299:
1296:
1293:
1288:
1284:
1283:
1280:
1277:
1272:
1264:
1263:
1260:
1257:
1254:
1249:
1241:
1240:
1237:
1234:
1231:
1226:
1218:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1203:
1195:
1194:
1187:
1180:
1177:
1172:
1164:
1163:
1156:
1149:
1141:
1136:
1132:
1129:
1091:Wi-Fi Alliance
1074:
1071:
1007:fixed wireless
923:
920:
882:, Bruce Tuch,
853:Wi-Fi Alliance
777:Main article:
774:
771:
728:(120 mm)
691:Wi-Fi Alliance
614:
613:
611:
610:
603:
596:
588:
585:
584:
581:
580:
573:
569:
568:
563:
557:
556:
555:
549:
542:
538:
537:
532:
527:
522:
516:
515:
512:
511:
508:
507:
503:
502:
497:
492:
490:Radio spectrum
487:
482:
477:
472:
467:
462:
457:
452:
447:
442:
437:
432:
426:
425:
422:
421:
418:
417:
413:
412:
410:Vertical plane
407:
402:
397:
392:
387:
382:
376:
375:
370:
369:
366:
365:
362:
361:
356:
345:
343:
338:
332:
329:
328:
325:
324:
320:
319:
314:
309:
304:
299:
294:
289:
284:
279:
273:
272:
269:
268:
265:
264:
260:
259:
254:
249:
244:
239:
234:
229:
224:
219:
214:
209:
204:
199:
194:
188:
187:
184:
183:
180:
179:
175:
174:
169:
164:
162:Satellite dish
159:
154:
149:
144:
138:
137:
132:
131:
128:
127:
119:
118:
112:
111:
99:
98:
73:
69:
68:
55:
51:
50:
33:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
11412:
11401:
11398:
11396:
11393:
11391:
11388:
11386:
11383:
11381:
11378:
11377:
11375:
11360:
11352:
11350:
11342:
11340:
11332:
11330:
11320:
11319:
11316:
11309:
11305:
11303:
11300:
11298:
11295:
11293:
11290:
11288:
11285:
11281:
11278:
11276:
11273:
11272:
11270:
11268:
11265:
11264:
11262:
11258:
11252:
11249:
11247:
11244:
11242:
11239:
11237:
11234:
11232:
11229:
11227:
11224:
11222:
11219:
11217:
11214:
11212:
11209:
11207:
11204:
11203:
11201:
11199:
11195:
11189:
11186:
11184:
11181:
11179:
11176:
11174:
11171:
11169:
11166:
11164:
11161:
11159:
11156:
11154:
11151:
11149:
11146:
11144:
11141:
11139:
11136:
11134:
11131:
11129:
11126:
11125:
11123:
11121:
11117:
11111:
11108:
11106:
11103:
11101:
11098:
11096:
11093:
11091:
11088:
11087:
11085:
11081:
11075:
11074:Code-division
11072:
11070:
11067:
11065:
11062:
11060:
11059:Time-division
11057:
11055:
11052:
11050:
11047:
11046:
11044:
11042:
11038:
11032:
11029:
11025:
11022:
11020:
11017:
11016:
11015:
11012:
11008:
11005:
11004:
11003:
11000:
10998:
10995:
10993:
10990:
10989:
10987:
10985:and switching
10983:
10979:
10971:
10968:
10967:
10966:
10963:
10959:
10956:
10955:
10954:
10951:
10949:
10946:
10944:
10941:
10937:
10936:optical fiber
10934:
10933:
10932:
10929:
10927:
10926:Coaxial cable
10924:
10923:
10921:
10919:
10913:
10907:
10904:
10902:
10899:
10897:
10894:
10892:
10889:
10887:
10884:
10882:
10879:
10877:
10874:
10872:
10869:
10867:
10864:
10862:
10859:
10857:
10854:
10852:
10849:
10847:
10844:
10842:
10841:Radia Perlman
10839:
10837:
10834:
10832:
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10731:Lee de Forest
10729:
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10726:Thomas Edison
10724:
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10716:Donald Davies
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10701:Claude Chappe
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10545:Smoke signals
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10523:Semiconductor
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10382:Digital media
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9011:WiMAX · d · e
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7666:"DNS forgery"
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7309:Network World
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7276:HowStuffWorks
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6989:Network World
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6788:Network World
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5655:. CRC Press.
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5262:The Telegraph
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4554:watech.wa.gov
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4072:The Economist
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3412:Passive Wi-Fi
3410:
3408:
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3400:
3398:
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3017:
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2999:
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2893:
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2847:
2837:
2835:
2829:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2809:
2807:
2803:
2798:
2794:
2793:optical modem
2790:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2758:
2756:
2752:
2743:
2734:
2732:
2728:
2721:
2717:
2712:
2703:
2701:
2700:mobile phones
2697:
2692:
2690:
2685:
2683:
2679:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2665:
2660:
2653:
2649:
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2606:
2585:
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2571:
2567:
2566:
2563:
2560:
2555:
2551:
2549:
2543:
2540:
2531:
2527:
2525:
2524:amateur radio
2521:
2520:baby monitors
2517:
2516:video senders
2513:
2508:
2506:
2500:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2467:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2447:
2439:
2434:
2424:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2403:
2399:
2397:
2391:
2389:
2385:
2382:in concrete,
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2364:line-of-sight
2355:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2340:
2322:
2318:
2312:
2308:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2289:
2285:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2273:
2271:
2267:
2262:
2259:
2255:
2245:
2243:
2239:
2233:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2197:
2187:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2168:
2165:
2157:
2156:beacon frames
2152:
2143:
2141:
2136:
2134:
2129:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2108:
2103:
2101:
2097:
2096:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2078:
2076:
2074:
2063:
2055:
2041:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2018:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
1998:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1979:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1968:802.11 frames
1960:
1955:
1951:
1933:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1915:
1909:
1905:
1899:
1895:
1894:
1891:
1888:
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1879:
1877:
1872:
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1866:
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1844:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1824:
1814:
1812:
1807:
1804:
1799:
1795:
1790:
1786:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1775:carrier waves
1772:
1768:
1758:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1747:Wi-Fi sensing
1739:
1737:
1736:IEEE 802.11az
1733:
1732:IEEE 802.11mc
1729:
1724:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1696:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1657:New York City
1654:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1639:Boris Johnson
1636:
1631:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1608:
1606:
1597:
1592:
1582:
1580:
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1563:
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1414:
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1407:
1403:
1389:
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1365:
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1360:
1357:
1356:
1350:
1347:
1346:
1334:
1329:
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1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1304:
1292:
1289:
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1270:
1266:
1265:
1253:
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1247:
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1242:
1230:
1227:
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1219:
1207:
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1201:
1197:
1196:
1188:
1181:
1178:
1173:
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1169:
1162:
1157:
1155:
1150:
1148:
1143:
1142:
1139:
1128:
1126:
1122:
1116:
1113:
1109:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1079:
1073:Certification
1070:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1051:
1050:
1044:
1042:
1041:MAC addresses
1038:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1008:
1003:
998:
996:
992:
988:
987:high fidelity
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
959:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
919:
917:
913:
912:
906:
904:
899:
894:
891:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
860:
856:
854:
851:In 1999, the
849:
847:
842:
840:
836:
832:
828:
823:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
792:
790:
786:
780:
770:
769:per second).
768:
764:
760:
755:
754:line-of-sight
746:
742:
739:
735:
731:
726:
722:
718:
715:
710:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
644:
620:
609:
604:
602:
597:
595:
590:
589:
587:
586:
578:
572:
571:
567:
564:
562:
559:
558:
554:
550:
547:
541:
540:
536:
533:
531:
528:
526:
523:
521:
520:Beam steering
518:
517:
510:
509:
501:
498:
496:
493:
491:
488:
486:
483:
481:
478:
476:
473:
471:
468:
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463:
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453:
451:
448:
446:
443:
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438:
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433:
431:
428:
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419:
411:
408:
406:
403:
401:
398:
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391:
388:
386:
383:
381:
378:
377:
368:
367:
360:
357:
353:
348:
344:
342:
339:
337:
334:
333:
327:
326:
318:
315:
313:
310:
308:
305:
303:
300:
298:
295:
293:
290:
288:
285:
283:
282:Amateur radio
280:
278:
275:
274:
267:
266:
258:
255:
253:
250:
248:
245:
243:
240:
238:
235:
233:
230:
228:
225:
223:
220:
218:
215:
213:
210:
208:
205:
203:
202:Coaxial cable
200:
198:
195:
193:
190:
189:
182:
181:
173:
170:
168:
165:
163:
160:
158:
155:
153:
150:
148:
145:
143:
140:
139:
135:
130:
129:
125:
121:
120:
117:
114:
113:
109:
105:
104:
97:
93:
89:
85:
84:smart devices
81:
77:
74:
70:
56:
52:
48:
43:
37:
30:
19:
11041:Multiplexing
10916:Transmission
10881:Nikola Tesla
10871:Henry Sutton
10826:Samuel Morse
10756:Robert Hooke
10721:Amos Dolbear
10656:John Bardeen
10575:
10555:Telautograph
10459:Mobile phone
10414:Edholm's law
10397:social media
10330:Broadcasting
10253:Broadcasting
10223:Technologies
10214:Wireless USB
10167:
10148:Mobile WiMAX
10104:5G New Radio
9917:
9713:
9689:
9655:
9604:
9549:
9475:
9313:
9286:
9259:
8507:
8500:Wireless LAN
8490:Wireless USB
8472:Wireless PAN
8321:
8267:
8261:
8255:
8243:. Retrieved
8232:
8223:
8211:. Retrieved
8207:the original
8193:
8181:. Retrieved
8157:
8145:. Retrieved
8141:the original
8127:
8115:. Retrieved
8107:www.ncta.com
8106:
8097:
8085:. Retrieved
8076:
8067:
8055:. Retrieved
8048:the original
8034:
8022:. Retrieved
8018:the original
8013:
8004:
7992:. Retrieved
7981:
7971:
7958:
7948:
7936:. Retrieved
7927:
7918:
7906:. Retrieved
7892:
7880:. Retrieved
7871:
7861:
7845:. Retrieved
7831:
7819:. Retrieved
7810:Ars Technica
7808:
7798:
7786:. Retrieved
7771:
7763:the original
7756:
7747:
7735:. Retrieved
7731:the original
7720:
7708:. Retrieved
7689:
7681:
7674:. Retrieved
7656:
7644:. Retrieved
7633:
7623:
7615:the original
7608:
7598:
7586:. Retrieved
7577:
7567:
7555:. Retrieved
7541:
7529:. Retrieved
7525:the original
7515:
7503:. Retrieved
7489:
7477:. Retrieved
7473:the original
7463:
7451:. Retrieved
7437:
7429:the original
7424:
7415:
7403:. Retrieved
7383:
7376:
7364:. Retrieved
7350:
7338:. Retrieved
7328:
7322:
7307:
7297:
7285:. Retrieved
7274:
7264:
7254:12 September
7252:. Retrieved
7248:the original
7243:
7233:
7213:
7170:
7164:
7139:
7133:
7127:
7115:. Retrieved
7094:
7082:. Retrieved
7063:
7051:. Retrieved
7036:
7024:. Retrieved
7010:
6998:. Retrieved
6987:
6977:
6969:the original
6965:Wi-Fi Planet
6964:
6955:
6942:
6933:
6920:. Retrieved
6899:
6887:. Retrieved
6872:
6863:
6853:
6845:the original
6831:
6819:. Retrieved
6801:
6793:the original
6786:
6776:
6764:. Retrieved
6755:
6745:
6733:. Retrieved
6711:(3): 21–29.
6708:
6704:
6691:
6674:
6668:
6659:
6647:. Retrieved
6638:
6629:
6606:
6594:. Retrieved
6588:. InformIT.
6584:
6577:
6565:. Retrieved
6557:GadgetReview
6556:
6546:
6534:. Retrieved
6527:the original
6522:
6510:
6498:. Retrieved
6480:
6468:. Retrieved
6459:
6435:. Retrieved
6430:
6418:
6406:. Retrieved
6397:
6388:
6355:
6349:
6337:. Retrieved
6328:
6319:
6307:. Retrieved
6303:the original
6298:
6289:
6277:. Retrieved
6273:the original
6268:
6259:
6249:19 September
6247:. Retrieved
6238:
6228:
6218:19 September
6216:. Retrieved
6207:
6198:
6186:. Retrieved
6182:the original
6177:
6167:
6158:
6124:(3): 87–97.
6121:
6117:
6107:
6095:. Retrieved
6085:
6073:. Retrieved
6063:
6052:, retrieved
6032:
6028:
6018:
6006:. Retrieved
5973:
5939:
5935:
5925:
5890:
5884:
5839:
5833:
5824:
5791:
5787:
5762:
5750:
5738:. Retrieved
5734:
5725:
5698:
5694:
5683:
5671:. Retrieved
5651:
5644:
5632:. Retrieved
5621:
5612:
5600:. Retrieved
5591:
5581:
5569:. Retrieved
5558:
5548:
5536:. Retrieved
5521:
5512:
5502:17 September
5500:. Retrieved
5489:
5480:
5468:. Retrieved
5457:
5447:
5437:17 September
5435:. Retrieved
5424:
5414:
5402:. Retrieved
5391:
5381:
5369:. Retrieved
5365:the original
5360:
5350:
5338:. Retrieved
5327:
5318:
5310:the original
5303:
5293:
5285:the original
5275:
5260:
5250:
5238:. Retrieved
5218:
5207:
5195:. Retrieved
5191:the original
5181:
5169:. Retrieved
5165:the original
5158:
5148:
5136:. Retrieved
5125:
5096:. Retrieved
5082:
5070:. Retrieved
5061:
5052:
5040:. Retrieved
5031:
5021:
5009:. Retrieved
5005:
4995:
4974:
4962:. Retrieved
4957:
4948:
4936:. Retrieved
4920:
4914:
4904:
4895:
4886:
4877:
4868:
4856:. Retrieved
4845:
4835:
4823:. Retrieved
4809:
4797:. Retrieved
4783:
4771:. Retrieved
4757:
4749:the original
4735:
4723:. Retrieved
4718:
4709:
4679:(1): 23–29.
4676:
4672:
4659:
4646:. Retrieved
4639:the original
4631:
4618:
4610:
4606:
4601:
4589:. Retrieved
4582:the original
4569:
4559:27 September
4557:. Retrieved
4553:
4544:
4532:. Retrieved
4497:. Retrieved
4493:the original
4489:Wi-Fi Planet
4488:
4478:
4466:. Retrieved
4455:
4429:
4424:21 September
4422:. Retrieved
4408:
4396:. Retrieved
4385:
4376:
4361:
4351:
4339:. Retrieved
4335:the original
4331:Ars Technica
4330:
4320:
4305:
4295:
4282:Ars Technica
4280:
4270:
4258:. Retrieved
4254:the original
4249:
4239:
4227:. Retrieved
4223:the original
4218:
4208:
4200:the original
4193:
4184:
4169:
4160:
4148:. Retrieved
4139:
4129:
4117:. Retrieved
4106:
4096:
4088:
4081:. Retrieved
4070:
4061:
4049:. Retrieved
4035:
4002:
3998:
3973:. Retrieved
3962:
3940:
3927:
3915:. Retrieved
3906:
3896:
3884:. Retrieved
3880:the original
3873:
3863:
3851:. Retrieved
3842:
3817:. Retrieved
3788:. Retrieved
3781:the original
3771:
3761:18 September
3759:. Retrieved
3745:
3733:. Retrieved
3724:
3715:
3705:15 September
3703:. Retrieved
3694:
3685:
3673:. Retrieved
3664:
3655:
3643:. Retrieved
3635:The Guardian
3634:
3624:
3611:
3601:
3589:. Retrieved
3575:
3562:The Atlantic
3560:
3550:
3526:
3518:
3513:
3484:
3475:
3466:
3458:
3452:
3437:Wi-Fi Direct
3355:
3353:
3339:
3292:
3289:Alternatives
3280:
3273:
3266:
3251:
3247:
3234:
3226:
3217:solar panels
3201:
3187:
3174:activities.
3172:
3144:
3121:
3110:
3106:
3085:Piggybacking
3076:
3060:
3031:
3029:
2995:
2989:
2982:
2977:
2952:
2934:
2926:
2917:
2905:
2886:
2879:
2875:
2864:
2843:
2830:
2815:
2764:
2748:
2724:
2706:Access point
2693:
2686:
2661:
2657:
2556:
2552:
2544:
2541:
2537:
2528:
2509:
2501:
2479:
2475:
2468:
2452:
2427:Interference
2409:
2400:
2392:
2361:
2352:
2349:
2342:
2274:
2263:
2251:
2234:
2214:
2206:
2199:
2186:topologies.
2169:
2161:
2137:
2133:Wi-Fi Direct
2130:
2124:, and other
2104:
2099:
2093:
2089:
2079:
2072:
2069:
2060:
2019:
1999:
1980:
1965:
1880:
1873:
1869:
1853:interference
1845:
1826:
1808:
1791:
1787:
1767:data packets
1764:
1745:
1725:
1702:
1685:
1661:phone booths
1655:
1632:
1628:its provider
1609:
1602:
1564:
1545:
1518:
1502:
1492:
1467:
1466:, 802.11ax (
1459:
1455:
1453:
1443:), Wi-Fi 5 (
1434:
1430:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1405:
1269:Wi-Fi 3
1268:
1246:Wi-Fi 2
1245:
1223:Wi-Fi 1
1222:
1200:Wi-Fi 0
1199:
1117:
1108:WPA and WPA2
1084:
1066:
1054:
1047:
1045:
1034:
1028:
1005:
999:
994:
991:high quality
990:
986:
978:
966:
962:
960:
955:
951:
947:
931:
927:
925:
914:held in the
909:
907:
895:
892:
865:
850:
843:
824:
793:
782:
751:
711:
706:
694:
686:
685:
618:
617:
390:Ground plane
311:
277:Antenna farm
134:Common types
36:
11241:NPL network
10953:Radio waves
10891:Alfred Vail
10801:Hedy Lamarr
10786:Dawon Kahng
10746:Elisha Gray
10706:Yogen Dalal
10631:Nasir Ahmed
10565:Teleprinter
10429:Heliographs
10122:Terrestrial
9490:legacy mode
8077:nces.ed.gov
7710:28 February
7578:Networkbits
7531:28 November
6649:19 December
6567:18 November
6500:20 November
6309:9 September
6279:9 September
5942:: 146–170.
5740:19 December
5538:17 November
5072:10 November
4847:PC Magazine
4591:30 November
4468:21 December
4457:Boing Boing
4398:27 February
4150:28 November
4119:28 November
3917:27 November
3735:23 November
3349:power lines
3223:Work habits
3205:solar power
3140:warchalking
2944:Aircrack-ng
2751:ExpressCard
2729:, relaying
2727:network hub
2664:short-range
2613:RouterBoard
2497:recommended
2460:hidden node
2238:propagation
2220:in the US.
2218:FCC Part 15
2190:Performance
2114:Nintendo DS
2107:multiplayer
2098:, 2002 and
1991:60 GHz
1989:, 5, 6, or
1954:IEEE 802.11
1798:time-shared
1796:and can be
1794:half duplex
1699:Geolocation
1647:Westminster
1624:Minneapolis
1541:cable modem
1539:modem or a
1171:Generation
1140:generations
1121:Super Wi-Fi
1103:IEEE 802.11
1057:service set
1049:Ad hoc mode
794:In 1991 in
665:radio waves
653:IEEE 802.11
530:Beamforming
435:Directivity
385:Focal cloud
247:Transmitter
88:televisions
11374:Categories
11287:Antarctica
11246:Toasternet
11168:Television
10651:Paul Baran
10583:Television
10567:(teletype)
10560:Telegraphy
10538:transistor
10516:Phryctoria
10486:Photophone
10464:Smartphone
10454:Mass media
9868:Superseded
8939:802 series
8564:Muni Wi-Fi
8455:Power-line
8024:14 October
7821:21 October
7788:21 October
7557:9 February
7405:26 October
6766:14 October
6756:Techsansar
6612:US 5987011
6437:14 October
6131:1901.00715
6097:24 October
6075:24 October
6054:24 October
5571:26 January
5470:26 January
5214:Hayes, Vic
5098:24 October
5042:9 November
4986:2303.10442
4964:21 January
4896:wiisfi.com
4773:22 October
4648:16 October
4219:forbes.com
4005:(2): 147.
3675:1 November
3645:1 November
3542:References
3196:See also:
3182:See also:
3124:wardriving
3072:passphrase
3063:encryption
2797:web server
2682:RF circuit
2671:fabricated
2534:Throughput
2194:See also:
2172:redundancy
2028:below the
2026:link layer
2011:IEEE 802.2
1645:including
1575:Pittsburgh
1529:businesses
1400:2.4, 5, 6
1377:2.4, 5, 6
1353:2.4, 5, 6
884:Cees Links
868:Apple Inc.
796:Nieuwegein
535:Small cell
513:Techniques
440:Efficiency
430:Array gain
185:Components
167:Television
64:1997-09-21
54:Introduced
11271:Americas
11260:Locations
11231:Internet2
10992:Bandwidth
10696:Vint Cerf
10593:streaming
10571:Telephone
10511:Semaphore
10402:streaming
10267:Microwave
10134:Satellite
10085:Standards
9743:Bluetooth
8569:Satellite
8480:Bluetooth
8460:Broadband
8435:IEEE 1901
8272:CiteSeerX
8057:9 October
8014:NoCat.net
7983:The Verge
7930:. zxing.
7847:1 January
7366:11 August
7340:11 August
7187:2117/1234
6735:8 October
6697:Toh, C.-K
6665:Toh, C.-K
6470:18 August
6408:18 August
6339:18 August
6150:2051-3305
6049:236299935
5998:165080615
5990:0248-6016
5917:232045615
5844:CiteSeerX
5808:0197-2243
5717:1558-0660
5673:6 October
5592:The Verge
5404:6 January
5240:6 October
5197:6 October
5171:6 October
5006:The Verge
4693:1540-7993
4499:31 August
4083:2 January
4051:23 August
4027:257090965
4019:2520-1131
3819:16 August
3790:31 August
3665:Wi-Fi.org
3612:Webopedia
3591:7 January
3532:OSI model
3304:Bluetooth
3077:In 2018,
2816:Wireless
2808:and iOS.
2789:DSL modem
2698:. Unlike
2684:) chips.
2635:) in the
2615:112 with
2413:El Águila
2270:waveguide
2086:ThinkPads
1883:aggregate
1865:Bluetooth
1728:Wi-Fi RTT
1673:landlines
1651:Islington
1610:In 2005,
1585:City-wide
1573:, at its
1340:0.4–9608
1319:6.5–6933
1191:frequency
1184:link rate
1176:standard
1020:Bluetooth
961:The name
926:The name
880:Vic Hayes
816:Bell Labs
812:Vic Hayes
785:ISM bands
525:Beam tilt
405:Side lobe
395:Main lobe
380:Boresight
257:Twin-lead
217:Feed line
11339:Category
11226:Internet
11216:CYCLADES
11133:Ethernet
11083:Concepts
11007:terminal
10958:wireless
10781:Bob Kahn
10624:Pioneers
10449:Internet
10340:Cable TV
10142:IEEE 802
10136:(DVB-S2)
10128:Handheld
9918:See also
9875:754-1985
9832:Proposed
9176:Ethernet
8662:Revision
8574:UMTS-TDD
8425:HomePlug
8405:Ethernet
8302:13826364
8294:15784787
8239:Archived
8234:BBC News
8174:Archived
8111:Archived
8081:Archived
7988:Archived
7963:Archived
7959:Techspot
7932:Archived
7902:Archived
7882:8 August
7876:Archived
7841:Archived
7815:Archived
7782:Archived
7737:15 April
7704:Archived
7676:24 March
7670:Archived
7664:(2002).
7646:29 March
7640:Archived
7635:BBC News
7582:Archived
7551:Archived
7505:29 April
7499:Archived
7447:Archived
7399:Archived
7360:Archived
7334:Archived
7314:Archived
7287:12 March
7281:Archived
7222:Archived
7117:10 March
7108:Archived
7084:10 March
7078:Archived
7053:10 March
7047:Archived
7026:27 April
7020:Archived
6994:Archived
6947:Archived
6922:26 April
6913:Archived
6883:Archived
6815:Archived
6760:Archived
6729:Archived
6643:Archived
6590:Archived
6561:Archived
6494:Archived
6464:Archived
6402:Archived
6398:Lifewire
6333:Archived
6243:Archived
6212:Archived
6188:17 April
6002:Archived
5816:29969555
5667:Archived
5628:Archived
5596:Archived
5565:Archived
5532:Archived
5496:Archived
5464:Archived
5431:Archived
5398:Archived
5334:Archived
5329:BBC News
5267:Archived
5234:Archived
5160:Pop City
5138:16 March
5132:Archived
5092:Archived
5066:Archived
5036:Archived
4852:Archived
4819:Archived
4793:Archived
4767:Archived
4719:HuffPost
4701:16415685
4525:Archived
4462:Archived
4418:Archived
4392:Archived
4387:ABC News
4368:Archived
4341:19 April
4312:Archived
4307:CBS News
4287:Archived
4260:19 April
4229:19 April
4176:Archived
4144:Archived
4113:Archived
4077:Archived
4045:Archived
3975:4 August
3969:Archived
3911:Archived
3886:30 April
3847:Archived
3813:Archived
3755:Archived
3729:Archived
3699:Archived
3669:Archived
3639:Archived
3616:Archived
3585:Archived
3567:Archived
3382:HiperLAN
3369:See also
3354:Several
3322:NearLink
3230:hotspots
3166:without
3152:Zeroconf
3136:graffiti
3132:case law
3002:QR codes
2940:AirSnort
2930:spoofing
2913:firewall
2840:Repeater
2689:chipsets
2667:wireless
2652:UMTS/GSM
2629:wireless
2625:mini PCI
2610:embedded
2600:Hardware
2372:diffract
2102:, 2001.
1995:IEEE 802
1950:IEEE 802
1841:channels
1817:Waveband
1643:boroughs
1483:Internet
1472:802.11ay
1464:802.11aq
1449:802.11ax
1445:802.11ac
1388:802.11bn
1364:802.11be
1349:Wi-Fi 6E
1333:802.11ax
1312:802.11ac
1298:6.5–600
1287:Wi-Fi 4
1179:Adopted
1099:wireless
995:wireless
940:yin-yang
827:test bed
810:. NCR's
804:AT&T
721:Ethernet
717:protocol
714:IEEE 802
661:Internet
551:Massive
317:Wireless
232:Receiver
157:Monopole
116:Antennas
108:a series
106:Part of
92:printers
11359:Commons
11349:Outline
11302:Oceania
11221:FidoNet
11206:ARPANET
11019:circuit
10588:digital
10317:History
10246:Related
10204:(MVDDS)
10144:family
10130:(DVB-H)
10124:(DVB-T)
10094:family
10033:Digital
9859:P1906.1
9720:Wi-Fi 8
9696:Wi-Fi 7
9662:Wi-Fi 6
9611:Wi-Fi 5
9556:Wi-Fi 4
8635:Current
8430:HomePNA
8390:Dial-up
7994:26 June
7938:28 July
7908:28 July
7854:US CERT
7588:8 April
7479:17 June
7453:14 June
7205:1750404
7156:2498458
6889:25 June
6821:25 June
6725:1486812
6596:8 April
6431:USB.org
6239:Toolbox
5876:2096671
5634:1 April
5602:25 July
5523:nyc.gov
4858:8 April
4825:8 April
4799:8 April
4725:19 June
4534:25 June
3244:Housing
3238:hotspot
3209:Iquitos
3160:website
3018:Sample
2974:QR code
2828:(WDS).
2777:routing
2755:PC Card
2720:MacBook
2716:AirPort
2675:RF CMOS
2648:802.11n
2589:2.4 GHz
2575:2.4 GHz
2548:goodput
2493:802.11n
2489:802.11g
2368:refract
2254:802.11b
2248:Antenna
2032:of the
2022:layered
1923:Netgear
1887:802.11a
1861:USB 3.0
1849:Part 15
1669:LinkNYC
1620:MetroFi
1579:Eduroam
1533:Routers
1468:Wi-Fi 6
1460:Wi-Fi 5
1456:Wi-Fi 4
1441:802.11n
1409:Wi‑Fi 0
1396:100,000
1383:Wi-Fi 8
1359:Wi-Fi 7
1343:2.4, 5
1328:Wi-Fi 6
1307:Wi-Fi 5
1301:2.4, 5
1291:802.11n
1275:802.11g
1252:802.11a
1229:802.11b
1186:(Mb/s)
1182:Maximum
1036:station
898:patents
876:AirPort
846:802.11b
808:WaveLAN
773:History
767:gigabit
759:roaming
292:Hotspot
270:Systems
237:Rotator
147:Fractal
62: (
11297:Europe
11267:Africa
11251:Usenet
11211:BITNET
11148:Mobile
11024:packet
10533:MOSFET
10528:device
10325:Beacon
10238:(MMDS)
10232:(LMDS)
10210:(MVDS)
10197:HomeRF
10111:(MBMS)
9763:Zigbee
9731:802.15
9471:802.11
8709:1149.1
8549:iBurst
8420:Nessum
8395:DOCSIS
8329:
8300:
8292:
8274:
8245:28 May
8213:28 May
8183:28 May
8147:28 May
7928:GitHub
7391:
7203:
7193:
7154:
7000:19 May
6723:
6622:
6614:,
6536:6 July
6376:
6148:
6047:
5996:
5988:
5915:
5905:
5874:
5864:
5846:
5814:
5806:
5715:
5659:
5426:Forbes
5371:14 May
5340:19 May
5226:
4938:21 May
4923:(10).
4699:
4691:
4635:(IEEE)
4025:
4017:
3853:27 May
3334:Zigbee
3113:802.11
3006:MeCard
2957:using
2812:Bridge
2783:, and
2770:switch
2761:Router
2388:marble
2242:Zigbee
2073:ad hoc
1863:hubs,
1637:mayor
1635:London
1605:Mysore
1558:- and
1419:, and
1373:23,059
1206:802.11
1193:(GHz)
1016:Z-Wave
1012:Zigbee
938:. The
888:Lucent
829:for a
798:, the
470:Height
455:Factor
142:Dipole
11380:Wi-Fi
11280:South
11275:North
11236:JANET
11173:Telex
11163:Radio
11002:Nodes
10997:Links
10918:media
10496:Radio
10481:Pager
10409:Drums
10375:video
10370:image
10360:audio
10193:(EBS)
10187:(AWS)
10173:WiMAX
10168:Wi-Fi
10100:(LTE)
10006:Video
9975:Radio
9854:P1823
9849:P1699
9844:P1619
9839:P1363
9621:WiGig
9485:-1997
9476:Wi-Fi
9185:-1983
9171:802.3
9053:802.1
8929:42010
8924:29148
8919:16326
8914:16085
8909:14764
8904:12207
8899:11073
8584:WiBro
8579:WiMAX
8524:5G NR
8508:Wi-Fi
8485:Li-Fi
8385:Cable
8378:Wired
8298:S2CID
8177:(PDF)
8166:(PDF)
8117:8 May
8087:8 May
8051:(PDF)
8044:(PDF)
7201:S2CID
7152:S2CID
7111:(PDF)
7104:(PDF)
6916:(PDF)
6909:(PDF)
6721:S2CID
6530:(PDF)
6519:(PDF)
6490:Cisco
6460:WIRED
6427:(PDF)
6126:arXiv
6045:S2CID
6008:8 May
5994:S2CID
5913:S2CID
5872:S2CID
5812:S2CID
5735:Cisco
5393:ZDNet
5122:(PDF)
5011:2 May
4981:arXiv
4697:S2CID
4669:(PDF)
4642:(PDF)
4628:(PDF)
4585:(PDF)
4578:(PDF)
4528:(PDF)
4521:(PDF)
4023:S2CID
3937:(PDF)
3784:(txt)
3517:This
3427:WiGig
3397:Li-Fi
3376:Gi-Fi
3356:wired
3328:WiMAX
3067:shown
3056:HTTPS
3050:over
3046:, or
2963:KRACK
2806:macOS
2791:, or
2633:WISPs
2380:rebar
2176:cells
2044:Modes
2024:as a
1921:This
1837:bands
1688:Seoul
1663:into
1560:WiBro
1337:2021
1316:2013
1295:2009
1279:2003
1259:6–54
1256:1999
1236:1–11
1233:1999
1210:1997
1189:Radio
1138:Wi-Fi
1067:BSSID
983:Hi-Fi
979:Wi-Fi
963:Wi-Fi
954:, or
932:Wi-Fi
928:Wi-Fi
903:CSIRO
872:iBook
835:CSIRO
687:Wi-Fi
675:with
619:Wi-Fi
312:Wi-Fi
302:Radio
252:Tuner
192:Balun
40:Wi-Fi
29:Hi-Fi
11292:Asia
11178:UUCP
11138:ISDN
10262:band
10178:WRAN
10092:3GPP
10054:Data
9905:1471
9900:1364
9895:1362
9890:1233
9885:1219
9155:LACP
8894:2050
8889:2030
8884:1905
8879:1904
8874:1902
8869:1901
8864:1900
8859:1855
8854:1850
8849:1849
8844:1815
8839:1801
8834:1800
8829:1733
8824:1722
8819:1685
8814:1675
8809:1667
8804:1666
8799:1619
8794:1613
8789:1603
8784:1596
8779:1588
8774:1584
8769:1547
8764:1541
8759:1516
8754:1497
8749:1451
8744:1394
8739:1355
8734:1284
8729:1278
8724:1275
8719:1164
8714:1154
8704:1076
8699:1016
8694:1014
8689:1003
8559:MMDS
8544:HSPA
8539:GPRS
8534:EVDO
8529:DECT
8445:MoCA
8440:ISDN
8415:G.hn
8410:FTTx
8327:ISBN
8290:PMID
8247:2016
8215:2016
8185:2016
8149:2016
8119:2020
8089:2020
8059:2008
8026:2011
7996:2018
7940:2021
7910:2021
7884:2019
7849:2012
7823:2017
7790:2017
7739:2008
7712:2010
7678:2010
7648:2014
7590:2008
7559:2020
7533:2014
7507:2008
7481:2017
7455:2011
7407:2019
7389:ISBN
7368:2014
7342:2014
7289:2008
7256:2014
7191:ISBN
7119:2008
7086:2008
7055:2008
7028:2008
7002:2017
6924:2013
6891:2020
6823:2015
6768:2011
6737:2021
6651:2017
6598:2016
6569:2015
6538:2014
6502:2017
6472:2018
6439:2019
6410:2018
6374:ISBN
6362:IEEE
6341:2018
6311:2012
6281:2012
6251:2020
6220:2020
6190:2014
6146:ISSN
6122:2020
6099:2023
6077:2023
6056:2023
6010:2020
5986:ISSN
5903:ISBN
5862:ISBN
5804:ISSN
5742:2020
5713:ISSN
5675:2019
5657:ISBN
5636:2012
5604:2021
5573:2016
5540:2014
5504:2016
5472:2016
5459:WNYC
5439:2016
5406:2015
5373:2007
5342:2010
5242:2011
5224:ISBN
5199:2011
5173:2011
5140:2021
5100:2019
5074:2021
5044:2021
5013:2019
4966:2024
4940:2024
4925:IEEE
4860:2016
4827:2016
4801:2016
4775:2009
4727:2024
4689:ISSN
4650:2016
4593:2009
4561:2023
4536:2015
4501:2007
4470:2012
4426:2014
4400:2019
4343:2023
4262:2023
4231:2023
4171:IEEE
4152:2020
4121:2020
4085:2023
4053:2011
4015:ISSN
3977:2016
3919:2020
3888:2011
3875:CNET
3855:2021
3821:2022
3792:2007
3763:2022
3737:2020
3707:2020
3677:2019
3647:2019
3593:2022
3345:G.hn
3316:LoRa
3267:The
3213:Peru
3164:HTTP
3150:and
3148:DHCP
3079:WPA3
3032:open
2955:WPA2
2948:TKIP
2882:OEMs
2731:data
2621:RSMA
2617:U.FL
2591:band
2577:band
2491:and
2476:only
2462:and
2374:and
2339:MIMO
2184:mesh
2140:TDLS
1952:and
1753:and
1726:The
1720:SSID
1716:RSSI
1649:and
1614:and
1556:MiFi
1497:roam
1478:Uses
1371:0.4–
1282:2.4
1239:2.4
1216:2.4
1213:1–2
1174:IEEE
1087:IEEE
1085:The
1062:SSID
1022:and
975:IEEE
956:wifi
952:Wifi
948:WiFi
936:logo
802:and
703:WLAN
679:and
465:Gain
242:Stub
212:Feed
172:Whip
152:Loop
18:Wifi
11183:WAN
11153:NGN
11143:LAN
10424:Fax
10365:DCT
10162:UWB
9880:830
9804:.4z
9799:.4g
9794:.4f
9789:.4e
9784:.4d
9779:.4c
9774:.4b
9769:.4a
9096:Qbb
9091:Qaz
9086:Qay
9081:Qat
9076:Qav
9043:.24
9038:.22
9033:.21
9028:.20
9023:.18
9018:.17
9006:.16
9001:.14
8996:.12
8991:.10
8948:802
8684:896
8679:829
8674:828
8669:854
8657:754
8652:730
8647:693
8642:488
8554:LTE
8450:PON
8400:DSL
8282:doi
7183:hdl
7175:doi
7144:doi
6713:doi
6679:doi
6366:doi
6136:doi
6037:doi
5978:doi
5944:doi
5895:doi
5854:doi
5796:doi
5703:doi
4929:doi
4681:doi
4007:doi
3211:in
3168:TLS
3128:ISP
3058:).
3044:VPN
2998:URI
2942:or
2804:on
2785:DNS
2781:NAT
2714:An
2673:on
2608:An
2559:UDP
2550:).
2230:dBm
2162:An
1987:3.6
1833:MHz
1803:CPU
1773:of
1712:GPS
1708:GPS
1622:).
1514:Fon
1470:),
1271:*)
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