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793:. It was officially inaugurated on 21 April 1625, marking the arrival of water in Valletta. This fountain was symbolic of Wignacourt as, similar to the other monuments of the aqueduct, it had a Fleur-des-Lis on top. There is an early 18th century painting of the square with this fountain included. The inauguration ceremony of the aqueduct on 21 April 1615 was held at this fountain. The original fountain was Baroque but less decorated and was ordered to be demolished on 2 January 1745.
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901:, and this allowed the creation of strong sea waves in the harbour. A small breakwater was built next to the fountain to safeguard the boats loading water aboard in the 17th century. In 1686 strong waves destroyed the breakwater and caused extensive damage to the fountain. The damage prevented ships from using the water of the fountain, and consequently Grand Master
410:. The Office of the Public Works drew up plans for these buildings, but eventually nothing materialized. The aqueduct remained in use until the early 20th century. Parts of the aqueduct, such as in Mosta Road, Attard, were demolished after WWII due to the development of housing estates and roadbuilding in the area.
808:
Other views say that the fountain was only renovated by Pinto and not destroyed. The missing Fleur-de-lis was removed at some point, and was replaced by an alternative. Originally the fountain had two basins while, with the addition, it now has three. The third basin was added much before deciding to
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was later built on its site. The construction of a replica of the arch was approved in 2012. The local councils of Santa Venera and
Birkirkara, as well as the Fleur-de-Lys Administrative Committee disagreed on what the arch's name should be, and eventually agreed in 2014 that it should be called "The
975:
in
Valletta attached to the Ferreria building (demolished). It consists of a lion's head pouring out water into a stone basin, topped by the coat of arms of Wignacourt and the Order and surrounded by a garland of flowers and interlocking seashells. Below the coats of arms is a radiating sun with the
759:
The tower was restored between June 2015 and June 2016 by the
Ministry for Transport and Infrastructure. The lion relief, pouring water, that is part of the water trough (which is attached to the fountain) has eroded over the years and was replaced with a replica in 2016. The interior consists of a
576:
was probably attached to the arch looking towards Mdina after the restoration of the aqueduct by de Rohan, but no certainty can be established; this coat of arms still exists and is located a few metres away, close to St Joseph Tower (see below), attached to a wall outside the entrance of a police
923:
The place remained a strategic location for harbouring fishing vessels and selling fish. The fountain remained intact after the departure of the knights in 1798. The fountain is featured in an 1840 watercolour painting by Jean
Nicholas Henry de Chacaton. By the 19th century it was dismantled and
544:
The triumphal archway at the boundary between Fleur-de-Lys and Santa Venera is known as the
Wignacourt Arch or the Fleur-de-Lys Gate. It has three doorways, and it is adorned with the Wignacourt coat of arms and three sculpted fleurs-de-lis, the heraldic symbols of Wignacourt. The suburb of
447:
The aqueduct ran from the springs in Rabat and Dingli to the countryside near Attard through underground pipes. From Attard onwards, the ground level was irregular so stone arches were constructed where there were depressions. The arches begin at present-day Peter Paul Rubens Street
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collected within the city was not enough to meet the needs of its population. Water had to be carted from springs to the city, but this became difficult by the end of the 16th century, when the city had become the largest settlement in Malta. At the time, there were also fears of an
417: 140,000. Some of the arches are in need of restoration once again, mainly because of pollution since a major road now runs alongside the aqueduct. A section of the aqueduct was extensively damaged in December 2013 due to a car crash, but the damage has since been repaired.
812:
The fountain consists of a large circular basin with three smaller seashell-like basins above it, supported on a pedestal containing sculpted dolphins. It is scheduled as a Grade 1 monument. The fountain has been restored after years of neglect.
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1582:
800:(later destroyed and replaced) and then to St. Philip's Gardens in Floriana, where it remains today. Architect Said says that the fountain was moved away by the knights, prior to British rule, as evidenced in some paintings.
742:. The top of the tower contains a sculpted fleur-de-lis, and it is also decorated with the coat of arms of the Order of St. John and the personal arms of Wignacourt. Below the coats of arms is the following inscription:
545:
Fleur-de-Lys got its name from this arch, and fleurs-de-lis are featured on the flags and coat of arms of both Fleur-de-Lys and Santa Venera. One of the original plaques on the arch gave due respect to the engineer
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1948:
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and two other
Sicilian engineers. 600 local workers were employed in the construction of the aqueduct, which was completed in 1614 and inaugurated on 21 April 1615. The aqueduct cost a total of 434,605
3516:
630:. It is not clear if the present structure is the original one, since the original designs of the aqueduct show a slightly different tower. The tower had the following inscription (no longer visible):
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Upon its completion, the aqueduct supplied 1,400 m (49,000 cu ft) of water every day to around 30,000 people. The constant supply of water brought about a rise in the populations of
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The "Pinto fountain" was inaugurated on 18 January 1746 by Grand Master Pinto. When the square became a parade ground for the
British military, the fountain was first relocated close by to the
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in 1596, but construction was suspended before being continued in 1610. The watercourse was inaugurated five years later on 21 April 1615. Several engineers took part in the project, including
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349:. Bontadini designed a new watercourse with water being carried through underground pipes and over stone arches when there were depressions in the ground. Bontadini was assisted by a Maltese
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Emmanuel De Rohan made this aqueduct stronger for the collection of water, with a newer one better built by the kind hearted Prince for the health of his people in the year 1780.
672:. It has a round shape, and water originally flowed through an open tank in the tower. The tower contains the Wignacourt coat of arms and a commemorative inscription which reads:
1900:
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862:. Doria was an Italian Admiral of the Order of St John, praised for his role during sea battles against the Ottomans. The marble of the spout has a Latin inscription which says:
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The third and final water inspection tower was built in
Floriana, and it became known as the Wignacourt Water Tower. It is located close to Argotti Botanical Gardens and the
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in
Italian. The turret is linked to the aqueduct's arches, and it has two floors with a buttressed lower level, giving it the resemblance of a coastal watchtower such as the
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1958:
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Padre
Giacomo to design the watercourse. His design was accepted and work was begun, but construction was suspended soon afterwards due to financial reasons.
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1973:
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was renovated and converted into a cultural centre, and again in the early 2010s during the City Gate Project. Due to these relocations and renovations,
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2136:"Protection of Antiquities Regulations 21st November, 1932 Government Notice 402 of 1932, as Amended by Government Notices 127 of 1935 and 338 of 1939"
848:. It is a late 16th-century statue, given to the Grand Master in 1584. The Wignacourt's coat-of-arms is a later addition on orders of the Grand Master.
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This fountain was relocated a number of times throughout its history: first in 1874 when the building near which it was built was demolished to build
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The "first" fountain which was connected to the aqueduct is the Wignacourt Fountain, then located in St. George's Square in Valletta, facing the
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1886:
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holding a trident in one hand, with the other hand resting on an escutcheon containing the Wignacourt coat of arms. The statue is based on the
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In 1858, the statue of Neptune was relocated by Governor Le Gaspard to the Grandmaster's Palace lower courtyard, which is now also known as
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in the background. The stones with circular holes were originally part of Tomasucci's pipes from the first attempt to build the aqueduct.
1910:
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The aqueduct remained in use until the 20th century. Most of its arches still survive today, and can still be seen in the localities of
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479:) in Santa Venera, until they stop at a small tower known as the Tower of St. Joseph. From this tower, water continued its journey to
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The first inspection tower of the Wignacourt Aqueduct is located in present-day Santa Venera. It is called the Tower of St. Joseph (
2140:
421:
2226:
2211:
2096:
2956:
2652:
Mercieca, Simon (2007). "La Pesca a Malta: usi, tecniche e mercati tra eta moderna e contemporanea". In Maurizio Gangemi (ed.).
1676:
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The Perellos Fountain was once also at the Valletta Marina and is now found under the loggia of the Palace of the Grand Master.
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replaced by a closed fishing market. This also became defunct by 1937 marking the end of use of site but moved few metres away.
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The statue of Neptune is often described as a giant. The area around the original location of the fountain remained known as
2655:
Pesca e Patrimonio Industriale: Tecniche, strutture e organizzazione (Sicilia, Puglia, Malta e Dalmazia tra XIX e XX secolo)
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1987:
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Fountain rebuild in St. Philip's Gardens, Floriana, is claimed to be the original built by Wignacourt – except the top basin
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With the completion of the Wignacourt Aqueduct, many fountains supplied by water from the aqueduct were built in Valletta.
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attack on Malta, so a steady water supply to the capital was a priority for the military authorities in case of a siege.
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Wignacourt Arch Known As The Fleur-de-Lys Gate". The arch was reconstructed in 2015, and inaugurated on 28 April 2016.
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From 2004 to 2005, the aqueduct's surviving arches were restored and a lighting system was installed at a total cost of
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In 1907, there was a proposal to construct buildings on top of the aqueduct, with its arches effectively serving as an
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also issued a set of two stamps on 21 April 2015. The stamps show Wignacourt Arch and the Wignacourt Water Tower in
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The tower was included on the Antiquities List of 1925. The tower has been a grade 1 scheduled property since 1994.
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and Valletta through underground pipes once again. Water inspection towers were also built at Hamrun and Floriana.
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210:. The aqueduct carried water through underground pipes and over arched viaducts across depressions in the ground.
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is a painting, next to Vilhena's Cabreo, which portrays some of Valletta's engineering water storage technique.
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388:
3195:"Vella, T. (16 June 2019). A 'new' fountain for the Marina waterfront. The Sunday Times of Malta, pp. 58–59"
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46:
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464:) in Balzan and Birkirkara, and the height of the arches gradually increases as the ground level drops.
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718:
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On 9 January 1610, work on the aqueduct began again under the direction of another Jesuit called Padre
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The second water inspection tower was built on the hill of St. Nicholas in Hamrun, and it is known as
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502:. It was this successful feature that gave most praise to Bontadini. The aqueduct supplied water to
361:, most of which was paid by Grandmaster Wignacourt. The aqueduct was therefore named in his honour.
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549:. The arch, together with the aqueduct's water towers and fountains, were the first expression of
2011:
Il-Gran Mastri – Ġabra ta' Tagħrif dwar l-Istorja ta' Malta fi Żmienhom – L-Ewwel Volum 1530–1680
391:, insurgents ambushed French soldiers near the aqueduct at Mrieħel, in the limits of Birkirkara.
187:
2612:
2543:"One World – Protecting the most significant buildings, monuments and features of Valletta (34)"
1041:
The 400th anniversary of the aqueduct was commemorated on 21 April 2015. A ceremony was held in
3213:
Collezione di bandi, prammatiche ed altri avvisi ufficiali dal 17 luglio 1784 al 4 ottobre 1813
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898:
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342:
218:
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1507:
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2800:
Bonello, Giovanni (2000). "The Palace 'Neptune – A Portrait of Andrea Doria by Leone Leoni".
2627:
1860:
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was built to commemorate the project. The arches then continue through St. Joseph High Road (
407:
3428:
Della Descrittione di Malta isola nel Mare Siciliano: con le sue antichità, ed altre notizie
1046:
992:
972:
886:. The fountain supplied excess water from the Wignacourt Fountain to ships anchored at the
703:. It has a coat of arms which was damaged in World War II, and an inscription which means:
550:
399:
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to St. George's Square, where a reenactment of the inauguration of the aqueduct was held.
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It had an ornate basin, a marble cannon barrel-shaped spout, topped by a bronze statue of
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The tower still exists, but it is in a dilapidated state and surrounded by modern houses.
8:
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853:
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249:
195:
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1060:. The coin shows the aqueduct on the reverse and Grandmaster Wignacourt on the obverse.
738:. It is a round structure supported by pilasters, and it also contains a fountain and a
2241:"Torri tal-ilma fil-Floriana se jinfetaħ għall-pubbliku wara restawr ta' €20,000 – TVM"
507:
338:
230:
3496:
971:
Another fountain, sometimes also known as the Wignacourt Fountain, was built close to
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The aqueduct is featured on a ceiling at the Archbishop's Palace in Valletta. At the
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3062:"Malta, 1664, Valletta Harbour, Fontana Nuova, Schellinks, Drawing, Fine Art Print"
988:
611:
472:
457:
449:
179:
3374:
2567:"Se jibda x-xogħol fuq ir-restawr tal-funtana ta' Tritoni u Pjazza Kastilja – TVM"
1023:
833:
and near the fish market. It was depicted in a landmark view of Valletta in 1664.
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3329:
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1995:
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653:
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226:
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was founded on the Sciberras Peninsula, which did not have a good water supply.
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1953:
1905:
1881:
1635:
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293:
1662:
1583:"HSBC celebrates the significance of Wignacourt Aqueduct in 400th anniversary"
776:
456:) in Attard, and are initially quite small. They continue through Mdina Road (
364:
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1443:
1083:
894:
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735:
532:
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484:
358:
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214:
68:
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1561:"Perspective View of the Wignacourt Aqueduct showing the proposed buildings"
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was erected some distance away from the tower. It is now found in a private
3303:
2145:
1103:
883:
515:
414:
319:
299:
253:
203:
92:
3110:(1) (2 ed.). Il-Ghaqda tal-Kittieba tal-Malti: 33–34. Archived from
2182:
1929:
1463:. Fleur-de-Lys Administrative Committee. 18 November 2012. Archived from
879:
590:
394:
380:, Floriana and other towns and villages along the route of the aqueduct.
2356:"Valletta was built on agricultural land, archaeological evidence shows"
1464:
272:
1681:
1154:(1). Malta Historical and Scientific Society: 6–7. 1922. Archived from
602:
565:
436:
369:
308:
245:
38:
1218:
Arx – International Journal of Military Architecture and Fortification
882:
in 1584. Other sources attribute it to Giovanni Bologna, a student of
322:
to the capital was issued on 19 October 1596. That year, Grand Master
256:. Other remains of the aqueduct include water towers at Santa Venera,
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1063:
695:
In 1780, when the aqueduct was improved by De Rohan, a commemorative
499:
495:
337:. By this time, Garzez had died and was succeeded as Grand Master by
288:
2051:
1485:"Feautre: 400 sena mill-inawgurazzjoni tal-akkwadott ta' Wignacourt"
905:
had to pay for renovation works. A commemorative inscription reads:
345:
took over the project, probably on the recommendation of Inquisitor
32:
2029:"These ten monuments and buildings across Malta are to be restored"
2014:
1071:
1042:
700:
503:
488:
377:
284:
261:
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The first attempts to build the aqueduct were made by Grand Master
207:
102:
3517:
National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands
1949:"Celebrating the reconstruction of Wignacourt's Fleur-de-Lys Arch"
1839:
National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands
1808:
National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands
1777:
National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands
1746:
National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands
1715:
National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands
1174:"The historical guide to the island of Malta and its dependencies"
825:
A painting of Neptune's Fountain at the original location in 1664.
426:
National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands
2836:(in Italian), From the National Library of Rome, 1936, p. 58
696:
572:
A late eighteenth-century coat of arms belonging to Grand Master
2957:
Select Melitensia – Periodical and newspapers articles 1987–1992
2380:"Malta letteraria: rassegna mensile di lettere, scienze ed arti"
2017:: Valletta Publishing & Promotion Co. Ltd. pp. 172–176.
829:
Another fountain was located at Valletta's marina, just outside
1532:
Arx – Online Journal of Military Architecture and Fortification
1028:
984:), indicating that the water was freely available to everyone.
480:
441:
327:
315:
304:
277:
257:
241:
237:
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88:
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in Floriana, which was built in 1728 during the magistracy of
314:
The order to build an aqueduct to carry water from springs in
3432:
3343:"Ceremony to mark aquaduct's [sic] 400th anniversary"
3217:
2920:
2833:
Malta letteraria rassegna mensile di lettere, scienze ed arti
2633:
2598:
2462:"The mysteries underneath the Palace - The Malta Independent"
1276:
Heritage: An Encyclopedia of Maltese Culture and Civilization
936:
191:
991:, in the 1960s when the City Gate was rebuilt, in 2000 when
1007:
Other fountains built in subsequent centuries, such as the
771:
424:(MEPA) as grade 1 national monuments and are listed on the
3010:"Maltese Water Colours by Edward Lear and H. de Chacaton"
387:
in 1781. On 4 September 1798, in the early stages of the
467:
At Fleur-de-Lys, the aqueduct crossed the road, and the
3232:"'Wandering' Fountain pits 'restorers' vs 'relocators'"
2661:(in Italian). Bari: Cacuzzi Editore. pp. 419–446.
1925:"Wignacourt Arch, known as Fleur-de-Lys Gate, rebuilt"
1355:. Attard Local Council. pp. 35–38. Archived from
420:
Various sections of the aqueduct are scheduled by the
1795:
1793:
1525:"Maltese 'siege' batteries of the blockade 1798–1800"
1428:
1764:
1762:
1214:"In Defence of the Coast (I) – The Bastioned Towers"
751:
BONTADINO DE BONTADINIS, BONOM. AQUÆ DUCTORE MDCXV.
521:
2629:
A hand book, or guide, for strangers visiting Malta
1862:
A hand book, or guide, for strangers visiting Malta
1135:
1133:
1131:
1129:
1127:
686:
As there is life in water, life started from water)
440:Wignacourt Aqueduct at Peter Paul Rubens Street in
3128:Cassar Pullicino, Joseph (October–December 1949).
3032:
3030:
2264:
2262:
1974:"Heraldic coats-of-arms in Birgu and Santa Venera"
1790:
873:There is no fire here, but water instead of shot)
816:
760:spiral staircase which was also restored in 2016.
264:, and several fountains in Floriana and Valletta.
2327:
2325:
2297:Discover Floriana: Historic Walks in a Green City
2178:"Restoration work on Floriana's Wignacourt Tower"
2164:"Restoration work on Floriana's Wignacourt Tower"
1759:
1483:Muscat, Charles; Attard, Antoine (7 April 2015).
1274:Zammit, Vincent (1979). "Wignacourt's Aqueduct".
1243:
1241:
1239:
1015:, were also supplied by water from the aqueduct.
946:(on the giant) until well into the 20th century.
3458:
3127:
2806:. Fondazzjoni Patrimonju Malti. pp. 17–25.
2485:. Fondazzjoni Patrimonju Malti. pp. 54–56.
1826:
1824:
1733:
1731:
1702:
1700:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1124:
564:The original arch was demolished in 1944, and a
3027:
2694:
2259:
1509:Malta bil chzejer tehne u li ghadda min ghaliha
1455:
1453:
809:relocate the Baroque fountain from the square.
341:. In July 1612, the Bolognese hydraulic expert
3367:"400th Anniversary of the Wignacourt Aqueduct"
3130:"The Order of St. John in Maltese folk-memory"
2382:(in Italian). La Valletta. 1935. p. 306.
2322:
1877:"Green light for Fleur-de-Lys arch rebuilding"
1689:. 27 December 2013. p. 32. Archived from
1236:
1172:Borzesi, Giuseppe Pericciuoli (26 June 2018).
1027:The beginning of the aqueduct above ground at
893:During the rule of the Order of St. John, the
514:, and to fountains which generally included a
3154:
1821:
1728:
1697:
1374:
747:TURRICULA ORNATUM LILIIS CAPUT EFFERO VT VRBE
506:in private and public buildings, to ships in
3389:"Philatelic Postage Stamp issue – Aqueducts"
2923:: Fondazzjoni Patrimonju Malti. p. 17.
2744:
2742:
2695:Spiteri Staines, Joanna (20 February 2011).
1482:
1450:
1207:
1205:
1176:. Government Press – via Google Books.
643:INGENIO MIRO BONTADINI DE BONTADINIS BONON.
606:The Tower of St. Joseph viewed from the rear
303:Wignacourt Aqueduct at the boundary between
229:. The aqueduct was named after Grand Master
3163:"Laqmijiet ta' Postijiet fil-Belt Valletta"
2803:Art in Malta – Discoveries & Recoveries
2647:
2645:
2643:
1045:, with school children carrying water from
931:. The fountain spout is now located at the
372:, now on the grounds of a government school
233:, who partially financed its construction.
128:1,400 m (49,000 cu ft) daily
3220:: Stamperia del Governo. 1840. p. 33.
2601:: Books Distributors Limited. p. 75.
2271:"Wignacourt fountain to be moved... again"
2002:
1607:"Aqueduct getting much needed restoration"
1478:
1476:
1474:
1269:
1267:
910:DOMINANTE EM. Fr. D. GREGORIO CARAFFA M.M.
869:NON VULCANUS INEST HEIC GLOBUS UNA THETIS.
867:QUID PROPIUS PARVA DUBITAS ACCEDERE CYMBA?
580:
383:The aqueduct was improved by Grand Master
2916:Art in Malta – Discoveries and Recoveries
2845:
2843:
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2767:
2739:
2690:
2688:
2686:
2586:
2584:
2582:
2580:
2578:
2576:
1972:Ltd, Allied Newspapers (31 August 2014).
1341:
1339:
1337:
1202:
1141:"The Water Supply of the Maltese Islands"
1052:The anniversary was also commemorated by
560:The coat-of-arms of Grand Master de Rohan
398:Wignacourt Aqueduct at Mrieħel, with the
3258:. Volume 2. Klabb Kotba Maltin. p. 948.
3087:
3085:
3083:
3081:
3079:
2651:
2640:
2141:Malta Environment and Planning Authority
1631:"Aqueduct restoration ahead of schedule"
1505:
1335:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1022:
959:
952:
835:
820:
803:
775:
772:Wignacourt fountain and Pinto renovation
725:
717:
652:
601:
589:
555:
531:
435:
422:Malta Environment and Planning Authority
393:
363:
298:
271:
3007:
2912:
2799:
2625:
2478:
2349:
2347:
2268:
2225:Ltd, Allied Newspapers (13 June 2016).
2157:
2155:
2041:
1522:
1512:(in Maltese). Vol. 2. p. 334.
1471:
1264:
1211:
1171:
878:The statue was most likely sculpted by
784:
498:. Stones were attached with the use of
3459:
3091:
2976:
2974:
2972:
2849:
2840:
2775:
2764:
2683:
2590:
2573:
2507:Origins and history of Argotti Gardens
2161:
2008:
1901:"Councils agree name for rebuilt arch"
1858:
1345:
1273:
1250:"Water and Hospitaller Fortifications"
3421:
3160:
3076:
2438:"Wignacourt fountain 'going to ruin'"
2353:
1385:
1349:Attard - The Life of a Maltese Casale
1314:
2987:. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 228.
2892:. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 158.
2344:
2152:
1801:"Wignacourt Aqueduct – Santa Venera"
1655:"Other monuments in the minor towns"
3435:: Paolo Bonacota. pp. 110–114.
3304:One World – The Archbishop's Palace
3046:. 26 September 2006. Archived from
2980:
2969:
2885:
2697:"From Blood Rock to Barriera Wharf"
2224:
1971:
1247:
859:Portrait of Andrea Doria as Neptune
749:INSPICIAM FONTEM VIVIFICANTIS AQUÆ.
389:Maltese uprising against the French
13:
3415:
2779:Historical Guide to Malta and Gozo
2064:
1933:. 25 November 2015. Archived from
1841:. 16 December 2011. Archived from
1810:. 28 December 2012. Archived from
1779:. 28 December 2012. Archived from
1770:"Wignacourt Aqueduct – Birkirkara"
1748:. 28 December 2012. Archived from
1717:. 28 December 2012. Archived from
1386:Ellul, Michael (3 February 2007).
1002:
916:SACRA REL. HIER. ERIGENDUM CURAVIT
730:Wignacourt Water Tower at Floriana
14:
3533:
3445:
3289:. 25 October 2012. Archived from
2446:. 6 December 2011. Archived from
2331:
2293:
2269:Calleja, Claudia (9 April 2011).
1885:. 23 October 2012. Archived from
1639:. 9 February 2005. Archived from
1018:
637:INFERENTEM HOC LOCO AMITTIS AQUAM
522:Wignacourt Arch/Fleur-de-Lys Gate
3472:Infrastructure completed in 1615
2966:. Melita Historica. pp. 104–105.
2750:"The sovereign palaces of Malta"
2186:. 14 August 2015. Archived from
1909:. 19 August 2014. Archived from
1523:Spiteri, Stephen C. (May 2008).
871:(Why are you afraid little boat?
641:SESE FONTE COMPERIES EFFERENTEM.
494:The aqueduct was built of local
206:to the newly built capital city
31:
3400:. 14 April 2015. Archived from
3381:
3359:
3351:. 20 April 2015. Archived from
3335:
3315:
3297:
3273:
3248:
3224:
3204:
3187:
3121:
3054:
3001:
2949:
2906:
2879:
2824:
2793:
2713:
2619:
2559:
2551:. 7 August 2008. Archived from
2535:
2518:
2499:
2472:
2454:
2430:
2394:
2372:
2287:
2233:
2227:"Historic water tower restored"
2218:
2202:"Historic water tower restored"
2194:
2170:
2128:
2103:
2081:
2058:
2035:
2021:
1980:
1965:
1957:. 27 April 2016. Archived from
1941:
1917:
1893:
1869:
1852:
1669:
1647:
1623:
1599:
1575:
1553:
1516:
1499:
1404:
997:nothing remains of the original
817:Fountain at the Valletta Marina
635:QUAM SUBTERRANEIS SESE DUCTIBUS
585:
431:
198:to carry water from springs in
143:9 January 1610 (second attempt)
141:19 October 1596 (first attempt)
3281:"Vilhena Fountain in Floriana"
3240:. 9 April 2011. Archived from
2354:Ameen, Juan (4 January 2010).
2210:. 13 June 2016. Archived from
2162:Pisani, Brandon (9 May 2017).
1739:"Wignacourt Aqueduct – Balzan"
1708:"Wignacourt Aqueduct – Attard"
1615:. 29 June 2004. Archived from
1420:. 9 April 2006. Archived from
1286:
1180:
1165:
1096:
722:Inscription on the water tower
16:17th-century aqueduct in Malta
1:
2776:Badger, George Percy (1869).
1117:
897:was not equipped with a main
283:In 1566, the capital city of
120:26.5 km (29,000 yd)
117:
3522:1615 establishments in Malta
3512:Limestone buildings in Malta
2505:Bugeja, Joe (1 March 2015).
2303:. p. 16. Archived from
2111:"L-AKKWEDOTT TA' WIGNACOURT"
2050:(in Maltese). Archived from
1994:(in Maltese). Archived from
1591:. 6 May 2015. Archived from
1491:(in Maltese). Archived from
1282:. Midsea Books Ltd: 501–505.
1212:Spiteri, Stephen C. (2013).
763:
639:EADEM URBE MEDIA PULCHERRIMO
618:), but is commonly known as
7:
3254:Guillaumier, Alfie (2005).
1865:. L. Tonna. pp. 76–77.
1832:"Round Tower (Water Tower)"
1220:(3): 42, 79. Archived from
1077:
914:PROCELLIS RADICUTUS EVULSUM
912:TUTUM HOC CYMBARUM REFUGIUM
713:
10:
3538:
3008:Bonello, Vincenzo (1931).
2955:Bonello, Giovanni (1992).
2913:Bonello, Giovanni (2000).
2636:: Luigi Tonna. p. 68.
2479:Bonello, Giovanni (2003).
1569:National Archives of Malta
1534:(6): 46–47. Archived from
525:
267:
3423:Abela, Giovanni Francesco
2532:. Retrieved 19 July 2016.
2515:. Retrieved 29 June 2016.
1687:Media.link Communications
1036:National Library of Malta
1013:António Manoel de Vilhena
648:
194:, which was built by the
184:L-Akwedott ta' Wignacourt
168:
163:
155:
147:
137:
132:
124:
113:
108:
98:
84:
45:
30:
23:
3312:. Retrieved 3 July 2016.
3306:. 7 March 2009. MEPA in
3176:(23): 55. Archived from
3143:(4): 161. Archived from
2626:MacGill, Thomas (1839).
2089:"Wignacourt Water Tower"
2009:Zammit, Vincent (1992).
1506:Castagna, P. P. (1865).
1412:"A Tour of the aqueduct"
1254:MilitaryArchitecture.com
1192:MilitaryArchitecture.com
1106:from Djar Ħandul to the
1089:
918:ANNO SALUTIS MDCLXXXVI.
574:Emmanuel de Rohan-Polduc
477:Triq il-Kbira San Ġużepp
385:Emmanuel de Rohan-Polduc
368:Part of the aqueduct at
37:Part of the aqueduct at
3161:Zahra, Lorenzo (1999).
2868:(3): 72. Archived from
2591:Morana, Martin (2011).
1859:McGill, Thomas (1839).
1659:romeartlover.tripod.com
1440:romeartlover.tripod.com
581:Water inspection towers
3328:6 January 2018 at the
3017:Bulletin of the Museum
2466:www.independent.com.mt
2093:Floriana Local Council
1565:Office of Public Works
1346:Frendo, Henry (1997).
1031:
968:
920:
875:
849:
826:
781:
753:
731:
723:
710:
689:
679:SIC SPIRITVS AB AQVIS.
670:it-Turretta ta' Atoċja
666:il-Monument tat-Tromba
661:
658:Il-Monument tat-Tromba
645:
615:
607:
599:
561:
547:Bontadino de Bontadini
541:
540:(or Fleur-de-Lys Gate)
476:
461:
454:Triq Peter Paul Rubens
453:
444:
403:
373:
343:Bontadino de Bontadini
311:
280:
219:Bontadino de Bontadini
183:
3371:Central Bank of Malta
3237:The Malta Independent
2962:16 April 2016 at the
2788:Castellania building.
2402:"Photostat book page"
2334:"St. George's Square"
1588:The Malta Independent
1417:The Malta Independent
1388:"Wignacourt aqueduct"
1058:Central Bank of Malta
1026:
963:
933:Malta Maritime Museum
908:
865:
839:
824:
804:Second interpretation
779:
745:
729:
721:
706:
675:
656:
633:
616:Torre di San Giuseppe
605:
593:
559:
535:
439:
397:
367:
347:Evangelista Carbonesi
302:
275:
69:35.89306°N 14.46083°E
3452:Scheduled structures
3256:Bliet u Rħula Maltin
3244:on 26 February 2016.
3097:"Il-Belt (Valletta)"
3093:Zammit, Themistocles
3038:"Protecting Neptune"
2981:Rix, Juliet (2015).
2886:Rix, Juliet (2015).
2851:Zammit, Themistocles
2782:. Calleja. pp.
2077:on 23 December 2015.
2048:Ħamrun Local Council
2044:"Obelisk fil-Ħamrun"
2042:Guillaumier, Alfie.
1998:on 17 November 2014.
1992:Ħamrun Local Council
1495:on 16 December 2015.
1248:Spiteri, Stephen C.
1224:on 15 September 2017
1108:Grandmaster's Palace
993:Saint James Cavalier
846:Grandmaster's Palace
791:Grandmaster's Palace
785:First interpretation
677:VT SPIRITVS IN AQVIS
594:Tower of St. Joseph
551:baroque architecture
186:) is a 17th-century
3507:History of Valletta
3407:on 8 November 2015.
3323:Underneath Valletta
3293:on 7 November 2012.
2721:"Restoring Neptune"
2615:on 20 October 2016.
2594:Bejn Kliem u Storja
2555:on 14 January 2012.
2526:St. George's Square
2450:on 5 February 2012.
2368:on 15 January 2016.
2283:on 14 January 2012.
2166:. Television Malta.
2031:. 9 September 2021.
1937:on 1 December 2015.
1913:on 8 December 2015.
1541:on 26 November 2016
1198:on 25 October 2010.
929:Neptune's Courtyard
196:Order of Saint John
176:Wignacourt Aqueduct
65: /
25:Wignacourt Aqueduct
3467:Aqueducts in Malta
2754:Azure Services Ltd
2524:Tanti, Christine.
2482:Histories of Malta
2332:Tanti, Christine.
2247:on 1 December 2016
2190:on 15 August 2015.
1467:on 6 October 2014.
1260:on 8 January 2016.
1148:Archivum Melitense
1032:
969:
850:
827:
782:
732:
724:
662:
622:in Maltese or the
608:
600:
562:
542:
536:The reconstructed
508:Marsamxett Harbour
445:
404:
374:
339:Alof de Wignacourt
312:
281:
231:Alof de Wignacourt
138:Construction start
74:35.89306; 14.46083
3183:on 17 April 2016.
3150:on 17 April 2016.
3117:on 17 April 2016.
2937:on 28 August 2016
2875:on 17 April 2016.
2855:"Ġnien is-Sultan"
2409:melitensiawth.com
2294:Rizzo, Victor J.
2148:on 19 April 2016.
1961:on 28 April 2016.
1817:on 10 March 2016.
1595:on 8 August 2015.
1188:"Valletta – 1566"
798:Palace of Justice
172:
171:
3529:
3436:
3409:
3408:
3406:
3393:
3385:
3379:
3378:
3373:. Archived from
3363:
3357:
3356:
3355:on 4 March 2016.
3339:
3333:
3319:
3313:
3301:
3295:
3294:
3277:
3271:
3252:
3246:
3245:
3228:
3222:
3221:
3208:
3202:
3201:
3199:
3191:
3185:
3184:
3182:
3170:Melita Historica
3167:
3158:
3152:
3151:
3149:
3134:
3125:
3119:
3118:
3116:
3101:
3089:
3074:
3073:
3068:. Archived from
3058:
3052:
3051:
3050:on 25 June 2016.
3034:
3025:
3024:
3014:
3005:
2999:
2998:
2978:
2967:
2953:
2947:
2946:
2944:
2942:
2933:. Archived from
2910:
2904:
2903:
2883:
2877:
2876:
2874:
2859:
2847:
2838:
2837:
2828:
2822:
2821:
2820:on 24 July 2018.
2816:. Archived from
2797:
2791:
2790:
2773:
2762:
2761:
2760:on 25 June 2016.
2756:. Archived from
2746:
2737:
2736:
2734:
2732:
2717:
2711:
2710:
2705:. Archived from
2692:
2681:
2680:
2660:
2649:
2638:
2637:
2623:
2617:
2616:
2611:. Archived from
2608:978-99957-0137-6
2588:
2571:
2570:
2569:. December 2014.
2563:
2557:
2556:
2539:
2533:
2522:
2516:
2503:
2497:
2496:
2476:
2470:
2469:
2458:
2452:
2451:
2434:
2428:
2427:
2425:
2423:
2418:on 16 April 2016
2417:
2411:. Archived from
2406:
2398:
2392:
2391:
2376:
2370:
2369:
2364:. Archived from
2351:
2342:
2341:
2329:
2320:
2319:
2317:
2315:
2309:
2302:
2291:
2285:
2284:
2279:. Archived from
2266:
2257:
2256:
2254:
2252:
2243:. Archived from
2237:
2231:
2230:
2222:
2216:
2215:
2214:on 14 June 2016.
2198:
2192:
2191:
2174:
2168:
2167:
2159:
2150:
2149:
2144:. Archived from
2132:
2126:
2125:
2123:
2121:
2115:
2107:
2101:
2100:
2099:on 4 March 2016.
2095:. Archived from
2085:
2079:
2078:
2073:. Archived from
2071:malta-canada.com
2062:
2056:
2055:
2039:
2033:
2032:
2025:
2019:
2018:
2006:
2000:
1999:
1984:
1978:
1977:
1969:
1963:
1962:
1945:
1939:
1938:
1921:
1915:
1914:
1897:
1891:
1890:
1889:on 4 March 2016.
1873:
1867:
1866:
1856:
1850:
1849:
1848:on 7 March 2016.
1847:
1836:
1828:
1819:
1818:
1816:
1805:
1797:
1788:
1787:
1786:on 5 March 2016.
1785:
1774:
1766:
1757:
1756:
1755:on 7 March 2016.
1754:
1743:
1735:
1726:
1725:
1724:on 7 March 2016.
1723:
1712:
1704:
1695:
1694:
1693:on 25 June 2016.
1673:
1667:
1666:
1665:on 5 March 2016.
1661:. Archived from
1651:
1645:
1644:
1643:on 4 March 2016.
1627:
1621:
1620:
1619:on 4 March 2016.
1603:
1597:
1596:
1579:
1573:
1572:
1557:
1551:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1540:
1529:
1520:
1514:
1513:
1503:
1497:
1496:
1480:
1469:
1468:
1457:
1448:
1447:
1446:on 1 April 2016.
1442:. Archived from
1432:
1426:
1425:
1424:on 25 June 2016.
1408:
1402:
1401:
1400:on 4 March 2016.
1396:. Archived from
1383:
1372:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1362:on 20 March 2022
1361:
1354:
1343:
1312:
1311:
1309:
1307:
1298:
1290:
1284:
1283:
1271:
1262:
1261:
1256:. Archived from
1245:
1234:
1233:
1231:
1229:
1209:
1200:
1199:
1194:. Archived from
1184:
1178:
1177:
1169:
1163:
1162:
1161:on 4 March 2016.
1160:
1145:
1137:
1111:
1100:
989:Palazzo Ferreria
335:Natale Tomasucci
227:Natale Tomasucci
119:
80:
79:
77:
76:
75:
70:
66:
63:
62:
61:
58:
35:
21:
20:
3537:
3536:
3532:
3531:
3530:
3528:
3527:
3526:
3457:
3456:
3448:
3418:
3416:Further reading
3413:
3412:
3404:
3391:
3387:
3386:
3382:
3365:
3364:
3360:
3341:
3340:
3336:
3330:Wayback Machine
3320:
3316:
3302:
3298:
3279:
3278:
3274:
3253:
3249:
3230:
3229:
3225:
3210:
3209:
3205:
3197:
3193:
3192:
3188:
3180:
3165:
3159:
3155:
3147:
3132:
3126:
3122:
3114:
3099:
3090:
3077:
3072:on 3 July 2016.
3060:
3059:
3055:
3036:
3035:
3028:
3012:
3006:
3002:
2995:
2979:
2970:
2964:Wayback Machine
2954:
2950:
2940:
2938:
2931:
2911:
2907:
2900:
2884:
2880:
2872:
2857:
2848:
2841:
2830:
2829:
2825:
2814:
2798:
2794:
2774:
2765:
2748:
2747:
2740:
2730:
2728:
2719:
2718:
2714:
2709:on 3 July 2016.
2693:
2684:
2669:
2658:
2650:
2641:
2624:
2620:
2609:
2589:
2574:
2565:
2564:
2560:
2541:
2540:
2536:
2523:
2519:
2504:
2500:
2493:
2477:
2473:
2460:
2459:
2455:
2436:
2435:
2431:
2421:
2419:
2415:
2404:
2400:
2399:
2395:
2378:
2377:
2373:
2352:
2345:
2330:
2323:
2313:
2311:
2307:
2300:
2292:
2288:
2267:
2260:
2250:
2248:
2239:
2238:
2234:
2223:
2219:
2200:
2199:
2195:
2176:
2175:
2171:
2160:
2153:
2134:
2133:
2129:
2119:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2108:
2104:
2087:
2086:
2082:
2063:
2059:
2054:on 22 May 2008.
2040:
2036:
2027:
2026:
2022:
2007:
2003:
1986:
1985:
1981:
1970:
1966:
1947:
1946:
1942:
1923:
1922:
1918:
1899:
1898:
1894:
1875:
1874:
1870:
1857:
1853:
1845:
1834:
1830:
1829:
1822:
1814:
1803:
1799:
1798:
1791:
1783:
1772:
1768:
1767:
1760:
1752:
1741:
1737:
1736:
1729:
1721:
1710:
1706:
1705:
1698:
1675:
1674:
1670:
1653:
1652:
1648:
1629:
1628:
1624:
1605:
1604:
1600:
1581:
1580:
1576:
1571:. 4 April 1907.
1559:
1558:
1554:
1544:
1542:
1538:
1527:
1521:
1517:
1504:
1500:
1481:
1472:
1459:
1458:
1451:
1434:
1433:
1429:
1410:
1409:
1405:
1384:
1375:
1365:
1363:
1359:
1352:
1344:
1315:
1305:
1303:
1296:
1292:
1291:
1287:
1272:
1265:
1246:
1237:
1227:
1225:
1210:
1203:
1186:
1185:
1181:
1170:
1166:
1158:
1143:
1139:
1138:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1114:
1101:
1097:
1092:
1080:
1021:
1005:
1003:Other fountains
982:the same to all
958:
921:
917:
915:
913:
911:
903:Gregorio Carafa
876:
872:
870:
868:
819:
806:
787:
774:
766:
754:
750:
748:
716:
711:
690:
680:
678:
651:
646:
642:
640:
638:
636:
628:De Redin towers
598:at Santa Venera
588:
583:
538:Wignacourt Arch
530:
528:Wignacourt Arch
524:
469:Wignacourt Arch
434:
400:Farsons Brewery
354:Giovanni Attard
326:brought in the
270:
223:Giovanni Attard
142:
109:Characteristics
73:
71:
67:
64:
59:
56:
54:
52:
51:
41:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3535:
3525:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3455:
3454:
3447:
3446:External links
3444:
3443:
3442:
3437:
3417:
3414:
3411:
3410:
3380:
3377:on 2 May 2015.
3358:
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3106:(in Maltese).
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2984:Malta and Gozo
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2727:. 3 April 2020
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2338:maltain360.com
2321:
2310:on 7 June 2019
2286:
2276:Times of Malta
2258:
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2207:Times of Malta
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2127:
2102:
2080:
2065:Scerri, John.
2057:
2034:
2020:
2013:(in Maltese).
2001:
1979:
1964:
1954:Times of Malta
1940:
1916:
1906:Times of Malta
1892:
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1868:
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1461:"Fleur-de-Lys"
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1427:
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1393:Times of Malta
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1074:respectively.
1056:minted by the
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1019:Commemorations
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831:Del Monte Gate
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3023:(3): 139–144.
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2016:
2012:
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1989:
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1968:
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1084:Gozo Aqueduct
1082:
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1055:
1054:a silver coin
1050:
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1016:
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1009:Lion Fountain
1000:
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896:
895:Grand Harbour
891:
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736:Sarria Church
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512:Grand Harbour
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462:Triq l-Imdina
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324:Martin Garzez
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276:Lone arch at
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211:
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151:21 April 1615
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101:
97:
94:
90:
87:
83:
78:
50:
48:
44:
40:
34:
29:
22:
19:
3492:Santa Venera
3427:
3402:the original
3395:
3383:
3375:the original
3361:
3353:the original
3346:
3337:
3317:
3307:
3299:
3291:the original
3284:
3275:
3255:
3250:
3242:the original
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3212:
3206:
3189:
3178:the original
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3145:the original
3140:
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3112:the original
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3103:
3070:the original
3065:
3056:
3048:the original
3041:
3020:
3016:
3003:
2983:
2951:
2939:. Retrieved
2935:the original
2915:
2908:
2888:
2881:
2870:the original
2865:
2861:
2832:
2826:
2818:the original
2802:
2795:
2787:
2778:
2758:the original
2753:
2729:. Retrieved
2724:
2715:
2707:the original
2700:
2654:
2628:
2621:
2613:the original
2593:
2561:
2553:the original
2546:
2537:
2529:
2520:
2510:
2501:
2481:
2474:
2465:
2456:
2448:the original
2441:
2432:
2420:. Retrieved
2413:the original
2408:
2396:
2374:
2366:the original
2359:
2337:
2312:. Retrieved
2305:the original
2296:
2289:
2281:the original
2274:
2249:. Retrieved
2245:the original
2235:
2220:
2212:the original
2205:
2196:
2188:the original
2181:
2172:
2146:the original
2139:
2130:
2118:. Retrieved
2116:(in Maltese)
2105:
2097:the original
2092:
2083:
2075:the original
2070:
2060:
2052:the original
2047:
2037:
2023:
2010:
2004:
1996:the original
1991:
1982:
1967:
1959:the original
1952:
1943:
1935:the original
1928:
1919:
1911:the original
1904:
1895:
1887:the original
1880:
1871:
1861:
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1843:the original
1838:
1812:the original
1807:
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1617:the original
1610:
1601:
1593:the original
1586:
1577:
1564:
1555:
1543:. Retrieved
1536:the original
1531:
1518:
1508:
1501:
1493:the original
1488:
1465:the original
1444:the original
1439:
1430:
1422:the original
1415:
1406:
1398:the original
1391:
1364:. Retrieved
1357:the original
1348:
1304:. Retrieved
1300:
1288:
1279:
1275:
1258:the original
1253:
1226:. Retrieved
1222:the original
1217:
1196:the original
1191:
1182:
1167:
1156:the original
1151:
1147:
1098:
1068:Fleur-de-Lys
1062:
1051:
1040:
1033:
1006:
986:
981:
978:Omnibus Idem
977:
976:inscription
970:
965:Omnibus Idem
964:
954:Omnibus Idem
953:
948:
944:fuq l–iġgant
943:
941:
928:
926:
922:
909:
892:
884:Michelangelo
877:
866:
857:
851:
828:
811:
807:
795:
788:
767:
758:
755:
746:
740:horse trough
733:
707:
694:
691:
685:
681:
676:
669:
665:
663:
657:
634:
623:
619:
609:
595:
586:Santa Venera
571:
563:
543:
516:water trough
493:
466:
446:
432:Architecture
419:
412:
405:
382:
375:
350:
332:
313:
282:
254:Santa Venera
250:Fleur-de-Lys
235:
212:
175:
173:
159:20th century
114:Total length
18:
2251:30 November
1988:"Monumenti"
973:Porta Reale
880:Leone Leoni
620:it-Turretta
72: /
47:Coordinates
3487:Birkirkara
3461:Categories
2120:16 October
1682:In-Nazzjon
1545:11 October
1436:"Floriana"
1118:References
999:fountain.
899:breakwater
840:Statue of
566:roundabout
553:in Malta.
370:Birkirkara
351:capomastro
309:Birkirkara
246:Birkirkara
60:14°27′39″E
57:35°53′35″N
39:Birkirkara
3397:MaltaPost
2677:868524977
2388:956075294
2067:"History"
1366:8 January
1228:8 January
1064:MaltaPost
1047:City Gate
980:(meaning
764:Fountains
660:at Hamrun
577:station.
500:pozzolana
496:limestone
289:Rainwater
3502:Floriana
3425:(1647).
3326:Archived
3137:Scientia
3104:Il-Malti
3095:(1928).
2960:Archived
2862:Il-Malti
2853:(1928).
2015:Valletta
1677:"Lokali"
1078:See also
1072:Floriana
1043:Valletta
967:fountain
956:fountain
714:Floriana
701:backyard
684:meaning
624:Torretta
504:cisterns
489:Floriana
378:Valletta
285:Valletta
262:Floriana
208:Valletta
188:aqueduct
164:Location
125:Capacity
103:Valletta
2731:14 June
1489:NETnews
1306:31 July
854:Neptune
844:at the
842:Neptune
697:obelisk
612:Italian
473:Maltese
458:Maltese
450:Maltese
294:Ottoman
268:History
180:Maltese
133:History
3497:Ħamrun
3482:Balzan
3477:Attard
3262:
2991:
2941:5 July
2927:
2896:
2810:
2786:–155.
2675:
2665:
2605:
2489:
2422:3 July
2386:
2314:7 June
1294:"Info"
1029:Attard
649:Hamrun
481:Hamrun
442:Attard
408:arcade
328:Jesuit
316:Dingli
305:Balzan
278:Balzan
258:Hamrun
242:Balzan
238:Attard
200:Dingli
156:Closed
148:Opened
89:Dingli
85:Begins
3440:p. 10
3433:Malta
3405:(PDF)
3392:(PDF)
3218:Malta
3198:(PDF)
3181:(PDF)
3166:(PDF)
3148:(PDF)
3133:(PDF)
3115:(PDF)
3100:(PDF)
3013:(PDF)
2921:Malta
2873:(PDF)
2858:(PDF)
2659:(PDF)
2634:Malta
2599:Malta
2416:(PDF)
2405:(PDF)
2308:(PDF)
2301:(PDF)
2114:(PDF)
1846:(PDF)
1835:(PDF)
1815:(PDF)
1804:(PDF)
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1742:(PDF)
1722:(PDF)
1711:(PDF)
1539:(PDF)
1528:(PDF)
1360:(PDF)
1353:(PDF)
1297:(PDF)
1159:(PDF)
1144:(PDF)
1104:canne
1102:7478
1090:Notes
937:Birgu
359:scudi
320:Rabat
204:Rabat
192:Malta
93:Rabat
3260:ISBN
2989:ISBN
2943:2016
2925:ISBN
2894:ISBN
2808:ISBN
2733:2020
2673:OCLC
2663:ISBN
2603:ISBN
2487:ISBN
2424:2018
2384:OCLC
2316:2019
2253:2016
2122:2023
1547:2015
1368:2020
1308:2020
1230:2016
1070:and
510:and
318:and
307:and
260:and
252:and
225:and
202:and
174:The
99:Ends
91:and
2784:154
2183:TVM
1930:TVM
1152:VII
935:in
668:or
190:in
3463::
3431:.
3394:.
3369:.
3345:.
3283:.
3266:,
3234:.
3216:.
3172:.
3168:.
3141:15
3139:.
3135:.
3102:.
3078:^
3064:.
3040:.
3029:^
3019:.
3015:.
2971:^
2919:.
2864:.
2860:.
2842:^
2766:^
2752:.
2741:^
2723:.
2699:.
2685:^
2671:.
2642:^
2632:.
2597:.
2575:^
2545:.
2528:.
2509:.
2464:.
2440:.
2407:.
2358:.
2346:^
2336:.
2324:^
2273:.
2261:^
2204:.
2180:.
2154:^
2138:.
2091:.
2069:.
2046:.
1990:.
1951:.
1927:.
1903:.
1879:.
1837:.
1823:^
1806:.
1792:^
1775:.
1761:^
1744:.
1730:^
1713:.
1699:^
1679:.
1657:.
1633:.
1609:.
1585:.
1567:.
1563:.
1530:.
1487:.
1473:^
1452:^
1438:.
1414:.
1390:.
1376:^
1316:^
1299:.
1278:.
1266:^
1252:.
1238:^
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