American frontier - Knowledge

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quantities in the fertile river bottoms.... Yet, on the whole, it was an agricultural society without skill or resources. It committed all those sins which characterize wasteful and ignorant husbandry. Grass seed was not sown for hay and as a result, the farm animals had to forage for themselves in the forests; the fields were not permitted to lie in pasturage; a single crop was planted in the soil until the land was exhausted; the manure was not returned to the fields; only a small part of the farm was brought under cultivation, the rest being permitted to stand in timber. Instruments of cultivation were rude and clumsy and only too few, many of them being made on the farm. It is plain why the American frontier settler was on the move continually. It was, not his fear of too close contact with the comforts and restraints of a civilized society that stirred him into a ceaseless activity, nor merely the chance of selling out at a profit to the coming wave of settlers; it was his wasting land that drove him on. Hunger was the goad. The pioneer farmer's ignorance, his inadequate facilities for cultivation, his limited means, of transport necessitated his frequent changes of scene. He could succeed only with virgin soil.

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cultivation every portion of the territory contained within their acknowledged boundaries. In thus providing for the support of millions of civilized beings, they will not violate any dictate of justice or humanity; for they will not only give to the few thousand savages scattered over that territory an ample equivalent for any right they may surrender, but will always leave them the possession of lands more than they can cultivate, and more than adequate to their subsistence, comfort, and enjoyment, by cultivation. If this is a spirit of aggrandizement, the undersigned are prepared to admit, in that sense, its existence; but they must deny that it affords the slightest proof of an intention not to respect the boundaries between them and European nations, or of a desire to encroach upon the territories of Great Britain. They will not suppose that that Government will avow, as the basis of their policy towards the United States a system of arresting their natural growth within their territories, for the sake of preserving a perpetual desert for savages.

2888:(1813–1890), an Army officer in the Corps of Topographical Engineers. He displayed a talent for exploration and a genius at self-promotion that gave him the sobriquet of "Pathmarker of the West" and led him to the presidential nomination of the new Republican Party in 1856. He led a series of expeditions in the 1840s which answered many of the outstanding geographic questions about the little-known region. He crossed through the Rocky Mountains by five different routes and mapped parts of Oregon and California. In 1846–1847, he played a role in conquering California. In 1848–1849, Frémont was assigned to locate a central route through the mountains for the proposed transcontinental railroad, but his expedition ended in near-disaster when it became lost and was trapped by heavy snow. His reports mixed narrative of exciting adventure with scientific data and detailed practical information for travelers. It caught the public imagination and inspired many to head west. Goetzman says it was "monumental in its breadth, a classic of exploring literature". 5411:, was one of the few who achieved "respectable" status. She nursed victims of an influenza epidemic; this gave her acceptance in the community and the support of the sheriff. The townspeople were shocked when she was murdered in 1867; they gave her a lavish funeral and speedily tried and hanged her assailant. Until the 1890s, madams predominantly ran the businesses, after which male pimps took over, and the treatment of the women generally declined. It was not uncommon for bordellos in Western towns to operate openly, without the stigma of East Coast cities. Gambling and prostitution were central to life in these western towns, and only later—as the female population increased, reformers moved in, and other civilizing influences arrived—did prostitution become less blatant and less common. After a decade or so the mining towns attracted respectable women who ran boarding houses, organized church societies, worked as laundresses and seamstresses and strove for independent status. 5110:

40 million, and the population grew by a factor of 20 times to 107,000. Denver had always attracted miners, workers, whores, and travelers. Saloons and gambling dens sprung up overnight. The city fathers boasted of its fine theaters, and especially the Tabor Grand Opera House built in 1881. By 1890, Denver had grown to be the 26th largest city in America, and the fifth-largest city west of the Mississippi River. The boom times attracted millionaires and their mansions, as well as hustlers, poverty, and crime. Denver gained regional notoriety with its range of bawdy houses, from the sumptuous quarters of renowned madams to the squalid "cribs" located a few blocks away. Business was good; visitors spent lavishly, then left town. As long as madams conducted their business discreetly, and "crib girls" did not advertise their availability too crudely, authorities took their bribes and looked the other way. Occasional cleanups and crack downs satisfied the demands for reform.

6361:. In actuality, the life of a cowboy was a hard one and revolved around two annual roundups, spring and fall, the subsequent drives to market, and the time off in the cattle towns spending their hard-earned money on food, clothing, firearms, gambling, and prostitution. During winter, many cowboys hired themselves out to ranches near the cattle towns, where they repaired and maintained equipment and buildings. Working the cattle was not just a routine job but also a lifestyle that exulted in the freedom of the wide unsettled outdoors on horseback. Long drives hired one cowboy for about 250 head of cattle. Saloons were ubiquitous (outside Mormondom), but on the trail, the cowboys were forbidden to drink alcohol. Often, hired cowboys were trained and knowledgeable in their trade such as herding, ranching and protecting cattle. To protect their herd from wild animals, hostile Natives, and rustlers, cowboys carried with them their iconic weaponry such as the 3611:

Utah, the LDS Church was legally disincorporated in the territory and members of the church's hierarchy, including Young, were summarily removed and barred from virtually every public office. Meanwhile, successful missionary work in the U.S. and Europe brought a flood of Mormon converts to Utah. During this time, Congress refused to admit Utah into the Union as a state and statehood would mean an end to direct federal control over the territory and the possible ascension of politicians chosen and controlled by the LDS Church into most if not all federal, state and local elected offices from the new state. Finally, in 1890, the church leadership announced polygamy was no longer a central tenet, thereafter a compromise. In 1896, Utah was admitted as the 45th state with the Mormons dividing between Republicans and Democrats.

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the cowboys had to keep the cattle moving and in line. The cattle had to be watched day and night as they were prone to stampedes and straying. While camping every night, cowboys would often sing to their herd to keep them calm. The workdays often lasted fourteen hours, with just six hours of sleep. It was grueling, dusty work, with just a few minutes of relaxation before and at the end of a long day. On the trail, drinking, gambling, and brawling were often prohibited and fined, and sometimes cursing as well. It was monotonous and boring work, with food to match: bacon, beans, bread, coffee, dried fruit, and potatoes. On average, cowboys earned $ 30 to $ 40 per month, because of the heavy physical and emotional toll, it was unusual for a cowboy to spend more than seven years on the range. As

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higher value given its proximity to the rail line. Railroads had up to five years to sell or mortgage their land, after tracks were laid, after which unsold land could be purchased by anyone. Often railroads sold some of their government acquired land to homesteaders immediately to encourage settlement and the growth of markets the railroads would then be able to serve. Nebraska railroads in the 1870s were strong boosters of lands along their routes. They sent agents to Germany and Scandinavia with package deals that included cheap transportation for the family as well as its furniture and farm tools, and they offered long-term credit at low rates. Boosterism succeeded in attracting adventurous American and European families to

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diets consisting mostly of pork, beans, and whiskey. These highly male, transient communities with no established institutions were prone to high levels of violence, drunkenness, profanity, and greed-driven behavior. Without courts or law officers in the mining communities to enforce claims and justice, miners developed their ad hoc legal system, based on the "mining codes" used in other mining communities abroad. Each camp had its own rules and often handed out justice by popular vote, sometimes acting fairly and at times exercising vigilantes; with Native Americans (Indians), Mexicans, and Chinese generally receiving the harshest sentences.

1986: 5384:, argue the rural environment was beneficial to the child's upbringing. Historians Katherine Harris and Elliott West write that rural upbringing allowed children to break loose from urban hierarchies of age and gender, promoted family interdependence, and at the end produced children who were more self-reliant, mobile, adaptable, responsible, independent and more in touch with nature than their urban or eastern counterparts. On the other hand, historians Elizabeth Hampsten and Lillian Schlissel offer a grim portrait of loneliness, privation, abuse, and demanding physical labor from an early age. Riney-Kehrberg takes a middle position. 3034:

monopoly by government or by social customs. The road must be open. The game must be played according to the rules. There must be no artificial stifling of equality of opportunity, no closed doors to the able, no stopping the free game before it was played to the end. More than that, there was an unformulated, perhaps, but very real feeling, that mere success in the game, by which the abler men were able to achieve preëminence gave to the successful ones no right to look down upon their neighbors, no vested title to assert superiority as a matter of pride and to the diminution of the equal right and dignity of the less successful.

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years of settlement, farm women played an integral role in assuring family survival by working outdoors. After a generation or so, women increasingly left the fields, thus redefining their roles within the family. New conveniences such as sewing and washing machines encouraged women to turn to domestic roles. The scientific housekeeping movement, promoted across the land by the media and government extension agents, as well as county fairs which featured achievements in home cookery and canning, advice columns for women in the farm papers, and home economics courses in the schools all contributed to this trend.

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an image of the cowboys as men who worked hard, played hard, lived by a code of honor, protected themselves, and asked nothing of the government. In the hands of Democratic newspaper editors, the realities of cowboy life—the poverty, the danger, the debilitating hours—became romantic. Cowboys embodied virtues Democrats believed Republicans were destroying by creating a behemoth government catering to lazy ex-slaves. By the 1860s, cattle drives were a feature of the plains landscape, and Democrats had made cowboys a symbol of rugged individual independence, something they insisted Republicans were destroying.

4198:, many from the East Coast and Europe were lured west by reports from relatives and by extensive advertising campaigns promising "the Best Prairie Lands", "Low Prices", "Large Discounts For Cash", and "Better Terms Than Ever!". The new railroads provided the opportunity for migrants to go out and take a look, with special family tickets, the cost of which could be applied to land purchases offered by the railroads. Farming the plains was indeed more difficult than back east. Water management was more critical, lightning fires were more prevalent, the weather was more extreme, rainfall was less predictable. 5947: 2543: 6884:. By simplifying reality and grossly exaggerating the truth, the novels captured the public's attention with sensational tales of violence and heroism and fixed in the public's mind stereotypical images of heroes and villains—courageous cowboys and savage Natives, virtuous lawmen and ruthless outlaws, brave settlers and predatory cattlemen. Millions of copies and thousands of titles were sold. The novels relied on a series of predictable literary formulas appealing to mass tastes and were often written in as little as a few days. The most successful of all dime novels was Edward S. Ellis' 312: 5091: 3198: 5299: 5483:). Criminals found many opportunities to rob pioneer families of their possessions, while the few underfunded lawmen had great difficulty detecting, arresting, holding, and convicting wrongdoers. Bandits, typically in groups of two or three, rarely attacked stagecoaches with a guard carrying a sawed-off, double-barreled shotgun; it proved less risky to rob teamsters, people on foot, and solitary horsemen, while bank robberies themselves were harder to pull off due to the security of the establishment. According to historian Brian Robb, the earliest form of 2084: 2108: 2909: 5071:

enemies. Israel by contrast, operated in a very small geographical zone, surrounded by more powerful neighbors. The Jewish pioneer was not building an individual or family enterprise, but was a conscious participant in nation-building, with a high priority on collective and cooperative planned settlements. The Israeli pioneers brought in American experts on irrigation and agriculture to provide technical advice. However, they rejected the American frontier model in favor of a European model that supported their political and security concerns.

2120: 5776:). In the Post-Civil War frontier, over 523 whites, 34 blacks, and 75 others were victims of lynching. However, cases of lynching in the Old West wasn't primarily caused by the absence of a legal system, but also because of social class. Historian Michael J. Pfeifer writes, "Contrary to the popular understanding, early territorial lynching did not flow from an absence or distance of law enforcement but rather from the social instability of early communities and their contest for property, status, and the definition of social order." 2060: 6811: 5650: 2072: 1966:, political compromise, military conquest, the establishment of law and order, the building of farms, ranches, and towns, the marking of trails and digging of mines, and the pulling in of great migrations of foreigners, the United States expanded from coast to coast, fulfilling the ideology of Manifest Destiny. In his "Frontier Thesis" (1893), Turner theorized that the frontier was a process that transformed Europeans into a new people, the Americans, whose values focused on equality, democracy, and optimism, as well as 3808: 4043: 3351:. In a few years, nearly all of the independent miners were displaced as mines were purchased and run by mining companies, who then hired low-paid salaried miners. As gold became harder to find and more difficult to extract, individual prospectors gave way to paid work gangs, specialized skills, and mining machinery. Bigger mines, however, caused greater environmental damage. In the mountains, shaft mining predominated, producing large amounts of waste. Beginning in 1852, at the end of the '49 gold rush, through 1883, 5641: 3542: 2096: 4019: 3300: 5415:

for guests. These establishments were a driving force behind the local economy and many towns measured their prosperity by the number of gambling halls and professional gamblers they had. Towns that were friendly to gambling were typically known to sports as "wide-awake" or "wide-open". Cattle towns in Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas, and Nebraska became famous centers of gambling. The cowboys had been accumulating their wages and postponing their pleasures until they finally arrived in town with money to wager.

13182:"Hell on the Border: He Hanged Eighty-eight Men. A History of the Great United States Criminal Court at Fort Smith, Arkansas, and of Crime and Criminals in the Indian Territory, and the Trial and Punishment Thereof Before ... Judge Isaac C. Parker ... and by the Courts of Said Territory, Embracing the Leading Sentences and Charges to Grand and Petit Juries Delivered by the World Famous Jurist – his Acknowledged Masterpieces, Besides Much Other Legal Lore ... Illustrated with Over Fifty Fine Half-tones" 3410: 2654: 4889: 4159:

including passage and land on easy terms for farmers in Germany and Scandinavia. The prairies, they were promised, did not mean backbreaking toil because "settling on the prairie which is ready for the plow is different from plunging into a region covered with timber". The settlers were customers of the railroads, shipping their crops and cattle out, and bringing in manufactured products. All manufacturers benefited from the lower costs of transportation and the much larger radius of business.

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the American frontier. The image of a Wild West filled with countless gunfights was a myth based on repeated exaggerations. Actual gunfights in the Old West were more episodic rather than being a common thing, but when gunfights did occur, the cause for each varied. Some were simply the result of the heat of the moment, while others were longstanding feuds, or between bandits and lawmen. Although mostly romanticized, there were instances of "quick draw" that did occur though rarely, such as

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using the telegraph and railroads to coordinate and concentrate its forces. Plains Indian intertribal warfare bore no resemblance to the "modern" warfare practiced by the Americans along European lines, using its vast advantages in population and resources. Many tribes avoided warfare and others supported the U.S. Army. The tribes hostile to the government continued to pursue their traditional brand of fighting and, therefore, were unable to have any permanent success against the Army.

3002: 3522: 6952: 5444: 3119:, over the 870-mile (1,400 km) journey which took 48 days from Kansas City, Missouri (then known as Westport). Santa Fe was also the trailhead for the "El Camino Real" (the King's Highway), a trade route which carried American manufactured goods southward deep into Mexico and returned silver, furs, and mules northward (not to be confused with another "Camino Real" which connected the missions in California). A branch also ran eastward near the Gulf (also called the 3422:(3,200 km); their wagon trains usually left from Missouri. They moved in large groups under an experienced wagonmaster, bringing their clothing, farm supplies, weapons, and animals. These wagon trains followed major rivers, crossed prairies and mountains, and typically ended in Oregon and California. Pioneers generally attempted to complete the journey during a single warm season, usually for six months. By 1836, when the first migrant wagon train was organized in 3289: 2606:

Natives, which included future payments of cash, food, horses, cattle, supplies, buildings, schooling, and medical care. In cash terms, the total paid to the tribes in the area of the Louisiana Purchase amounted to about $ 2.6 billion, or nearly $ 9 billion in 2016 dollars. Additional sums were paid to the Natives living east of the Mississippi for their lands, as well as payments to Natives living in parts of the west outside the Louisiana Purchase.

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plantation agriculture. Rich men came in, bought up the good land, and worked it with slaves. The area was no longer "frontier". It had a stratified society comprising a powerful upper-class white landowning gentry, a small middle-class, a fairly large group of landless or tenant white farmers, and a growing slave population at the bottom of the social pyramid. Unlike the North, where small towns and even cities were common, the South was overwhelmingly rural.

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and cultural opportunity. It thus also involved Americanization of immigrant." Curti found that from 1840 to 1860 in Wisconsin the poorest groups gained rapidly in land ownership, and often rose to political leadership at the local level. He found that even landless young farmworkers were soon able to obtain their farms. Free land on the frontier, therefore, created opportunity and democracy, for both European immigrants as well as old stock Yankees.

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whom were also poor because they were starting with little property and had not yet cleared much land nor had they acquired the farm tools and animals which would one day make them prosperous. Few artisans settled on the frontier except for those who practiced a trade to supplement their primary occupation of farming. There might be a storekeeper, a minister, and perhaps a doctor; and there were several landless laborers. All the rest were farmers.

3964:. Federal exploration and scientific teams would undertake reconnaissance of the land and determine Native American habitation. Through treaties, the land titles would be ceded by the resident tribes. Then surveyors would create detailed maps marking the land into squares of six miles (10 km) on each side, subdivided first into one square mile blocks, then into 160-acre (0.65 km) lots. Townships would be formed from the lots and sold at 3946: 2474: 24627: 1730: 4686: 3097: 2390: 5502:. These lawmen were not just instrumental in keeping the peace, but also in protecting the locals from Native and Mexican threats at the border. Law enforcement tended to be more stringent in towns than in rural areas. Law enforcement emphasized maintaining stability more than armed combat, focusing on drunkenness, disarming cowboys who violated gun-control edicts and dealing with flagrant breaches of gambling and prostitution ordinances. 6203:, providing food, hides for clothing and shelter, and bones for implements. Loss of habitat, disease, and over-hunting steadily reduced the herds through the 19th century to the point of near extinction. The last 10–15 million died out in a decade 1872–1883; only 100 survived. The tribes that depended on the buffalo had little choice but to accept the government offer of reservations, where the government would feed and supply them. 1861:. A period known as "The Western Civil War of Incorporation" lasted from the 1850s to 1919. This period included historical events synonymous with the archetypical Old West or "Wild West" such as violent conflict arising from encroaching settlement into frontier land, the removal and assimilation of natives, consolidation of property to large corporations and government, vigilantism, and the attempted enforcement of laws upon outlaws. 4966:

settlers could co-exist in separate but equal societies, dividing up the remaining western land). Dealing with nomadic tribes complicated the reservation strategy and decentralized tribal power made treaty making difficult among the Plains Indians. Conflicts erupted in the 1850s, resulting in various Indian wars. In these times of conflict, Natives become more stringent about white men entering their territory. Such as in the case of

6508: 75: 7045:(1903) became a classic novel about the cattle business, especially the cattle drive. It described a fictional drive of the Circle Dot herd from Texas to Montana in 1882 and became a leading source on cowboy life; historians retraced its path in the 1960s, confirming its basic accuracy. His writings are acclaimed and criticized for realistic fidelity to detail on the one hand and thin literary qualities on the other. Many regard 4698: 3694:

Compromise of 1820. Free Soil elements feared that if slavery were allowed rich planters would buy up the best lands and work them with gangs of slaves, leaving little opportunity for free white men to own farms. Few Southern planters were interested in Kansas, but the idea that slavery was illegal there implied they had a second-class status that was intolerable to their sense of honor, and seemed to violate the principle of

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Texas ranchers raised large herds of longhorn cattle. The nearest railheads were 800 or more miles (1300+ km) north in Kansas (Abilene, Kansas City, Dodge City, and Wichita). So once fattened, the ranchers and their cowboys drove the herds north along the Western, Chisholm, and Shawnee trails. The cattle were shipped to Chicago, St. Louis, and points east for slaughter and consumption in the fast-growing cities. The

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whole. On the other hand, too many were built, and they were built too far ahead of actual demand. The result was a bubble that left heavy losses to investors and led to poor management practices. By contrast, as White notes, the lines in the Midwest and East supported by a very large population base, fostered farming, industry, and mining while generating steady profits and receiving few government benefits.

4312: 4549:, Arapaho and Sioux, was fought in the territories of Colorado to Nebraska. The conflict was fought in 1863–1865 while the American Civil War was still ongoing. Caused by dissolution between the Natives and the white settlers in the region, the war was infamous for the atrocities done between the two parties. White militias destroyed Native villages and killed Native women and children such as the bloody 4112:

plows and scrapers, and manual picks, axes, sledgehammers, and handcarts. A few steam-driven machines, such as shovels, were used. The rails were iron (steel came a few years later), weighed 700 lb (320 kg) and required five men to lift. For blasting, they used black powder. The Union Pacific construction crews, mostly Irish Americans, averaged about two miles (3 km) of new track per day.

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reported no armed attacks at all. However many did report harassment by Natives who begged or demanded tolls, and stole horses and cattle. Madsen reports that the Shoshoni and Bannock tribes north and west of Utah were more aggressive toward wagon trains. The federal government attempted to reduce tensions and create new tribal boundaries in the Great Plains with two new treaties in early 1850, The

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editorialized, "the fulfillment of our manifest destiny...to overspread the continent allotted by Providence for the free development of our yearly multiplying millions." As the nation grew, "Manifest Destiny" became a rallying cry for expansionists in the Democratic Party. In the 1840s, the Tyler and Polk administrations (1841–1849) successfully promoted this nationalistic doctrine. However, the

3906: 6985:. Critic Keith Phipps says, "its five square miles have defined what decades of moviegoers think of when they imagine the American West." The heroic stories coming out of the building of the transcontinental railroad in the mid-1860s enlivened many dime novels and illustrated many newspapers and magazines with the juxtaposition of the traditional environment with the iron horse of modernity. 6049: 7199:, along with the University of New Mexico Press. Leading historians there include Gerald D. Nash, Donald C. Cutter, Richard N. Ellis, Richard Etulain, Ferenc Szasz, Margaret Connell-Szasz, Paul Hutton, Virginia Scharff, and Samuel Truett. The department has collaborated with other departments and emphasizes Southwestern regionalism, minorities in the Southwest, and historiography. 2402:

were reasonable to settlers yet high enough to pay off the national debt, clear legal titles, and create a diversified Western economy that would be closely interconnected with the settled areas with minimal risk of a breakaway movement. By the 1830s, however, the West was filling up with squatters who had no legal deed, although they may have paid money to previous settlers. The

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and provide neutral help, assisted entrepreneurs to find business opportunities, and made possible regular commercial relationships between merchants and the West and wholesalers and factories back east. The postal service likewise assisted the Army in expanding control over the vast western territories. The widespread circulation of important newspapers by mail, such as the

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opportunities. Laborers wanted higher paying work and better conditions. As settlers moved west, they had to face challenges along the way, such as the lack of wood for housing, bad weather like blizzards and droughts, and fearsome tornadoes. In the treeless prairies homesteaders built sod houses. One of the greatest plagues that hit the homesteaders was the

4039:, and Bureau of Explorations and Surveys, and became known as "The Great Reconnaissance". Regionalism animated debates in Congress regarding the choice of a northern, central, or southern route. Engineering requirements for the rail route were an adequate supply of water and wood, and as nearly-level route as possible, given the weak locomotives of the era. 3972:

acquire large tracts of land cheaply. Land policy became politicized by competing factions and interests, and the question of slavery on new lands was contentious. As a counter to land speculators, farmers formed "claims clubs" to enable them to buy larger tracts than the 160-acre (0.65 km) allotments by trading among themselves at controlled prices.

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all 56 men were killed by the time the violence abated in 1859. By 1860 the pro-slavery forces were in control—but Kansas had only two slaves. The antislavery forces took over by 1861, as Kansas became a free state. The episode demonstrated that a democratic compromise between North and South over slavery was impossible and served to hasten the Civil War.

7139:" which narrows the geographical and temporal framework to concentrate on the trans-Mississippi West after 1850. It avoids the word "frontier" and stresses cultural interaction between white culture and groups such as Natives and Hispanics. History professor William Weeks of the University of San Diego argues that in this "New Western History" approach: 7041:(1859–1935). Cowboy, Pinkerton detective, and western author, Siringo was the first authentic cowboy autobiographer. Adams spent the 1880s in the cattle industry in Texas and the 1890s mining in the Rockies. When an 1898 play's portrayal of Texans outraged Adams, he started writing plays, short stories, and novels drawn from his own experiences. His 7059:. It began in an organized fashion in the West in the 1880s, when several Western cities followed up on touring Wild West shows and organized celebrations that included rodeo activities. The establishment of major cowboy competitions in the East in the 1920s led to the growth of rodeo sports. Trail cowboys who were also known as gunfighters like 4729:. Numbering only 200 warriors, the Nez Perce "battled some 2,000 American regulars and volunteers of different military units, together with their Native auxiliaries of many tribes, in a total of eighteen engagements, including four major battles and at least four fiercely contested skirmishes." The Nez Perce were finally surrounded at the 1959:

peoples and cultures that gave birth and continuing life to America." Turner himself repeatedly emphasized how the availability of "free land" to start new farms attracted pioneering Americans: "The existence of an area of free land, its continuous recession, and the advance of American settlement westward, explain American development."

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He states there is a "second Dodge City" that belongs to the popular imagination and thrives as a cultural metaphor for violence, chaos, and depravity. For the cowboy arriving with money in hand after two months on the trail, the town was exciting. A contemporary eyewitness of Hays City, Kansas, paints a vivid image of this cattle town:

2739:, wanted a moderated pace that charged the newcomers enough to pay the costs of the federal government. The Democrats, however, tolerated a wild scramble for land at very low prices. The final resolution came in the Homestead Law of 1862, with a moderated pace that gave settlers 160 acres free after they worked on it for five years. 5865:, which were made up of cattlemen and cowboys, killed up to 20 criminals and range squatters in 1884 alone. In Nebraska, stock grower Isom Olive led a range war in 1878 that killed a number of homesteaders from lynchings and shootouts before eventually leading to his own murder. Another infamous type of open range conflict were the 5869:, which were fought between sheep ranchers and cattle ranchers over grazing rights and mainly occurred in Texas, Arizona and the border region of Wyoming and Colorado. In most cases, formal military involvement were used to quickly put an end to these conflicts. Other conflicts over land and territory were also fought such as the 5121:. City boosters opened a public library in 1894. Ring argues that the library was originally a mechanism of social control, "an antidote to the miners' proclivity for drinking, whoring, and gambling". It was also designed to promote middle-class values and to convince Easterners that Butte was a cultivated city. 5268:. Japanese were recruited to work on plantations in Hawaii, beginning in 1885. By the late 19th century, more Japanese emigrated to Hawaii and the American mainland. The Issei, or first-generation Japanese immigrants, were not allowed to become U.S. citizens because they were not "a free white person", per the 3462:

so because they were discouraged and defeated. Some returned with bags of gold and silver. Most were returning to pick up their families and move them all back west. These "gobacks" were a major source of information and excitement about the wonders and promises—and dangers and disappointments—of the far West.

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the needs of railroad construction crews, train crews, and passengers who ate meals at scheduled stops. In most of the South, there were very few cities of any size for miles around, and this pattern held for Texas as well, so railroads did not arrive until the 1880s. They then shipped the cattle out and

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The timing of the cattle industry’s growth meant that cowboy imagery grew to have extraordinary power. Entangled in the vicious politics of the postwar years, Democrats, especially those in the old Confederacy, imagined the West as a land untouched by Republican politicians they hated. They developed

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Before a drive, a cowboy's duties included riding out on the range and bringing together the scattered cattle. The best cattle would be selected, roped, and branded, and most male cattle were castrated. The cattle also needed to be dehorned and examined and treated for infections. On the long drives,

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By the 1870s and 1880s, cattle ranches expanded further north into new grazing grounds and replaced the bison herds in Wyoming, Montana, Colorado, Nebraska, and the Dakota territory, using the rails to ship to both coasts. Many of the largest ranches were owned by Scottish and English financiers. The

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Hays City by lamplight was remarkably lively, but not very moral. The streets blazed with a reflection from saloons, and a glance within showed floors crowded with dancers, the gaily dressed women striving to hide with ribbons and paint the terrible lines which that grim artist, Dissipation, loves to

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Dykstra argues that the violent image of the cattle towns in film and fiction is largely a myth. The real Dodge City, he says, was the headquarters for the buffalo-hide trade of the Southern Plains and one of the West's principal cattle towns, a sale and shipping point for cattle arriving from Texas.

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remained and became American citizens in 1848. The 10,000 or so Californios also became U.S. citizens. They lived in southern California and after 1880 were overshadowed by the hundreds of thousands of new arrivals from the eastern states. Those in New Mexico dominated towns and villages that changed

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By 1920, Japanese-American farmers produced US$ 67 million worth of crops, more than ten percent of California's total crop value. There were 111,000 Japanese Americans in the U.S., of which 82,000 were immigrants and 29,000 were U.S. born. Congress passed the Immigration Act of 1924 effectively

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The cities played an essential role in the development of the frontier, as transportation hubs, financial and communications centers, and providers of merchandise, services, and entertainment. As the railroads pushed westward into the unsettled territory after 1860, they build service towns to handle

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and their cattle if ever caught crossing in the borders of their land. They would also prey upon livestock if the food was scarce during hard times. However, the relationship between cowboys and Native Americans were more mutual than they are portrayed, and the former would occasionally pay a fine of

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helped protect immigrants crossing the Great Plains and a series of posts in California protected miners. Forts were constructed to launch attacks against the Sioux. As Indian reservations sprang up, the military set up forts to protect them. Forts also guarded the Union Pacific and other rail lines.

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As part of public policy, the government would award public land to certain groups such as veterans, through the use of "land script". The script traded in a financial market, often at below the $ 1.25 per acre minimum price set by law, which gave speculators, investors, and developers another way to

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The federal government provided subsidies for the development of mail and freight delivery, and by 1856, Congress authorized road improvements and an overland mail service to California. The new commercial wagon trains service primarily hauled freight. In 1858 John Butterfield (1801–1869) established

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Following the end of the Mexican-American War in 1848, Utah was ceded to the United States by Mexico. Though the Mormons in Utah had supported U.S. efforts during the war; the federal government, pushed by the Protestant churches, rejected theocracy and polygamy. Founded in 1852, the Republican Party

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The local Baptists set up small independent churches—Baptists abjured centralized authority; each local church was founded on the principle of independence of the local congregation. On the other hand, bishops of the well-organized, centralized Methodists assigned circuit riders to specific areas for

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The land policy of the new nation was conservative, paying special attention to the needs of the settled East. The goals sought by both parties in the 1790–1820 era were to grow the economy, avoid draining away the skilled workers needed in the East, distribute the land wisely, sell it at prices that

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Buffalo land: an authentic narrative of the adventures and misadventures of a late scientific and sporting party upon the great plains of the West. With full descriptions of the buffalo, wolf, and wild horse, etc., etc. Also an appendix, constituting the work a manual for sportsmen and hand-book for

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The exploration, settlement, exploitation, and conflicts of the "American Old West" form a unique tapestry of events, which has been celebrated by Americans and foreigners alike—in art, music, dance, novels, magazines, short stories, poetry, theater, video games, movies, radio, television, song, and

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The names and exploits of Western gunslingers took a major role in American folklore, fiction and film. Their guns and costumes became children's toys for make-believe shootouts. The stories became immensely popular in Germany and other European countries, which produced their novels and films about

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Many of the cowboys were veterans of the Civil War; a diverse group, they included Blacks, Hispanics, Native Americans, and immigrants from many lands. The earliest cowboys in Texas learned their trade, adapted their clothing, and took their jargon from the Mexican vaqueros or "buckaroos", the heirs

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Settlers on their way overland to Oregon and California became targets of Native threats. Robert L. Munkres read 66 diaries of parties traveling the Oregon Trail between 1834 and 1860 to estimate the actual dangers they faced from Native attacks in Nebraska and Wyoming. The vast majority of diarists

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In 1889, Washington opened 2,000,000 acres (8,100 km) of unoccupied lands in the Oklahoma territory. On April 22, over 100,000 settlers and cattlemen (known as "boomers") lined up at the border, and when the army's guns and bugles giving the signal, began a mad dash to stake their claims in the

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negotiated with the Russians to acquire the tremendous landmass of Alaska, an area roughly one-fifth the size of the rest of the United States. On March 30, 1867, the U.S. purchased the territory from the Russians for $ 7.2 million ($ 157 million in 2023 dollars). The transfer ceremony was

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Proposals to build a transcontinental failed because of Congressional disputes over slavery. With the secession of the Confederate states in 1861, the modernizers in the Republican party took over Congress and wanted a line to link to California. Private companies were to build and operate the line.

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In 1846, about 10,000 Californios (Hispanics) lived in California, primarily on cattle ranches in what is now the Los Angeles area. A few hundred foreigners were scattered in the northern districts, including some Americans. With the outbreak of war with Mexico in 1846 the U.S. sent in Frémont and a

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in 1853 added southern Arizona, which was needed for a railroad route to California. In all Mexico ceded half a million square miles (1.3 million km) and included the states-to-be of California, Utah, Arizona, Nevada, New Mexico, and parts of Colorado and Wyoming, in addition to Texas. Managing

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The Mexican strategy was defensive; the American strategy was a three-pronged offensive, using large numbers of volunteer soldiers. Overland forces seized New Mexico with little resistance and headed to California, which quickly fell to the American land and naval forces. From the main American base

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Mexico refused to recognize the independence of Texas in 1836, but the U.S. and European powers did so. Mexico threatened war if Texas joined the U.S., which it did in 1845. American negotiators were turned away by a Mexican government in turmoil. When the Mexican army killed 16 American soldiers in

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played a crucial role in national expansion. It facilitated expansion into the West by creating an inexpensive, fast, convenient communication system. Letters from early settlers provided information and boosterism to encourage increased migration to the West, helped scattered families stay in touch

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dominated the movement westward, but the federal government played a supporting role in securing the land through treaties and setting up territorial governments, with governors appointed by the President. The federal government first acquired western territory through treaties with other nations or

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was alarmed at the "lawless rabble" heading West who were undermining the utopian concept of a law-abiding, stable middle-class republican community. Rich southerners, meanwhile, looked for opportunities to buy high-quality land to set up slave plantations. The Free Soil movement of the 1840s called

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by later immigrants in large cities as they moved to wealthier neighborhoods. He compared the effects of the railroad opening up Western lands to urban transportation systems and the automobile, and Western settlers' "land hunger" to poor city residents seeking social status. Just as the Republican

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has emerged, in large part from the frontier historiography, hence its emphasis on wilderness. It plays an increasingly large role in frontier studies. Historians approached the environment for the frontier or regionalism. The first group emphasizes human agency on the environment; the second looks

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experienced a short period of boom and bust lasting about five years. The cattle towns would spring up as land speculators would rush in ahead of a proposed rail line and build a town and the supporting services attractive to the cattlemen and the cowboys. If the railroads complied, the new grazing

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and when they had to fend off Natives and rustlers looking to make off with their cattle. A typical drive would take three to four months and contained two miles (3 km) of cattle six abreast. Despite the risks, a successful drive proved very profitable to everyone involved, as the price of one

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Carrying of guns within the city limits of a frontier town was generally prohibited. Laws barring people from carrying weapons were commonplace, from Dodge City to Tombstone. When Dodge City residents first formed their municipal government, one of the very first laws enacted was a ban on concealed

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Whenever a new settlement or mining camp started one of the first buildings or tents erected would be a gambling hall. As the population grew, gambling halls were typically the largest and most ornately decorated buildings in any town and often housed a bar, stage for entertainment, and hotel rooms

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Scholars have compared the emergence of democracy in America with other countries, regarding the frontier experience. Selwyn Troen has made the comparison with Israel. The American frontiersmen relied on individual effort, in the context of very large quantities of unsettled land with weak external

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As the frontier moved westward, the establishment of U.S. military forts moved with it, representing and maintaining federal sovereignty over new territories. The military garrisons usually lacked defensible walls but were seldom attacked. They served as bases for troops at or near strategic areas,

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White concludes with a mixed verdict. The transcontinentals did open up the West to settlement, brought in many thousands of high-tech, highly paid workers and managers, created thousands of towns and cities, oriented the nation onto an east–west axis, and proved highly valuable for the nation as a

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The road was built with mortgages from New York, Boston, and London, backed by land grants. There were no federal cash subsidies, But there was a loan to the Central Pacific that was eventually repaid at six percent interest. The federal government offered land-grants in a checkerboard pattern. The

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The U.S. Army after 1850 established a series of military posts across the frontier, designed to stop warfare among Native tribes or between Natives and settlers. Throughout the 19th century, Army officers typically built their careers in peacekeeper roles moving from fort to fort until retirement.

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verged on open warfare in the late 1850s as President Buchanan sent in troops. Although there were no military battles fought, and negotiations led to a stand down, violence still escalated and there were several casualties. After the Civil War, the federal government systematically took control of

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was completed around Mount Hood, providing a rough but passable wagon trail from the Missouri River to the Willamette Valley: about 2,000 miles (3,200 km). Though the main direction of travel on the early wagon trails was westward, people also used the Oregon Trail to travel eastward. Some did

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Thousands of "Forty-Niners" reached California, by sailing around South America (or taking a short-cut through disease-ridden Panama), or walked the California trail. The population soared to over 200,000 in 1852, mostly in the gold districts that stretched into the mountains east of San Francisco.

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What they objected to was arbitrary obstacles, artificial limitations upon the freedom of each member of this frontier folk to work out his career without fear or favor. What they instinctively opposed was the crystallization of differences, the monopolization of opportunity, and the fixing of that

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used an in-depth analysis of local Wisconsin history to test Turner's thesis about democracy. Turner's view was that American democracy, "involved widespread participation in the making of decisions affecting the common life, the development of initiative and self-reliance, and equality of economic

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Transportation was a key issue and the Army (especially the Army Corps of Engineers) was given full responsibility for facilitating navigation on the rivers. The steamboat, first used on the Ohio River in 1811, made possible inexpensive travel using the river systems, especially the Mississippi and

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to "explore the Missouri River, and such principal stream of it, as, by its course and communication with the waters of the Pacific Ocean; whether the Columbia, Oregon, Colorado, or any other river may offer the most direct and practicable communication across the continent for commerce". Jefferson

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region, remained based on subsistence farming and resembled the egalitarianism of their northern counterparts, although they had a larger upper-class of slaveowners. North Carolina was representative. However, frontier areas of 1700 that had good river connections were increasingly transformed into

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American life, this expansion westward...furnish the forces dominating American character." Turner's ideas since 1893 have inspired generations of historians (and critics) to explore multiple individual American frontiers, but the popular folk frontier concentrates on the conquest and settlement of

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By 2005, Steven Aron argues that the two sides had "reached an equilibrium in their rhetorical arguments and critiques". Since then, however, the field of American frontier and western regional history has become increasingly inclusive. The field's more recent focus was captured in the language of

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It is easy to tell who the bad guys are—they are almost invariably white, male, and middle-class or better, while the good guys are almost invariably non-white, non-male, or non-middle class.... Anglo-American civilization....is represented as patriarchal, racist, genocidal, and destructive of the

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and his coalition of outdoorsmen, sportsmen, bird watchers, and scientists. They wanted to reduce waste; emphasized the value of natural beauty for tourism and ample wildlife for hunters; and argued that careful management would not only enhance these goals but also increase the long-term economic

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took place in 1871, after which local law enforcement grew stronger. In the late 19th century, Chinatowns were squalid slums known for their vice, prostitution, drugs, and violent battles between "tongs". By the 1930s, however, Chinatowns had become clean, safe and attractive tourist destinations.

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Valley, which resulted in further retaliation of the white settlements and the intervention of the United States army. The war resulted in a total of 1,762 men who have been killed, wounded, and captured from both sides. Unlike other Indian Wars, the Snake War has widely forgotten in United States

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The expansion of migration into the Southeastern United States in the 1820s to the 1830s forced the federal government to deal with the "Indian question". The Natives were under federal control but were independent of state governments. State legislatures and state judges had no authority on their

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The "Indian" wars under the government of the United States have been more than 40 in number. They have cost the lives of about 19,000 white men, women and children, including those killed in individual combats, and the lives of about 30,000 Indians. The actual number of killed and wounded Indians

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In the first year of operation, 1869–70, 150,000 passengers made the long trip. Settlers were encouraged with promotions to come West on free scouting trips to buy railroad land on easy terms spread over several years. The railroads had "Immigration Bureaus" which advertised package low-cost deals

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of Illinois. To influence the territorial decision, anti-slavery elements (also called "Jayhawkers" or "Free-soilers") financed the migration of politically determined settlers. But pro-slavery advocates fought back with pro-slavery settlers from Missouri. Violence on both sides was the result; in

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was used. Despite huge profits being made, it fell into the hands of a few capitalists, displaced numerous miners, vast amounts of waste entered river systems, and did heavy ecological damage to the environment. Hydraulic mining ended when the public outcry over the destruction of farmlands led to

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while the field is left half planted, the house half-built, and everything neglected but the manufacture of shovels and pickaxes." Over 250,000 miners found a total of more than $ 200 million in gold in the five years of the California Gold Rush. As thousands arrived, however, fewer and fewer

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The new state grew rapidly as migrants poured into the fertile cotton lands of east Texas. German immigrants started to arrive in the early 1840s because of negative economic, social, and political pressures in Germany. With their investments in cotton lands and slaves, planters established cotton

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to almost 100,000 people, which helped with the modernization of California, but it also reduced the population of other states. Their employment rates took a hit as well, as people were quitting their jobs so they could embark on their journeys. The California Gold Rush finally came to an end in

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very few single men attempted to operate a farm or ranch; farmers clearly understood the need for a hard-working wife, and numerous children, to handle the many chores, including child-rearing, feeding, and clothing the family, managing the housework, and feeding the hired hands. During the early

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The frontier army was a conventional military force trying to control, by conventional military methods, a people that did not behave like conventional enemies and, indeed, quite often were not enemies at all. This is the most difficult of all military assignments, whether in Africa, Asia, or the

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Indian wars were fought throughout the western regions, with more conflicts in the states bordering Mexico than in the interior states. Arizona ranked highest, with 310 known battles fought within the state's boundaries between Americans and the Natives. Arizona ranked highest in war deaths, with

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The only way for a Native to remain and avoid removal was to accept the federal offer of 640 acres (2.6 km) or more of land (depending on family size) in exchange for leaving the tribe and becoming a state citizen subject to state law and federal law. However, many Natives who took the offer

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wrote while working for his brother, the secretary of Nevada, "The government of my country snubs honest simplicity but fondles artistic villainy, and I think I might have developed into a very capable pickpocket if I had remained in the public service a year or two." "Territorial rings", corrupt

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Territorial governors were political appointees and beholden to Washington so they usually governed with a light hand, allowing the legislatures to deal with the local issues. In addition to his role as civil governor, a territorial governor was also a militia commander, a local superintendent of

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settlement served as the hub of their network, which reached into neighboring territories as well. The communalism and advanced farming practices of the Mormons enabled them to succeed. The Mormons often sold goods to wagon trains passing through and came to terms with local Native tribes because

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In a few years, the pioneer added hogs, sheep, and cattle, and perhaps acquired a horse. Homespun clothing replaced the animal skins. The more restless pioneers grew dissatisfied with over civilized life and uprooted themselves again to move 50 or a hundred miles (80 or 160 km) further west.

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Clad in typical frontier garb, leather breeches, moccasins, fur cap, and hunting shirt, and girded by a belt from which hung a hunting knife and a shot pouch—all homemade—the pioneer presented a unique appearance. In a short time he opened in the woods a patch, or clearing, on which he grew corn,

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The typical frontier society, therefore, was one in which class distinctions were minimized. The wealthy speculator, if one was involved, usually remained at home, so that ordinarily no one of wealth was a resident. The class of landless poor was small. The great majority were landowners, most of

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As defined by Hine and Faragher, "frontier history tells the story of the creation and defense of communities, the use of the land, the development of crops and hotels, and the formation of states." They explain, "It is a tale of conquest, but also one of survival, persistence, and the merging of

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however, the frontier had shrunk into divided areas without a singular westward line of settlement. An influx of agricultural homesteaders in the first two decades of the 20th century, taking up more acreage than homestead grants in the entirety of the 19th century, is cited to have significantly

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The Western History Association was once an organization dominated by white male scholars who typically wrote triumphalist narratives. We are no longer that organization. We now produce pathbreaking scholarship by and about the members of the many communities previously excluded from traditional

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Buffalo Bill Cody was the most effective popularizer of the Old West in the U.S. and Europe. He presented the first "Wild West" show in 1883, featuring a recreation of famous battles (especially Custer's Last Stand), expert marksmanship, and dramatic demonstrations of horsemanship by cowboys and

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The main occupation of women was running the household and raising children. Tasks included cooking, cleaning, making clothes, gardening, and helping out on the farm. Sometimes women were the sole operators of farms. Women were also entrepreneurs, running saloons, boarding houses, laundries, and

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created thirteen protected forests but lumber interests had Congress cancel the move. Muir, taking the persona of an Old Testament prophet, crusaded against the lumberman, portraying it as a contest "between landscape righteousness and the devil". A master publicist, Muir's magazine articles, in

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The end of the bison herds opened up millions of acres for cattle ranching. Spanish cattlemen had introduced cattle ranching and longhorn cattle to the Southwest in the 17th century, and the men who worked the ranches, called "vaqueros", were the first "cowboys" in the West. After the Civil War,

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were infamous armed conflicts that took place in the "open range" of the American frontier. The subject of these conflicts was the control of lands freely used for farming and cattle grazing which gave the conflict its name. Range wars became more common by the end of the American Civil War, and

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after the Battle of Coffeyville in 1892; (center): Crawford "Cherokee Bill" Goldsby posing with his captors during a stop by train to Nowata, Oklahoma 1895. Left to right are #5) Zeke Crittenden; #4) Dick Crittenden;Cherokee Bill; #2) Clint Scales, #1) Ike Rogers; #3) Deputy Marshall Bill Smith.

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was a growth industry attracting sex workers from around the globe, pulled in by the money, despite the harsh and dangerous working conditions and low prestige. Chinese women were frequently sold by their families and taken to the camps as prostitutes; they had to send their earnings back to the

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included thousands of Mexican and Chinese arrivals. Chinese migrants, many of whom were impoverished peasants, provided the major part of the workforce for the building of the Central Pacific portion of the transcontinental railroad. Most of them went home by 1870 when the railroad was finished.

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Native warriors in the West, using their traditional style of limited, battle-oriented warfare, confronted the U.S. Army. The Natives emphasized bravery in combat while the Army put its emphasis not so much on individual combat as on building networks of forts, developing a logistics system, and

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Building the railroad required six main activities: surveying the route, blasting a right of way, building tunnels and bridges, clearing and laying the roadbed, laying the ties and rails, and maintaining and supplying the crews with food and tools. The work was highly physical, using horse-drawn

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Constitutionally, Congress could not deal with slavery in the states but it did have jurisdiction in the western territories. California unanimously rejected slavery in 1850 and became a free state. New Mexico allowed slavery, but it was rarely seen there. Kansas was off-limits to slavery by the

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The gold rush radically changed the California economy and brought in an array of professionals, including precious metal specialists, merchants, doctors, and attorneys, who added to the population of miners, saloon keepers, gamblers, and prostitutes. A San Francisco newspaper stated, "The whole

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Housing in San Francisco was at a premium, and abandoned ships whose crews had headed for the mines were often converted to temporary lodging. In the goldfields themselves, living conditions were primitive, though the mild climate proved attractive. Supplies were expensive and food poor, typical

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The United States, while intending never to acquire lands from the Indians otherwise than peaceably, and with their free consent, are fully determined, in that manner, progressively, and in proportion as their growing population may require, to reclaim from the state of nature, and to bring into

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Building the Pacific railway: the construction-story of America's first iron thoroughfare between the Missouri River and California, from the inception of the great idea to the day, May 10, 1869, when the Union Pacific and the Central Pacific joined tracks at Promontory Point, Utah, to form the

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Scores of Frederick Jackson Turner's students became professors in history departments in the western states and taught courses on the frontier influenced by his ideas. Scholars have debunked many of the myths of the frontier, but they nevertheless live on in community traditions, folklore, and

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Native Americans, called the "Snake Indians" against the United States Army in the states of Oregon, Nevada, California, and Idaho which ran along the Snake River. The war started when tension arose between the local Natives and the flooding pioneer trains encroaching through their lands, which

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Critics at the time decried the purchase as "Seward's Folly", reasoning that there were no natural resources in the new territory and no one can be bothered to live in such a cold, icy climate. Although the development and settlement of Alaska grew slowly, the discovery of goldfields during the

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provided for the land needed to build the transcontinental railroad. The land was given the railroads alternated with government-owned tracts saved for free distribution to homesteaders. To be equitable, the federal government reduced each tract to 80 acres (32 ha) because of its perceived

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supporting forts that were larger but fewer in number than Floyd. Floyd's plan was more expensive but had the support of settlers and the general public who preferred that the military remain as close as possible. The frontier area was vast and even Davis conceded that "concentration would have

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settlements were quite compact and small, under a square mile. Conflict with the Native Americans arose out of political issues, namely who would rule. Early frontier areas east of the Appalachian Mountains included the Connecticut River valley, and northern New England (which was a move to the

3057:

Manifest Destiny was the controversial belief that the United States was preordained to expand from the Atlantic coast to the Pacific coast, and efforts made to realize that belief. The concept has appeared during colonial times, but the term was coined in the 1840s by a popular magazine which

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through the central Rocky Mountains. Discovered about 1812, it later became a major route for settlers to Oregon and Washington. By 1820, however, a new "brigade-rendezvous" system sent company men in "brigades" cross-country on long expeditions, bypassing many tribes. It also encouraged "free

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France was paid for its sovereignty over the territory in terms of international law. Between 1803 and the 1870s, the federal government purchased the land from the Native tribes then in possession of it. 20th-century accountants and courts have calculated the value of the payments made to the

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As settlers poured in, the frontier districts first became territories, with an elected legislature and a governor appointed by the president. Then when the population reached 100,000 the territory applied for statehood. Frontiersmen typically dropped the legalistic formalities and restrictive

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went deeper, arguing that the frontier was the scene of a defining process of American civilization: "The frontier," he asserted, "promoted the formation of a composite nationality for the American people." He theorized it was a process of development: "This perennial rebirth, this fluidity of

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It has been acknowledged that the popular portrayal of Dodge City in film and fiction carries a note of truth, however, as gun crime was rampant in the city before the establishment of a local government. Soon after the city's residents officially established their first municipal government,

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American attitudes towards Natives during this period ranged from malevolence ("the only good Indian is a dead Indian") to misdirected humanitarianism (Indians live in "inferior" societies and by assimilation into white society they can be redeemed) to somewhat realistic (Native Americans and

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in 1830. Many historians have sharply attacked Jackson. The 1830 law theoretically provided for voluntary removal and had safeguards for the rights of Natives, but in reality, the removal was involuntary, brutal and ignored safeguards. Jackson justified his actions by stating that Natives had

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The fearful stayed home. The actual migrants looked beyond fears of the unknown. Their chief motivation to move west was to find a better economic life than the one they had. Farmers sought larger, cheaper, and more fertile land; merchants and tradesmen sought new customers and new leadership

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Most of the manual laborers on the Central Pacific were new arrivals from China. Kraus shows how these men lived and worked, and how they managed their money. He concludes that senior officials quickly realized the high degree of cleanliness and reliability of the Chinese. The Central Pacific

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granted 160 acres (0.65 km) free to each settler who improved the land for five years; citizens and non-citizens including squatters and women were all eligible. The only cost was a modest filing fee. The law was especially important in the settling of the Plains states. Many took a free

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Historian Mark Wyman calls Wisconsin a "palimpsest" of layer upon layer of peoples and forces, each imprinting permanent influences. He identified these layers as multiple "frontiers" over three centuries: Native American frontier, French frontier, English frontier, fur-trade frontier, mining

1868:

stated: "Up to and including 1880 the country had a frontier of settlement, but at present the unsettled area has been so broken into by isolated bodies of settlement that there can hardly be said to be a frontier line. In the discussion of its extent, its westward movement, etc., it can not,

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To get to the rich new lands of the West Coast, there were three options: some sailed around the southern tip of South America during a six-month voyage, some took the treacherous journey across the Panama Isthmus, but 400,000 others walked there on an overland route of more than 2,000 miles

2005:

designated frontier territory as generally unoccupied land with a population density of fewer than 2 people per square mile (0.77 people per square kilometer). The frontier line was the outer boundary of European-American settlement into this land. Beginning with the first permanent European

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The funding for the cattle industry came largely from British sources, as the European investors engaged in a speculative extravaganza—a "bubble". Graham concludes the mania was founded on genuine opportunity, as well as "exaggeration, gullibility, inadequate communications, dishonesty, and

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Farms were for sale with from ten to fifty acres cleared, possessing log houses, peach and sometimes apple orchards, enclosed in fences, and having plenty of standing timber for fuel. The land was sown in wheat and corn, which were the staples, while hemp was being cultivated in increasing

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A line of posts running parallel without frontier, but near to the Indians' usual habitations, placed at convenient distances and suitable positions, and occupied by infantry, would exercise a salutary restraint upon the tribes, who would feel that any foray by their warriors upon the white

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and death sentences to well-known offenders. As such, other earlier settlements created their private agencies to protect communities due to the lack of peace-keeping establishments. These vigilance committees reflected different occupations in the frontier, such as land clubs, cattlemen's

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The decreased presence of Union troops in the West left behind untrained militias; hostile tribes used the opportunity to attack settlers. The militia struck back hard, most notably by attacking the winter quarters of the Cheyenne and Arapaho tribes, filled with women and children, at the

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Denver's economy before 1870 had been rooted in mining; it then grew by expanding its role in railroads, wholesale trade, manufacturing, food processing, and servicing the growing agricultural and ranching hinterland. Between 1870 and 1890, manufacturing output soared from $ 600,000 to $

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Federal involvement in the territories was considerable. In addition to direct subsidies, the federal government maintained military posts, provided safety from Native attacks, bankrolled treaty obligations, conducted surveys and land sales, built roads, staffed land offices, made harbor

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was formed to investigate the causes as well as provide recommendations for preserving the population. The solutions presented by the committee, such as the establishment of the five boards of inspection to prevent Native abuses, had little effect as large Western migration commenced.

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of Spanish cattlemen from the middle-south of Spain. Chaps, the heavy protective leather trousers worn by cowboys, got their name from the Spanish "chaparreras", and the lariat, or rope, was derived from "la reata". All the distinct clothing of the cowboy—boots, saddles, hats, pants,

4285:. A witness wrote, "The horsemen had the best of it from the start. It was a fine race for a few minutes, but soon the riders began to spread out like a fan, and by the time they reached the horizon they were scattered about as far as the eye could see". In a single day, the towns of 3015:

Historian Louis Hacker shows how wasteful the first generation of pioneers was; they were too ignorant to cultivate the land properly and when the natural fertility of virgin land was used up, they sold out and moved west to try again. Hacker describes that in Kentucky about 1812:

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involving families and bloodlines also occurred much in the frontier. Since private agencies and vigilance committees were the substitute for proper courts, many families initially depended on themselves and their communities for their security and justice. These wars include the

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Elite Eastern writers and artists of the late 19th century promoted and celebrated western lore. Theodore Roosevelt, wearing his hats as a historian, explorer, hunter, rancher, and naturalist, was especially productive. Their work appeared in upscale national magazines such as

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railroad sold every-other square, with the government opening its half to homesteaders. The government also loaned money—later repaid—at $ 16,000 per mile on level stretches, and $ 32,000 to $ 48,000 in mountainous terrain. Local and state governments also aided the financing.

2461:. In some areas they had to face Native attacks. In 1784 alone, Natives killed over 100 travelers on the Wilderness Road. Kentucky at this time had been depopulated—it was "empty of Indian villages." However raiding parties sometimes came through. One of those intercepted was 2239:

Areas in the north that were in the frontier stage by 1700 generally had poor transportation facilities, so the opportunity for commercial agriculture was low. These areas remained primarily in subsistence agriculture, and as a result, by the 1760s these societies were highly

4428:). To motivate Natives reluctant to move, the federal government also promised rifles, blankets, tobacco, and cash. By 1835 the Cherokee, the last Native nation in the South, had signed the removal treaty and relocated to Oklahoma. All the tribes were given new land in the " 3150:

shifted alliances and joined the conservative Centralist party, he declared himself dictator and ordered soldiers into Texas to curtail new immigration and unrest. However, immigration continued and 30,000 Anglos with 3,000 slaves were settled in Texas by 1835. In 1836, the

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quickly developed the capability, even in the early years, to identify its wearer as someone associated with the West; it came to symbolize the frontier. The most enduring fashion adapted from the cowboy, popular nearly worldwide today, are "blue jeans", originally made by

5051:. The new states of Kentucky, Tennessee, Alabama, and Ohio were more democratic than the parent states back East in terms of politics and society. The Western states were the first to give women the right to vote. By 1900 the West, especially California and Oregon, led the 3999:

of 1862 provided land grants to states to begin colleges of agriculture and mechanical arts (engineering). Black colleges became eligible for these land grants in 1890. The Act succeeded in its goals to open new universities and make farming more scientific and profitable.

6100:

Conservation means development as much as it does protection. I recognize the right and duty of this generation to develop and use the natural resources of our land but I do not recognize the right to waste them, or to rob, by wasteful use, the generations that come after

2198:, Virginia, was settled by the English in 1607. In the earliest days of European settlement on the Atlantic coast, until about 1680, the frontier was essentially any part of the interior of the continent beyond the fringe of existing settlements along the Atlantic coast. 7079:

Historians of the American West have written about the mythic West; the west of western literature, art, and of people's shared memories. The phenomenon is "the Imagined West". The "Code of the West" was an unwritten, socially agreed upon set of informal laws shaping the

6651:

Besides Lewis and Clark, the Wild West era brought many other frontiersmen. They were very self-sufficient compared to normal townspeople. They cleared their own land, built their own shelter, and farmed and foraged for their food. Their nomadic lifestyle was hurtful for

7025:

that highlights the enduring conflict between cowboys and farmers. Roosevelt argued that the manhood typified by the cowboy—and outdoor activity and sports generally—was essential if American men were to avoid the softness and rot produced by an easy life in the city.

2697:

and other skins for shipment to Europe. The hunters were the first Europeans in much of the Old West and they formed the first working relationships with the Native Americans in the West. They added extensive knowledge of the Northwest terrain, including the important

5359:

Although the eastern image of farm life on the prairies emphasizes the isolation of the lonely farmer and farm life, in reality, rural folk created a rich social life for themselves. They often sponsored activities that combined work, food, and entertainment such as

2306:

broke out between Britain and France, with the French making up for their small colonial population base by enlisting Native war parties as allies. The series of large wars spilling over from European wars ended in a complete victory for the British in the worldwide

2942:

Most frontiersmen showed little commitment to religion until traveling evangelists began to appear and to produce "revivals". The local pioneers responded enthusiastically to these events and, in effect, evolved their populist religions, especially during the

6535:

inns. Independent women earned a living through teaching or sex work. In towns with male-dominated industries such as logging and mining, the gender imbalance led to different roles for women. Women were paid for domestic work that was traditionally unpaid.

4444:

were defrauded by "ravenous speculators" who stole their claims and sold their land to whites. In Mississippi alone, fraudulent claims reached 3,800,000 acres (15,000 km). Of the five tribes, the Seminole offered the most resistance, hiding out in the

5991:

incompetence". A severe winter engulfed the plains toward the end of 1886 and well into 1887, locking the prairie grass under ice and crusted snow which starving herds could not penetrate. The British lost most of their money—as did eastern investors like

4937:

hoped to de-tribalize Native Americans and prepare them for integration with the rest of American society, the "ultimate incorporation into the great body of our citizen population". This allowed for the development of dozens of riverfront towns along the

7545:

Life on the plains and among the diggings: being scenes and adventures of an overland journey to California: with particular incidents of the route, mistakes and sufferings of the emigrants, the Indian tribes, the present and the future of the great

4921:

for wagon trains. In return, the tribes would receive, for ten years, annual compensation for damages caused by migrants. The Kansas and Nebraska territories also became contentious areas as the federal government sought those lands for the future

2707:, Upper Missouri, and the Upper Mississippi. St. Louis was the largest of the rendezvous towns. By 1830, however, fashions changed and beaver hats were replaced by silk hats, ending the demand for expensive American furs. Thus ended the era of the 5966:, laid out by cattleman Joseph McCoy along an old trail marked by Jesse Chisholm, was the major artery of cattle commerce, carrying over 1.5 million head of cattle between 1867 and 1871 over the 800 miles (1,300 km) from south Texas to 3238:. He then marched his 12,000-man force west to Mexico City, winning the final battle at Chapultepec. Talk of acquiring all of Mexico fell away when the army discovered the Mexican political and cultural values were so alien to America's. As the 3760:

In Texas, citizens voted to join the Confederacy; anti-war Germans were hanged. Local troops took over the federal arsenal in San Antonio, with plans to grab the territories of northern New Mexico, Utah, and Colorado, and possibly California.

2224:, building communities that remained stable for long stretches. Although French fur traders ranged widely through the Great Lakes and midwest region, they seldom settled down. French settlement was limited to a few very small villages such as 4240:

to the United States. The decision was motivated in part by a need for money and in part a recognition amongst the Russian state that Britain could easily capture Alaska in any future conflict between the two nations. U.S. Secretary of State

5066:

a century ago, reflects American ideals. He wrote: "The Kansas spirit is the American spirit double distilled. It is a new grafted product of American individualism, American idealism, American intolerance. Kansas is America in microcosm."

6147:

turned the tide of public sentiment. He mobilized public opinion to support Roosevelt's program of setting aside national monuments, national forest reserves, and national parks. However, Muir broke with Roosevelt and especially President

2339:

promoted settlements in West Virginia on lands awarded to him and his soldiers by the Royal government in payment for their wartime service in Virginia's militia. Settlements west of the Appalachian Mountains were curtailed briefly by the

3777:, marched right up the Rio Grande in an attempt to take the mineral wealth of Colorado as well as California. The First Regiment of Volunteers discovered the rebels, and they immediately warned and joined the Yankees at Fort Union. The 6211:

in 1905; it lobbied Congress to establish public bison herds. Several national parks in the U.S. and Canada were created, in part to provide a sanctuary for bison and other large wildlife. The bison population reached 500,000 by 2003.

4481:. Michno also says that fifty-one percent of the Indian war battles between 1850 and 1890 took place in Arizona, Texas, and New Mexico, as well as thirty-seven percent of the casualties in the county west of the Mississippi River. The 2629:" (later Fort George), at the mouth of the Columbia River, became the first permanent white settlement in that area, although it was not profitable for Astor. He set up the American Fur Company in an attempt to break the hold that the 1935:) in the second half of the 19th century and the early 20th century, from the 1850s to the 1910s. Such media typically exaggerated the romance, anarchy, and chaotic violence of the period for greater dramatic effect. This inspired the 6076:

benefits to society by planned harvesting and environmental protections. Roosevelt worked his entire career to put the issue high on the national agenda. He was deeply committed to conserving natural resources. He worked closely with

4095:

were exploited by the railroad, with whites in better positions. He finds the railroad set different wage rates for whites and Chinese and used the latter in the more menial and dangerous jobs, such as the handling and the pouring of

2037:, though no longer considered "western", have a frontier heritage along with the modern western states. Richard W. Slatta, in his view of the frontier, writes that "historians sometimes define the American West as lands west of the 4615:

was fought in 1874–1875 in response to the Comanche's dwindling food supply of buffalo, as well as the refusal of a few bands to be inducted in reservations. Comanches started raiding small settlements in Texas, which led to the

3465:

Not all emigrants made it to their destination. The dangers of the overland route were numerous: snakebites, wagon accidents, violence from other travelers, suicide, malnutrition, stampedes, Native attacks, a variety of diseases

2962:

The established Eastern churches were slow to meet the needs of the frontier. The Presbyterians and Congregationalists, since they depended on well-educated ministers, were shorthanded in evangelizing the frontier. They set up a

7029:

Will Rogers, the son of a Cherokee judge in Oklahoma, started with rope tricks and fancy riding, but by 1919 discovered his audiences were even more enchanted with his wit in his representation of the wisdom of the common man.

1829:

Historians have debated at length as to when the frontier era began, when it ended, and which were its key sub-periods. For example, the Old West subperiod is sometimes used by historians regarding the time from the end of the

12195: 16200: 6259:

and proliferation of railroads are often credited as being important factors in shrinking the frontier, by efficiently bringing in settlers and required infrastructure. The increased size of land grants from 160 to 320 acres

5516:

however, a law banning concealed firearms was enacted and crime was reduced soon afterward. Similar laws were passed in other frontier towns to reduce the rate of gun crime as well. As UCLA law professor Adam Wrinkler noted:

2775:, facilitated coordination among politicians in different states. The postal service helped to integrate already established areas with the frontier, creating a spirit of nationalism and providing a necessary infrastructure. 2315:, France ceded practically everything, as the lands west of the Mississippi River, in addition to Florida and New Orleans, went to Spain. Otherwise, lands east of the Mississippi River and what is now Canada went to Britain. 5315:

little until well into the 20th century. New arrivals from Mexico arrived, especially after the Revolution of 1911 terrorized thousands of villages all across Mexico. Most refugees went to Texas or California, and soon poor

2528:, signed towards the end of 1814, with Britain. They rejected the British plan to set up a Native state in U.S. territory south of the Great Lakes. They explained the American policy toward the acquisition of Native lands: 6268:

accelerated this process. Barbed wire is also reasoned to reduce the traditional open range. In addition, the growing adoption of automobiles and their required network of adequate roads, first federally subsidized by the

5726:

and other bandits terrorized the state. When outlaw gangs were near, towns would occasionally raise a posse to drive them out or capture them. Seeing that the need to combat the bandits was a growing business opportunity,

3854:

punctuated a six-week war, which ended in an American victory. The federal government tried 425 Natives for murder, and 303 were convicted and sentenced to death. Lincoln pardoned the majority, but 38 leaders were hanged.

11334: 5731:

ordered his National Detective Agency, founded in 1850, to open branches in the West, and they got into the business of pursuing and capturing outlaws. To take refuge from the law, outlaws would use the advantages of the

3916:

With the war over and slavery abolished, the federal government focused on improving the governance of the territories. It subdivided several territories, preparing them for statehood, following the precedents set by the

7167:

has argued that Turner's famous 1893 essay was environmental history in an embryonic form. It emphasized the vast power of free land to attract and reshape settlers, making a transition from wilderness to civilization.

4083:) took charge, with Crocker in charge of construction. The line was completed in May 1869. Coast-to-coast passenger travel in 8 days now replaced wagon trains or sea voyages that took 6 to 10 months and cost much more. 4440:", "The Trail Where they Cried"). The impact of the removals was severe. The transplanted tribes had considerable difficulty adapting to their new surroundings and sometimes clashed with the tribes native to the area. 6647:

and hostile Native American tribes. The Lewis and Clark expedition did take place before the Wild West era, but it was a major event in United States history, and was one of the main reasons the Wild West era began.

4333:

Indian wars have occurred throughout the United States though the conflicts are generally separated into two categories; the Indian wars east of the Mississippi River and the Indian wars west of the Mississippi. The

4030:

In the 1850s, the U.S. government sponsored surveys that charted the remaining unexplored regions of the West in order to plan possible routes for a transcontinental railroad. Much of this work was undertaken by the

7256:: museum and art gallery, in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, housing one of the largest collections in the world of the Western, American cowboy, American rodeo, and American Native art, artifacts, and archival materials. 6254:

from 1897 to 1914. However, about two-thirds of them grew disillusioned and returned to the U.S. Despite this, homesteaders claimed more land in the first two decades of the 20th century than the 19th century. The

5244:

Those who stayed on worked in mining, agriculture, and opened small shops such as groceries, laundries, and restaurants. Hostility against the Chinese remained high in the western states/territories as seen by the

3929:

Native affairs, and the state liaison with federal agencies. The legislatures, on the other hand, spoke for the local citizens and they were given considerable leeway by the federal government to make local law.

3638:

a stage service that went from Saint Louis to San Francisco in 24 days along a southern route. This route was abandoned in 1861 after Texas joined the Confederacy, in favor of stagecoach services established via

3077:

Helping settlers move westward were the emigrant "guide books" of the 1840s featuring route information supplied by the fur traders and the Frémont expeditions, and promising fertile farmland beyond the Rockies.

2947:(1790–1840), which featured outdoor camp meetings lasting a week or more and which introduced many people to organized religion for the first time. One of the largest and most famous camp meetings took place at 5521:

carry. The ban was soon after expanded to open carry, too. The Hollywood image of the gunslinger marching through town with two Colts on his hips is just that—a Hollywood image, created for its dramatic effect.

6530:

immigrated to work in the laundries, inns, and saloons of mining camps. Some were sold to work in mining camps by their impoverished families in China. Some women were also forced to work in the sex industry.

6330:

frontier", with Frederick Jackson Turner arguing this to be a necessary element of the U.S.'s growth, as its identity as a civilized and ideals-based nation depended on constantly overcoming a savage 'other'.

6002:

cattle ranching came to an end and was replaced by barbed wire spreads where water, breeding, feeding, and grazing could be controlled. This led to "fence wars" which erupted over disputes about water rights.

3925:

improvements, and subsidized overland mail delivery. Territorial citizens came to both decry federal power and local corruption, and at the same time, lament that more federal dollars were not sent their way.

6084:

of 1902 to promote federal construction of dams to irrigate small farms and placed 230 million acres (360,000 mi or 930,000 km) under federal protection. Roosevelt set aside more Federal land,

5979:

single largest cattle ranch in the entire West was owned by American John W. Iliff, "cattle king of the Plains", operating in Colorado and Wyoming. Gradually, longhorns were replaced by the British breeds of

5764:

groups, but usually were made up of responsible citizens who wanted only to maintain order. Criminals caught by these vigilance committees were treated cruelly; often hung or shot without any form of trial.

3486:

mountains during the winter of 1846–1847. Half of the 90 people traveling with the group died from starvation and exposure, and some resorted to cannibalism to survive. Another story of cannibalism featured

1796:

in the early 17th century and ended with the admission of the last few contiguous western territories as states in 1912. This era of massive migration and settlement was particularly encouraged by President

4477:

4,340 killed, including soldiers, civilians, and Native Americans. That was more than twice as many as occurred in Texas, the second-highest-ranking state. Most of the deaths in Arizona were caused by the

3363:

contained hundreds of hard rock mining sites, where prospectors discovered gold, silver, copper and other minerals (as well as some soft-rock coal). Temporary mining camps sprang up overnight; most became

2298:

Settlers on the frontier often connected isolated incidents to indicate Indian conspiracies to attack them, but these lacked a French diplomatic dimension after 1763, or a Spanish connection after 1820.

6105:

The third element, smallest at first but growing rapidly after 1870, were the environmentalists who honored nature for its own sake, and rejected the goal of maximizing human benefits. Their leader was

5117:, was the largest, richest, and rowdiest mining camp on the frontier. It was an ethnic stronghold, with the Irish Catholics in control of politics and of the best jobs at the leading mining corporation 6432:

when he noticed metal flakes under the waterwheel. He recognized the flakes to be gold. However, the sawmill he was building was not his, meaning that when he finished building the sawmill, his client

2735:

There was wide agreement on the need to settle the new territories quickly, but the debate polarized over the price the government should charge. The conservatives and Whigs, typified by the president

2565:, was the largest town on the frontier, the gateway for travel westward, and a principal trading center for Mississippi River traffic and inland commerce but remained under Spanish control until 1803. 6250:

Virgin farmland was increasingly hard to find after 1890—although the railroads advertised some in eastern Montana. Bicha shows that nearly 600,000 American farmers sought cheap land by moving to the

1821:, have embedded themselves into United States culture so much so that the Old West, and the Western genre of media specifically, has become one of the defining features of American national identity. 6060:

The concern with the protection of the environment became a new issue in the late 19th century, pitting different interests. On the one side were the lumber and coal companies who called for maximum

6864:, proclaimed in 1893, established the main lines of historiography which fashioned scholarship for three or four generations and appeared in the textbooks used by practically all American students. 3183:

remained an independent power for nearly a decade before it was annexed as the 28th state in 1845. The government of Mexico, however, viewed Texas as a runaway province and asserted its ownership.

2598:; the ownership would strengthen the ideal republican society, based on agriculture (not commerce), governed lightly, and promoting self-reliance and virtue, as well as form the political base for 7135:

fiction. In the 1970s a historiographical range war broke out between the traditional frontier studies, which stress the influence of the frontier on all of American history and culture, and the "

6707:. Fatal duels were fought to uphold personal honor in the West. The most notable and well-known took place in Arizona, New Mexico, Kansas, Oklahoma, and Texas. To prevent gunfights, towns such as 6236:, the superintendent announced that there was no longer a clear line of advancing settlement, and hence no longer a contiguous frontier in the continental United States. When examining the later 5217:

About 4,000 black people came to California in Gold Rush days. In 1879, after the end of Reconstruction in the South, several thousand Freedmen moved from Southern states to Kansas. Known as the

13245: 5528:, was a turbulent mining town that flourished longer than most, from 1877 to 1929. Silver was discovered in 1877, and by 1881 the town had a population of over 10,000. In 1879 the newly arrived 19823: 8969:

The American fur trade of the far West: a history of the pioneer trading posts and early fur companies of the Missouri valley and the Rocky Mountains and the overland commerce with Santa Fe ...

6402:

ranching and the long drives gave way to fenced-in ranches in the 1880s, by the 1890s the glory days of the cowboy came to an end, and the myths about the "free-living" cowboy began to emerge.

5511:

draw upon such faces... To the music of violins and the stamping of feet the dance went on, and we saw in the giddy maze old men who must have been pirouetting on the very edge of their graves.

4792:

attempted to disarm a Sioux man and precipitated a massacre in which about 150 Sioux men, women, and children were killed. Only thirteen days before, Sitting Bull had been killed with his son

3921:

of 1787. It standardized procedures and the supervision of territorial governments, taking away some local powers, and imposing much "red tape", growing the federal bureaucracy significantly.

3146:, leading the "war party", advocated for independence from Mexico, while the "peace party" led by Austin attempted to get more autonomy within the current relationship. When Mexican president 2010:, it has moved steadily westward from the 1600s to the 1900s (decades) with occasional movements north into Maine and New Hampshire, south into Florida, and east from California into Nevada. 4933:

A new policy of establishing reservations came gradually into shape after the boundaries of the "Indian Territory" began to be ignored. In providing for Indian reservations, Congress and the

3937:

associations of local politicians and business owners buttressed with federal patronage, embezzled from Native tribes and local citizens, especially in the Dakota and New Mexico territories.

20543: 3735:

Despite its large territory, the trans-Mississippi West had a small population and its wartime story has to a large extent been underplayed in the historiography of the American Civil War.

3070:

called for deepening the society through modernization and urbanization instead of simple horizontal expansion. Starting with the annexation of Texas, the expansionists got the upper hand.

2270:

owned most of the land, ownership in America was cheap, easy and widespread. Land ownership brought a degree of independence as well as a vote for local and provincial offices. The typical

15341: 5747:

Banditry was a major issue in California after 1849, as thousands of young men detached from family or community moved into a land with few law enforcement mechanisms. To combat this, the

3565:

between the Mormon settlers and locals grew, which would mirror those in other states such as Utah years later. Violence finally erupted on October 24, 1838, when militias from both sides

5195: 6977:

Both tourists to the West, and avid fiction readers enjoyed the visual imagery of the frontier. After 1900 Western movies provided the most famous examples, as in the numerous films of

3274:

Texas in its Wild West days attracted men who could shoot straight and possessed the zest for adventure, "for masculine renown, patriotic service, martial glory, and meaningful deaths".

2614:

also instructed the expedition to study the region's native tribes (including their morals, language, and culture), weather, soil, rivers, commercial trading, and animal and plant life.

60: 21035: 4926:. In the Far West settlers began to occupy land in Oregon and California before the federal government secured title from the native tribes, causing considerable friction. In Utah, the 6436:

would also notice. Word quickly spread of gold in the American River, leading to a surge of westward migration to California in the hope of striking it rich. This was the start of the

3111:

Mexico became independent of Spain in 1821 and took over Spain's northern possessions stretching from Texas to California. American caravans began delivering goods to the Mexican city

4432:" (which later became Oklahoma). Of the approximate 70,000 Natives removed, about 18,000 died from disease, starvation, and exposure on the route. This exodus has become known as the 7639: 2982:

grew up in Wisconsin during its last frontier stage, and in his travels around the state, he could see the layers of social and political development. One of Turner's last students,

2371:

ended in 1781. Pioneers housed themselves in a rough lean-to or at most a one-room log cabin. The main food supply at first came from hunting deer, turkeys, and other abundant game.

2266:

The seaboard colonial settlements gave priority to land ownership for individual farmers, and as the population grew they pushed westward for fresh farmland. Unlike Britain, where a

4266:

in 1902 brought thousands of miners into the territory, thus propelling Alaska's prosperity for decades to come. Major oil discoveries in the late 20th century made the state rich.

3791:; he was aided by Confederate forces from Arkansas and Louisiana. The Governor of Missouri and part of the state legislature signed an Ordinance of Secession at Neosho, forming the 3664:, Western Union's head, negotiated exclusive agreements with railroads to run telegraph lines along their right-of-way. Eight years before the transcontinental railroad opened, the 5214:

were soldiers in the all-black 9th and 10th Cavalry regiments, and 24th and 25th Infantry Regiments of the U.S. Army. They had white officers and served in numerous western forts.

4359:, Bidui and others, were extinguished due to conflicts with Texan settlers. The rapid depopulation of the Native Americans after the Civil War alarmed the U.S. government, and the 7071:

and skill with their pistols and other firearms. Their violent escapades and reputations morphed over time into the stereotypical image of violence endured by the "cowboy hero".

6195:

The rise of the cattle industry and the cowboy is directly tied to the demise of the huge herds of bison—usually called the "buffalo". Once numbering over 25 million on the

3598:

Young decided it was cheaper to feed the Natives than fight them. Education became a high priority to protect the beleaguered group, reduce heresy and maintain group solidarity.

3249:

of 1848 ceded the territories of California and New Mexico to the United States for $ 18.5 million (which included the assumption of claims against Mexico by settlers). The

3179:

famously shouted "Remember the Alamo! Remember Goliad". The U.S. Congress declined to annex Texas, stalemated by contentious arguments over slavery and regional power. Thus, the

5467:

Historian Waddy W. Moore uses court records to show that on the sparsely settled Arkansas frontier lawlessness was common. He distinguished two types of crimes: unprofessional (

6017:

Anchoring the booming cattle industry of the 1860s and 1870s were the cattle towns in Kansas and Missouri. Like the mining towns in California and Nevada, cattle towns such as

5756:

associations and mining camps. Similar vigilance committees also existed in Texas, and their main objective was to stamp out lawlessness and rid communities of desperadoes and

20908: 1759: 2838:(1779–1813) led a party of 20 soldiers to find the headwaters of the Mississippi. He later explored the Red and Arkansas Rivers in Spanish territory, eventually reaching the 18892: 6240: 5293: 1870: 6292:

occurred in Nevada's remaining frontier in December 1916. A period known as "The Western Civil War of Incorporation" that often was violent, lasted from the 1850s to 1919.

2703:

trappers" to explore new regions on their own. At the end of the gathering season, the trappers would "rendezvous" and turn in their goods for pay at river ports along the

10930: 4584:, burning Navajo fields and homes, and capturing or killing their livestock. He was aided by other Native tribes with long-standing enmity toward the Navajos, chiefly the 3749:

The Confederacy engaged in several important campaigns in the West. However, Kansas, a major area of conflict building up to the war, was the scene of only one battle, at

3391:. The wealth from silver, more than from gold, fueled the maturation of San Francisco in the 1860s and helped the rise of some of its wealthiest families, such as that of 2759:

Missouri rivers and their tributaries. Army expeditions up the Missouri River in 1818–1825 allowed engineers to improve the technology. For example, the Army's steamboat "

13998: 4347:

Historian Russell Thornton estimates that from 1800 to 1890, the Native population declined from 600,000 to as few as 250,000. The depopulation was principally caused by

20625: 4400:

proved irresistible, as it won the presidential elections of 1828, 1832, and 1836. By 1837 the "Indian Removal policy" began, to implement the act of Congress signed by

3606:(LDS Church) in Utah over the practice of polygamy, viewed by most of the American public as an affront to religious, cultural, and moral values of modern civilization. 2763:" of 1819 combined a very shallow draft with one of the earliest stern wheels. In 1819–1825, Colonel Henry Atkinson developed keelboats with hand-powered paddle wheels. 6849:

Religious themes have inspired many environmentalists as they contemplate the pristine West before the frontiersmen violated its spirituality. Actually, as a historian

6627:

of the Old West. In 1803, Thomas Jefferson closed the deal of the Louisiana Purchase for 15 million dollars. With the 828,000 square miles of gained territory. He sent

5998:

On a much smaller scale, sheep grazing was locally popular; sheep were easier to feed and needed less water. However, Americans did not eat mutton. As farmers moved in

20630: 5435:

all had an atmosphere that was convivial to gaming. Such an atmosphere also invited trouble and such towns also developed reputations as lawless and dangerous places.

4051:

Construction would be done by unskilled laborers who would live in temporary camps along the way. Immigrants from China and Ireland did most of the construction work.

2633:

monopoly had over the region. By 1820, Astor had taken over independent traders to create a profitable monopoly; he left the business as a multi-millionaire in 1834.

23844: 23023: 20725: 20065: 19935: 13761: 3765:

was created by Arizona citizens who wanted protection against Apache raids after the United States Army units were moved out. The Confederacy then sets its sight to

2586:

of 1803 doubled the size of the nation at the cost of $ 15 million, or about $ 0.04 per acre ($ 305 million in 2023 dollars, less than 42 cents per acre).

1020: 572: 6579:, many people pursued these careers, but was ultimately very dangerous. Loggers were paid more than both miners and railroaders combined, making $ 3.20 every day. 5365: 3478:

were among the most common), exposure, avalanches, etc. One particularly well-known example of the treacherous nature of the journey is the story of the ill-fated

1874: 7088:. Such hazardous work in isolated conditions also bred a tradition of self-dependence and individualism, with great value put on personal honesty, exemplified in 6942:

I knew the wild riders and the vacant land were about to vanish forever...I saw the living, breathing end of three American centuries of smoke and dust and sweat.

6639:

turned into the famous Lewis and Clark Expedition There were many dangers on the trail; they had to travel up, portage and ford rivers, suffer injuries, disease,

4796:

in a gun battle with a group of Native police that had been sent by the American government to arrest him. Additional conflicts and incidents though, such as the

2236:

who brought in tenant farmers who created compact, permanent villages. They created a dense rural settlement in upstate New York, but they did not push westward.

21315: 20195: 6460:

was still a common occupation. Most mountainside towns likely had a mineshaft. Most miners were poor, as mining was a very labor-intensive job. Miners would use

13059: 7019:

Roosevelt had conceptualized the herder (cowboy) as a stage of civilization distinct from the sedentary farmer—a theme well expressed in the 1944 Hollywood hit

3258:, which would have outlawed slavery in the new territories. Congress never passed it, but rather temporarily resolved the issue of slavery in the West with the 2457:. The Wilderness Road was steep and rough, and it could only be traversed on foot or horseback, but it was the best route for thousands of settlers moving into 23706: 23525: 22074: 20802: 20570: 20404: 20060: 5281: 4800:(1914–1915) and Posey War, would occur into the early 1920s. The last combat engagement between U.S. Army soldiers and Native Americans though occurred in the 3012:

From the 1770s to the 1830s, pioneers moved into the new lands that stretched from Kentucky to Alabama to Texas. Most were farmers who moved in family groups.

2493:

marked the final confrontation involving major British and Native forces fighting to stop American expansion. The British war goal included the creation of an

882: 739: 7640:"The American West, 1865–1900 | Rise of Industrial America, 1876–1900 | U.S. History Primary Source Timeline | Classroom Materials at the Library of Congress" 3787:, a Border South state where slavery was legal, became a battleground when the pro-secession governor, against the vote of the legislature, led troops to the 2854:

as arid and useless led to the region getting a bad reputation as the "Great American Desert", which discouraged settlement in that area for several decades.

2356:

The nation was at peace after 1783. The states gave Congress control of the western lands and an effective system for population expansion was developed. The

24147: 21091: 20658: 20548: 10995: 5264:

The first Japanese arrived in the U.S. in 1869, with the arrival of 22 people from samurai families, settling in Placer County, California, to establish the

3992:, helping them purchase land grant parcels on good terms. The selling price depended on such factors as soil quality, water, and distance from the railroad. 1310: 11516:

Hyde, George E. (1968). Life of George Bent Written from His Letters. Ed. by Savoie Lottinville. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 168–195

4777:

which killed 11 Native agents, and the Pinhook massacre which killed 13 armed ranchers and cowboys. The Ute conflicts finally ended after the events of the

24661: 22147: 20426: 7180:

party benefited from support from "old" immigrant groups that settled on frontier farms, "new" urban immigrants formed an important part of the Democratic

6590:

to chop the base of the tree. After the tree collapsed, if the tree was too big to chop with the double-sided axes, they would use a gigantic saw called a

11796: 5714:) and others became outlaws during hard times in the cattle industry. Many were misfits and drifters who roamed the West avoiding the law. In rural areas 4654:

against the military who were erecting forts along the Bozeman Trail. It was the most successful campaign against the U.S. during the Indian Wars. By the

4628:, and the Battle of Lost Valley against the Texas Rangers. The war finally ended with a final confrontation between the Comanches and the U.S. Cavalry in 23870: 23860: 22235: 22069: 20463: 6522:

long before the eastern states did and had more liberal divorce laws. Minority women did not experience the same freedoms. Native women were forced onto

3744: 1046: 1036: 3668:

linked Omaha, Nebraska, to San Francisco on October 24, 1861. The Pony Express ended in just 18 months because it could not compete with the telegraph.

2747:

native tribes. Then it sent surveyors to map and document the land. By the 20th century, Washington bureaucracies managed the federal lands such as the

23666: 23513: 21003: 20861: 5097: 3368:

when the ores were depleted. Prospectors spread out and hunted for gold and silver along the Rockies and in the southwest. Soon gold was discovered in

1752: 1279: 842: 6853:

has demonstrated, the concept of "wilderness" was highly negative and the antithesis of religiosity before the romantic movement of the 19th century.

6034:

and ceased to exist after the ore played out, cattle towns often evolved from cattle to farming and continued after the grazing lands were exhausted.

3319:

unit, as well as naval forces, and quickly took control. As the war was ending, gold was discovered in the north, and the word soon spread worldwide.

24584: 20565: 20352: 18885: 5987:, introduced by settlers from the Northwest. Though less hardy and more disease-prone, these breeds produced better-tasting beef and matured faster. 5402:

Entrepreneurs set up shops and businesses to cater to the miners. World-famous were the houses of prostitution found in every mining camp worldwide.

1684: 7154:

tales of expansion. This new work and the people writing it have transformed the WHA, the history of the U.S. West, and the profession more broadly.

4982:

After the Civil War, as the volunteer armies disbanded, the regular army cavalry regiments increased in number from six to ten, among them Custer's

4135:

relied on land grants. The financial stories were often complex. For example, the Northern Pacific received its major land grant in 1864. Financier

24691: 24066: 23691: 23640: 21057: 21030: 20347: 6284:, and the Arizona and New Mexico territories as states in 1912, marks the end of the frontier story for many scholars. Due to their low and uneven 3702:

in 1854, Congress left the decision up to the voters on the ground in Kansas. Across the North, a new major party was formed to fight slavery: the

2232:. In what is now New York state the Dutch set up fur trading posts in the Hudson River valley, followed by large grants of land to rich landowning 1237: 867: 816: 3960:

In acquiring, preparing, and distributing public land to private ownership, the federal government generally followed the system set forth by the

23701: 23519: 23414: 22952: 21405: 21365: 19701: 6247:, only pockets of the frontier remain without a clear westward line, allowing travel across the continent without ever crossing a frontier line. 5368:, church activities, and school functions. The womenfolk organized shared meals and potluck events, as well as extended visits between families. 4385: 4059:

surveyed the route from San Francisco east. Judah's tireless lobbying efforts in Washington were largely responsible for the passage of the 1862

3703: 3603: 877: 693: 13314: 13181: 12320:

Ring, Daniel F. (1993). "The Origins of the Butte Public Library: Some Further Thoughts on Public Library Development in the State of Montana".

2411:

for low-cost land for free white farmers, a position enacted into law by the new Republican Party in 1862, offering free 160 acres (65 ha)

24686: 23836: 22415: 21213: 20131: 19618: 19433: 15119: 1012: 4592:'s fight against settlements in Texas in the 1880s. The Apaches under his command conducted ambushes on US cavalries and forts, such as their 4533:

resulted in competition for food and resources. Natives included in this group attacked and harassed emigrant parties and miners crossing the

24681: 23823: 22022: 21427: 20663: 19870: 11297:"Doolittle and the Indians; What the Senator Knows About Suppressing Reports A Good Secretary of the Interior for Greeley's Reform Cabinet", 7362: 1745: 11886: 11777: 3025:

Hacker adds that the second wave of settlers reclaimed the land, repaired the damage, and practiced more sustainable agriculture. Historian

23731: 23671: 23570: 23317: 23245: 23146: 23057: 23033: 22939: 22820: 22736: 22659: 22607: 22527: 21045: 20642: 20458: 20399: 19982: 19940: 19696: 19691: 19686: 19681: 19676: 19671: 19666: 19661: 19656: 19651: 19348: 18878: 10234: 8821: 7253: 3660:

In 1861, Congress passed the Land-Grant Telegraph Act which financed the construction of Western Union's transcontinental telegraph lines.

2423: 907: 847: 732: 671: 649: 616: 583: 528: 484: 462: 429: 396: 363: 122: 19499: 10368:

David Prior, "Civilization, Republic, Nation: Contested Keywords, Northern Republicans, and the Forgotten Reconstruction of Mormon Utah",

7602: 7012:(1858–1919), a Republican who made "cowboy" internationally synonymous with the brash aggressive American. He was followed by trick roper 6970:

From the late 19th century the railroads promoted tourism in the west, with guided tours of western sites, especially national parks like

24502: 23850: 23612: 23427: 22169: 22012: 21907: 21652: 21390: 20510: 20421: 20163: 20148: 20030: 16227: 14132: 11636:

Empire of the summer moon : Quanah Parker and the rise and fall of the Comanches, the most powerful Indian tribe in American history

7966: 7948: 6110:(1838–1914), a widely read author and naturalist and pioneer advocate of preservation of wilderness for its own sake, and founder of the 2360:

of 1787 abolished slavery in the area north of the Ohio River and promised statehood when a territory reached a threshold population, as

2323:

Regardless of wars, Americans were moving across the Appalachians into western Pennsylvania, what is now West Virginia, and areas of the

1701: 1658: 1026: 788: 19190: 24671: 24666: 24656: 24193: 24139: 24103: 23676: 23065: 21995: 21510: 21505: 21495: 20868: 20597: 19845: 19140: 18257: 17404: 6700: 4721:, unwilling to give up their traditional lands and move to a reservation, undertook a 1,200-mile (2,000 km) fighting retreat from 3271:

plantations in the eastern districts. The central area of the state was developed more by subsistence farmers who seldom owned slaves.

3242:

asked, what would the U.S. do with eight million Mexicans "with their idol worship, heathen superstition, and degraded mongrel races?"

3138:

political and military commander of the area. Tensions rose, however, after an abortive attempt to establish the independent nation of

1356: 1301: 1274: 852: 14582: 4917:, and others, and allowed for the building of roads and posts across the tribal lands. A second treaty secured safe passage along the 4297:

came into existence. In the same manner, millions of acres of additional land were opened up and settled in the following four years.

23749: 23686: 23681: 23634: 23043: 22595: 22555: 22164: 22107: 22000: 21829: 21271: 19774: 15724: 11201: 7372: 6472:, and other metals. These metals were sold to shopkeepers and rich people for currency. Miners were paid a salary of $ 1.70 per day. 6299:

also led to significant conflict reaching across the US-Mexico border which was still mostly within frontier territory, known as the

4092: 2929: 925: 862: 857: 824: 810: 745: 7084:

of the Old West. Over time, the cowboys developed a personal culture of their own, a blend of values that even retained vestiges of

2521:

in 1814 in Alabama. In general, the frontiersmen battled the Natives with little help from the U.S. Army or the federal government.

2176: 24108: 24020: 24006: 23865: 23816: 23769: 23764: 23711: 23661: 23606: 23109: 22974: 22786: 22211: 22007: 21500: 20988: 20928: 20488: 20143: 20035: 19885: 17821: 14983: 12933: 8876:(March 2017) 103#4 pp. 921–942, Citing pp. 938–939. Lee used the consumer price index to translate historic sums into 2012 dollars. 7516: 7367: 7189: 6326:

The westward expansion of American influence and jurisdiction across the Pacific in the late 19th century was in some sense a new "

5707: 5702:, and hundreds of others who preyed on banks, trains, stagecoaches, and in some cases even armed government transports such as the 5544:

obtained positions at different times as federal and local lawmen. After more than a year of threats and feuding, they, along with

4152: 4139:(1821–1905) was in charge until 1873 when he went bankrupt. Federal courts, however, kept bankrupt railroads in operation. In 1881 4100:. However the railroad also provided camps and food the Chinese wanted and protected the Chinese workers from threats from whites. 3892:. The result by 1890 was millions of new farms in the Plains states, many operated by new immigrants from Germany and Scandinavia. 3826:

in 1862 when Dakota tribes systematically attacked German farms to drive out the settlers. For several days, Dakota attacks at the

3799:

regained St. Louis and all of Missouri for the Union. The state was the scene of numerous raids and guerrilla warfare in the west.

2367:

The first major movement west of the Appalachian mountains originated in Pennsylvania, Virginia, and North Carolina as soon as the

1191: 1177: 1041: 992: 945: 940: 887: 837: 782: 19045: 12228: 5090: 1857:, often cite differing points reaching into the early 1900s; typically within the first two decades, prior to American entry into 24492: 24152: 24098: 23696: 23655: 23626: 23198: 22117: 22090: 22049: 22044: 22017: 21947: 21834: 21630: 21437: 21025: 20849: 20747: 20379: 19253: 15174: 6826:

oral tradition—which continues in the modern era. Beth E. Levy argues that the physical and mythological west inspired composers

5273: 2955:

several years at a time, then moved them to fresh territory. Several new denominations were formed, of which the largest was the

1648: 1269: 872: 831: 802: 3074:, an anti-slavery Whig, felt the Texas annexation in 1845 to be "the heaviest calamity that ever befell myself and my country". 23759: 23598: 23583: 23508: 23491: 22218: 21927: 21610: 21515: 21345: 21293: 21254: 20821: 20816: 20670: 20607: 20560: 20538: 20503: 20158: 20014: 14762: 6876:

presented Native chiefs, dances, and other Wild West exhibits in his museums. However, large scale awareness took off when the

3134:

became an "empresario", receiving contracts from the Mexican officials to bring in immigrants. In doing so, he also became the

2933: 2497:

under British auspices in the Midwest which would halt American expansion westward. American frontier militiamen under General

2083: 1785: 935: 774: 759: 13744:

Vanguards of the Frontier: A Social History of the Northern Plains and the Rocky Mountains from the Fur Traders to the Busters

11607: 9248:

Phillip Drennen Thomas, "The United States Army as the Early Patron of Naturalists in the Trans-Mississippi West, 1803–1820",

5744:

to hide. While some settlements and towns in the frontier also house outlaws and criminals, which were called "outlaw towns".

5323:, led a gang in the 1850s which burned houses, killed exploiting miners, robbed stagecoaches of landowners and fought against 5252:. The Chinese were generally forced into self-sufficient "Chinatowns" in cities such as San Francisco, Portland, Seattle, and 24620: 24188: 24085: 23993: 23738: 23620: 23577: 23442: 22410: 22405: 22392: 22034: 21922: 21792: 21696: 21605: 21529: 21074: 21040: 20055: 20045: 20040: 19898: 19893: 19757: 19722: 17806: 16531: 16251: 16158: 16073: 14236: 14207: 10736: 4128: 4064: 4032: 4013: 3589:, owned at the time by Mexico but not controlled by them. A hundred rural Mormon settlements sprang up in what Young called " 2191: 1963: 1893: 1793: 1723: 1351: 1315: 1256: 1164: 914: 796: 753: 561: 351: 23530: 15810: 6288:

though, frontier territory remained for the meantime. Of course, a few typical frontier episodes still happened such as the

5672:(right): depiction of the hanging of Cherokee Bill on March 17, 1896 , as it was published by newspapers after his execution 2107: 1838:, stated the U.S. Census Bureau would stop recording western frontier settlement as part of its census categories after the 23404: 22317: 22230: 22127: 22064: 22054: 21937: 21728: 21691: 21620: 21452: 21417: 20968: 20698: 20431: 20202: 20153: 20126: 20050: 20009: 17862: 13484: 13465: 9376: 7465: 7230: 6704: 5748: 5257: 4119:(plus two in Canada); they opened up the West to farmers and ranchers. From north to south they were the Northern Pacific, 3838:

killed 300 to 400 white settlers. The state militia fought back and Lincoln sent in federal troops. The ensuing battles at

2209: 2201: 19170: 19070: 14197: 13423:

Randy McFerrin and Douglas Wills, "High Noon on the Western Range: A Property Rights Analysis of the Johnson County War",

12476:

Important Moments in Japanese American History:Before, During, and After World War II Mass Incarceration. Timeline; Densho

5463:(1848–1929), Michael Francis "Frank" McLean (1854–1902), Cornelius "Neil" Brown (1844–1926). Photo by Charles A. Conkling. 24610: 24027: 23777: 23330: 23270: 22860: 22374: 22186: 22174: 22112: 21869: 21360: 21259: 20856: 20515: 20411: 20295: 19090: 18833: 15260:

The Eastern Establishment and the Western Experience: The West of Frederic Remington, Theodore Roosevelt, and Owen Wister

12055: 6938:, conveying vivid images of the Old West. Remington lamented the passing of an era he helped to chronicle when he wrote: 6440:. The California Gold Rush had positive and negative benefits for America. It simultaneously increased the population of 6315:(1915–1919) involved attacks targeted against Texan settlers. Also, skirmishes involving Natives happened as late as the 5225:, which was founded in 1877, was an organized settlement that predates the Exodusters but is often associated with them. 2824: 2205: 1711: 1198: 953: 333: 3413:

400,000 men, women, and children traveled 2,000 miles (3,200 km) in wagon trains during a six-month journey on the

2119: 24605: 24092: 23855: 23716: 23648: 23588: 23382: 22885: 22875: 22791: 22159: 22100: 21985: 21980: 21917: 21679: 21640: 21600: 21447: 21400: 21380: 20993: 20620: 20615: 20520: 20468: 19997: 19752: 19611: 18960: 17877: 17598: 17307: 16018: 15904: 15853: 15655: 15635: 15570: 15543: 15496: 15417: 15296: 15202: 14482: 14269: 14116: 14012: 13909: 13805: 13778: 13684: 13657: 13630: 13603: 13448: 13412: 13282: 13228: 13114: 12989: 12966: 12921: 12897: 12781: 11951: 11923: 11915:

Forts of the West: Military Forts and Presidios, and Posts Commonly Called Forts, West of the Mississippi River to 1898

11760: 11720: 11693: 11666: 11643: 11591: 11565: 11542: 11521: 11418: 11322: 11286: 11259: 10799: 10763: 10609: 10277: 10217: 10190: 10102: 10018: 9991: 9938: 9886: 9805: 9778: 9751: 9678: 9642: 9499: 9422: 9342: 9233: 9071: 8937: 8857: 8707: 8637: 8525: 8469: 8442: 8415: 8223: 8073: 8019: 7913: 7886: 7675: 6300: 5941: 5599: 5265: 5081: 3792: 3784: 3176: 2582:

thought of himself as a man of the frontier and was keenly interested in expanding and exploring the West. Jefferson's

2213: 1706: 1263: 1031: 892: 764: 10862:

Sarah T. Phillips et al. "Reflections on One Hundred and Fifty Years of the United States Department of Agriculture",

7287:: a poster, popular in mythic scenes of the west, let the public know of criminals whom authorities wish to apprehend. 6030:

ground and supporting town would secure the cattle trade. However, unlike the mining towns which in many cases became

23754: 23744: 23280: 22917: 22754: 22337: 22201: 22181: 22132: 22122: 21990: 21912: 21889: 21849: 21713: 21703: 21580: 21555: 21462: 21442: 20920: 20710: 20436: 19818: 19504: 19220: 18905: 18252: 17846: 17747: 16191: 11804: 9263:

Five Artists of the Old West: George Catlin, Karl Bodmer, Alfred Jacob Miller, Charles M. Russell Frederic Remington

7577: 7319: 7279: 6204: 6061: 5888: 5403: 4870:, and was responsible for outfitting most Western posts for more than 20 years after its founding in the late 1870s. 4843: 4658:, the U.S. granted a large reservation to the Lakota, without military presence; it included the entire Black Hills. 2748: 2095: 930: 920: 321: 14199:

In Search of Our Frontier: Japanese America and Settler Colonialism in the Construction of Japan's Borderless Empire

12441:

Light, Ivan (1974). "From Vice District to Tourist Attraction: The Moral Career of American Chinatowns, 1880–1940".

8889:

The Shaping of America: A Geographical Perspective on 500 Years of History: Volume 2: Continental America, 1800–1867

5587:

Western story tellers and film makers featured the gunfight in many Western productions. Walter Noble Burns's novel

5280:

ending all Japanese immigration to the U.S. The U.S.-born children of the Issei were citizens, in accordance to the

24053: 23307: 23136: 22969: 22929: 22808: 22342: 22206: 22152: 22137: 22039: 21874: 21350: 21303: 21298: 21200: 21127: 20827: 20592: 20121: 19303: 18209: 16005:

Andrew C. Isenberg, "Environment and the Nineteenth-Century West; or, Process Encounters Place". pp. 77–92 in

14557: 11005: 7269: 4036: 3665: 2549:

saw himself as a man of the frontier and a scientist; he was keenly interested in expanding and exploring the West.

1224: 999: 638: 19509: 19160: 10167: 8178:

Juricek, John T. (1966). "American Usage of the Word "Frontier" from Colonial Times to Frederick Jackson Turner".

7052:, directed by Howard Hawks, and starring John Wayne and Montgomery Clift, as an authentic cattle drive depiction. 5710:. Some of the outlaws, such as Jesse James, were products of the violence of the Civil War (James had ridden with 5376:

Childhood on the American frontier is contested territory. One group of scholars, following the lead of novelists

24254: 23988: 23944: 23340: 22838: 22694: 22240: 22029: 21970: 21879: 21770: 21745: 21242: 21232: 20797: 20715: 20653: 20637: 20483: 20478: 20242: 20222: 20212: 20207: 19514: 19205: 19060: 18262: 17502: 16220: 14967: 5499: 4923: 4009: 3124: 2937: 2518: 2071: 2014: 2007: 1921: 1417: 1159: 1110: 19288: 13886: 12211: 6872:

The mythologizing of the West began with minstrel shows and popular music in the 1840s. During the same period,

5221:, they were lured by the prospect of good, cheap Homestead Law land and better treatment. The all-black town of 5033:

were successful in the West; their torch awakens the women struggling in the North and South in this cartoon by

2891:

While colleges were springing up across the Northeast, there was little competition on the western frontier for

2216:

patterns of expansion and settlement were quite different. Only a few thousand French migrated to Canada; these

23724: 23593: 23360: 22223: 21897: 21844: 21760: 21750: 21718: 21647: 21635: 21590: 21477: 21375: 21237: 21157: 21147: 20933: 20790: 20493: 20451: 20394: 20168: 20079: 17755: 15798: 15611: 15070: 14899: 14822: 14724: 14447: 14391: 14371: 14336: 14224: 13255: 12741: 12136: 12090: 12017: 11867: 10900: 10558: 9911: 9449: 9302: 8897: 8253: 7120:

and gunfighting, in turn popularized by the Western genre, would later be known in modern times as examples of

6173: 5495: 5183: 3781:

soon erupted, and the Union ended the Confederate campaign and the area west of Texas remained in Union hands.

2783: 900: 769: 15311:

Leroy G. Dorsey, "The frontier myth in presidential rhetoric: Theodore Roosevelt's campaign for conservation"

9466: 6586:, they would send multiple loggers depending on the size of the tree. From there, they would use double-sided 3147: 3104: 3062:, which represented business and financial interests, stood opposed to Manifest Destiny. Whig leaders such as 24439: 24048: 24033: 23968: 23958: 23929: 23919: 23457: 21975: 21839: 21755: 21686: 21657: 21595: 21485: 21457: 21101: 20473: 20366: 19604: 18247: 18242: 18199: 17929: 17512: 16077: 15271:

Christine Bold, "The Rough Riders at Home and Abroad: Cody, Roosevelt, Remington, and the Imperialist Hero",

13924:

M. Scott Taylor, "Buffalo Hunt: International Trade and the Virtual Extinction of the North American Bison",

12546:

Chad Montrie, "'Men Alone Cannot Settle a Country:' Domesticating Nature in the Kansas-Nebraska Grasslands",

11185:

Howard Kushner, "The significance of the Alaska purchase to American expansion." in S. Frederick Starr, ed.,

10851:

American Singularity: The 1787 Northwest Ordinance, the 1862 Homestead and Morrill Acts, and the 1944 GI Bill

7472: 5790: 5699: 4898: 4746: 4655: 4124: 3262:. California entered the Union in 1850 as a free state; the other areas remained territories for many years. 2059: 1602: 1219: 1204: 1134: 1124: 1095: 1085: 15185:

William Cronon, "The Trouble with Wilderness; or, Getting Back to the Wrong Nature" in William Cronon, ed.,

14688: 14531: 9374:

Johnson, Charles A. (1950). "The Frontier Camp Meeting: Contemporary and Historical Appraisals, 1805–1840".

3230:

led forces into northern Mexico, winning a series of battles that ensued. The U.S. Navy transported General

2194:, before 1776, the west was of high priority for settlers and politicians. The American frontier began when 2048:," and that other definitions of the region "include all lands west of the Mississippi or Missouri rivers." 24038: 24012: 23998: 23973: 23963: 23914: 23830: 23437: 22947: 22721: 22615: 22400: 22326: 22270: 22263: 22196: 22059: 21942: 21864: 21854: 21708: 21669: 21625: 21585: 21542: 21490: 21422: 21395: 21355: 21333: 21142: 20956: 20903: 20836: 20693: 20649: 20577: 20498: 20416: 20227: 20091: 19920: 19828: 19636: 19582: 19185: 18940: 17841: 17811: 17677: 17545: 17235: 16056:

Richard W. Etulain, "Clio's Disciples on the Rio Grande: Western History at the University of New Mexico",

12295:

Hell's Belles: Prostitution, Vice, and Crime in Early Denver, with a Biography of Sam Howe, Frontier Lawman

12190:

S. Ilan Troen, "Frontier myths and their applications in America and Israel: A transnational perspective".

7333: 6653: 6270: 6178: 5995:, but their investments did create a large industry that continues to cycle through boom and bust periods. 5549: 5276:, known as the McCarran-Walter Act, which allowed Japanese immigrants to become naturalized U.S. citizens. 5234: 5150:

European immigrants often built communities of similar religious and ethnic backgrounds. For example, many

4987: 4851: 4821:

in southern Arizona along the mail route between Tucson and El Paso and was used to launch attacks against

4750: 4621: 3984: 3889: 3657:

in 1860, cutting delivery time to ten days. He set up over 150 stations about 15 miles (24 km) apart.

3581:, seeking to leave American jurisdiction to escape religious persecution in Illinois and Missouri, led the 2850:(1784–1864) led the Yellowstone and Missouri expeditions of 1819–1820, but his categorizing in 1823 of the 2767: 2752: 2704: 1209: 1183: 1169: 1139: 1129: 1080: 1006: 539: 299: 16720: 14055: 12478: 6160:

says, "Saving the American soul from a total surrender to materialism was the cause for which he fought."

5471:, crimes of drunkenness, selling whiskey to the Natives, cutting trees on federal land) and professional ( 3719: 24468: 24364: 23934: 23203: 22580: 22545: 22191: 22142: 21957: 21859: 21782: 21664: 21560: 21385: 21370: 21308: 20943: 20898: 20705: 20587: 20441: 19489: 19479: 19243: 19180: 18975: 17702: 17697: 17646: 17641: 16896: 16649: 15190: 12280: 7405: 7089: 6265: 5870: 5553: 4335: 3574: 3254:

the new territories and dealing with the slavery issue caused intense controversy, particularly over the

3246: 2976:

frontier, and the logging frontier. Finally, the coming of the railroad brought the end of the frontier.

2591: 2002: 1952: 1633: 1527: 1100: 1090: 133: 19333: 8088:

Quoted in William Cronon, "Revisiting the vanishing frontier: The legacy of Frederick Jackson Turner."

6385:, gloves, and collar-less shirts—were practical and adaptable, designed for protection and comfort. The 5047:

Westerners were proud of their leadership in the movement for democracy and equality, a major theme for

4617: 2877:(1785–1851) is famous for classifying and painting in minute details 500 species of birds, published in 2819: 24676: 24651: 24058: 24043: 23908: 23422: 22764: 22540: 22510: 22475: 22095: 21965: 21797: 21777: 21765: 21575: 21565: 21247: 21152: 20765: 20755: 20282: 20277: 20267: 20262: 19784: 19578: 19298: 19020: 18917: 18901: 18859: 17826: 17618: 17457: 16213: 14923: 14846: 14748: 14157: 14004: 11455:

Anthony R. McGinnis, "When Courage Was Not Enough: Plains Indians at War with the United States Army",

11359:(2001) pp. 226–253, and by Francis Paul Prucha, "Andrew Jackson's Indian Policy: A Reassessment", 9953:

Jimmy L Bryan, Jr., "The Patriot-Warrior Mystique", in Alexander Mendoza and Charles David Grear, eds.

8304: 7991: 7247: 5303: 5269: 4995: 4629: 4393: 4392:

demanded the removal of the Natives out of the southeastern states to new lands in the west, while the

3686: 3653:

William Russell, hoping to get a government contract for more rapid mail delivery service, started the

3215: 3059: 2862: 2419: 2368: 2341: 1932: 1917: 1229: 1214: 1074: 31: 13405:

Violence in the West: The Johnson County Range War and Ludlow Massacre: A Brief History with Documents

13318: 10373: 2609:

Even before the purchase, Jefferson was planning expeditions to explore and map the lands. He charged

24548: 24533: 24523: 24482: 24404: 24369: 23939: 23006: 22833: 22803: 22572: 21674: 20980: 20785: 20780: 20342: 19796: 19469: 19308: 19105: 18985: 18965: 18800: 17892: 17437: 17367: 17089: 15992:

Mart A. Stewart, "If John Muir Had Been an Agrarian: American Environmental History West and South",

14787: 14507:"What is Placer Gold Mining? – Yukon – Charley Rivers National Preserve (U.S. National Park Service)" 10306:

Buchanan, Frederick S. (1982). "Education among the Mormons: Brigham Young and the Schools of Utah".

9743:

A country of vast designs: James K. Polk, the Mexican War, and the conquest of the American continent

9467:"The Historiography of the Second Great Awakening and the Problem of Historical Causation, 1945–2005" 8574: 7438:: best selling German writer of all time, noted chiefly for wild west books set in the American West. 7185: 6971: 6304: 6285: 6244: 6237: 6233: 6225: 5921: 5447:

The "Dodge City Peace Commission" June 10, 1883. (Standing from left) William H. Harris (1845–1895),

5175: 4991: 4983: 4975:

10 cents per cow for the latter to allow them to travel through their land. Natives also preyed upon

3526: 2921: 2779: 2013:

Pockets of settlements would also appear far past the established frontier line, particularly on the

1843: 1839: 1638: 1567: 1532: 1105: 594: 17: 19323: 15958:

White, Richard (1985). "American Environmental History: The Development of a New Historical Field".

13956: 13940:

Plumb, Glenn E.; Sucec, Rosemary (2006). "A Bison Conservation History in the U.S. National Parks".

11752:

The Encyclopedia of North American Indian Wars, 1607–1890: A Political, Social, and Military History

11685:

The Encyclopedia of North American Indian Wars, 1607–1890: A Political, Social, and Military History

10350: 8727: 8484:

Tom Arne Midtrød, "Strange and Disturbing News: Rumor and Diplomacy in the Colonial Hudson Valley."

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saw similarities between the frontier's Americanization of immigrants that Turner described and the

6752:. This was one of the main causes of the Wild West era. When people relocated to the underdeveloped 5084:

became short-distance affairs. However, the passenger trains were often the targets of armed gangs.

4206:

which devastated the Great Plains. These challenges hardened these settlers in taming the frontier.

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along the Canada–U.S. border; the Union Pacific/Central Pacific in the middle, and to the south the

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tribe in New Mexico, where they had been raiding settlers and put them on a reservation. Within the

2755:

in the Department of Agriculture. After 1900, dam building and flood control became major concerns.

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Immigrants in the Valley: Irish, Germans, and Americans in the Upper Mississippi Country, 1830–1860

11149: 7930: 7241: 7196: 7109: 6861: 6839: 6729: 6624: 6492: 6119: 6081: 5048: 4998:. The black units, along with others (both cavalry and infantry), collectively became known as the 4934: 4867: 4498: 4360: 4143:(1835–1900) took over and finally completed the line to Seattle. But the line went bankrupt in the 4091:

employed over 12,000 Chinese workers, 90% of its manual workforce. Ong explores whether or not the

4056: 3369: 3192: 3026: 2979: 2690: 2642: 1901: 1888: 1607: 1512: 1472: 1067: 22984: 19474: 17626: 16103: 14506: 11831: 11411:

The Wild Frontier: Atrocities During the American-Indian War from Jamestown Colony to Wounded Knee

6220: 5769: 5498:, there were other various law enforcement agencies throughout the American frontier, such as the 3295:

ships took 5 months to sail the 17,000 miles (27,000 km) from New York City to San Francisco.

1985: 24543: 24538: 24518: 24409: 24399: 24394: 24374: 23924: 23452: 22769: 22714: 22515: 21281: 21017: 20775: 19742: 19586: 19464: 19313: 18970: 18550: 18540: 18469: 18098: 17831: 17801: 17687: 17672: 17555: 17550: 17492: 17452: 17119: 14413: 13107:

Bad Company and Burnt Powder: Justice and Injustice in the Old Southwest (Frances B. Vick Series)

11890: 11126: 10917:

The Nation Builders: A Sesquicentennial History of the Corps of Topographical Engineers 1838–1863

10517:

Stacey L. Smith, "Beyond North and South: Putting the West in the Civil War and Reconstruction".

10488:

Dale Watts, "How Bloody Was Bleeding Kansas? Political Killings in Kansas territory, 1854–1861",

10292:

Lawrence G. Coates, "Brigham Young and Mormon Indian Policies: The Formative Period, 1836–1851",

8982:

Don D. Walker, "Philosophical and Literary Implications in the Historiography of the Fur Trade",

7520: 7341:: list of notable law enforcement officials of the American frontier. They occupied positions as 7105: 6656:, as unemployment made it difficult for more money to go into circulation, and stores were going 6308: 5925: 5393: 5034: 4955: 4947: 4762: 4734: 4625: 4593: 4554: 3778: 3699: 3570: 3566: 2892: 2865:(1768–1823) traveled up the Missouri River documenting and drawing plant and animal life. Artist 2834:

Government and private enterprise sent many explorers to the West. In 1805–1806, Army lieutenant

2678: 2630: 1572: 1562: 1557: 1537: 38: 22460: 19155: 16201:

161 photographs of frontier geography and personalities; these are pre-1923 and out of copyright

14171: 13511:"Sheep Wars | The Handbook of Texas Online| Texas State Historical Association (TSHA)" 13299: 12851:

Moore, Waddy W. (Spring 1964). "Some Aspects of Crime and Punishment on the Arkansas Frontier".

12663:

Julia Ann Laite, "Historical Perspectives on Industrial Development, Mining, and Prostitution",

7144:

environment, in addition to hypocritically betraying the ideals on which it supposedly is built.

7008:

The most famous popularizers of the image included part-time cowboy and "Rough Rider" President

6993:

The cowboy has for over a century been an iconic American image both in the country and abroad.

6575:

occupation. The job was a fairly common occupation to have in this era, similarly to miners and

6156:

dam, which was built in the Yosemite National Park to supply water to San Francisco. Biographer

4046:

Route of the first transcontinental railroad across the western United States (built, 1863–1869)

2885: 2554:

franchise favored by eastern upper classes and adopting more democracy and more egalitarianism.

1873:

continued to show the westward frontier line, and his successors continued the practice. By the

1784:, encompasses the geography, history, folklore, and culture associated with the forward wave of 24574: 24558: 24497: 24324: 24239: 24183: 23467: 23399: 23335: 23263: 23028: 22781: 22726: 22637: 22560: 22465: 22450: 22279: 21733: 21083: 20893: 20873: 20675: 20530: 20325: 20272: 20257: 20101: 19789: 19519: 19494: 19484: 19428: 19258: 19195: 19075: 19010: 19005: 18613: 18535: 18436: 18364: 18184: 18179: 18118: 18045: 17897: 17816: 17785: 17540: 16886: 16770: 16469: 16419: 15033: 13951: 9063:

The Land Office Business: The Settlement and Administration of American Public Lands, 1789–1837

7338: 6996: 6967:

wrote many books on the west and the frontier, and made frequent reference to it as president.

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Scholars have examined the social history of the west in search of the American character. The

4343:

must be very much higher than the given... Fifty percent additional would be a safe estimate...

4229: 3961: 3909: 3843: 3839: 3754: 3423: 2944: 2599: 2502: 2482: 2345: 2312: 2291: 1940: 1674: 1653: 1487: 1402: 1346: 418: 199: 55: 15601: 15533: 15486: 15286: 14308:

Raymond B. Wrabley, Jr., "Drunk Driving or Dry Run? Cowboys and Alcohol on the Cattle Trail".

14286: 14139:, Statistical Atlas of the United States, 1910, United States. Bureau of the Census, July 1914 13795: 13674: 13620: 13041: 12979: 12887: 12771: 12126: 12007: 11857: 11750: 11683: 11555: 11249: 10890: 10726: 10548: 10008: 9981: 9223: 8927: 8872:

Robert Lee, "Accounting for Conquest: The Price of the Louisiana Purchase of Indian Country",

8627: 8459: 8432: 8405: 7973:, Statistical Atlas of the United States, 1910, United States. Bureau of the Census, July 1914 7543: 4874:

in Arizona was also originally a frontier post and is still in use by the United States Army.

4322: 4250:

on October 18, 1867, as Russian soldiers handed over the territory to the United States Army.

3434:

in Oregon. This network of wagon trails leading to the Pacific Northwest was later called the

3130:

The Spanish and Mexican governments attracted American settlers to Texas with generous terms.

24359: 24354: 24229: 23952: 23503: 23486: 23462: 23355: 23350: 23297: 23119: 23087: 22895: 22880: 22470: 22445: 22430: 21932: 21615: 20730: 20287: 20252: 20247: 20190: 20173: 19903: 19560: 19423: 19398: 19268: 19210: 19055: 19050: 18955: 18950: 18935: 18925: 18810: 18590: 18560: 18512: 18369: 18214: 18108: 18090: 17872: 17732: 17682: 17651: 17588: 17530: 17265: 17129: 16906: 16800: 16334: 16279: 16008: 15892: 15407: 15019: 14259: 14028:

Bicha, Karel Denis (1965). "The Plains Farmer and the Prairie Province Frontier, 1897–1914".

13770: 13647: 11941: 11710: 11044: 10789: 10599: 10092: 9489: 9061: 8887: 8697: 8654: 8515: 8065: 8061: 8055: 7503:: a western role-playing game modeled after Clint Eastwood films and similar darker Westerns. 7483: 7441: 7350: 7290: 7263: 7233:

preserves, protects and shares the histories of emigrants who followed these trails westward.

7159: 7101: 7046: 6897: 6636: 6597:

And for transportation, they would either float the logs down a river (a profession known as

6480: 6068: 5905: 5854: 5768:

Civilians also took arms to defend themselves in the Old West, sometimes siding with lawmen (

5593: 5432: 5340: 5249: 5245: 4801: 4785: 4637: 4558: 4502: 4203: 3976: 3968:. Unsold land could be purchased from the land office at a minimum price of $ 1.25 per acre. 3949: 3885: 3878: 3835: 3380: 3168: 2964: 2847: 2412: 2303: 2287: 2254: 2026: 1928: 1522: 1517: 1392: 1118: 682: 627: 605: 19085: 15750: 15560: 13375: 12731: 11656: 11164: 10493: 9279: 8847: 8036: 7717: 5946: 5678:

The major type of banditry was conducted by the infamous outlaws of the West, including the

5490:

When criminals were convicted, the punishment was severe. Aside from the occasional Western

4596:, while also raiding upon prominent farms and ranches, such as their infamous attack on the 4405:"neither the intelligence, the industry, the moral habits, nor the desire of improvements". 2542: 311: 24630: 24449: 24414: 24319: 24294: 23983: 23480: 23432: 23372: 23208: 23129: 22989: 22912: 22870: 22749: 22699: 22684: 22667: 22567: 22455: 22425: 22284: 21412: 21286: 21177: 20555: 19987: 19967: 19915: 19865: 19806: 19737: 19328: 19238: 19035: 18787: 18648: 18585: 18575: 18545: 18527: 18411: 18075: 17999: 17836: 17707: 17593: 17570: 17210: 17104: 16745: 15774: 14586: 13700:

Graham, Richard (1960). "The Investment Boom in British-Texan Cattle Companies 1880–1885".

13574: 12103: 10691:

The First and Second United States Empires: Governors and Territorial Government, 1784–1912

10533:

Barry A. Crouch, "A 'Fiend in Human Shape?' William Clarke Quantrill and his Biographers",

7357: 7216: 6955: 6437: 6335: 5901: 5897: 5529: 5381: 5240: 4959: 4789: 4397: 4306: 4060: 3770: 3750: 3348: 3283: 3197: 3120: 3112: 2948: 2724: 2699: 2648: 2594:

hailed the opportunity to create millions of new farms to expand the domain of land-owning

2506: 2494: 2454: 2442: 2403: 2040: 1865: 1854: 1835: 1733: 1612: 1577: 1482: 1457: 1154: 1144: 451: 440: 385: 269: 19200: 19175: 12507:

Casandra D. Salgado, "Mexican American Identity: Regional Differentiation in New Mexico."

9334:

Exploration and empire: the explorer and the scientist in the winning of the American West

9088:

The American People and the National Forests: The First Century of the U.S. Forest Service

8212:

Aron, Steven, "The Making of the First American West and the Unmaking of Other Realms" in

6605:

to lift the massive logs that were strapped together using rope. Another rope was tied to

8: 24434: 24384: 24339: 24329: 24314: 24304: 24289: 24269: 24244: 24234: 24224: 23978: 23798: 23788: 23230: 22979: 22672: 22590: 22585: 22535: 22435: 22303: 21824: 21740: 21550: 21266: 20951: 20582: 19779: 19555: 19378: 19343: 18930: 18795: 18696: 18691: 18653: 18643: 18580: 18570: 18565: 18507: 18489: 18484: 18446: 18426: 18406: 18356: 18341: 18295: 18189: 18156: 18138: 18050: 17949: 17882: 17775: 17717: 17667: 17149: 16942: 16760: 14860: 14313: 13942: 13064: 12687:(1979). "Free, Indentured, Enslaved: Chinese Prostitutes in Nineteenth-Century America". 11198: 11040: 7392: 7274: 7136: 7038: 6802:

spread throughout the trail. In total, over 1,000 died on the trail from various causes.

6189: 6149: 6043: 5970:. The long drives were treacherous, especially crossing water such as the Brazos and the 5810: 5691: 5298: 5159: 5030: 4550: 4348: 4263: 3918: 3860: 3851: 3766: 3762: 3388: 3384: 3139: 2956: 2828: 2562: 2431: 2357: 2308: 2225: 2195: 1850: 1597: 1547: 1502: 1492: 1477: 1467: 1452: 1432: 1407: 1397: 1387: 1149: 974: 964: 374: 234: 107: 19165: 19095: 17337: 14349: 13510: 13352: 12070:

Cowboys, Ranchers and the Cattle Business: Cross-Border Perspectives on Ranching History

8269:

Klein, Kerwin Lee (1996). "Reclaiming the "F" Word, or Being and Becoming Postwestern".

5801:, which depicts the aftermath of a range war between cowboys and supposed rustlers. 1895 3453:

In the "Wagon Train of 1843", some 700 to 1,000 emigrants headed for Oregon; missionary

24454: 24429: 24334: 24274: 24249: 24219: 24209: 23808: 23803: 23793: 23783: 23496: 23474: 22994: 22853: 22828: 22798: 22759: 22642: 22485: 21064: 21052: 20770: 20760: 20737: 20720: 20116: 19860: 19855: 19727: 19438: 19413: 19368: 19278: 19248: 19080: 19065: 19025: 19000: 18990: 18681: 18638: 18633: 18600: 18555: 18474: 18416: 18326: 18161: 18103: 18065: 17765: 17760: 17603: 17520: 17462: 17225: 17054: 16999: 16765: 16539: 16434: 15975: 15676: 15467: 15329: 14917: 14894:. Paul O'Neil, Time-Life Books (Rev ed.). Alexandria, Va.: Time-Life Books. 1987. 14840: 14742: 14670: 14662: 14037: 13725: 13717: 13135: 13022: 12868: 12712: 12704: 12458: 12385: 12329: 12249: 11364: 10964: 10832: 10626:

Peacekeepers and Conquerors: The Army Officer Corps on the American Frontier, 1821–1846

10415: 10355: 10331: 10323: 9848: 9600: 9393: 9143: 9042: 8769: 8608: 8286: 8195: 7857: 7818: 7787: 7748: 7499: 7445: 7399: 7181: 7060: 7009: 6964: 6931: 6927: 6922: 6799: 6787: 6769: 6712: 6602: 6582:

To cut down trees, lumberjacks had many tools to help them in the process. To cut down

6523: 6496: 6296: 6277: 6137: 6115: 6072: 6053: 5992: 5929: 5893: 5814: 5798: 5573: 5525: 4943: 4883: 4730: 4702: 4643: 4600:

that killed three cowboys. The U.S. finally induced the last hostile Apache band under

4255: 4195: 3989: 3831: 3827: 3823: 3812: 3796: 3774: 3728: 3550: 3259: 3235: 2908: 2874: 2673: 2583: 2574: 2221: 1831: 1802: 1617: 1592: 1497: 1437: 1412: 1382: 1372: 984: 979: 969: 959: 495: 473: 259: 239: 214: 189: 84: 19388: 18870: 16740: 15005:

Roger D. McGrath, "A Violent Birth: Disorder, Crime, and Law Enforcement, 1849–1890",

13532: 9583:

Hacker, Louis Morton (1924). "Western Land Hunger and the War of 1812: A Conjecture".

8997:

Securing the West: Politics, Public Lands, and the Fate of the Old Republic, 1785–1850

8629:

Securing the West: Politics, Public Lands, and the Fate of the Old Republic, 1785–1850

8102: 7432:: writer of many western books; author of more than 100 novels of the "frontier" genre 7033:

Others who contributed to enhancing the romantic image of the American cowboy include

6514:, woman and outlaw during the American Frontier. She's known for her death by gunshot. 6479:

happened in other territories as other expeditions were happening. Events such as the

5826: 3310:. Between 1847 and 1870, the population of San Francisco exploded from 500 to 150,000. 2661: 1817:". The legends, historical events and folklore of the American frontier, known as the 24626: 24389: 24344: 24284: 24259: 24214: 23394: 23225: 23038: 22625: 22420: 22381: 21807: 20963: 20315: 19732: 19717: 19565: 19545: 19459: 19443: 19393: 19383: 19015: 18980: 18820: 18744: 18686: 18499: 18454: 18431: 18396: 18388: 18331: 18313: 18224: 18055: 18037: 18007: 17924: 17284: 17205: 17190: 17185: 16975: 16810: 16790: 16299: 16088: 16014: 15900: 15849: 15794: 15651: 15631: 15607: 15566: 15539: 15492: 15413: 15292: 15076: 15066: 14905: 14895: 14828: 14818: 14730: 14720: 14674: 14654: 14488: 14478: 14443: 14387: 14367: 14332: 14265: 14232: 14203: 14151: 14112: 14008: 13972: 13905: 13801: 13774: 13766: 13729: 13680: 13653: 13626: 13599: 13444: 13408: 13278: 13251: 13224: 13110: 13088: 12985: 12962: 12917: 12893: 12777: 12737: 12716: 12132: 12086: 12013: 11947: 11919: 11863: 11756: 11716: 11689: 11662: 11639: 11587: 11561: 11538: 11517: 11414: 11389: 11380:

Alfred A. Cave, "Abuse of Power: Andrew Jackson and The Indian Removal Act of 1830",

11318: 11282: 11255: 10896: 10795: 10759: 10732: 10605: 10554: 10335: 10273: 10213: 10186: 10098: 10014: 9987: 9934: 9907: 9881: 9801: 9774: 9747: 9674: 9638: 9495: 9445: 9418: 9338: 9298: 9229: 9067: 8933: 8893: 8853: 8805:

Valley of Democracy: The Frontier versus the Plantation in the Ohio Valley, 1775–1818

8703: 8684:

How the West Was Lost: The Transformation of Kentucky from Daniel Boone to Henry Clay

8633: 8521: 8499:

Colonial Complex: South Carolina's Frontiers in the Era of the Yamasee War, 1680–1730

8465: 8438: 8411: 8249: 8219: 8187: 8153: 8069: 8015: 7985: 7909: 7882: 7671: 7420:: author of historical nonfiction that documents the forgotten women of the Old West. 7296: 7236: 6893: 6635:

along with 45 other men to go explore the new territory. Their expedition across the

6527: 6518:

Laws were less restrictive in the West for white women. Western states allowed women

6417: 6251: 6026: 5980: 5909: 5842: 5838: 5834: 5830: 5773: 5695: 5627:(1994). They solidified Earp's modern reputation as the Old West's deadliest gunman. 5623: 5591:(1927) made Earp famous. Hollywood celebrated Earp's Tombstone days with John Ford's 5222: 5171: 5155: 5151: 5059: 4608: 4510: 4465: 4294: 4275: 4080: 4072: 3975:

In 1862, Congress passed three important bills that transformed the land system. The

3788: 3753:. But its proximity to Confederate lines enabled pro-Confederate guerrillas, such as 3695: 3431: 3343:' killing of eleven bandits single-handedly. Camps spread out north and south of the 3340: 3202: 3180: 3131: 3087: 3071: 2736: 2622: 2558: 2450: 2336: 2171: 1897: 1729: 1552: 1507: 1447: 1422: 1377: 339: 274: 249: 244: 224: 164: 111: 16474: 16153: 14106: 13488: 10463: 10144:

Unruh, John D. Jr. (1973). "Against the Grain: West to East on the Overland Trail".

8461:

British Atlantic, American Frontier: Spaces Of Power In Early Modern British America

8127: 8009: 7903: 7876: 7838:"'Progress of the Nation': The Settlement History of the Enduring American Frontier" 7768:""Progress of the Nation": The Settlement History of the Enduring American Frontier" 7665: 6810: 5202:. The nickname was given to the black soldiers by the native tribes they controlled. 24419: 24299: 24264: 24162: 24077: 24072: 23563: 23001: 22964: 22890: 22848: 22744: 22704: 22505: 22500: 21723: 21570: 21276: 21096: 20106: 19947: 19930: 19925: 19764: 19373: 19263: 19100: 18721: 18701: 18668: 18658: 18605: 18401: 18171: 18146: 18060: 18012: 17939: 17934: 17887: 17770: 17727: 17692: 17442: 17352: 17180: 17154: 17034: 16921: 16916: 16876: 16805: 16750: 16697: 16669: 16584: 16177:, BBC Radio 4 discussion with Frank McLynn, Jenni Calder and Christopher Frayling ( 15967: 15708: 15516: 15459: 15350: 14646: 13709: 13162: 13014: 12860: 12835: 12733:

Gold Diggers & Silver Miners: Prostitution and Social Life on the Comstock Lode

12696: 12668: 12450: 11385: 11218: 10956: 10944: 10824: 10407: 10315: 10132:

The Plains Across: The Overland Emigrants and the Trans-Mississippi West, 1840–1860

10119:

The Plains Across: The Overland Emigrants and the Trans-Mississippi West, 1840–1860

10051:

Fournier, Richard. "Mexican War Vet Wages Deadliest Gunfight in American History",

9879:

Gerhardt Britton, Karen; Elliott, Fred C.; Miller, E. A. (2010). "Cotton Culture".

9838: 9830: 9592: 9545:

The Making of an American Community: A Case Study of Democracy in a Frontier County

9385: 9135: 9126:

Nichols, Roger L. (1969). "Army Contributions to River Transportation, 1818–1825".

9034: 8761: 8278: 7849: 7779: 7429: 7122: 6628: 6484: 6425: 6327: 6281: 6143: 6131: 5917: 5874: 5822: 5737: 5723: 5649: 5617: 5584:

syndicates in the United States, and their demise came at the hands of Wyatt Earp.

5564:

was assassinated while playing billiards. Wyatt and others, including his brothers

5397: 5320: 4859: 4701:

Scalped corpse of buffalo hunter found after an 1868 encounter with Cheyennes near

4690: 4553:, and the Natives also raided ranches, farms and killed white families such as the 4429: 4352: 4290: 4282: 4187: 3884:

In 1862, Congress enacted two major laws to facilitate settlement of the West: the

3874: 3847: 3590: 3439: 3360: 3352: 3250: 3152: 3091: 3044: 2917: 2760: 2618: 2587: 2579: 2546: 1869:

therefore, any longer have a place in the census reports." Despite this, the later

1810: 1798: 1582: 1462: 1427: 1325: 1248: 1243: 725: 550: 264: 209: 204: 194: 19150: 15586:

Harvey L. Carter, "Retracing a Cattle Drive: Andy Adams's 'The Log of a Cowboy,'"

11778:"Meeker Massacre forced Utes from most of Colorado, but the attack was a backlash" 11413:, Random House (2001) ch. 7: Atrocities from the Trail of Tears to the Civil War. 11251:

Report on Indians taxed and Indians not taxed in the United States (except Alaska)

9179:

Army Architecture in the West: Forts Laramie, Bridger, and D.A. Russell, 1849–1912

4042: 3807: 24487: 24424: 24379: 24279: 23285: 23218: 23114: 23075: 22959: 22902: 22774: 22677: 22575: 22495: 22490: 22440: 21432: 21208: 21106: 20878: 20178: 20111: 19880: 19801: 19747: 19550: 19408: 19293: 19233: 18995: 18749: 18676: 18479: 18421: 18346: 18321: 18272: 18232: 18070: 18027: 17919: 17636: 17409: 17362: 17260: 17245: 17159: 17109: 16947: 16836: 16654: 16569: 16389: 16354: 16039: 15447: 14329:$ 10 Horse, $ 40 Saddle: Cowboy Clothing, Arms, Tools and Horse Gear of the 1880s 13899: 13756: 13593: 13438: 13272: 13218: 12482: 11913: 11205: 10753: 10584:

David Westphall, "The Battle of Glorieta Pass: Its Importance in the Civil War",

10267: 10207: 10180: 9928: 9901: 9795: 9768: 9741: 9737: 9707: 9668: 9632: 9439: 9414:

Frontier Mission: A History of Religion West of the Southern Appalachians to 1861

9412: 9332: 9292: 8967: 8502: 8243: 8239: 7385: 7301: 7176: 7034: 6982: 6857: 6778:

as a separate Canadian territory. One of the most important cities on the trail,

6572: 6123: 6090: 6077: 6018: 5967: 5846: 5757: 5728: 5715: 5605: 5581: 5484: 5476: 5456: 5424: 5416: 5310:

The great majority of Hispanics who had been living in the former territories of

5211: 5199: 5179: 5163: 5118: 5052: 5039: 5003: 4999: 4951: 4774: 4521: 4233: 4215: 4183: 4076: 4068: 3707: 3677: 3586: 3562: 3541: 3534: 3512: 3219: 3160: 3067: 2799: 2694: 2610: 2525: 2462: 2394: 2361: 1944: 1936: 1913: 1814: 1643: 1587: 1542: 1442: 517: 279: 219: 174: 14608: 13554: 12758:

Daughters of joy, sisters of misery: prostitutes in the American West, 1865–1890

11979:

Brigham D. Madsen, "Shoshoni-Bannock Marauders on the Oregon Trail, 1859–1863",

9710:, "Texas: The South Meets the West, The View Through African American History", 6664:. This also caused territorial disputes with the Native Americans. For example, 5640: 4018: 3932:

These improvements to governance still left plenty of room for profiteering. As

3299: 2869:(1796–1872) painted accurate paintings of Native American culture. Swiss artist 2811:

exposed portions of the frontier to Native hostilities without any protection."

24167: 23235: 23213: 23191: 23169: 23164: 22689: 22620: 22550: 22295: 21902: 21802: 21185: 20320: 20310: 20305: 20300: 19972: 19835: 19769: 19283: 18777: 18769: 18754: 18739: 18734: 18022: 17909: 17487: 17447: 17392: 17342: 17317: 17292: 17250: 17220: 16780: 16424: 13333: 12934:"The cowboy legend: Owen Wister's Virginian and the Canadian-American frontier" 11966:

Robert L. Munkres, "The Plains Indian Threat on the Oregon Trail before 1860",

11026:

Paul M. Ong, "The Central Pacific Railroad and Exploitation of Chinese Labor",

9357: 9207: 9192: 8788: 7164: 7081: 6850: 6843: 6835: 6791: 6576: 6543: 6429: 6256: 6200: 6184: 6169: 6157: 5984: 5963: 5878: 5752: 5577: 5480: 5332: 5328: 5114: 5063: 4939: 4918: 4577: 4525: 4433: 4401: 4389: 4378: 4259: 4242: 4221: 4120: 4052: 3965: 3643: 3594: 3500: 3454: 3409: 3344: 3255: 3231: 3227: 3143: 3116: 3006: 2858: 2843: 2803: 2712: 2653: 2514: 2498: 2446: 2427: 2328: 2241: 2184: 2034: 2022: 1948: 1330: 407: 254: 229: 15520: 15094: 14650: 12672: 12240:

Holden, W. C. (1940). "Law and Lawlessness on the Texas Frontier, 1875–1890".

11481:

Meedm D.V & Smith, J. Comanche 1800-74 Oxford (2003), Osprey, Oxford, pp 5

10981:

George Kraus, "Chinese Laborers and the Construction of the Central Pacific",

10522: 8569:

Robert V. Remini, "The Northwest Ordinance of 1787: Bulwark of the Republic."

5532:

bought shares in the Vizina mine, water rights, and gambling concessions, but

4888: 4408:

The forced march of about twenty tribes included the "Five Civilized Tribes" (

24645: 23377: 23154: 20883: 20183: 19992: 19627: 19228: 19135: 18729: 18706: 18628: 18464: 18303: 18128: 18080: 17976: 17722: 17432: 17382: 17312: 17195: 17139: 17024: 16983: 16957: 16952: 16937: 16911: 16881: 16861: 16815: 16795: 16785: 16730: 16725: 16659: 16639: 16624: 16494: 16484: 16429: 16399: 16374: 16329: 16289: 15488:

Rough rider in the White House: Theodore Roosevelt and the politics of desire

14658: 13092: 8191: 7697: 7284: 7172: 7093: 6905: 6901: 6827: 6632: 6551: 6526:, but still tried to maintain their ways of life and support their families. 6086: 5683: 5452: 5408: 5207: 5167: 5139: 4967: 4871: 4847: 4710: 4647: 4633: 4612: 4486: 4449: 4286: 4247: 4144: 4140: 4132: 4097: 3578: 3554: 3488: 3483: 3471: 3447: 3392: 3376: 3049: 2996: 2866: 2786: 2743: 2720: 2267: 1998: 1967: 1818: 1789: 51: 16174: 15667:

Milner, II, Clyde A. (Winter 1987). "The Shard Memory of Montana Pioneers".

15080: 14909: 13166: 10601:

Inside War: The Guerrilla Conflict in Missouri During the American Civil War

10162:

Mary E. Stuckey, "The Donner Party and the Rhetoric of Westward Expansion",

3795:, and the Confederacy controlling Southern Missouri. However, Union General 3521: 3001: 2778:

The army early on assumed the mission of protecting settlers along with the

2621:

quickly seized the opportunity and expanded fur trading operations into the

2406:

favored the squatters by promising rapid access to cheap land. By contrast,

23366: 23302: 22843: 21190: 21162: 20217: 19338: 18828: 18711: 18517: 18336: 18017: 17956: 17944: 17497: 17482: 17477: 17472: 17322: 17270: 17255: 17215: 17144: 17124: 17114: 17099: 17070: 17058: 17049: 17004: 16994: 16775: 16735: 16710: 16705: 16674: 16644: 16619: 16604: 16579: 16554: 16549: 16544: 16394: 16043: 15511:

Amy Ware, "Unexpected Cowboy, Unexpected Indian: The Case of Will Rogers",

14832: 14734: 14492: 12308:

The Butte Irish: Class and Ethnicity in an American mMining Town, 1875–1925

10239: 8914:

Across the Continent: Jefferson, Lewis and Clark, and the Making of America

6951: 6913: 6889: 6873: 6816: 6665: 6644: 6618: 6591: 6446: 6391: 6196: 6153: 5545: 5443: 5377: 5361: 5352: 5336: 4976: 4830: 4738: 4718: 4679: 4663: 4597: 4542: 4327: 4316: 4179: 3661: 3654: 3639: 3630: 3620: 3479: 3443: 3435: 3414: 3404: 3029:

explored the individualistic worldview and values of the first generation:

2851: 2835: 2807: 2708: 2626: 2501:

defeated the Creeks and opened the Southwest, while militia under Governor

2438: 2415:

to all adults, male and female, black and white, native-born or immigrant.

2332: 2324: 2180: 1909: 1806: 8816:

Merrill D. Peterson, "Jefferson, the West, and the Enlightenment Vision",

4946:, which was carved from the remainder of the Louisiana Purchase after the 4067:(which built west from Omaha). In 1862 four rich San Francisco merchants ( 3593:", which he ruled as a theocracy. It later became Utah Territory. Young's 3577:

was filed during these conflicts, and the Mormons were forced to scatter.

2422:(1783), American settlers in large numbers poured into the west. In 1788, 1989:

U.S. census map showing the extent of settlement and frontier line in 1900

161:

Currently the United States, historically in order of their assimilation:

23258: 23186: 23102: 22922: 22647: 21467: 20998: 20335: 20237: 19977: 19840: 19596: 18759: 18618: 18113: 17961: 17560: 17467: 17427: 17387: 17297: 17230: 17066: 17062: 17044: 17039: 17029: 17019: 17014: 17009: 16989: 16971: 16967: 16962: 16901: 16891: 16866: 16851: 16846: 16831: 16715: 16594: 16574: 16564: 16444: 16324: 16274: 15919:

Stephen Aron, "Convergence, California, and the Newest Western History",

15877:

Richard W. Slatta, "Making and unmaking myths of the American frontier",

15143:

Richard W. Slatta, "Making and unmaking myths of the American frontier",

15060: 14889: 13153:

Cohen, Hubert I. (2003). "Wyatt Earp at the O. K. Corral: Six Versions".

12684: 12574:

Women of the Grange: Mutuality and Sisterhood in Rural America, 1866–1920

12401:

Franklin Ng, "The Sojourner, Return Migration, and Immigration History",

11335:"The Doolittle Report on the State of Indians in U.S. Reservations, 1867" 10537:(1999) 22#2 pp. 142–156 analyzes the highly polarized historiography 9441:

And They All Sang Hallelujah: Plain Folk Camp-Meeting Religion, 1800–1845

8849:

Jefferson's Freeholders and the Politics of Ownership in the Old Dominion

8151: 7013: 6935: 6783: 6779: 6673: 6598: 6511: 6450: 6433: 6362: 6276:

The admission of Oklahoma as a state in 1907 upon the combination of the

6111: 6012: 5719: 5687: 5668: 5569: 5561: 5557: 5541: 5533: 4914: 4834: 4818: 4749:

once gold was discovered in the hills. One of its famous battles was the

4742: 4581: 4565: 4534: 4494: 4225: 4148: 3996: 3647: 3458: 3379:, containing vast amounts of silver, resulted in the Nevada boomtowns of 3372:, Utah, Arizona, New Mexico, Idaho, Montana, and South Dakota (by 1864). 3365: 3288: 3172: 3100: 2983: 2870: 2657: 2490: 2271: 2229: 2018: 1858: 14812: 14714: 14666: 14634: 14472: 13139: 12872: 12333: 12253: 11797:"Deadly confrontation in Utah took place shortly before GJ incorporated" 11088:

Passage to Union: How the Railroads Transformed American Life, 1829–1929

10398:

Jackson, W. Turrentine (1972). "Wells Fargo: Symbol of the Wild West?".

9903:

German Seed in Texas Soil: Immigrant Farmers in Nineteenth-century Texas

9843: 9797:

Race and manifest destiny: the origins of American racial anglo-saxonism

9274:

Gregory Nobles, "John James Audubon, the American "Hunter-Naturalist.".

8545: 7822: 7806: 7752: 7736: 6118:

based in California, in 1889 started organizing support to preserve the

5194: 4171: 4147:

and Hill took it over. He then merged several lines with financing from

3430:. Trails were cleared further and further west, eventually reaching the 2283: 23345: 23253: 23159: 23092: 22865: 20330: 20136: 19962: 19957: 19875: 19535: 19418: 18280: 18237: 17966: 17914: 17867: 17780: 17565: 17535: 17525: 17397: 17377: 17332: 17094: 16979: 16856: 16489: 15979: 15680: 15471: 15158:

Frontier Figures: American Music and the Mythology of the American West

14954:

Spaghetti Westerns: Cowboys and Europeans from Karl May to Sergio Leone

13721: 12708: 12462: 12009:

The Great Father: The United States Government and the American Indians

11368: 11313:

American Indian Holocaust and Survival: A Population History Since 1492

11277:

American Indian Holocaust and Survival: A Population History Since 1492

10968: 10836: 10386:

Forgotten Kingdom: The Mormon Theocracy in the American West, 1847–1896

10010:

A Golden State: Mining and Economic Development in Gold Rush California

9852: 9604: 9397: 9147: 9046: 8773: 8752:

Gates, Charles M. (1940). "The West in American Diplomacy, 1812–1815".

8612: 8290: 7417: 7327: 7314: 7097: 7064: 6877: 6831: 6737: 6708: 6693: 6657: 6566: 6547: 6441: 6399: 6386: 6312: 6031: 6022: 5999: 5882: 5866: 5733: 5611: 5565: 5537: 5460: 5448: 5420: 5025: 4863: 4855: 4814: 4770: 4569: 4116: 4103: 3980:

homestead and others purchased their land from railroads at low rates.

3933: 3866: 3650:

as the foremost provider (initially using the old "Butterfield" name).

3496: 3359:

The mountainous areas of the triangle from New Mexico to California to

3206: 3063: 2839: 2716: 2407: 2348:(1768) re-opened most of the western lands for frontiersmen to settle. 2029:" was the recently settled area near that boundary. Thus, parts of the 660: 506: 179: 169: 23181: 15940: 15394: 14041: 13835:

The Wilderness Warrior: Theodore Roosevelt and the Crusade for America

13026: 12214:, covers Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, Lexington, Louisville, and St. Louis. 11535:

Encyclopedia of Indian Wars: Western Battles and Skirmishes, 1850–1890

11470:

Encyclopedia of Indian wars: western battles and skirmishes, 1850–1890

10815:

Bogue, Allan G. (1958). "The Iowa Claim Clubs: Symbol and Substance".

10419: 10327: 9025:

Agnew, Dwight L. (1941). "The Government Land Surveyor as a Pioneer".

8954:

Fur, Fortune, and Empire: The Epic History of the Fur Trade in America

8929:

Fur, Fortune, and Empire: The Epic History of the Fur Trade in America

8199: 7861: 7791: 7670:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 326, 412–413, 424, 472. 5658: 4460: 3945: 2798:

There was a debate at the time about the best size for the forts with

2473: 23011: 22630: 22480: 21819: 21812: 19403: 19358: 19145: 19120: 18623: 18374: 18285: 18123: 17742: 17580: 17357: 17327: 17302: 17200: 17164: 16871: 16755: 16664: 16634: 16629: 16609: 16449: 16414: 13874:

A word for nature: four pioneering environmental advocates, 1845–1913

12864: 12052:

Buried Treasures: Famous and Unusual Gravesites in New Mexico History

11494:, The History Company, San Francisco, 1888, p. 462, note 4. 8353:

Landlord and Tenant in Colonial New York: Manorial Society, 1664–1775

7491: 7478: 7423: 7117: 7068: 7021: 6978: 6681: 6476: 6320: 6316: 6243:

results though, the contiguous frontier line does remain. But by the

6107: 5818: 5805: 5785: 5761: 5311: 5218: 4906: 4839: 4797: 4793: 4778: 4714: 4685: 4675: 4671: 4659: 4651: 4585: 4573: 4517: 4490: 4413: 4136: 3467: 3427: 3316: 3096: 2513:

dissolved the coalition of hostile Native tribes. Meanwhile, General

2389: 2253:

In the South, frontier areas that lacked transportation, such as the

2217: 2045: 184: 16205: 16134:

Autry National Center of the American West – Los Angeles, California

15971: 15463: 13713: 13622:

Shovel of Stars: The Making of the American West 1800 to the Present

12836:

Dodge City Peace Commission Old West Gunfighters Dodge City, KS 1883

12522:

North to Aztlan: A History of Mexican Americans in the United States

12454: 10960: 10828: 10550:

Texas Divided: Loyalty and Dissent in the Lone Star State, 1856–1874

9834: 9770:

The War with Mexico: The Classic History of the Mexican–American War

9596: 9389: 9139: 9038: 8765: 8282: 7711: 7709: 4063:, which authorized construction of both the Central Pacific and the 4022:

Profile of the Pacific Railroad from San Francisco (left) to Omaha.

3881:, most of which sided with the South being slaveholders themselves. 2794:

settlements would meet with prompt retaliation upon their own homes.

23387: 23325: 23097: 23016: 20002: 19952: 17347: 17240: 17134: 16841: 16684: 16679: 16589: 16459: 16454: 16404: 16364: 16349: 16319: 16294: 16284: 16143: 15448:"Nostalgia and Progress: Theodore Roosevelt's Myth of the Frontier" 15022:. Active Interest Media, Inc. May 1, 1994 – via Google Books. 14105:

Milner, Clyde A.; O'Connor, Carol A.; Sandweiss, Martha A. (1994).

13300:"The Culture of Violence in the American West: Myth versus Reality" 13018: 12700: 12652:

Childhood on the Farm: Work, Play, and Coming of Age in the Midwest

12128:

Frontier Regulars: The United States Army and the Indian, 1866–1891

11505:

The Deadliest Indian War in the West: The Snake Conflict, 1864–1868

10411: 10319: 9955:

Texans and War: New Interpretations of the State's Military History

9930:

An Empire for Slavery: The Peculiar Institution in Texas, 1821–1865

9317:

Joe Wise, "Fremont's fourth expedition, 1848–1849: A reappraisal",

8008:

Milner, Clyde A.; O'Connor, Carol A.; Sandweiss, Martha A. (1994).

7902:

Milner, Clyde A.; O'Connor, Carol A.; Sandweiss, Martha A. (1994).

7875:

Milner, Clyde A.; O'Connor, Carol A.; Sandweiss, Martha A. (1994).

7853: 7783: 7664:

Milner, Clyde A.; O'Connor, Carol A.; Sandweiss, Martha A. (1994).

7622:

Brian W. Dippie, "American Wests: historiographical perspectives."

7507: 7451: 7435: 7113: 7085: 6934:, and others. Readers bought action-filled stories by writers like 6795: 6753: 6669: 6661: 6609:, then the oxen would pull the logs to wherever they needed to be. 6539: 6538:

Some women also worked in predominantly male positions; there were

6519: 6507: 6382: 6370: 5741: 5472: 5324: 5134: 4910: 4826: 4758: 4697: 4601: 4589: 4546: 4529: 4482: 4425: 4421: 4409: 3607: 3516: 3492: 3450:(from 1863) before they turned off to their separate destinations. 2686: 2510: 2478: 2458: 1994: 1887:

is a zone of contact at the edge of a line of settlement. Theorist

1883: 74: 16138: 16133: 16121: 12613:

Growing Up with the Country: Childhood on the Far Western Frontier

12374:

The Buffalo Soldiers: A Narrative of the Black Cavalry in the West

11101:

Railroaded: The Transcontinentals and the Making of Modern America

8834:

The Louisiana Purchase: A Historical and Geographical Encyclopedia

8575:

https://scholarworks.iu.edu/journals/index.php/imh/issue/view/1011

7195:

Since the 1960s an active center is the history department at the

5206:

African Americans moved West as soldiers, as well as cowboys (see

3682: 3438:. The eastern half of the route was also used by travelers on the 3339:

Violent bandits often preyed upon the miners, such as the case of

2668: 18805: 17902: 16599: 16559: 16514: 16509: 16479: 16439: 16369: 16339: 16314: 16269: 16264: 16169: 16147: 15216:

American Frontier and Western Issues: An Historiographical Review

12798:

The Knights of the Green Cloth: The Saga of the Frontier Gamblers

12559:

Karl Ronning, "Quilting in Webster County, Nebraska, 1880–1920",

11355:

However Jackson's policy is defended as benign by Robert Remini,

10875:

Kurt E. Kinbacher, and William G. Thoms III, "Shaping Nebraska",

10027: 9013:

The Frontier Club: Popular Westerns and Cultural Power, 1880–1924

8152:

The Website Services & Coordination Staff, US Census Bureau.

7837: 7767: 7706: 7469:: an award-winning alternate history western role-playing gaming. 7346: 7342: 6733: 6677: 6461: 6421: 6338:. The ethos and storyline of the "American frontier" had passed. 5858: 5491: 5468: 5455:(1853–1921), William F. Petillon (1846–1917), (seated from left) 4927: 4822: 4813:

particularly for counteracting the Native presence. For example,

4766: 4726: 4674:. With 53 Modoc warriors, Captain Jack held off 1,000 men of the 4506: 4445: 4417: 4356: 3706:, with numerous westerners in leadership positions, most notably 3582: 3530: 3475: 3336:

miners struck their fortune, and most ended exhausted and broke.

3292: 3222:

denounced the war, but it was quite popular outside New England.

3164: 2233: 2030: 16197:– 1908 book on the real West. Free to read and full-text search. 15247:

Buffalo Bill's Wild West: Celebrity, Memory, and Popular History

14081:"Barbed Wire | The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture" 14056:"How Railroads Forever Changed the Frontier | American Heritage" 13060:"Rick Santorum's misguided view of gun control in the Wild West" 12166:

Essays in American History Dedicated to Frederick Jackson Turner

10460:

Wired into Nature: The Telegraph and the North American Frontier

7881:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 393–423, 471–475. 7609:. Statistical Atlas of the United States, 1920: 9. June 7, 1924. 6357:

Central to the myth and the reality of the West is the American

2924:

to create and serve a series of churches in a geographical area.

2730: 2727:, and others. The trade in beaver fur virtually ceased by 1845. 19540: 18151: 16614: 16499: 16409: 16384: 16379: 16304: 16259: 14719:. Joan Swallow Reiter. Alexandria, Va.: Time-Life Books. 1978. 13973:"A Brief Review of the Status of Plains Bison in North America" 12475: 12429:

The Chinatown War: Chinese Los Angeles and the Massacre of 1871

11208:

SoonerAthletics. University of Oklahoma. Retrieved May 9, 2014.

11060:

Ross R. Cotroneo, "The Northern Pacific: Years of Difficulty",

9725:

Lone Star Rising: The Revolutionary Birth of the Texas Republic

9634:

What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815–1848

9517:

Religion on the American Frontier: The Presbyterians, 1783–1840

7575: 7323: 6757: 6745: 6640: 6469: 6457: 6358: 6352: 6056:

features his cowboy persona and his crusading for conservation.

5951: 5316: 5143: 5101: 4971: 4781:

in 1923 which was fought against settlers and law enforcement.

4773:

against settlers in Utah and Colorado, led to two battles; the

4722: 4667: 4576:

Apache onto a reservation in 1862. In 1863–1864, Carson used a

4478: 4311: 4237: 3870: 3503:

who patrolled the frontier routes and targeted migrant groups.

2595: 2327:, Kentucky, and Tennessee. In the southern settlements via the 1997:

is the margin of undeveloped territory that would comprise the

83:, the quintessential symbol of the American frontier. Photo by 80: 16164: 15288:

A Companion to the Literature and Culture of the American West

13079:

Clements, Eric L. (1996). "Bust and bust in the mining West".

12838:(1883) Ford County Historical Society. retrieved October 2014 12535:

Agrarian Women: Wives and Mothers in Rural Nebraska, 1880–1940

11537:. Mountain Press Publishing Company (2003). pp. 163–164. 10996:"PBS: Role of Nitro Glycerin in the Transcontinental Railroad" 8632:. Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 229, 235, 239–240. 8599:

Gates, Paul W. (1976). "An Overview of American Land Policy".

7836:

Lang, Robert E.; Popper, Deborah E.; Popper, Frank J. (1995).

7766:

Lang, Robert E.; Popper, Deborah E.; Popper, Frank J. (1995).

7304:: a following of the Wild West shows of the American frontier. 6199:, the grass-eating herds were a vital resource animal for the 5556:, the most famous gunfight of the Old West. In the aftermath, 17971: 17372: 16504: 16464: 16359: 16309: 15923:(2009) 86#4 pp. 4–13; Aron, "What's West, What's Next", 15648:

Deadly Dozen: Forgotten Gunfighters of the Old West, Volume 3

15378:

Rainbow Bridge to Monument Valley: Making the Modern Old West

14293: 14261:

The Coming of the Frontier Press: How the West Was Really Won

13109:. University of North Texas Press; (2014). pp. 259–261. 12348:

European Immigrants in the American West: Community Histories

11638:. 1st Scribner hardcover ed.. New York: Scribner, 2010. p. 6 9878: 9160:

William H. Bergmann, "Delivering a Nation through the Mail",

8722:

Marshall Smelser, "Tecumseh, Harrison, and the War of 1812",

7955:. Statistical Atlas of the United States, 1910. July 1, 1914. 7454:: American-Indian hero of several novels written by Karl May. 7259: 7149:

the 2024 Call for Papers of the Western History Association:

7056: 6775: 6741: 6411: 6378: 6366: 5760:. These committees would sometimes form mob rule for private 5428: 5294:

History of Hispanic and Latino Americans in the United States

5178:

went to Utah including English immigrants who settled in the

4902: 4754: 3905: 3900: 3724: 3156: 1905: 106:

1607–1912 territorial expansion (first colony established at

15409:

The cowboy hero: his image in American history & culture

12916:. Running Press (2015). ch. 1: Lawlessness in the Old West. 10931:

Empire Express: Building the First Transcontinental Railroad

10663:

Richard C. Hopkins, "Kit Carson and the Navajo Expedition",

9821:

Reeves, Jesse S. (1905). "The Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo".

9491:

The Presbyterian Mission Enterprise: From Heathen to Partner

9276:

Common-Place: The Interactive Journal of Early American Life

7330:

of the American frontier popularly known as the "Wild West".

6048: 5572:, pursued those they believed responsible in an extra-legal 5319:

appeared in many border towns. The California "Robin Hood",

4452:

which cost the U.S. Army 1,500 lives and $ 20 million.

4384:

lands, and the states demanded control. Politically the new

2509:

in Canada in 1813. The death in battle of the Native leader

2449:

into central Kentucky. It was later lengthened to reach the

2261: 16344: 14104: 13443:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. pp. 129–137. 11992:

Burton S. Hill, "The Great Indian Treaty Council of 1851",

10351:"Setting the record straight on the 'Hawn's' Mill Massacre" 10235:"Setting the record straight on the 'Hawn's' Mill Massacre" 8007: 7901: 7874: 7663: 7104:

adopted from the Old South, in order to solve disputes and

6749: 6583: 6465: 5576:

and warrants were issued for their arrest in the murder of

3819:

Actual combat experience was uncommon for any one soldier.

3495:

in 1874. There were also frequent attacks from bandits and

15793:. (Oxford University Press, 1982). pp. 167, 350–351. 12811:

Play the Devil: A History of Gambling in the United States

12390:

Exodusters: Black Migration to Kansas After Reconstruction

12054:, Santa Fe, New Mexico: Sunstone Press, 2007, p. 105 8845: 7696:"Progress of the Nation", in "Report on Population of the 4131:, and the Southern Pacific. All but the Great Northern of 3757:, to attack Union strongholds and massacre the residents. 3625: 2302:

Most of the frontiers experienced numerous conflicts. The

1842:. His successors however continued the practice until the 13822:

Gifford Pinchot and the making of modern environmentalism

12959:

Lone Star Lawmen: The Second Century of the Texas Rangers

12208:

The Urban Frontier: The Rise of Western Cities, 1790–1830

11000: 9225:

Men with sand: great explorers of the North American West

8034: 7928: 7715: 7597: 7595: 6587: 6064:

to maximize jobs, economic growth, and their own profit.

5407:

family in China. In Virginia City, Nevada, a prostitute,

4979:

travelling in the frontier for its horses and valuables.

4396:

and the Protestant churches were opposed to removal. The

4107:

Poster for the Union Pacific Railroad's opening-day, 1869

3573:

of Mormons in Livingston County occurred 6 days later. A

2517:

ended the Native military threat in the Southeast at the

2465:'s grandfather, who was scalped in 1784 near Louisville. 143:

1860s–1910s (Old West period cited by various historians)

15660: 15628:

The Creation of the Cowboy Hero: Fiction, Film, and Fact

14817:. Richard L. Williams. New York: Time-Life Books. 1976. 14466: 14464: 12637:

Lillian Schlissel, Byrd Gibbens and Elizabeth Hampsten,

7495:: an alternate history western horror role-playing game. 7244:, list of massacres of Natives by whites and vice versa. 7055:

The unique skills of the cowboys are highlighted in the

6445:

1855. The extraction of gold from the river was done by

4636:, surrendered in June 1875, which would finally end the 4538:

history due to having only limited coverage of the war.

27:

Undeveloped territory of the United States, c. 1607–1912

18900: 15780:, (University of Nebraska Press 1961) pp. 241–262. 13392:

Rough Justice: Lynching and American Society, 1874–1947

13384: 13220:

The Pinkertons: the detective dynasty that made history

13005:

Dykstra, Robert R. (1996). "Overdosing on Dodge City".

11859:

From Fort Laramie to Wounded Knee: In the West That Was

10506:

Bleeding Kansas: Contested Liberty in the Civil War Era

8965: 7908:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 393–423. 6805: 6756:, a pure culture was developed within Western America. 6606: 2693:

moved ahead of settlers, searching out new supplies of

15831:

Wyatt Kingseed, "Teddy Roosevelt's Frontier Justice".

15562:

The log of a cowboy: a narrative of the old trail days

15391:

Iron Muse: Photographing the Transcontinental Railroad

13595:

Westward Expansion: A History of the American Frontier

13184:. Phoenix publishing Company – via Google Books. 12846: 12844: 12600:

Long Vistas: Women and Families on Colorado Homesteads

11608:"Empire Ranch Foundation: History of the Empire Ranch" 9007: 9005: 8786: 8558:

Westward Expansion: A History of the American Frontier

8327:

Westward Expansion: A History of the American Frontier

8053: 8037:"The Significance of the Frontier in American History" 7931:"The Significance of the Frontier in American History" 7718:"The Significance of the Frontier in American History" 7694:

Porter, Robert; Gannett, Henry; Hunt, William (1895).

7618: 7616: 7592: 6464:

in order to mine into the mountains. They mined gold,

5210:), farmhands, saloon workers, cooks, and outlaws. The 5166:

to railroad centers along the transcontinental lines,

4745:. The conflict began after repeated violations of the 4520:

in 1864–1868, which was conducted by a confederacy of

4455: 4367: 4351:

as well as warfare. Many tribes in Texas, such as the

123:

stereotyped Old West period as depicted in pop culture

16038:(2nd ed.). Anchor Press. pp. 65–68, 82–83. 15187:

Uncommon Ground: Rethinking the Human Place in Nature

14707: 14461: 13762:

Anglos and Mexicans in the Making of Texas, 1836–1986

13598:. U. of New Mexico Press. pp. 611–628, 837–842. 9867:

The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo: A Legacy of Conflict

9521:

Has a detailed introduction and many primary sources.

8885: 8540:

Ray A. Billington, "The Fort Stanwix Treaty of 1768"

8407:

New England Frontier: Puritans and Indians, 1620–1675

7356:

Schoolmarm: A female teacher that usually works in a

6999:

argues for a political dimension to the cowboy image:

6960:, a 1956 film portraying racial conflict in the 1860s 6228:

showing the remaining extent of the American frontier

4930:

also moved in before federal ownership was obtained.

3331:

country... resounds to the sordid cry of gold! Gold!

2814: 2376:

wheat, flax, tobacco, and other products, even fruit.

2318: 37:"Western Frontier" redirects here. For the film, see 15791:

Southern Honor: Ethics and Behavior in the Old South

15171:

Faith in Nature: Environmentalism as Religious Quest

14884: 14882: 13436: 12085:. New York: Franklin Watts, Inc., 1971, p. 42. 11247: 10013:. University of California Press. pp. 186–187. 9979: 9666: 8695: 7807:"The Census of 1890 and the Closing of the Frontier" 7737:"The Census of 1890 and the Closing of the Frontier" 7206: 6037: 5487:

in America was born from the gangs of the Old West.

2430:, as the first permanent American settlement in the 2278: 2051: 15650:. (University of Oklahoma Press; 2010) p. 82. 15434:

To make men free: A history of the Republican party

15095:"Rushing to the Grave (U.S. National Park Service)" 13373: 12841: 12520:Arnoldo de León and Richard Griswold del Castillo, 11039: 9766: 9002: 7613: 6760:'s culture was also acculturated to the Wild West. 5580:. The Cochise County Cowboys were one of the first 3773:was tasked for the campaign, and together with his 3745:

Trans-Mississippi theater of the American Civil War

3537:

natives against 120 civilians bound for California.

3175:, commander-in-chief of the Texian Army and future 15065:(Rev ed.). Alexandria, Va.: Time-Life Books. 14111:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 745. 13848:President Theodore Roosevelt's Conservation Legacy 13126:Sonnichsen, C. L. (1968). "Tombstone in Fiction". 12984:. University of Nebraska Press. pp. 116–135. 12626:Settlers' Children: Growing Up on the Great Plains 12281:"Population of the 100 Largest Urban Places: 1890" 12223:John C. Hudson, "Towns of the western railroads". 10788:Johnson, Vernon Webster; Barlowe, Raleigh (1979). 10212:. New York: Chelsea House Publishers. p. 25. 9986:. University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 209–214. 9630: 8392:From British Peasants to Colonial American Farmers 8014:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 472. 6774:On June 13, 1898, the Yukon Territory Act created 6557:Women had less lawful protection compared to men. 6341: 3698:. With the passage of the extremely controversial 2827:as it looked before 1840. Painting from memory by 2524:To end the war, American diplomats negotiated the 1834:in 1865 to when the Superintendent of the Census, 15535:Charlie Siringo's West: an interpretive biography 15354:, November 17, 2009. Retrieved December 16, 2012. 15120:"Starvation and Disease | National Postal Museum" 14879: 14264:. Northwestern University Press. pp. 17–18. 14030:Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 13533:"Feuds & Range Wars – Sheepmen vs. Cattlemen" 13466:"Gang Crackdown: When Stuart's Stranglers Raided" 10947:(1966). "The Army of Canton in the High Sierra". 10546: 8180:Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 7693: 4501:hundreds of miles into Mexico proper, while also 4115:Six transcontinental railroads were built in the 3614: 2244:, as explained by historian Jackson Turner Main: 24643: 22325: 21031:Native American recognition in the United States 16096:Wild and Woolly: An Encyclopedia of the Old West 15941:"Western History Association – 2024 Kansas City" 15811:"Wild Bill Hickok fights first western showdown" 13291: 12892:. Courier Dover Publications. pp. 280–282. 12773:Frontier Women: "Civilizing" the West? 1840–1880 11712:Encyclopedia of Native American Wars And Warfare 11507:. Caldwell: Caxton Press, 2007. pp. 345–346 10179:Schram, Pamela J.; Tibbetts, Stephen G. (2014). 8625: 7835: 7765: 7016:(1879–1935), the leading humorist of the 1920s. 5282:14th Amendment to the United States Constitution 4761:forces defeated the 7th Cavalry, led by General 4516:One of the deadliest Indian wars fought was the 4166: 2751:in the Interior Department, and after 1891, the 2017:and the deep interior, with settlements such as 30:"Wild West" redirects here. For other uses, see 16098:(New York: Doubleday, 1975); also published as 15848:(Duke University Press, 2006). pp. 42–43, 15825: 15768: 15058: 14470: 14231:, Manchester University Press, pp. 13–28, 13591: 12639:Far from Home: Families of the Westward Journey 10751: 10182:Introduction to Criminology: Why Do They Do It? 10006: 9773:(abridged ed.). Red and Black Publishers. 9487: 9191:Paul David Nelson. "Pike, Zebulon Montgomery", 7579:Statistical Atlases of the United States Series 7426:: author of many popular novels on the Old West 6732:, it gained seven new territories: California, 5272:. This did not change until the passage of the 3604:the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints 16193:The Frontier: A Frontier Town Three Months Old 16085:The Reader's Encyclopedia of the American West 15012: 14984:"Did Western gunfighters face off one-on-one?" 14331:(The Old Army Press, 1976), pp. 62–90, 14225:"US imperial hegemony in the American Pacific" 12961:, Berkley (2008) ch. I: The Border 1910–1915. 12550:, Fall 2005, Vol. 25 Issue 4, pp. 245–258 12177:Walker D. Wyman, and Clifton B. Kroeber, eds. 12104:"Stagecoach Attacks – Roll 'em" 12044: 11737:The Nez Perce and the Opening of the Northwest 10787: 10178: 8925: 8245:The Reader's Encyclopedia of the American West 6594:. These saws could be over 12 feet in length. 5339:led a 20-year campaign against Anglos and the 2557:In 1810, the western frontier had reached the 2468: 1927:Enormous popular attention was focused on the 22596:Drafting and ratification of the Constitution 22311: 21428:Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States 19612: 18886: 16221: 15606:. University of Nebraska Press. p. 304. 15324:Carlos Arnaldo Schwantes and James P. Ronda, 14965: 14477:. Robert Wallace. New York: Time-Life Books. 13592:Billington, Ray Allen; Ridge, Martin (2001). 11862:. University of Nebraska Press. p. 262. 11708: 11444:History of the Second Seminole War, 1835–1842 10895:. University of Nebraska Press. p. 204. 9637:. Oxford University Press. pp. 702–706. 8057:The American West: A New Interpretive History 7702:. Bureau of the Census. pp. xviii–xxxiv. 7363:Category:Gunslingers of the American Old West 7254:National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum 7250:Medieval European term with some similarities 6882:Malaeska, the Indian Wife of the White Hunter 5975:steer was $ 4 in Texas and $ 40 in the East. 4784:The end of the major Indian wars came at the 4588:. Another prominent conflict of this war was 4003: 3869:and the U.S. Army in 1864 trapped the entire 3457:led the wagons on the last leg. In 1846, the 2731:The federal government and westward expansion 2537: 1753: 23520:Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization 16078:Western United States § Further reading 15935: 15933: 15600:Roberts, Randy; Olson, James Stuart (1997). 15599: 15315:, 59:1, 1-19, DOI: 10.1080/10570319509374504 13971:Boyd, Delaney P.; Gates, C. Cormack (2006). 13581:(1961), is an influential interpretive study 13503: 13274:Gunfight at Ingalls: Death of an Outlaw Town 12585:Nathan B. Sanderson, "More Than a Potluck", 11709:Kessel, William B.; Wooster, Robert (2005). 10641:(Minnesota Historical Society, 2nd ed. 2001) 10477:War to the Knife: Bleeding Kansas, 1854–1861 10205: 9206:Roger L. Nichols, "Long, Stephen Harriman", 8790:Missouri's struggle for statehood, 1804–1821 8054:Hine, Robert V.; John Mack Faragher (2000). 7549:. Miller, Orton & Mulligan. p. 160. 6867: 5387: 3738: 3123:). Santa Fe connected to California via the 2505:defeated the Native-British alliance at the 2424:American pioneers to the Northwest Territory 24662:1959 disestablishments in the United States 16027: 15538:. U of New Mexico Press. pp. 137–140. 14968:"The Truth About Gunfights in the Old West" 14558:"Newberry Library: Lewis and Clark Exhibit" 13992: 13990: 13901:A Passion for Nature: The Life of John Muir 13525: 11946:. U of Oklahoma Press. p. 36 for map. 10079:Mining Frontiers of the Far West, 1848–1880 9181:. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 13. 8154:"Following the Frontier Line, 1790 to 1890" 5809:numerous conflicts were fought such as the 3103:accepting the surrender of Mexican general 2970: 2914:The Circuit Rider: A Tale of the Heroic Age 1864:In 1890, the Superintendent of the Census, 22318: 22304: 19626: 19619: 19605: 18893: 18879: 16228: 16214: 15666: 14347: 14000:The American West: The Invention of a Myth 13939: 13555:"Legends of America: Feuds and Range Wars" 13487:. Wyoming Tails and Trails. Archived from 13125: 12889:Guns of the Old West: An Illustrated Guide 12736:. U of Michigan Press. pp. 1–4, 118. 11431:The Cherokee Nation and the Trail of Tears 10934:New York: Penguin Books (1999) p. 155 10713:The First and Second United States Empires 10148:. Vol. 5, no. 2. pp. 72–84. 8430: 7067:and others, were known for their prowess, 6449:; with most dust panning normally done by 6096:Roosevelt explained his position in 1910: 3901:Territorial governance after the Civil War 3877:, now Oklahoma, conflicts arose among the 2873:made compelling landscapes and portraits. 2344:, forbidding settlement in this area. The 2001:beyond the established frontier line. The 1973: 1962:Through treaties with foreign nations and 1760: 1746: 150:1865–1890 (opinion of Frederick J. Turner) 73: 23044:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 21041:Federally recognized Alaska Native tribes 15930: 15897:A Companion to American Foreign Relations 14935: 14933: 14609:"Women and the Myth of the American West" 14432: 13970: 13955: 13861:God's wilds: John Muir's vision of nature 13755: 12403:Chinese America: History and Perspectives 12372:William H. Leckie and Shirley A. Leckie. 12064: 12062: 11939: 10752:Phillips, Charles; Axelrod, Alan (1996). 10206:Newton, Michael; French, John L. (2008). 9842: 9330: 9059: 8652: 8585:Charles H. Ambler and Festus P. Summers, 8379:Social structure of revolutionary America 8366:Social structure of revolutionary America 8232: 7634: 7632: 7513:takes place in the days of the Wild West. 7477:: One of the early alternative RPGs from 7373:Category:Outlaws of the American Old West 3727:warriors convicted of murder and rape in 2930:History of Methodism in the United States 2920:; The well-organized Methodists sent the 2262:From British peasants to American farmers 112:admission of Arizona Territory as a state 16006: 15722: 15669:Montana: The Magazine of Western History 15236:Howard R. Lamar (1977), pp. 303–304 14635:"Women's Place on the American Frontier" 14429:Howard R. Lamar (1977), pp. 268–270 13987: 13649:The Americans: The Democratic Experience 13645: 13590:For a brief survey and bibliography see 13463: 13394:(U of Illinois Press, 2004), p. 30. 13078: 12800:(U of Oklahoma Press, 1982), p. 43. 12266:Stephen J. Leonard, and Thomas J. Noel, 12072:, Univ Pr of Colorado (2000) p. 95. 11940:Beck, Warren A.; Haase, Ynez D. (1992). 11384:, (Winter 2003) 65#6 pp. 1330–1353 11310: 11274: 10817:The Mississippi Valley Historical Review 10665:Montana: The Magazine of Western History 10349:Kennedy, Robert C. (November 28, 2001), 10305: 10090: 10033:Howard R. Lamar (1977), pp. 446–447 9926: 9585:The Mississippi Valley Historical Review 9573:(5th ed. 1982) pp. 203–328, 747–766 9172: 9170: 9027:The Mississippi Valley Historical Review 8754:The Mississippi Valley Historical Review 8213: 7689: 7687: 7517:List of Western computer and video games 7368:Category:Lawmen of the American Old West 6950: 6809: 6506: 6219: 6177: 6047: 5945: 5789: 5442: 5297: 5270:United States Naturalization Law of 1790 5193: 5182:states (Colorado,Wyoming and Idaho) and 5133: 5024: 4887: 4696: 4684: 4497:peaked in the 1840s when they conducted 4459: 4321: 4310: 4170: 4102: 4041: 4017: 3944: 3904: 3806: 3718: 3714: 3681: 3624: 3540: 3520: 3408: 3298: 3287: 3196: 3171:to secure independence. At San Jacinto, 3095: 3048: 3000: 2907: 2818: 2667: 2652: 2541: 2472: 2388: 2282: 2175: 1984: 24692:Western (genre) staples and terminology 23199:Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. 21092:List of counties and county equivalents 15695:It's Your Misfortune and None of My Own 15445: 15284: 14323: 14321: 14108:The Oxford history of the American West 13996: 13897: 13793: 13430: 13270: 13057: 13004: 12977: 12769: 12729: 11575: 11492:History of Oregon, Volume II, 1848–1888 10888: 10597: 10397: 10348: 10265: 9793: 9569:Ray Allen Billington and Martin Ridge, 9373: 9125: 9101:It's Your Misfortune and None of My Own 8556:Ray Allen Billington and Martin Ridge, 8457: 8403: 8325:Ray Allen Billington and Martin Ridge, 8177: 8011:The Oxford history of the American West 7905:The Oxford history of the American West 7878:The Oxford history of the American West 7667:The Oxford history of the American West 7293:, for developments after frontier ended 6946: 6904:" and "Hurricane Nell" while featuring 6093:than all of his predecessors combined. 5274:Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 4493:and later Mexican and American armies. 4338:(1894) provided an estimate of deaths: 3277: 3186: 293:This article is part of a series on the 14: 24644: 16033: 15803: 15630:(McFarland, 2014) pp. 38–40, 88. 15405: 15160:(University of California Press; 2012) 14930: 14222: 14137:Statistical Atlas of the United States 13699: 13672: 13618: 13344: 13331: 13315:"Malachi Fallon First Chief of Police" 13243: 13179: 12885: 12683: 12239: 12101: 12059: 12005: 11911: 11881: 11879: 11826: 11824: 11822: 11794: 11748: 11681: 11147: 10943: 10731:. Harper & Brothers. p. 181. 10232: 10045: 9899: 9820: 9582: 9362:A History of American Higher Education 9290: 9221: 8999:(Johns Hopkins University Press; 2014) 8513: 8431:Harris, Patricia; Lyon, David (1999). 7971:Statistical Atlas of the United States 7629: 7541: 7112:seen during the frontier days such as 6718: 6701:Wild Bill Hickok – Davis Tutt shootout 6303:(1910–1919). Flashpoints included the 6215: 5129: 4877: 4678:for seven months. Captain Jack killed 3940: 2967:to combine resources on the frontier. 2934:Christian Church (Disciples of Christ) 2228:as well as a larger settlement around 2089:1845–1846: Before Mexican–American War 24687:History of United States expansionism 24127: 23889: 23551: 22355: 22299: 19600: 18874: 17991: 17807:Bibliography of the American frontier 16235: 16209: 16074:Bibliography of the American frontier 15957: 15890: 15558: 15531: 15484: 14981: 14975: 14632: 14257: 14229:The United States in the Indo-Pacific 14195: 14027: 13930:, (Dec 2011) 101#7 pp. 3162–3195 13353:"Vigilantes and Vigilance Committees" 13297: 13216: 13152: 12850: 12440: 12242:The Southwestern Historical Quarterly 12124: 12012:. U. of Nebraska Press. p. 324. 11943:Historical Atlas of the American West 11855: 11775: 11654: 11581: 11553: 11162: 10814: 10758:. Vol. 2. Simon & Schuster. 10724: 10553:. U. Press of Kentucky. p. 115. 10372:, (Sept 2010) 56#3 pp. 283–310, 10143: 9736: 9514: 9464: 9437: 9410: 9167: 9024: 8892:. Yale University Press. p. 65. 8751: 8598: 8520:. Algonquin Books. pp. xiv, 96. 8268: 8238: 8003: 8001: 7700:at the Eleventh Census: 1890, Part 1" 7684: 7576:United States. Bureau of the Census, 7466:Aces & Eights: Shattered Frontier 7163:at the influence of the environment. 6456:Even after the California Gold Rush, 6252:Prairie frontier of the Canadian West 5124: 5020: 4950:. Influential pioneer towns included 4807: 4693:, Dakota Territory, December 21, 1866 4269: 4014:History of the Union Pacific Railroad 3769:of the New Mexico Territory. General 3689:of anti-slavery Kansans, May 19, 1858 2884:The most famous of the explorers was 2568: 24682:Culture of the Western United States 17863:Cuisine of the Western United States 16060:(Summer 2012) 87#3 pp. 277–298. 15879:European Journal of American Culture 15145:European Journal of American Culture 14959: 14318: 14223:Turner, Oliver (February 28, 2020), 13350: 13039: 12319: 12131:. U of Nebraska Press. p. 411. 12102:Michno, Gregory (January 29, 2015). 11586:. Time-Life Education. p. 240. 11400:Richard White (1991), pp. 86–89 10097:. U. of Delaware Press. p. 68. 9933:. Louisiana State University Press. 9698:(U.P. Kansas, 1991), primary sources 9377:Mississippi Valley Historical Review 8820:(Summer 1987) 70#4 pp. 270–280 7804: 7734: 7644:Library of Congress, Washington, D.C 7571: 7569: 7567: 7527: 7231:Oregon-California Trails Association 6806:American frontier in popular culture 6052:1908 editorial cartoon of President 5749:San Francisco Committee of Vigilance 5189: 4178:, 1872, shows settlers crossing the 3426:, a wagon trail had been cleared to 3214:disputed territory war was at hand. 2844:the peak in Colorado named after him 2165: 1970:, self-reliance, and even violence. 16154:Dodge City, Kansas 'Cowboy Capital' 15895:. In Schulzinger, Robert D. (ed.). 15491:. U. of Chicago Press. p. 11. 15273:Canadian Review of American Studies 15227:Robert M. Utley (2003), p. 253 14583:"Denver History – The Arapaho Camp" 14458:Robert M. Utley (2003), p. 245 14411: 14402:Howard R. Lamar (1977), p. 272 14299:Howard R. Lamar (1977), p. 269 14289:. Encyclopedia of the Great Plains. 14284: 14196:Azuma, Eiichiro (October 8, 2019). 13625:. Simon and Schuster. p. 257. 13247:Manhunt: The Pursuit of Harry Tracy 13205:Encyclopedia of Western Gunfighters 11876: 11819: 11739:. (Yale U Press, 1965), p. 632 11715:. Infobase Publishing. p. 71. 11661:. U. of Oklahoma Press. p. 3. 11560:. A. C. McClurg. pp. 409–417. 9176: 8846:Christopher Michael Curtis (2012). 8659:. Current Literature. pp. 46–. 7100:, who sometimes followed a form of 7074: 6373:, revolvers, rifles, and shotguns. 5113:With its giant mountain of copper, 4662:was a chief of the Native American 4456:Indian Wars west of the Mississippi 4368:Indian Wars east of the Mississippi 4151:, but President Theodore Roosevelt 3822:The most dramatic conflict was the 3506: 3081: 3038: 2113:1884–1889: Post–Civil War expansion 24: 22886:Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act 22876:Assassination of James A. Garfield 18961:Four Dead in Five Seconds Gunfight 17599:Confederate Gulch and Diamond City 16067: 15893:"American Expansionism, 1815–1860" 15725:"Unwritten Laws, Indelible Truths" 15723:Nofziger, Lyn (March–April 2005). 15706: 14585:. October 13, 2007. Archived from 13312: 13180:Harman, S. W. (January 10, 1898). 12563:, (1992) Vol. 13, pp. 169–191 11970:(April 1968) 40#2 pp. 193–221 11795:Jordan, Kathy (January 20, 2012). 11357:Andrew Jackson and His Indian Wars 9887:Texas State Historical Association 9494:. Wipf and Stock. pp. 40–41. 9209:American National Biography Online 9194:American National Biography Online 8702:. Simon and Schuster. p. 21. 8305:"Western frontier life in America" 8218:. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 5–24. 8035:Turner, Frederick Jackson (1920). 7998: 7953:United States Bureau of the Census 7941: 7929:Turner, Frederick Jackson (1920). 7716:Turner, Frederick Jackson (1920). 7607:United States Bureau of the Census 6926:featured illustrations by artists 6912:natives, as well as sure-shooting 6880:appeared in 1859, the first being 5942:Cattle drives in the United States 5857:and others. During a range war in 5266:Wakamatsu Tea and Silk Farm Colony 4737:was conducted by the Lakota under 4725:to near the Canada–U.S. border in 4670:, and was their leader during the 4209: 3863:in eastern Colorado in late 1864. 3793:Confederate government of Missouri 3671: 3265: 3177:President of the Republic of Texas 2898: 2815:Scientists, artists, and explorers 2319:Steady migration to frontier lands 2101:1859–1860: Pre-Civil War Expansion 703: Modern Era 25: 24703: 24672:20th century in the United States 24667:19th century in the United States 24657:18th century in the United States 22918:Assassination of William McKinley 20437:Director of National Intelligence 17847:Timeline of the American Old West 16161:by Ida Ellen Rath, 1964 w/ photos 16110: 15565:. Houghton, Mifflin and company. 15285:Witschi, Nicolas S., ed. (2011). 15205:the original 1893 essay by Turner 15034:"The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo" 14941:Encyclopedia of American Folklore 14438:Reynolds, William and Rich Rand, 14382:William Reynolds, and Rich Rand, 14348:Livingston, Phil (July 9, 2012). 13440:Montana, high, wide, and handsome 13332:Barton, Julia (August 10, 2010). 13194:Richard White (1991), p. 336 13058:Kassler, Glenn (April 29, 2014). 12416:The Chinese Experience in America 12268:Denver: Mining Camp to Metropolis 12032:Richard White (1991), p. 321 11163:Lyons, Chuck (February 5, 2012). 10755:Encyclopedia of the American West 10702:Richard White (1991), p. 177 10676:W. David Baird and Danney Goble, 10233:Jensen, Emily W. (May 30, 2010), 10185:. Los Angeles: Sage. p. 51. 10007:Smith-Baranzini, Marlene (1999). 9800:. Harvard U. Press. p. 238. 9488:Englund-Krieger, Mark J. (2015). 9444:. University of Tennessee Press. 9228:. Globe Pequot. pp. 91–110. 8726:(March 1969) 65#1 pp. 25–44 8587:West Virginia, the mountain state 8307:. Slatta, Richard W. January 2006 7564: 7320:List of American Old West outlaws 7280:Timeline of the American Old West 7129: 6273:, solidified the frontier's end. 6062:exploitation of natural resources 6038:Conservation and environmentalism 5256:. In Los Angeles, the last major 5074: 5015: 4901:established tribal zones for the 4372: 3155:erupted. Following losses at the 2782:, a policy that was described by 2749:United States General Land Office 2485:, who later became vice president 2279:Wars with French and with natives 2052:Maps of United States territories 1955:, children's toys, and costumes. 24625: 24616: 24615: 24580: 24579: 23137:Assassination of John F. Kennedy 22930:Nadir of American race relations 22809:Assassination of Abraham Lincoln 20593:Government Accountability Office 18855: 18854: 16100:The Encyclopedia of the Old West 16050: 16010:A Companion to the American West 15999: 15986: 15951: 15913: 15884: 15871: 15858: 15846:Lynching in the West: 1850–1935 15838: 15783: 15743: 15716: 15700: 15687: 15640: 15620: 15593: 15580: 15552: 15525: 15505: 15478: 15439: 15426: 15399: 15383: 15370: 15357: 15334: 15318: 15313:Western Journal of Communication 15305: 15278: 15265: 15252: 15239: 15230: 15221: 15208: 15203:The Frontier In American History 15195: 15179: 15163: 15150: 15137: 15112: 15087: 15052: 15026: 14999: 14946: 14853: 14805: 14780: 14755: 14681: 14626: 14601: 14575: 14550: 14524: 14499: 14452: 14423: 14405: 14396: 14376: 14356: 14341: 14302: 14278: 14251: 14216: 14189: 14164: 14125: 14098: 14073: 14048: 14021: 13964: 13933: 13918: 13904:. Oxford U. Press. p. 403. 13891: 13879: 13866: 13853: 13840: 13827: 13814: 13800:. University of Nebraska Press. 13787: 13749: 13736: 13693: 13666: 13639: 13612: 13584: 13568: 13547: 13477: 13457: 13417: 13397: 13367: 13325: 13306: 13264: 13237: 13210: 13197: 13188: 13173: 13146: 13119: 13099: 13072: 13051: 13033: 13007:The Western Historical Quarterly 12998: 12971: 12951: 12926: 12906: 12879: 12829: 12816: 12803: 12790: 12763: 12750: 12723: 12677: 12657: 12644: 12631: 12618: 12605: 12592: 12579: 12566: 12553: 12540: 12527: 12514: 12501: 12488: 12469: 12434: 12421: 12418:(Indiana University Press, 1986) 12408: 12395: 12379: 12366: 12353: 12340: 12313: 12300: 12287: 12273: 12260: 12233: 12217: 12200: 12184: 12171: 12158: 12145: 12118: 12095: 12075: 12041:Richard White (1991), p. 95 12035: 12026: 11999: 11986: 11973: 11960: 11933: 11905: 11889:. April 19, 2005. Archived from 11849: 11788: 11776:Bunch, Joey (October 15, 2012). 11769: 11742: 11729: 11702: 11675: 11648: 11628: 11600: 11547: 11527: 11510: 11497: 11484: 11475: 11462: 11449: 11436: 11423: 11403: 11394: 11390:10.1111/j.0018-2370.2003.00055.x 11374: 11349: 11327: 11304: 11291: 11268: 11254:. Norman Ross Pub. p. 637. 11241: 11228: 11211: 11192: 11179: 11156: 11141: 11119: 11106: 11093: 11080: 11067: 11054: 11033: 11020: 10988: 10975: 10937: 10922: 10909: 10892:Encyclopedia of the Great Plains 10882: 10869: 10856: 10843: 10808: 10781: 10772: 10745: 10718: 10705: 10696: 10683: 10670: 10657: 10644: 10631: 10618: 10591: 10578: 10567: 10540: 10527: 10511: 10498: 10482: 10469: 10452: 10439: 10426: 10400:The Western Historical Quarterly 10391: 10378: 10362: 10342: 10299: 10286: 10259: 10246: 10226: 10199: 10172: 10156: 10137: 10124: 10111: 10094:The Hearsts: An American Dynasty 10084: 10071: 10058: 10036: 10000: 9983:Law in the western United States 9973: 9960: 9947: 9920: 9893: 9872: 9859: 9814: 9787: 9760: 9730: 9717: 9701: 9688: 9685:, the standard scholarly history 9660: 9657:Richard White (1991), p. 76 9619:The Frontier in American History 9417:. University of Kentucky Press. 9297:. University of Nebraska Press. 8966:Hiram Martin Chittenden (1902). 8852:. Cambridge U.P. pp. 9–16. 8216:A Companion to the American West 8041:The Frontier in American History 7935:The Frontier in American History 7722:The Frontier in American History 7534: 7444:: author of Old West titles and 7270:Territories of the United States 7209: 6988: 6981:. He was especially enamored of 6264:and then rangeland to 640 acres 5950:A classic image of the American 5657: 5648: 5639: 5438: 5364:, corn huskings, quilting bees, 5154:went to Minnesota and Michigan, 5089: 4788:on December 29, 1890, where the 4505:against the Anglo-Americans and 4037:Corps of Topographical Engineers 3666:first transcontinental telegraph 3356:the outlawing of this practice. 2118: 2106: 2094: 2082: 2070: 2058: 1824: 1728: 1719: 1718: 1680: 1679: 310: 22839:First transcontinental railroad 19061:Big Fight at the Jenkins Saloon 17503:First transcontinental railroad 16036:The Future of American Politics 16007:Deverell, William, ed. (2008). 15365:John Ford and the American West 13513:. Tshaonline.org. June 15, 2010 13464:DeArment, R.K. (June 7, 2007). 12939:. Jennings, John. November 2015 12886:Chapel, Charles Edward (2002). 12667:, (2009) 53#3 pp. 739–761 12509:Sociology of Race and Ethnicity 12083:An Album of the American Cowboy 11983:, (Jan 1967) 35#1 pp. 3–30 11337:. Long Street. January 31, 2012 10889:Wishart, David J., ed. (2004). 10794:. Ayer Publishing. p. 40. 10166:, (2011) 14#2 pp. 229–260 9865:Richard Griswold del Castillo, 9651: 9624: 9611: 9576: 9563: 9550: 9537: 9524: 9515:Sweet, William W., ed. (1933). 9508: 9481: 9458: 9431: 9411:Posey, Walter Brownlow (1966). 9404: 9367: 9351: 9324: 9311: 9294:Fremont, pathmarker of the West 9284: 9268: 9255: 9242: 9215: 9200: 9185: 9154: 9119: 9106: 9093: 9080: 9053: 9018: 8989: 8976: 8959: 8946: 8919: 8906: 8879: 8866: 8839: 8826: 8810: 8797: 8787:Floyd Calvin Shoemaker (1916). 8780: 8745: 8732: 8716: 8689: 8676: 8663: 8646: 8619: 8592: 8579: 8563: 8550: 8534: 8507: 8491: 8478: 8451: 8424: 8397: 8384: 8371: 8358: 8345: 8332: 8319: 8297: 8262: 8214:Deverell, William, ed. (2007). 8206: 8171: 8145: 8120: 8095: 8082: 8047: 8028: 7959: 7922: 7895: 7868: 7829: 7811:The Pacific Northwest Quarterly 7798: 7741:The Pacific Northwest Quarterly 6728:In 1848, when the U.S. won the 6723: 6612: 6342:People of the American frontier 6271:Federal Aid Highway Act of 1916 6130:bill (1890). In 1897 President 4990:fame, and the African-American 4632:. The last Comanche war chief, 4509:who had settled in independent 4010:First transcontinental railroad 3895: 3802: 3398: 2938:History of Baptists in Kentucky 2711:, trappers, and scouts such as 2331:, their most famous leader was 2183:escorting settlers through the 2125:1912: Contiguous US, all states 22236:Separation of church and state 20452:National Reconnaissance Office 20395:President of the United States 16144:New Perspectives on 'The West' 14982:Adams, Cecil (June 25, 2004). 14966:Miss Cellania (June 7, 2012). 14861:"Lewis & Clark Expedition" 12589:, (2008) 89#3 pp. 120–131 11912:Frazer, Robert Walter (1965). 11655:Hagan, William Thomas (1995). 11317:University of Oklahoma Press. 11281:University of Oklahoma Press. 11236:The Oklahoma Land Rush of 1889 11165:"1874: The Year of the Locust" 11030:(1985) 13#2w pp. 119–124. 10574:Civil War in the American West 10492:(1995) 18#2 pp. 116–129. 10308:History of Education Quarterly 9927:Campbell, Randolph B. (1989). 9823:The American Historical Review 9667:Robert Luther Duffus (1972) . 9438:Bruce, Dickson D. Jr. (1974). 9337:. Vintage Books. p. 248. 9331:Goetzmann, William H. (1972). 9252:, (1978) 56#2 pp. 171–193 9060:Rohrbough, Malcolm J. (1968). 8912:Douglas Seefeldt, et al. eds. 8886:Donald William Meinig (1995). 8573:(1988) 84#1: 15–24 (online at 8340:The Illinois Country 1673–1818 7759: 7728: 7657: 7624:American Studies International 7481:and using a similar system to 6798:attacked the prospectors, and 6705:Luke Short-Jim Courtright duel 6687: 6336:admitted as a state until 1959 6286:populations during this period 6174:Conservation of American bison 5795:What An Unbranded Cow Has Cost 5621:(1993), and Lawrence Kasdan's 5346: 5306:, near Tucson, founded in 1700 5162:to Minnesota and the Dakotas, 4970:, they would sometimes attack 4640:fought by Texans and Natives. 4300: 3615:Pony Express and the telegraph 3482:, which became trapped in the 2842:. On his return, Pike sighted 2384: 2220:settled in villages along the 13: 1: 15996:(2005) 11#2 pp. 139–162. 15328:(2008), heavily illustrated. 15218:(1986), essays by 14 scholars 13679:. W. W. Norton. p. 227. 13437:Joseph Kinsey Howard (2003). 13351:Gard, Wayne (June 15, 2010). 13250:. Caxton Press. p. 171. 13040:Webb, William Edward (1873). 12853:Arkansas Historical Quarterly 12164:Carl L. Becker, "Kansas", in 12006:Prucha, Francis Paul (1995). 11996:, (1966) 47#1 pp. 85–110 11658:Quanah Parker, Comanche Chief 11554:Sabin, Edwin Legrand (1914). 11459:(2012) 76#2 pp. 455–473. 11248:Bureau of the Census (1894). 10879:(2008) 28#3 pp. 191–207. 10866:(2013) 87#3 pp. 314–367. 10693:(U. of Pittsburgh Press 1968) 9980:Gordon Morris Bakken (2000). 9906:. University of Texas Press. 9767:Justin Harvey Smith (2011) . 8818:Wisconsin Magazine of History 8696:David Herbert Donald (1996). 8437:. Globe Pequot. p. 339. 7557: 7411: 7096:. The code also included the 6782:, gave prospectors access to 6715:prohibited firearms in town. 5560:was maimed in an ambush, and 4747:Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868) 4656:Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868) 4176:Emigrants Crossing the Plains 4167:Migration after the Civil War 3953: 3304: 3053:U.S. territories in 1834–1836 2351: 1794:European colonial settlements 1780:, and popularly known as the 88: 24007:Hispanic and Latino American 22861:Second Industrial Revolution 22695:Nat Turner's slave rebellion 22401:Exploration of North America 22327:History of the United States 20598:Government Publishing Office 20066:Technological and industrial 19583:List of Old West gunfighters 19515:Baxter's Curve Train Robbery 19510:Overland Flyer Train Robbery 19304:Enid–Pond Creek Railroad War 17678:Battle of the Little Bighorn 16127: 16106:, focus on violent episodes. 16058:New Mexico Historical Review 15590:(1981) 23#4 pp. 355–378 15515:, (2009) 56#1 pp. 1–34 15275:(1987) 18#3 pp. 321–350 15009:, (2003) 81#3 pp. 27–73 14943:(2007) pp. 36, 224, 252 14350:"The History of the Vaquero" 14202:. Univ of California Press. 13652:. Random House. p. 23. 13374:James Truslow Adams (1930). 13302:. The Independent Institute. 12914:A Brief History of Gangsters 12376:(U. of Oklahoma Press, 2012) 11152:. Kansas Historical Society. 11150:"Grasshopper Plague of 1874" 10588:(1989) 44#2 pp. 137–154 10586:New Mexico Historical Review 10519:Journal of the Civil War Era 10462:(U of Illinois Press, 2018) 10434:The Saga of the Pony Express 10296:(1978) 18#3 pp. 428–452 10150:Also chapter four of Unruh, 9534:(2009) pp. 182, 293–294 9321:, (1993) 32#2 pp. 77–85 8986:, (1974) 9#2 pp. 79–104 8932:. W.W. Norton. p. 220. 8653:Roosevelt, Theodore (1905). 8090:Western Historical Quarterly 7842:Western Historical Quarterly 7772:Western Historical Quarterly 7334:List of cowboys and cowgirls 6794:was a dangerous place; many 6763: 6676:. Bent shortly died from an 5371: 5287: 5235:History of Chinese Americans 4892:Native American chiefs, 1865 4866:, Nebraska, was home to the 4751:Battle of the Little Bighorn 4622:Second Battle of Adobe Walls 4055:, the chief engineer of the 3985:Pacific Railroad Act of 1862 3789:federal arsenal at St. Louis 2990: 2685:As the frontier moved west, 2636: 2617:Entrepreneurs, most notably 2481:killed in battle in 1813 by 1178:Hispanic and Latino American 7: 23531:Indictments of Donald Trump 22722:First Industrial Revolution 22556:Declaration of Independence 22546:Second Continental Congress 22070:Women's reproductive health 21036:Federally recognized tribes 20899:Public utilities commission 20803:Public Health Service Corps 20706:Code of Federal Regulations 20588:Congressional Budget Office 20442:Central Intelligence Agency 20348:Water supply and sanitation 19775:Declaration of Independence 19480:Canyon Diablo Train Robbery 19181:Long Branch Saloon gunfight 18976:Gunfight at the O.K. Corral 17703:First Battle of Adobe Walls 17647:Long Branch Saloon gunfight 17642:Gunfight at the O.K. Corral 16102:(London: Routledge, 1977). 15881:(2010) 29#2 pp. 81–92. 15485:Watts, Sarah Lyons (2003). 15406:Savage, William W. (1979). 15326:The West the Railroads Made 14639:Journal of American Studies 14312:(2007) 30#1 pp. 36–51 14133:"Illustrations: Population" 13794:Dykstra, Robert R. (1983). 13702:The Business History Review 13673:Slatta, Richard W. (1996). 13425:Journal of Economic History 13217:Horan, James David (1968). 13155:Journal of American Culture 12978:Dykstra, Robert R. (1983). 12730:Goldman, Marion S. (1981). 12192:Journal of American History 12179:The frontier in perspective 12153:America's Frontier Heritage 11832:"Utah History Encyclopedia" 11749:Tucker, Spencer C. (2011). 11682:Tucker, Spencer C. (2011). 11557:Kit Carson days (1809–1868) 11457:Journal of Military History 11361:Journal of American History 11148:Corbin, Joyce (June 2003). 10778:Richard White (1991), ch. 6 10164:Rhetoric and Public Affairs 10055:(January 2012), p. 30. 10042:Josephy (1965), p. 251 9631:Daniel Walker Howe (2007). 9114:The Western River Steamboat 8984:Western American Literature 8874:Journal of American History 8760:(4). quote on p. 507. 8724:Indiana Magazine of History 8571:Indiana Magazine of History 8560:(5th ed. 1982) pp. 203–222. 8329:(5th ed. 2001) ch. 1–7 7967:"Illustrations: Population" 7949:"Illustrations: Population" 7406:Western History Association 7202: 6006: 5861:, a vigilante group called 5772:), or siding with outlaws ( 5630: 5600:Gunfight at the O.K. Corral 5554:Gunfight at the O.K. Corral 4838:Other important forts were 3602:was openly hostile towards 3247:Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo 2903: 2590:opposed the expansion, but 2469:Acquisition of native lands 2077:1819–1820: Post-War of 1812 134:United States Census Bureau 10: 24708: 24128: 23890: 23552: 23423:Killing of Osama bin Laden 22511:First Continental Congress 22356: 21248:Red states and blue states 21153:City commission government 21148:Council–manager government 19579:List of Old West gunfights 19576: 19460:Jonathan R. Davis Gunfight 19334:Placer County Railroad War 17458:Great Western Cattle Trail 16159:Fort Dodge, Kansas History 16115: 16071: 15927:(2005) 19#5 pp. 22–25 15891:Weeks, William E. (2006). 15835:36 (2002): pp. 22–28. 15147:(2010) 29#2 pp. 81–92 14763:"Wages of Loggers in 1887" 14532:"The California Gold Rush" 14172:"TSHA | Plan of San Diego" 14005:University of Nevada Press 13427:(2007) 67#1 pp. 69–92 13128:Journal of Arizona History 12776:. Macmillan. p. 164. 11856:Allen, Charles W. (2001). 11311:Thornton, Russell (1990). 11275:Thornton, Russell (1990). 10985:(1969) 27#1 pp. 41–57 10853:(U of Georgia Press, 2008) 10791:Land Problems and Policies 10667:(1968) 18#2 pp. 52–61 10604:. Oxford U.P. p. 95. 10547:James Alan Marten (1990). 9794:Horsman, Reginald (1981). 9714:(2005) 44#2 pp. 44–52 9617:Frederick Jackson Turner, 8404:Vaughan, Alden T. (1995). 8338:Clarence Walworth Alvord, 7262:: demonstration of cattle 7248:March (territorial entity) 7223: 7190:1932 presidential election 6767: 6691: 6623:The frontiersmen were the 6616: 6564: 6560: 6409: 6350: 6346: 6167: 6163: 6041: 6010: 5939: 5783: 5700:Butch Cassidy's Wild Bunch 5615:(1971), George Cosmatos's 5391: 5291: 5232: 4996:U.S. 10th Cavalry Regiment 4881: 4376: 4304: 4273: 4213: 4007: 4004:Transcontinental railroads 3742: 3687:Marais des Cygnes massacre 3675: 3618: 3575:Mormon Extermination Order 3561:In Missouri and Illinois, 3510: 3402: 3281: 3190: 3085: 3042: 2994: 2927: 2646: 2640: 2572: 2538:New territories and states 2445:from Virginia through the 2342:Royal Proclamation of 1763 2169: 2160: 1939:genre of film, along with 132:1865–1920 (tracked by the 36: 32:Wild West (disambiguation) 29: 24601: 24567: 24511: 24475: 24463: 24202: 24176: 24138: 24134: 24123: 23896: 23885: 23558: 23547: 23413: 23316: 23244: 23145: 23056: 23007:Wall Street Crash of 1929 22938: 22819: 22804:Emancipation Proclamation 22735: 22658: 22606: 22573:Articles of Confederation 22526: 22411:Native American epidemics 22391: 22366: 22362: 22351: 22333: 22257: 22083: 21956: 21888: 21541: 21537: 21528: 21476: 21341: 21332: 21228: 21199: 21176: 21115: 21082: 21073: 21016: 21004:Comparison of governments 20979: 20942: 20919: 20835: 20815: 20746: 20684: 20606: 20529: 20387: 20378: 20374: 20365: 20087: 20078: 20023: 19983:Post-Cold War (1991–2008) 19824:drafting and ratification 19797:Articles of Confederation 19710: 19644: 19635: 19574: 19528: 19470:Skeleton Canyon massacres 19452: 19357: 19219: 19156:Short–Courtright Shootout 19119: 18986:Vaudeville Theater ambush 18966:Guadalupe Canyon Massacre 18941:Gunfight at Blazer's Mill 18916: 18850: 18819: 18786: 18768: 18720: 18667: 18599: 18526: 18498: 18445: 18387: 18355: 18312: 18294: 18271: 18223: 18170: 18137: 18089: 18036: 17998: 17987: 17855: 17794: 17741: 17660: 17617: 17579: 17546:Lost Dutchman's Gold Mine 17511: 17418: 17368:Rocky Mountain Rendezvous 17283: 17173: 17090:Frederick Russell Burnham 17080: 16930: 16824: 16693: 16530: 16523: 16250: 16243: 16170:Tombstone Arizona History 16146:. The West Film Project, 16091:. comprehensive coverage. 15994:Environment & History 15960:Pacific Historical Review 15899:. Blackwell. p. 65. 15521:10.1215/00141801-2008-034 15446:Slotkin, Richard (1981). 15389:Glenn Gardner Willumson, 14651:10.1017/S0021875800020855 14562:publications.newberry.org 13646:Boorstin, Daniel (1974). 12673:10.1017/S0018246X09990100 12443:Pacific Historical Review 12125:Utley, Robert M. (1984). 11981:Utah Historical Quarterly 11755:. ABC-CLIO. p. 222. 11688:. ABC-CLIO. p. 287. 11064:(1970) 2#3 pp. 69–77 11047:nation's transcontinental 11028:Journal of Ethnic Studies 10983:Utah Historical Quarterly 10949:Pacific Historical Review 10598:Fellman, Michael (1990). 10266:Fireman, Bert M. (1982). 10091:Robinson, Judith (1991). 9900:Jordan, Terry G. (1966). 9471:Madison Historical Review 9164:(2008) 8#3 pp. 1–18. 8832:Junius P. Rodriguez, ed. 8626:John R. Van Atta (2014). 8458:Hornsby, Stephen (2005). 8271:Pacific Historical Review 7603:"Population, Plate No. 3" 7523:patterned after Westerns. 7308: 7186:Franklin Delano Roosevelt 6972:Yellowstone National Park 6868:Popularizing Western lore 6571:Being a lumberjack was a 6405: 5935: 5388:Prostitution and gambling 5228: 4992:U.S. 9th Cavalry Regiment 4984:U.S. 7th Cavalry Regiment 4924:transcontinental railroad 4336:U.S. Bureau of the Census 3739:Trans-Mississippi theater 3646:, a 24-day journey, with 3547:Handcart Pioneer Monument 3527:Mountain Meadows massacre 2780:Westward Expansion Trails 2268:small number of landlords 157: 99: 72: 24493:Northern Mariana Islands 23066:Strike wave of 1945–1946 22023:Prescription drug prices 21143:Mayor–council government 21133:Coterminous municipality 21123:Consolidated city-county 20889:Agriculture commissioner 20539:House of Representatives 20447:National Security Agency 20097:Contiguous United States 19319:McIntosh County Seat War 19111:Skeleton Canyon shootout 19041:Shootout at Wilson Ranch 19031:Shootout on Juneau Wharf 18946:Battle of Lincoln (1878) 16887:"Mysterious Dave" Mather 16185: 15432:Heather Cox Richardson, 15412:. U. of Oklahoma Press. 15367:(Harry N. Abrams, 2004). 15059:Time-Life Books (1979). 14689:"Women Of The Wild West" 14633:Walsh, Margaret (1995). 14471:Time-Life Books (1976). 14364:Cowboys of the Wild West 14060:www.americanheritage.com 13927:American Economic Review 13898:Worster, Donald (2008). 13377:A Searchlight on America 12194:86#3 (1999): 1209–1230. 11918:. U. of Oklahoma Press. 11582:Capps, Benjamin (1975). 11187:Russia's American Colony 10680:(2011) pp. 105–112. 10254:Utah: A People's History 9465:Varel, David A. (2014). 8410:. U. of Oklahoma Press. 8103:"Definition of FRONTIER" 7805:Nash, Gerald D. (1980). 7735:Nash, Gerald D. (1980). 7521:computer and video games 7458: 7378: 7197:University of New Mexico 6862:Frederick Jackson Turner 6840:Charles Wakefield Cadman 6502: 6428:on the riverside of the 6126:; Congress did pass the 6082:Newlands Reclamation Act 5779: 5770:Coffeyville Bank Robbery 5751:was established to give 5343:, starting around 1859. 5049:Frederick Jackson Turner 4935:Office of Indian Affairs 4868:Department of the Platte 4666:tribe of California and 4618:Battle of Buffalo Wallow 4570:Christopher "Kit" Carson 4093:Chinese railroad workers 3226:at New Orleans, General 3027:Frederick Jackson Turner 2980:Frederick Jackson Turner 2971:Democracy in the Midwest 2643:North American fur trade 2519:Battle of Horseshoe Bend 1889:Frederick Jackson Turner 681: 659: 637: 626: 604: 593: 571: 560: 549: 538: 516: 505: 494: 472: 450: 439: 417: 406: 384: 373: 24028:Middle Eastern American 23845:Technology and industry 22715:Seneca Falls Convention 22516:Continental Association 22416:Settlement of Jamestown 22108:Criticism of government 21453:Social welfare programs 21046:State-recognized tribes 20031:Outline of U.S. history 19743:Continental Association 19587:List of Old West lawmen 19465:Northfield Bank Robbery 19244:Regulator–Moderator War 19171:Anderson-McCluskie duel 17688:Battle of Washita River 17673:Battle of Glorieta Pass 17551:Lost Ship of the Desert 17493:Southern Emigrant Trail 17453:Great Platte River Road 17120:George Armstrong Custer 16912:William "Bill" Tilghman 16425:Nootka (Nuu-chah-nulth) 16122:Western Folklife Center 16034:Lubell, Samuel (1956). 15925:OAH Magazine of History 15866:Writing Western History 14258:Cloud, Barbara (2008). 13997:Murdoch, David (2001). 13676:The Cowboy Encyclopedia 13271:Shirley, Glenn (1990). 13167:10.1111/1542-734X.00087 13044:emigrants seeking homes 12770:Jeffrey, Julie (1998). 12650:Pamela Riney-Kehrberg, 12481:April 30, 2019, at the 12322:Libraries & Culture 12212:excerpt and text search 11221:and Bradley J. Birzer, 10652:The Sand Creek Massacre 10066:American West Chronicle 9673:. U. New Mexico Press. 8926:Eric Jay Dolin (2011). 8656:The Winning of the West 8544:(1944), 25#2: 182–194. 8514:Morgan, Robert (2008). 8132:www.merriam-webster.com 8107:www.merriam-webster.com 7542:Delano, Alonzo (1854). 6601:), or use a high-wheel 6290:last stagecoach robbery 6280:and the last remaining 6241:population distribution 6141:(June 5, 1897) and the 6067:In the center were the 5871:Regulator–Moderator War 5708:Skeleton Canyon robbery 5667:(Left): members of the 5597:(1946), John Sturges's 5453:William "Bat" Masterson 5394:History of prostitution 5302:The Spanish mission of 5138:Temporary quarters for 4763:George Armstrong Custer 4735:Great Sioux War of 1876 4594:attack on Cibecue Creek 4555:American Ranch massacre 3912:Stockade, February 1869 3779:Battle of Glorieta Pass 3557:in Salt Lake City, Utah 3499:, such as the infamous 2893:Transylvania University 2773:New York Weekly Tribune 2441:blazed a trail for the 1199:Middle Eastern American 1021:Technology and industry 48: 24148:Admission to the Union 23514:Afghanistan withdrawal 23509:January 6 insurrection 23428:Rise in mass shootings 23400:Virginia Tech shooting 22953:Paris Peace Conference 22727:Second Great Awakening 22466:American Enlightenment 22170:Environmental movement 22013:Health insurance costs 21908:Educational attainment 21433:Federal Reserve System 21391:Science and technology 20894:Insurance commissioner 20432:Intelligence Community 20127:minor outlying islands 19890:Civil rights movement 19520:Jarbidge Stage Robbery 19495:Fairbank Train Robbery 19485:Wham Paymaster robbery 19324:Deschutes Railroad War 19299:Jaybird–Woodpecker War 19206:Higgins–Standifer duel 19106:Power's Cabin shootout 19096:Shootout in Sonoratown 19076:Canyon Diablo shootout 19011:Battle of Tres Jacales 19006:Battle of Stone Corral 17898:Rocky Mountain oysters 15709:"The Code of the West" 15588:Arizona & the West 15532:Lamar, Howard (2005). 15291:. Wiley. p. 271. 15214:Roger L. Nichols, ed. 14952:Christopher Frayling, 14922:: CS1 maint: others ( 14845:: CS1 maint: others ( 14792:Sky History TV channel 14747:: CS1 maint: others ( 14412:Sherwin, Wylie Grant. 14156:: CS1 maint: others ( 13887:"The American Forests" 12813:, (1960), pp. 145–150. 12548:Great Plains Quarterly 12414:Shih-Shan Henry Tsai, 12405:(1995) pp. 53–71, 12225:Great Plains Quarterly 12151:Ray Allen Billington, 12081:Malone, John William. 11735:Alvin M. Jacoby, Jr., 11490:Hubert Howe Bancroft, 11204:June 18, 2013, at the 11112:Billington and Ridge, 11073:Billington and Ridge, 10877:Great Plains Quarterly 10639:The Dakota War of 1862 10445:Billington and Ridge, 10269:Arizona, historic land 9970:(2007) pp. 43–70 9746:. Simon and Schuster. 9558:The Wisconsin Frontier 9532:The Wisconsin Frontier 9364:(2004) pp. 46–47. 9291:Nevins, Allan (1992). 9250:Chronicles of Oklahoma 8738:Billington and Ridge, 8434:Journey to New England 8381:(1965) pp. 44–46. 8128:"Definition of MARGIN" 8092:18.2 (1987): 157–176, 7990:: CS1 maint: others ( 7484:Dungeons & Dragons 7339:List of Western lawmen 7156: 7146: 7006: 6997:Heather Cox Richardson 6961: 6944: 6892:'s stories glamorized 6822: 6515: 6489:Black Hills Expedition 6229: 6209:American Bison Society 6192: 6128:Yosemite National Park 6103: 6057: 5958: 5802: 5704:Wham Paymaster robbery 5609:(1967), Frank Perry's 5523: 5513: 5464: 5307: 5203: 5147: 5044: 5013: 4899:Treaty of Fort Laramie 4893: 4706: 4694: 4604:to surrender in 1886. 4469: 4464:Indian battles in the 4345: 4330: 4319: 4230:Alexander II of Russia 4191: 4108: 4047: 4027: 3962:Land Ordinance of 1785 3957: 3913: 3824:Sioux war in Minnesota 3815: 3811:Settlers escaping the 3732: 3690: 3634: 3558: 3538: 3424:Independence, Missouri 3418: 3347:and eastward into the 3311: 3296: 3210: 3108: 3054: 3036: 3023: 3009: 2945:Second Great Awakening 2925: 2831: 2796: 2682: 2665: 2600:Jeffersonian Democracy 2550: 2535: 2503:William Henry Harrison 2486: 2398: 2378: 2346:Treaty of Fort Stanwix 2295: 2275:north, not the west). 2251: 2187: 1990: 1849:Others, including the 1311:Admission to the Union 61:considered for merging 24140:Territorial evolution 23504:George Floyd Protests 23487:Unite the Right rally 23356:Oklahoma City bombing 23351:Republican Revolution 23298:Space Shuttle program 23120:Civil Rights Movement 23088:North Atlantic Treaty 22896:Sherman Antitrust Act 22881:Chinese Exclusion Act 22471:French and Indian War 22461:Prelude to Revolution 22446:First Great Awakening 22406:European colonization 21996:Immigrant health care 21511:Transportation safety 21506:Transportation policy 21496:Public transportation 20566:President pro tempore 20422:Executive departments 20191:National Park Service 19846:Territorial evolution 19577:Further information: 19561:Rock Springs massacre 19475:Battle of Coffeyville 19399:San Elizario Salt War 19309:Brooks–McFarland feud 19274:Colorado Railroad War 19151:Duels of Tom Carberry 19056:Chinese Massacre Cove 19051:Battleground Gunfight 18956:Mussel Slough Tragedy 18951:Variety Hall shootout 18936:Battle of Bates Point 18926:Gunfight at Hide Park 17733:Wounded Knee Massacre 17683:Battle of San Jacinto 17652:Variety Hall shootout 17627:Battle of Coffeyville 17609:Pike's Peak Gold Rush 17589:Black Hills Gold Rush 17266:Thomas William Sweeny 17130:Samuel P. Heintzelman 16907:John Horton Slaughter 16801:Richens Lacey Wootton 16335:Five Civilized Tribes 16139:American West History 16083:Lamar, Howard L. ed. 16072:Further information: 16013:. Wiley. p. 78. 15864:Richard Etulain, ed. 15789:Bertram Wyatt-Brown, 15711:. Legends of America. 13833:Douglas G. Brinkley, 13407:. (2008) p. 12. 13403:Marilynn S. Johnson, 13298:DiLorenzo, Thomas J. 13277:. Barbed Wire Press. 13244:Gulick, Bill (1999). 12346:Frederick C. Luebke, 12270:(1990) pp. 44–45 11127:"Life on the Prairie" 10521:6.4 (2016): 566–591. 9968:California: A History 9696:On the Santa Fe Trail 9222:Moring, John (1998). 8464:. UPNE. p. 129. 8364:Jackson Turner Main, 8062:Yale University Press 7442:Lorin Morgan-Richards 7291:Western United States 7160:environmental history 7151: 7141: 7110:Extrajudicial justice 7001: 6954: 6940: 6813: 6637:Western United States 6510: 6493:Pike's Peak Gold Rush 6481:Black Hills Gold Rush 6223: 6181: 6168:Further information: 6098: 6051: 5949: 5922:Brooks–McFarland Feud 5855:San Elizario Salt War 5793: 5594:My Darling Clementine 5518: 5508: 5446: 5392:Further information: 5301: 5250:Rock Springs massacre 5246:Chinese Massacre Cove 5197: 5186:to Portland, Oregon. 5137: 5028: 5008: 4891: 4802:Battle of Bear Valley 4786:Wounded Knee massacre 4733:and surrendered. The 4709:In June 1877, in the 4700: 4688: 4559:Raid on Godfrey Ranch 4463: 4340: 4325: 4314: 4174: 4153:broke them up in 1904 4106: 4045: 4021: 3948: 3908: 3879:Five Civilized Tribes 3810: 3722: 3715:Civil War in the West 3685: 3648:Wells Fargo & Co. 3628: 3585:to the valley of the 3544: 3524: 3412: 3375:The discovery of the 3303:San Francisco harbor 3302: 3291: 3200: 3169:Battle of San Jacinto 3099: 3052: 3031: 3018: 3004: 2965:Plan of Union of 1801 2928:Further information: 2911: 2857:In 1811, naturalists 2848:Stephen Harriman Long 2822: 2791: 2784:U.S. Secretary of War 2768:federal postal system 2671: 2656: 2647:Further information: 2545: 2530: 2476: 2392: 2373: 2304:French and Indian War 2288:Siege of Fort Detroit 2286: 2255:Appalachian Mountains 2246: 2179: 2156: Other countries 1988: 1929:Western United States 1900:, in what is now the 1805:, giving rise to the 1302:Territorial evolution 595:Post-World War II Era 24054:Palestinian American 23481:Obergefell v. Hodges 23373:September 11 attacks 23209:Second-wave feminism 23130:Cuban Missile Crisis 22990:Bath School disaster 22908:Spanish–American War 22871:The Gospel of Wealth 22750:California Gold Rush 22710:Mexican–American War 22700:Nullification crisis 22668:Era of Good Feelings 22568:Confederation period 22476:Proclamation of 1763 22426:Atlantic slave trade 22165:Environmental issues 21830:Political ideologies 21729:Indigenous languages 20929:List of legislatures 20726:separation of powers 20427:Independent agencies 20353:World Heritage Sites 19988:September 11 attacks 19911:Spanish–American War 19851:Mexican–American War 19807:Confederation period 19738:Continental Congress 19490:Black Bart Robberies 19264:Horrell–Higgins feud 19176:Canton–Dunn Shootout 19141:Hickok–Tutt Shootout 19131:Broderick–Terry duel 19071:Gunfight at Spokogee 19036:Hot Springs gunfight 18788:Washington Territory 18528:New Mexico Territory 17893:Pacific Northwestern 17812:Cowboys and cowgirls 17594:California Gold Rush 17571:Seven Cities of Gold 17556:Montezuma's treasure 17363:One-room schoolhouse 17211:George E. Goodfellow 17105:Texas Jack Omohundro 16948:"Curly Bill" Brocius 16746:Liver-Eating Johnson 16721:Tomás Vélez Cachupín 16275:Assiniboine (Nakota) 15646:Robert K. DeArment, 15603:John Wayne: American 15559:Adams, Andy (1903). 14788:"History of Logging" 14767:www.skagitcounty.net 13859:Dennis C. Williams, 13619:Morgan, Ted (1996). 13485:"Johnson County War" 13390:Michael J. Pfeifer, 13223:. Crown Publishers. 12796:Robert K. DeArment, 12624:Elizabeth Hampsten, 12511:6.2 (2020): 179–194. 11433:(2008) ch. 6, 7 11409:Osborn, William M., 11301:, September 8, 1872, 10864:Agricultural History 10725:Twain, Mark (1913). 10689:Jack Ericson Eblen, 8601:Agricultural History 8488:58.1 (2011): 91–112. 7358:one-room schoolhouse 7217:United States portal 6947:20th-century imagery 6730:Mexican–American War 6438:California Gold Rush 6394:for miners in 1850. 6319:(1914–1915) and the 5382:Laura Ingalls Wilder 5241:California Gold Rush 5053:Progressive movement 4804:on January 9, 1918. 4753:, in which combined 4448:swamps and waging a 4398:Jacksonian Democracy 4307:American Indian Wars 4232:decided to sell the 4061:Pacific Railroad Act 3890:Pacific Railroad Act 3771:Henry Hopkins Sibley 3284:California Gold Rush 3278:California Gold Rush 3218:such as Congressman 3193:Mexican–American War 3187:Mexican–American War 3121:Old San Antonio Road 2949:Cane Ridge, Kentucky 2886:John Charles Frémont 2649:Fur trade in Montana 2631:Hudson's Bay Company 2507:Battle of the Thames 2495:Indian barrier state 2443:Transylvania Company 2404:Jacksonian Democrats 2313:peace treaty of 1763 2149: Disputed areas 2065:1789: The new nation 1866:William Rush Merriam 1855:University of Oxford 1836:William Rush Merriam 1776:, also known as the 1225:Palestinian American 441:Era of Good Feelings 386:Confederation period 323:Timeline and periods 270:New Mexico Territory 24503:U.S. Virgin Islands 23989:Lithuanian American 23945:Vietnamese American 23291:End of the Cold War 23281:Invasion of Grenada 23231:Iran hostage crisis 22980:Tulsa race massacre 22787:Election of Lincoln 22782:Dred Scott decision 22770:Kansas–Nebraska Act 22673:Missouri Compromise 22591:Northwest Ordinance 22581:Pennsylvania Mutiny 22576:and Perpetual Union 22536:American Revolution 22451:War of Jenkins' Ear 22008:Health care finance 21501:Rail transportation 21267:Imperial presidency 20989:State constitutions 20934:List of legislators 20884:Auditor/Comptroller 20857:Lieutenant governor 20583:Library of Congress 20474:Diplomatic Security 20117:Indian reservations 19780:American Revolution 19556:Hay Meadow massacre 19505:Big Springs Robbery 19429:Stuart's Stranglers 19379:Pleasant Valley War 19344:Colorado Labor Wars 19314:Reese–Townsend feud 19211:Western Code Duello 19196:Burton Mossman duel 19186:South Pass Shootout 19021:Gunfight at Morenci 18971:Battle of the Plaza 18931:Goingsnake massacre 17776:Pleasant Valley War 17718:Sand Creek massacre 17668:Battle of the Alamo 17541:Long Tom's treasure 17236:Octaviano Larrazolo 17150:Ranald S. Mackenzie 17100:"Buffalo Bill" Cody 16811:"Old Bill" Williams 16761:William John Murphy 16175:"The American West" 16094:McLoughlin, Denis. 15124:postalmuseum.si.edu 14589:on October 13, 2007 14536:American Experience 14440:The Cowboy Hat book 14414:"Why Cowboys Sing?" 14384:The Cowboy Hat book 14366:(1985) p. 103 13977:Journal of the West 13943:Journal of the West 13746:(1941) pp. 497–508. 13355:. Handbook of Texas 13081:Journal of the West 13065:The Washington Post 12685:Hirata, Lucie Cheng 12496:Japanese Immigrants 12227:2#1 (1982): 41–54. 12155:(1963) ch. 6–7 11615:Gregory Paul Dowell 11315:. pp. 132–133. 11279:. pp. 131–132. 11199:"What Is a Sooner?" 11041:Edwin Legrand Sabin 11008:on January 21, 2017 10928:David Haward Bain, 10915:Frank N. Schubert, 10678:Oklahoma: A History 10432:Joseph J. DiCerto, 10256:p. 57. (1987). 9885:(online ed.). 9712:Journal of the West 9621:(1920) p. 342. 9319:Journal of the West 9177:Hogland, Alison K. 9162:Ohio Valley History 8671:The Wilderness road 8669:Robert L. Kincaid, 7540:, For example, see 7393:Journal of the West 7275:The West As America 7137:New Western History 7043:The Log of a Cowboy 6800:contagious diseases 6719:Acculturated places 6309:Punitive Expedition 6216:End of the frontier 6190:Alfred Jacob Miller 6150:William Howard Taft 6044:Sagebrush Rebellion 5926:Reese–Townsend feud 5863:Stuart's Stranglers 5811:Pleasant Valley War 5712:Quantrill's Raiders 5130:European immigrants 5062:, argued historian 4948:Kansas–Nebraska Act 4878:Indian reservations 4551:Sand Creek massacre 4487:number of conflicts 4361:Doolittle Committee 4264:Fairbanks Gold Rush 3941:Federal land system 3919:Northwest Ordinance 3861:Sand Creek massacre 3763:Confederate Arizona 3755:Quantrill's Raiders 3700:Kansas–Nebraska Act 2957:Disciples of Christ 2829:Alfred Jacob Miller 2563:St. Louis, Missouri 2432:Northwest Territory 2358:Northwest Ordinance 2292:Pontiac's Rebellion 2226:Kaskaskia, Illinois 2025:respectively. The " 2006:settlements on the 1878:reduced open land. 1851:Library of Congress 1813:" and historians' " 1809:attitude known as " 1160:Lithuanian American 1111:Vietnamese American 375:American Revolution 235:California Republic 200:Louisiana territory 69: 24153:Historical regions 24109:Transgender people 23667:Capital punishment 23526:Support of Ukraine 23475:Black Lives Matter 23383:War in Afghanistan 23308:Invasion of Panama 23264:Iran–Contra affair 23125:Early–mid Cold War 22995:Harlem Renaissance 22854:Compromise of 1877 22829:Reconstruction era 22765:Fugitive Slave Act 22760:Compromise of 1850 22705:Westward expansion 22643:Louisiana Purchase 22486:Stamp Act Congress 22431:King William's War 22118:affirmative action 22091:Capital punishment 22050:Poverty and health 22045:Physician shortage 22018:Health care prices 21948:Standard of living 21631:standard of living 21438:Financial position 21065:Hawaiian home land 21053:Indian reservation 21026:Tribal sovereignty 20869:Secretary of state 20738:United States Code 20654:Territorial courts 20626:Associate Justices 20511:Inspector generals 19998:War in Afghanistan 19861:Reconstruction era 19728:Stamp Act Congress 19500:Gage Train Robbery 19439:Deep Creek murders 19424:Sheepshooters' War 19414:Fence Cutting Wars 19389:Colorado Range War 19369:Johnson County War 19349:Idaho labor strike 19279:Earp Vendetta Ride 19259:Sutton–Taylor feud 19249:Lincoln County War 19191:Walker–Graham duel 19081:Shootout in Benson 19066:Thibodaux massacre 19026:Blackwell gunfight 19001:Battle of Cimarron 18991:Hunnewell gunfight 18601:Oklahoma Territory 17786:Sutton–Taylor feud 17766:Lincoln County War 17761:Johnson County War 17661:Military conflicts 17604:Klondike Gold Rush 17405:Westward expansion 17226:Zephaniah Kingsley 17000:John Wesley Hardin 16897:George Scarborough 16877:"Wild Bill" Hickok 16766:John Wesley Powell 15945:westernhistory.org 15921:California History 15844:Ken Gonzales-Day, 15452:American Quarterly 15376:Thomas J. Harvey, 15007:California History 14693:History Detectives 14442:(1995) p. 15 14419:. Wyoming Stories. 14386:(1995) p. 10 14362:Russell Freedman, 14352:. American Cowboy. 14285:Wishart, David J. 14176:www.tshaonline.org 13876:(1998) p. 159 13872:Robert L. Dorman, 13863:(2002) p. 134 13491:on January 8, 2014 13470:Wild West Magazine 12957:Utley, Robert M., 12665:Historical Journal 12598:Katherine Harris, 12431:(2012) p. 213 12386:Nell Irvin Painter 12297:. (2nd ed., 2002.) 11930:for detailed guide 11887:"Squadron History" 11801:The Daily Sentinel 11634:Samuel C. Gwynne. 11572:, full text online 11363:(1969) 56:527–539 11299:The New York Times 11225:(2003) p. 333 11189:. (1987): 295–315. 11129:. American History 11114:Westward Expansion 11075:Westward Expansion 10624:Samuel J. Watson, 10447:Westward Expansion 10356:The New York Times 10130:John David Unruh, 10117:John David Unruh, 9727:(Free Press, 2004) 9723:William C. Davis, 9694:Marc Simmons, ed. 9670:The Santa Fe Trail 9571:Westward Expansion 9103:(1991), p. 58 8995:John R. Van Atta, 8803:John D. Barnhart, 8740:Westward Expansion 8589:(1958) p. 55. 8517:Boone: A Biography 8368:(1965) p. 11. 7626:27.2 (1989): 3–25. 7446:The Goodbye Family 7400:True West Magazine 7188:'s victory in the 7182:New Deal coalition 7061:John Wesley Hardin 7010:Theodore Roosevelt 6965:Theodore Roosevelt 6962: 6932:Charles M. Russell 6928:Frederic Remington 6823: 6788:Klondike Gold Rush 6770:Klondike Gold Rush 6643:, and fending off 6516: 6497:Nebraska Territory 6305:Battle of Columbus 6301:Mexican Border War 6297:Mexican Revolution 6278:Oklahoma Territory 6230: 6193: 6073:Theodore Roosevelt 6058: 6054:Theodore Roosevelt 5993:Theodore Roosevelt 5959: 5954:, as portrayed by 5930:Earp Vendetta Ride 5914:Sutton–Taylor feud 5894:Lincoln County War 5851:Barber–Mizell feud 5827:Colorado Range War 5815:Johnson County War 5803: 5799:Frederic Remington 5680:James–Younger Gang 5526:Tombstone, Arizona 5465: 5308: 5304:San Xavier del Bac 5204: 5148: 5125:Race and ethnicity 5045: 5043:February 20, 1915. 5021:Democratic society 4944:Nebraska Territory 4894: 4884:Indian reservation 4808:Forts and outposts 4731:Battle of Bear Paw 4707: 4695: 4470: 4331: 4320: 4270:Oklahoma Land Rush 4256:Klondike Gold Rush 4204:1874 Locust Plague 4192: 4109: 4048: 4033:Corps of Engineers 4028: 3958: 3914: 3828:Lower Sioux Agency 3816: 3813:Dakota War of 1862 3733: 3729:Mankato, Minnesota 3691: 3635: 3559: 3551:Torleif S. Knaphus 3539: 3419: 3312: 3297: 3260:Compromise of 1850 3211: 3109: 3055: 3010: 2926: 2912:Illustration from 2875:John James Audubon 2832: 2683: 2666: 2584:Louisiana Purchase 2575:Louisiana Purchase 2569:Louisiana Purchase 2551: 2487: 2483:Richard M. Johnson 2418:After winning the 2399: 2296: 2222:St. Lawrence River 2188: 2003:U.S. Census Bureau 1991: 1896:lands west of the 1832:American Civil War 1803:Louisiana Purchase 1786:American expansion 1280:Transgender people 843:Capital punishment 496:Reconstruction Era 260:Oklahoma Territory 240:Colorado Territory 215:Nebraska Territory 190:Missouri Territory 85:John C. H. Grabill 67: 24677:American folklore 24652:American frontier 24639: 24638: 24597: 24596: 24593: 24592: 24158:American frontier 24119: 24118: 24049:Lebanese American 24034:Egyptian American 23969:Estonian American 23959:Albanian American 23953:European American 23930:Japanese American 23920:Filipino American 23881: 23880: 23543: 23542: 23539: 23538: 23492:COVID-19 pandemic 23395:Hurricane Katrina 23336:Los Angeles riots 23226:Watergate scandal 23071:Start of Cold War 23039:Manhattan Project 22626:Whiskey Rebellion 22456:King George's War 22421:Thirteen Colonies 22382:Pre-Columbian Era 22293: 22292: 22253: 22252: 22249: 22248: 22219:National security 21928:Income inequality 21808:Statue of Liberty 21611:income inequality 21524: 21523: 21516:Trucking industry 21328: 21327: 21324: 21323: 21255:Foreign relations 21243:Electoral College 21224: 21223: 21012: 21011: 20964:District attorney 20811: 20810: 20638:Courts of appeals 20361: 20360: 20074: 20073: 20015:COVID-19 pandemic 19968:Feminist Movement 19814:American frontier 19733:Thirteen Colonies 19594: 19593: 19566:Morewood massacre 19546:Lexington murders 19444:Spring Creek raid 19394:Colfax County War 19384:Castaic Range War 19269:Brooks–Baxter War 19201:Silks–Fultom duel 19146:Duels of Jim Levy 19091:Battle of Eufaula 19016:Battle of Ingalls 18981:Trinidad Gunfight 18868: 18867: 18846: 18845: 18842: 18841: 18821:Wyoming Territory 18389:Montana Territory 18225:Florida Territory 18038:Arizona Territory 17925:Western lifestyle 17756:Earp-Clanton feud 17698:Chimayó Rebellion 17632:Battle of Lincoln 17438:Butterfield Trail 17388:Vigilante justice 17279: 17278: 17206:John Joel Glanton 17191:Jonathan R. Davis 17186:William H. Boring 16791:Trinidad Swilling 16380:Lenape (Delaware) 16305:Chippewa (Ojibwe) 16237:American frontier 15775:Atherton, Lewis E 15258:G. Edward White, 15189:(1995) pp. 69–90 15040:. August 15, 2016 15038:National Archives 15020:"American Cowboy" 14867:. August 15, 2016 14865:National Archives 14327:Don Rickey, Jr., 14238:978-1-5261-3502-5 14209:978-0-520-30438-3 14085:www.okhistory.org 13850:(2003) p. 25 13767:U. of Texas Press 13575:Atherton, Lewis E 13321:on July 31, 2014. 12824:Sucker's Progress 12572:Donald B. Marti, 12306:David M. Emmons, 12206:Richard C. Wade, 11968:Annals of Wyoming 11893:on April 19, 2005 11533:Michno, Gregory. 11503:Michno, Gregory, 11223:The American West 10945:Saxton, Alexander 10849:Harold M. Hyman, 10738:978-0-520-20559-8 10504:Nicole Etcheson, 10475:Thomas Goodrich, 10370:Civil War History 10152:The Plains Across 9882:Handbook of Texas 8497:Steven J. Oatis, 7528:Explanatory notes 7297:Western lifestyle 7237:Canadian frontier 6898:Edward L. Wheeler 6894:Buffalo Bill Cody 6654:America's economy 6475:Similarly, other 6418:James W. Marshall 6311:(1916–1917). The 6116:Scottish-American 5910:Brooks-Baxter War 5906:Early–Hasley feud 5843:Spring Creek raid 5839:Castaic Range War 5835:Colfax County War 5831:Fence Cutting War 5774:Battle of Ingalls 5258:anti-Chinese riot 5223:Nicodemus, Kansas 5190:African Americans 5170:to North Dakota, 5060:history of Kansas 4609:Comanche Campaign 4499:large-scale raids 4466:Trans Mississippi 4276:Land Rush of 1889 4224:'s defeat in the 4073:Collis Huntington 3529:was conducted by 3446:(from 1847), and 3432:Willamette Valley 3341:Jonathan R. Davis 3240:Cincinnati Herald 3209:, August 15, 1846 3205:'s annexation of 3181:Republic of Texas 3167:won the decisive 3132:Stephen F. Austin 3125:Old Spanish Trail 3088:History of Mexico 3072:John Quincy Adams 2737:John Quincy Adams 2623:Pacific Northwest 2559:Mississippi River 2451:Falls of the Ohio 2420:Revolutionary War 2369:Revolutionary War 2337:George Washington 2172:Thirteen Colonies 2166:Colonial frontier 2142: Territories 1898:Mississippi River 1774:American frontier 1770: 1769: 1692: 1691: 1321:American frontier 1220:Lebanese American 1205:Egyptian American 1135:Estonian American 1125:Albanian American 1119:European American 1096:Japanese American 1086:Filipino American 710: 709: 683:Post-Cold War Era 340:Pre-Columbian Era 302: 287: 286: 275:Arizona Territory 250:Wyoming Territory 245:Montana Territory 225:Republic of Texas 165:Thirteen Colonies 68:American frontier 16:(Redirected from 24699: 24629: 24619: 24618: 24583: 24582: 24512:Outlying islands 24469:Washington, D.C. 24464:Federal District 24163:Manifest destiny 24136: 24135: 24125: 24124: 24067:Native Americans 24039:Iranian American 24013:Mexican American 23999:Serbian American 23984:Italian American 23974:Finnish American 23964:English American 23915:Chinese American 23902:African American 23887: 23886: 23692:Direct democracy 23682:The Constitution 23641:Higher education 23564:American Century 23549: 23548: 23002:Great Depression 22975:Women's suffrage 22965:Roaring Twenties 22891:Haymarket affair 22849:Enforcement Acts 22638:Jeffersonian era 22586:Shays' Rebellion 22506:Intolerable Acts 22501:Boston Tea Party 22436:Queen Anne's War 22364: 22363: 22353: 22352: 22320: 22313: 22306: 22297: 22296: 22273: 22266: 22153:African American 22035:Health insurance 21923:Household income 21793:National symbols 21724:American English 21697:Federal holidays 21606:household income 21539: 21538: 21535: 21534: 21339: 21338: 21277:Anti-Americanism 21201:Special district 21128:Independent city 21097:County executive 21080: 21079: 20874:Attorney general 20833: 20832: 20822:Federal District 20405:Executive Office 20385: 20384: 20376: 20375: 20372: 20371: 20132:populated places 20112:federal enclaves 20107:federal district 20085: 20084: 19948:American Century 19931:Great Depression 19926:Roaring Twenties 19886:Women's suffrage 19765:Halifax Resolves 19758:Founding Fathers 19753:military history 19718:Pre-colonial era 19642: 19641: 19621: 19614: 19607: 19598: 19597: 19434:Hashknife Outfit 19374:Mason County War 19329:Boyce–Sneed feud 19289:Flynn–Doran feud 19254:Lee–Peacock feud 19239:Tutt–Everett War 19166:Mart Duggan duel 19101:Gleeson gunfight 19046:Gunfight in Moab 18895: 18888: 18881: 18872: 18871: 18858: 18857: 18669:Oregon Territory 18606:Indian Territory 18172:Dakota Territory 17996: 17995: 17989: 17988: 17888:New Mexico chile 17771:Mason County War 17728:Texas Revolution 17693:Bear Flag Revolt 17443:California Trail 17353:Manifest destiny 17285:Frontier culture 17181:John Jacob Astor 17155:Charley Reynolds 17055:Younger Brothers 17035:Joaquin Murrieta 16922:Harry C. Wheeler 16917:James Timberlake 16806:Henry Wickenburg 16751:Meriwether Lewis 16670:Touch the Clouds 16532:Native Americans 16528: 16527: 16230: 16223: 16216: 16207: 16206: 16181:, June 13, 2002) 16061: 16054: 16048: 16047: 16031: 16025: 16024: 16003: 15997: 15990: 15984: 15983: 15955: 15949: 15948: 15937: 15928: 15917: 15911: 15910: 15888: 15882: 15875: 15869: 15862: 15856: 15842: 15836: 15833:American History 15829: 15823: 15822: 15820: 15818: 15807: 15801: 15787: 15781: 15778:The Cattle Kings 15772: 15766: 15765: 15763: 15761: 15747: 15741: 15740: 15738: 15736: 15720: 15714: 15712: 15704: 15698: 15691: 15685: 15684: 15664: 15658: 15644: 15638: 15624: 15618: 15617: 15597: 15591: 15584: 15578: 15576: 15556: 15550: 15549: 15529: 15523: 15509: 15503: 15502: 15482: 15476: 15475: 15443: 15437: 15430: 15424: 15423: 15403: 15397: 15387: 15381: 15374: 15368: 15361: 15355: 15338: 15332: 15322: 15316: 15309: 15303: 15302: 15282: 15276: 15269: 15263: 15256: 15250: 15243: 15237: 15234: 15228: 15225: 15219: 15212: 15206: 15199: 15193: 15183: 15177: 15167: 15161: 15154: 15148: 15141: 15135: 15134: 15132: 15130: 15116: 15110: 15109: 15107: 15105: 15091: 15085: 15084: 15062:The Spanish west 15056: 15050: 15049: 15047: 15045: 15030: 15024: 15023: 15016: 15010: 15003: 14997: 14995: 14993: 14991: 14979: 14973: 14971: 14963: 14957: 14950: 14944: 14939:Linda S. Watts, 14937: 14928: 14927: 14921: 14913: 14891:The frontiersmen 14886: 14877: 14876: 14874: 14872: 14857: 14851: 14850: 14844: 14836: 14809: 14803: 14802: 14800: 14798: 14784: 14778: 14777: 14775: 14773: 14759: 14753: 14752: 14746: 14738: 14711: 14705: 14704: 14702: 14700: 14685: 14679: 14678: 14630: 14624: 14623: 14621: 14619: 14605: 14599: 14598: 14596: 14594: 14579: 14573: 14572: 14570: 14568: 14554: 14548: 14547: 14545: 14543: 14528: 14522: 14521: 14519: 14517: 14503: 14497: 14496: 14468: 14459: 14456: 14450: 14436: 14430: 14427: 14421: 14420: 14418: 14409: 14403: 14400: 14394: 14380: 14374: 14360: 14354: 14353: 14345: 14339: 14325: 14316: 14306: 14300: 14297: 14291: 14290: 14287:"Cowboy Culture" 14282: 14276: 14275: 14255: 14249: 14248: 14247: 14245: 14220: 14214: 14213: 14193: 14187: 14186: 14184: 14182: 14168: 14162: 14161: 14155: 14147: 14146: 14144: 14129: 14123: 14122: 14102: 14096: 14095: 14093: 14091: 14077: 14071: 14070: 14068: 14066: 14052: 14046: 14045: 14025: 14019: 14018: 13994: 13985: 13984: 13968: 13962: 13961: 13959: 13937: 13931: 13922: 13916: 13915: 13895: 13889: 13883: 13877: 13870: 13864: 13857: 13851: 13846:W. Todd Benson, 13844: 13838: 13831: 13825: 13824:(2001) p. 4 13818: 13812: 13811: 13797:The Cattle Towns 13791: 13785: 13784: 13757:Montejano, David 13753: 13747: 13740: 13734: 13733: 13697: 13691: 13690: 13670: 13664: 13663: 13643: 13637: 13636: 13616: 13610: 13609: 13588: 13582: 13579:The Cattle Kings 13572: 13566: 13565: 13563: 13561: 13551: 13545: 13544: 13542: 13540: 13529: 13523: 13522: 13520: 13518: 13507: 13501: 13500: 13498: 13496: 13481: 13475: 13473: 13461: 13455: 13454: 13434: 13428: 13421: 13415: 13401: 13395: 13388: 13382: 13381: 13371: 13365: 13364: 13362: 13360: 13348: 13342: 13341: 13334:"Troubled Times" 13329: 13323: 13322: 13317:. Archived from 13310: 13304: 13303: 13295: 13289: 13288: 13268: 13262: 13261: 13241: 13235: 13234: 13214: 13208: 13201: 13195: 13192: 13186: 13185: 13177: 13171: 13170: 13150: 13144: 13143: 13123: 13117: 13105:Alexander, Bob. 13103: 13097: 13096: 13076: 13070: 13069: 13055: 13049: 13048: 13037: 13031: 13030: 13002: 12996: 12995: 12981:The Cattle Towns 12975: 12969: 12955: 12949: 12948: 12946: 12944: 12938: 12930: 12924: 12910: 12904: 12903: 12883: 12877: 12876: 12865:10.2307/40021171 12848: 12839: 12833: 12827: 12820: 12814: 12807: 12801: 12794: 12788: 12787: 12767: 12761: 12756:Anne M. Butler, 12754: 12748: 12747: 12727: 12721: 12720: 12681: 12675: 12661: 12655: 12648: 12642: 12635: 12629: 12622: 12616: 12609: 12603: 12596: 12590: 12587:Nebraska History 12583: 12577: 12570: 12564: 12557: 12551: 12544: 12538: 12531: 12525: 12518: 12512: 12505: 12499: 12492: 12486: 12473: 12467: 12466: 12438: 12432: 12425: 12419: 12412: 12406: 12399: 12393: 12383: 12377: 12370: 12364: 12357: 12351: 12344: 12338: 12337: 12317: 12311: 12304: 12298: 12291: 12285: 12284: 12277: 12271: 12264: 12258: 12257: 12237: 12231: 12221: 12215: 12204: 12198: 12188: 12182: 12175: 12169: 12162: 12156: 12149: 12143: 12142: 12122: 12116: 12115: 12113: 12111: 12099: 12093: 12079: 12073: 12066: 12057: 12050:Richard Melzer, 12048: 12042: 12039: 12033: 12030: 12024: 12023: 12003: 11997: 11994:Nebraska History 11990: 11984: 11977: 11971: 11964: 11958: 11957: 11937: 11931: 11929: 11909: 11903: 11902: 11900: 11898: 11883: 11874: 11873: 11853: 11847: 11846: 11844: 11842: 11828: 11817: 11816: 11814: 11812: 11807:on April 4, 2015 11803:. Archived from 11792: 11786: 11785: 11773: 11767: 11766: 11746: 11740: 11733: 11727: 11726: 11706: 11700: 11699: 11679: 11673: 11672: 11652: 11646: 11632: 11626: 11625: 11623: 11621: 11612: 11604: 11598: 11597: 11584:The Great Chiefs 11579: 11573: 11571: 11551: 11545: 11531: 11525: 11514: 11508: 11501: 11495: 11488: 11482: 11479: 11473: 11466: 11460: 11453: 11447: 11440: 11434: 11427: 11421: 11407: 11401: 11398: 11392: 11378: 11372: 11353: 11347: 11346: 11344: 11342: 11331: 11325: 11316: 11308: 11302: 11295: 11289: 11280: 11272: 11266: 11265: 11245: 11239: 11232: 11226: 11219:Larry Schweikart 11215: 11209: 11196: 11190: 11183: 11177: 11176: 11174: 11172: 11160: 11154: 11153: 11145: 11139: 11138: 11136: 11134: 11123: 11117: 11110: 11104: 11097: 11091: 11084: 11078: 11077:pp. 646–647 11071: 11065: 11062:Kansas Quarterly 11058: 11052: 11051: 11037: 11031: 11024: 11018: 11017: 11015: 11013: 11004:. Archived from 10992: 10986: 10979: 10973: 10972: 10941: 10935: 10926: 10920: 10913: 10907: 10906: 10886: 10880: 10873: 10867: 10860: 10854: 10847: 10841: 10840: 10812: 10806: 10805: 10785: 10779: 10776: 10770: 10769: 10749: 10743: 10742: 10722: 10716: 10709: 10703: 10700: 10694: 10687: 10681: 10674: 10668: 10661: 10655: 10648: 10642: 10637:Kenneth Carley, 10635: 10629: 10622: 10616: 10615: 10595: 10589: 10582: 10576: 10571: 10565: 10564: 10544: 10538: 10531: 10525: 10515: 10509: 10502: 10496: 10486: 10480: 10473: 10467: 10456: 10450: 10449:pp. 577–578 10443: 10437: 10430: 10424: 10423: 10395: 10389: 10382: 10376: 10366: 10360: 10359: 10346: 10340: 10339: 10303: 10297: 10290: 10284: 10283: 10263: 10257: 10250: 10244: 10243: 10230: 10224: 10223: 10203: 10197: 10196: 10176: 10170: 10160: 10154: 10149: 10146:Kansas Quarterly 10141: 10135: 10128: 10122: 10115: 10109: 10108: 10088: 10082: 10077:Rodman W. Paul, 10075: 10069: 10062: 10056: 10049: 10043: 10040: 10034: 10031: 10025: 10024: 10004: 9998: 9997: 9977: 9971: 9964: 9958: 9951: 9945: 9944: 9924: 9918: 9917: 9897: 9891: 9890: 9876: 9870: 9863: 9857: 9856: 9846: 9818: 9812: 9811: 9791: 9785: 9784: 9764: 9758: 9757: 9738:Merry, Robert W. 9734: 9728: 9721: 9715: 9705: 9699: 9692: 9686: 9684: 9664: 9658: 9655: 9649: 9648: 9628: 9622: 9615: 9609: 9608: 9580: 9574: 9567: 9561: 9554: 9548: 9547:(1959) p. 1 9541: 9535: 9528: 9522: 9520: 9512: 9506: 9505: 9485: 9479: 9478: 9462: 9456: 9455: 9435: 9429: 9428: 9408: 9402: 9401: 9371: 9365: 9355: 9349: 9348: 9328: 9322: 9315: 9309: 9308: 9288: 9282: 9272: 9266: 9261:Clyde Hollmann, 9259: 9253: 9246: 9240: 9239: 9219: 9213: 9204: 9198: 9189: 9183: 9182: 9174: 9165: 9158: 9152: 9151: 9128:Military Affairs 9123: 9117: 9110: 9104: 9097: 9091: 9086:Samuel P. Hays, 9084: 9078: 9077: 9057: 9051: 9050: 9022: 9016: 9011:Christine Bold, 9009: 9000: 8993: 8987: 8980: 8974: 8973: 8963: 8957: 8952:Eric Jay Dolan, 8950: 8944: 8943: 8923: 8917: 8910: 8904: 8903: 8883: 8877: 8870: 8864: 8863: 8843: 8837: 8830: 8824: 8814: 8808: 8801: 8795: 8794: 8784: 8778: 8777: 8749: 8743: 8736: 8730: 8720: 8714: 8713: 8693: 8687: 8680: 8674: 8667: 8661: 8660: 8650: 8644: 8643: 8623: 8617: 8616: 8596: 8590: 8583: 8577: 8567: 8561: 8554: 8548: 8542:New York History 8538: 8532: 8531: 8511: 8505: 8495: 8489: 8482: 8476: 8475: 8455: 8449: 8448: 8428: 8422: 8421: 8401: 8395: 8390:Allan Kulikoff, 8388: 8382: 8375: 8369: 8362: 8356: 8349: 8343: 8336: 8330: 8323: 8317: 8316: 8314: 8312: 8301: 8295: 8294: 8266: 8260: 8259: 8240:Lamar, Howard R. 8236: 8230: 8229: 8210: 8204: 8203: 8175: 8169: 8168: 8166: 8164: 8149: 8143: 8142: 8140: 8138: 8124: 8118: 8117: 8115: 8113: 8099: 8093: 8086: 8080: 8079: 8051: 8045: 8044: 8043:. pp. 1–38. 8032: 8026: 8025: 8005: 7996: 7995: 7989: 7981: 7980: 7978: 7963: 7957: 7956: 7945: 7939: 7938: 7926: 7920: 7919: 7899: 7893: 7892: 7872: 7866: 7865: 7833: 7827: 7826: 7802: 7796: 7795: 7763: 7757: 7756: 7732: 7726: 7725: 7713: 7704: 7703: 7691: 7682: 7681: 7661: 7655: 7654: 7652: 7650: 7636: 7627: 7620: 7611: 7610: 7599: 7590: 7589: 7588: 7586: 7573: 7551: 7550: 7538: 7322:: list of known 7219: 7214: 7213: 7212: 7184:that began with 7123:frontier justice 7075:Code of the West 7037:(1855–1928) and 6668:'s arrival into 6629:Meriwether Lewis 6577:railroad workers 6485:Dakota Territory 6282:Indian Territory 6245:1910 U.S. census 6238:1900 U.S. census 6234:1890 U.S. census 6226:1910 U.S. census 6205:Conservationists 6144:Atlantic Monthly 6132:Grover Cleveland 6091:nature preserves 6069:conservationists 5918:Horrell Brothers 5902:Flynn–Doran feud 5898:Tutt–Everett War 5875:Cortina Troubles 5823:Mason County War 5724:Augustine Chacon 5661: 5652: 5643: 5398:Frontier gambler 5321:Joaquin Murrieta 5248:episode and the 5212:Buffalo Soldiers 5174:converts to the 5093: 5029:"The Awakening" 5000:Buffalo Soldiers 4860:Fort Walla Walla 4769:, fought by the 4691:Fort Phil Kearny 4689:The battle near 4630:Palo Duro Canyon 4468:West (1860–1890) 4438:Nunna dual Tsuny 4430:Indian Territory 4386:Democratic Party 4283:Land Run of 1889 4234:Russian American 4186:and engraved by 4026:December 7, 1867 3955: 3875:Indian Territory 3848:Fort Abercrombie 3723:Mass hanging of 3704:Republican Party 3507:Mormons and Utah 3491:and his trek to 3440:California Trail 3428:Fort Hall, Idaho 3353:hydraulic mining 3309: 3306: 3251:Gadsden Purchase 3153:Texas Revolution 3092:Texas Revolution 3082:Mexico and Texas 3045:Manifest destiny 3039:Manifest destiny 2918:Edward Eggleston 2879:Birds of America 2861:(1786–1859) and 2761:Western Engineer 2679:Birds of America 2619:John Jacob Astor 2580:Thomas Jefferson 2547:Thomas Jefferson 2362:Ohio did in 1803 2309:Seven Years' War 2157: 2155: 2150: 2148: 2143: 2141: 2136: 2134: 2130:Key: 2122: 2110: 2098: 2086: 2074: 2062: 1941:television shows 1931:(especially the 1875:1910 U.S. census 1871:1900 U.S. census 1840:1890 U.S. Census 1811:manifest destiny 1799:Thomas Jefferson 1792:that began with 1762: 1755: 1748: 1732: 1722: 1721: 1683: 1682: 1326:Manifest destiny 1316:Historic regions 1298: 1297: 1238:Native Americans 1210:Iranian American 1184:Mexican American 1170:Serbian American 1155:Italian American 1140:Finnish American 1130:English American 1081:Chinese American 1068:African American 868:Direct democracy 858:The Constitution 817:Higher education 726:American Century 628:Civil Rights Era 606:Civil Rights Era 562:Great Depression 551:Roaring Twenties 419:Jeffersonian Era 329: 328: 324: 314: 300: 289: 288: 265:Indian Territory 210:Dakota Territory 195:Vermont Republic 93: 90: 77: 70: 66: 64: 40:Western Frontier 21: 24707: 24706: 24702: 24701: 24700: 24698: 24697: 24696: 24642: 24641: 24640: 24635: 24589: 24563: 24507: 24471: 24459: 24198: 24172: 24130: 24115: 24021:Jewish American 23994:Polish American 23935:Korean American 23925:Indian American 23892: 23877: 23732:Merchant Marine 23702:Law enforcement 23554: 23535: 23409: 23405:Great Recession 23312: 23286:Reagan Doctrine 23240: 23219:Stonewall riots 23141: 23115:Project Mercury 23076:Truman Doctrine 23052: 22960:First Red Scare 22934: 22903:Progressive Era 22815: 22775:Bleeding Kansas 22731: 22678:Monroe Doctrine 22654: 22602: 22561:Treaty of Paris 22522: 22496:Boston Massacre 22491:Sons of Liberty 22387: 22358: 22347: 22329: 22324: 22294: 22289: 22276: 22269: 22262: 22245: 22231:Opioid epidemic 22148:Native American 22128:intersex rights 22079: 22075:Life expectancy 22065:Medical deserts 22055:Race and health 21952: 21938:Personal income 21884: 21788:National anthem 21621:personal income 21586:Economic issues 21520: 21472: 21320: 21220: 21209:School district 21195: 21178:Minor divisions 21172: 21111: 21069: 21008: 20994:Statutory codes 20975: 20938: 20915: 20825: 20820: 20807: 20742: 20699:civil liberties 20680: 20671:Other tribunals 20650:District courts 20602: 20561:current members 20544:current members 20525: 20459:Law enforcement 20357: 20070: 20019: 20010:Great Recession 19881:Progressive Era 19871:Native genocide 19802:Perpetual Union 19790:Treaty of Paris 19748:United Colonies 19706: 19631: 19625: 19595: 19590: 19589: 19570: 19551:Bisbee massacre 19524: 19448: 19409:Porum Range War 19360: 19353: 19294:Gray County War 19234:County seat war 19215: 19122: 19115: 18996:Frisco shootout 18912: 18899: 18869: 18864: 18838: 18815: 18782: 18764: 18716: 18663: 18603: 18595: 18522: 18494: 18441: 18383: 18351: 18308: 18290: 18273:Idaho Territory 18267: 18219: 18166: 18133: 18085: 18032: 17983: 17878:Native American 17851: 17802:Arizona Rangers 17790: 17745: 17737: 17656: 17637:Frisco shootout 17613: 17575: 17521:Dead man's hand 17507: 17420: 17414: 17410:Wild West shows 17318:Cattle rustling 17275: 17261:Sedona Schnebly 17246:Sylvester Mowry 17169: 17160:Philip Sheridan 17110:James C. Cooney 17082: 17076: 16968:Dalton Brothers 16926: 16837:Charlie Bassett 16820: 16741:John C. Frémont 16695: 16689: 16655:Snapping Turtle 16519: 16470:Southern Paiute 16435:Pend d'Oreilles 16420:Northern Paiute 16246: 16239: 16234: 16188: 16165:Old West Kansas 16130: 16118: 16113: 16080: 16070: 16068:Further reading 16065: 16064: 16055: 16051: 16032: 16028: 16021: 16004: 16000: 15991: 15987: 15972:10.2307/3639634 15956: 15952: 15939: 15938: 15931: 15918: 15914: 15907: 15889: 15885: 15876: 15872: 15863: 15859: 15843: 15839: 15830: 15826: 15816: 15814: 15809: 15808: 15804: 15788: 15784: 15773: 15769: 15759: 15757: 15755:Living the Code 15749: 15748: 15744: 15734: 15732: 15729:American Cowboy 15721: 15717: 15707:Weiser, Kathy. 15705: 15701: 15693:Richard White, 15692: 15688: 15665: 15661: 15645: 15641: 15625: 15621: 15614: 15598: 15594: 15585: 15581: 15573: 15557: 15553: 15546: 15530: 15526: 15510: 15506: 15499: 15483: 15479: 15464:10.2307/2712805 15444: 15440: 15431: 15427: 15420: 15404: 15400: 15388: 15384: 15375: 15371: 15362: 15358: 15339: 15335: 15323: 15319: 15310: 15306: 15299: 15283: 15279: 15270: 15266: 15257: 15253: 15245:Joy S. Kasson, 15244: 15240: 15235: 15231: 15226: 15222: 15213: 15209: 15200: 15196: 15184: 15180: 15169:Thomas Dunlap, 15168: 15164: 15155: 15151: 15142: 15138: 15128: 15126: 15118: 15117: 15113: 15103: 15101: 15093: 15092: 15088: 15073: 15057: 15053: 15043: 15041: 15032: 15031: 15027: 15018: 15017: 15013: 15004: 15000: 14989: 14987: 14986:. Straight Dope 14980: 14976: 14964: 14960: 14951: 14947: 14938: 14931: 14915: 14914: 14902: 14888: 14887: 14880: 14870: 14868: 14859: 14858: 14854: 14838: 14837: 14825: 14811: 14810: 14806: 14796: 14794: 14786: 14785: 14781: 14771: 14769: 14761: 14760: 14756: 14740: 14739: 14727: 14713: 14712: 14708: 14698: 14696: 14687: 14686: 14682: 14631: 14627: 14617: 14615: 14607: 14606: 14602: 14592: 14590: 14581: 14580: 14576: 14566: 14564: 14556: 14555: 14551: 14541: 14539: 14530: 14529: 14525: 14515: 14513: 14505: 14504: 14500: 14485: 14469: 14462: 14457: 14453: 14437: 14433: 14428: 14424: 14416: 14410: 14406: 14401: 14397: 14381: 14377: 14361: 14357: 14346: 14342: 14326: 14319: 14307: 14303: 14298: 14294: 14283: 14279: 14272: 14256: 14252: 14243: 14241: 14239: 14221: 14217: 14210: 14194: 14190: 14180: 14178: 14170: 14169: 14165: 14149: 14148: 14142: 14140: 14131: 14130: 14126: 14119: 14103: 14099: 14089: 14087: 14079: 14078: 14074: 14064: 14062: 14054: 14053: 14049: 14026: 14022: 14015: 14007:. p. vii. 13995: 13988: 13969: 13965: 13957:10.1.1.470.4476 13938: 13934: 13923: 13919: 13912: 13896: 13892: 13884: 13880: 13871: 13867: 13858: 13854: 13845: 13841: 13832: 13828: 13819: 13815: 13808: 13792: 13788: 13781: 13754: 13750: 13741: 13737: 13714:10.2307/3111428 13698: 13694: 13687: 13671: 13667: 13660: 13644: 13640: 13633: 13617: 13613: 13606: 13589: 13585: 13573: 13569: 13559: 13557: 13553: 13552: 13548: 13538: 13536: 13535:. Jcs-group.com 13531: 13530: 13526: 13516: 13514: 13509: 13508: 13504: 13494: 13492: 13483: 13482: 13478: 13462: 13458: 13451: 13435: 13431: 13422: 13418: 13402: 13398: 13389: 13385: 13372: 13368: 13358: 13356: 13349: 13345: 13330: 13326: 13313:Mullen, Kevin. 13311: 13307: 13296: 13292: 13285: 13269: 13265: 13258: 13242: 13238: 13231: 13215: 13211: 13202: 13198: 13193: 13189: 13178: 13174: 13151: 13147: 13124: 13120: 13104: 13100: 13077: 13073: 13056: 13052: 13038: 13034: 13003: 12999: 12992: 12976: 12972: 12956: 12952: 12942: 12940: 12936: 12932: 12931: 12927: 12912:Robb, Brian J. 12911: 12907: 12900: 12884: 12880: 12849: 12842: 12834: 12830: 12821: 12817: 12809:Henry Chafetz, 12808: 12804: 12795: 12791: 12784: 12768: 12764: 12755: 12751: 12744: 12728: 12724: 12682: 12678: 12662: 12658: 12649: 12645: 12636: 12632: 12623: 12619: 12610: 12606: 12597: 12593: 12584: 12580: 12571: 12567: 12558: 12554: 12545: 12541: 12532: 12528: 12519: 12515: 12506: 12502: 12493: 12489: 12483:Wayback Machine 12474: 12470: 12455:10.2307/3638262 12439: 12435: 12426: 12422: 12413: 12409: 12400: 12396: 12384: 12380: 12371: 12367: 12358: 12354: 12345: 12341: 12318: 12314: 12305: 12301: 12293:Clark Secrest. 12292: 12288: 12279: 12278: 12274: 12265: 12261: 12238: 12234: 12222: 12218: 12205: 12201: 12189: 12185: 12176: 12172: 12163: 12159: 12150: 12146: 12139: 12123: 12119: 12109: 12107: 12100: 12096: 12080: 12076: 12068:Carter, Sarah, 12067: 12060: 12049: 12045: 12040: 12036: 12031: 12027: 12020: 12004: 12000: 11991: 11987: 11978: 11974: 11965: 11961: 11954: 11938: 11934: 11926: 11910: 11906: 11896: 11894: 11885: 11884: 11877: 11870: 11854: 11850: 11840: 11838: 11830: 11829: 11820: 11810: 11808: 11793: 11789: 11782:The Denver Post 11774: 11770: 11763: 11747: 11743: 11734: 11730: 11723: 11707: 11703: 11696: 11680: 11676: 11669: 11653: 11649: 11633: 11629: 11619: 11617: 11610: 11606: 11605: 11601: 11594: 11580: 11576: 11568: 11552: 11548: 11532: 11528: 11515: 11511: 11502: 11498: 11489: 11485: 11480: 11476: 11467: 11463: 11454: 11450: 11442:John K. Mahon, 11441: 11437: 11428: 11424: 11408: 11404: 11399: 11395: 11379: 11375: 11354: 11350: 11340: 11338: 11333: 11332: 11328: 11309: 11305: 11296: 11292: 11273: 11269: 11262: 11246: 11242: 11233: 11229: 11216: 11212: 11206:Wayback Machine 11197: 11193: 11184: 11180: 11170: 11168: 11161: 11157: 11146: 11142: 11132: 11130: 11125: 11124: 11120: 11111: 11107: 11099:Richard White, 11098: 11094: 11085: 11081: 11072: 11068: 11059: 11055: 11038: 11034: 11025: 11021: 11011: 11009: 10994: 10993: 10989: 10980: 10976: 10961:10.2307/3636678 10942: 10938: 10927: 10923: 10914: 10910: 10903: 10887: 10883: 10874: 10870: 10861: 10857: 10848: 10844: 10829:10.2307/1902928 10813: 10809: 10802: 10786: 10782: 10777: 10773: 10766: 10750: 10746: 10739: 10723: 10719: 10710: 10706: 10701: 10697: 10688: 10684: 10675: 10671: 10662: 10658: 10649: 10645: 10636: 10632: 10623: 10619: 10612: 10596: 10592: 10583: 10579: 10572: 10568: 10561: 10545: 10541: 10532: 10528: 10516: 10512: 10503: 10499: 10487: 10483: 10474: 10470: 10458:James Schwoch, 10457: 10453: 10444: 10440: 10431: 10427: 10396: 10392: 10383: 10379: 10374:in Project MUSE 10367: 10363: 10347: 10343: 10304: 10300: 10291: 10287: 10280: 10264: 10260: 10251: 10247: 10231: 10227: 10220: 10204: 10200: 10193: 10177: 10173: 10168:in Project MUSE 10161: 10157: 10142: 10138: 10129: 10125: 10116: 10112: 10105: 10089: 10085: 10076: 10072: 10064:Walter Nugent, 10063: 10059: 10050: 10046: 10041: 10037: 10032: 10028: 10021: 10005: 10001: 9994: 9978: 9974: 9965: 9961: 9952: 9948: 9941: 9925: 9921: 9914: 9898: 9894: 9877: 9873: 9864: 9860: 9835:10.2307/1834723 9819: 9815: 9808: 9792: 9788: 9781: 9765: 9761: 9754: 9735: 9731: 9722: 9718: 9708:Quintard Taylor 9706: 9702: 9693: 9689: 9681: 9665: 9661: 9656: 9652: 9645: 9629: 9625: 9616: 9612: 9597:10.2307/1892931 9581: 9577: 9568: 9564: 9555: 9551: 9542: 9538: 9529: 9525: 9513: 9509: 9502: 9486: 9482: 9463: 9459: 9452: 9436: 9432: 9425: 9409: 9405: 9390:10.2307/1888756 9372: 9368: 9356: 9352: 9345: 9329: 9325: 9316: 9312: 9305: 9289: 9285: 9273: 9269: 9260: 9256: 9247: 9243: 9236: 9220: 9216: 9205: 9201: 9190: 9186: 9175: 9168: 9159: 9155: 9140:10.2307/1984483 9124: 9120: 9111: 9107: 9099:Richard White, 9098: 9094: 9085: 9081: 9074: 9058: 9054: 9039:10.2307/1887121 9023: 9019: 9010: 9003: 8994: 8990: 8981: 8977: 8964: 8960: 8951: 8947: 8940: 8924: 8920: 8911: 8907: 8900: 8884: 8880: 8871: 8867: 8860: 8844: 8840: 8831: 8827: 8815: 8811: 8802: 8798: 8785: 8781: 8766:10.2307/1896318 8750: 8746: 8737: 8733: 8721: 8717: 8710: 8694: 8690: 8686:(1999) pp. 6–7. 8681: 8677: 8668: 8664: 8651: 8647: 8640: 8624: 8620: 8597: 8593: 8584: 8580: 8568: 8564: 8555: 8551: 8539: 8535: 8528: 8512: 8508: 8496: 8492: 8483: 8479: 8472: 8456: 8452: 8445: 8429: 8425: 8418: 8402: 8398: 8389: 8385: 8376: 8372: 8363: 8359: 8350: 8346: 8337: 8333: 8324: 8320: 8310: 8308: 8303: 8302: 8298: 8283:10.2307/3639983 8267: 8263: 8256: 8237: 8233: 8226: 8211: 8207: 8176: 8172: 8162: 8160: 8150: 8146: 8136: 8134: 8126: 8125: 8121: 8111: 8109: 8101: 8100: 8096: 8087: 8083: 8076: 8052: 8048: 8033: 8029: 8022: 8006: 7999: 7983: 7982: 7976: 7974: 7965: 7964: 7960: 7947: 7946: 7942: 7927: 7923: 7916: 7900: 7896: 7889: 7873: 7869: 7834: 7830: 7803: 7799: 7764: 7760: 7733: 7729: 7714: 7707: 7692: 7685: 7678: 7662: 7658: 7648: 7646: 7638: 7637: 7630: 7621: 7614: 7601: 7600: 7593: 7584: 7582: 7574: 7565: 7560: 7555: 7554: 7539: 7535: 7530: 7461: 7414: 7386:Desert Magazine 7381: 7311: 7302:Wild West shows 7242:Indian massacre 7226: 7215: 7210: 7208: 7205: 7177:social climbing 7132: 7077: 7035:Charles Siringo 6991: 6983:Monument Valley 6949: 6923:Harper's Weekly 6870: 6858:Frontier Thesis 6808: 6772: 6766: 6726: 6721: 6696: 6690: 6660:from a lack of 6621: 6615: 6573:labor-intensive 6569: 6563: 6544:business owners 6505: 6420:was building a 6414: 6408: 6355: 6349: 6344: 6334:Alaska was not 6307:(1916) and the 6218: 6176: 6166: 6138:Harper's Weekly 6124:Yosemite Valley 6078:Gifford Pinchot 6046: 6040: 6015: 6009: 5968:Abilene, Kansas 5944: 5938: 5847:Porum Range War 5788: 5782: 5753:drumhead trials 5729:Allan Pinkerton 5716:Joaquin Murieta 5676: 5675: 5674: 5673: 5664: 5663: 5662: 5654: 5653: 5645: 5644: 5633: 5606:Hour of the Gun 5582:organized crime 5485:organized crime 5477:highway robbery 5457:Charlie Bassett 5441: 5400: 5390: 5374: 5366:Grange meetings 5349: 5333:Latin Americans 5296: 5290: 5237: 5231: 5200:Buffalo Soldier 5192: 5132: 5127: 5119:Anaconda Copper 5107: 5106: 5105: 5099: 5094: 5077: 5023: 5018: 5004:Robert M. Utley 5002:. According to 4886: 4880: 4862:in Washington. 4810: 4775:Meeker massacre 4646:was led by the 4644:Red Cloud's War 4626:buffalo hunters 4582:Navajo Campaign 4522:Northern Paiute 4458: 4381: 4375: 4370: 4309: 4303: 4278: 4272: 4218: 4216:Alaska Purchase 4212: 4210:Alaska Purchase 4184:F. O. C. Darley 4169: 4077:Charles Crocker 4069:Leland Stanford 4057:Central Pacific 4024:Harper's Weekly 4016: 4008:Main articles: 4006: 3943: 3903: 3898: 3805: 3775:New Mexico Army 3747: 3741: 3717: 3708:Abraham Lincoln 3680: 3678:Bleeding Kansas 3674: 3672:Bleeding Kansas 3623: 3617: 3587:Great Salt Lake 3519: 3513:1838 Mormon War 3511:Main articles: 3509: 3407: 3401: 3307: 3286: 3280: 3268: 3266:Growth of Texas 3220:Abraham Lincoln 3195: 3189: 3094: 3086:Main articles: 3084: 3068:Abraham Lincoln 3047: 3041: 2999: 2993: 2973: 2940: 2906: 2901: 2899:Antebellum West 2817: 2800:Jefferson Davis 2733: 2662:Fort Nez Percés 2651: 2645: 2639: 2611:Lewis and Clark 2577: 2571: 2540: 2526:Treaty of Ghent 2471: 2463:Abraham Lincoln 2395:Wilderness Road 2387: 2354: 2321: 2281: 2264: 2174: 2168: 2163: 2153: 2152: 2146: 2145: 2139: 2138: 2132: 2131: 2126: 2123: 2114: 2111: 2102: 2099: 2090: 2087: 2078: 2075: 2066: 2063: 2054: 1983: 1914:Rocky Mountains 1894:Native American 1827: 1815:Frontier Thesis 1766: 1694: 1693: 1295: 1287: 1286: 1192:Jewish American 1165:Polish American 1145:German American 1101:Korean American 1091:Indian American 1062: 1054: 1053: 908:Merchant Marine 878:Law enforcement 746:Racial violence 720: 712: 711: 518:Progressive Era 326: 322: 303: 301:History of the 220:Spanish Florida 175:New Netherlands 153: 146: 139: 128: 117: 110:in 1607 to the 95: 91: 65: 49: 45: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 24705: 24695: 24694: 24689: 24684: 24679: 24674: 24669: 24664: 24659: 24654: 24637: 24636: 24634: 24633: 24623: 24613: 24611:Historiography 24608: 24602: 24599: 24598: 24595: 24594: 24591: 24590: 24588: 24587: 24577: 24571: 24569: 24565: 24564: 24562: 24561: 24556: 24551: 24549:Navassa Island 24546: 24541: 24536: 24534:Johnston Atoll 24531: 24526: 24524:Howland Island 24521: 24515: 24513: 24509: 24508: 24506: 24505: 24500: 24495: 24490: 24485: 24483:American Samoa 24479: 24477: 24473: 24472: 24467: 24465: 24461: 24460: 24458: 24457: 24452: 24447: 24442: 24437: 24432: 24427: 24422: 24417: 24412: 24407: 24405:South Carolina 24402: 24397: 24392: 24387: 24382: 24377: 24372: 24370:North Carolina 24367: 24362: 24357: 24352: 24347: 24342: 24337: 24332: 24327: 24322: 24317: 24312: 24307: 24302: 24297: 24292: 24287: 24282: 24277: 24272: 24267: 24262: 24257: 24252: 24247: 24242: 24237: 24232: 24227: 24222: 24217: 24212: 24206: 24204: 24200: 24199: 24197: 24196: 24194:The West Coast 24191: 24186: 24180: 24178: 24174: 24173: 24171: 24170: 24168:Indian removal 24165: 24160: 24155: 24150: 24144: 24142: 24132: 24131: 24121: 24120: 24117: 24116: 24114: 24113: 24112: 24111: 24106: 24101: 24089: 24082: 24081: 24080: 24075: 24063: 24062: 24061: 24059:Saudi American 24056: 24051: 24046: 24044:Iraqi American 24041: 24036: 24024: 24017: 24016: 24015: 24003: 24002: 24001: 23996: 23991: 23986: 23981: 23979:Irish American 23976: 23971: 23966: 23961: 23949: 23948: 23947: 23942: 23937: 23932: 23927: 23922: 23917: 23909:Asian American 23905: 23897: 23894: 23893: 23883: 23882: 23879: 23878: 23876: 23875: 23874: 23873: 23868: 23863: 23858: 23853: 23841: 23840: 23839: 23837:Sexual slavery 23827: 23820: 23813: 23812: 23811: 23806: 23801: 23796: 23791: 23786: 23774: 23773: 23772: 23767: 23762: 23757: 23752: 23747: 23735: 23728: 23721: 23720: 23719: 23714: 23709: 23707:Postal service 23704: 23699: 23697:Foreign policy 23694: 23689: 23684: 23679: 23674: 23669: 23664: 23652: 23645: 23644: 23643: 23631: 23630: 23629: 23617: 23616: 23615: 23603: 23602: 23601: 23596: 23591: 23586: 23574: 23567: 23559: 23556: 23555: 23545: 23544: 23541: 23540: 23537: 23536: 23534: 23533: 23528: 23523: 23516: 23511: 23506: 23501: 23500: 23499: 23489: 23484: 23477: 23472: 23471: 23470: 23465: 23460: 23455: 23450: 23445: 23440: 23435: 23425: 23419: 23417: 23411: 23410: 23408: 23407: 23402: 23397: 23392: 23391: 23390: 23385: 23375: 23370: 23363: 23358: 23353: 23348: 23343: 23338: 23333: 23328: 23322: 23320: 23314: 23313: 23311: 23310: 23305: 23300: 23295: 23294: 23293: 23288: 23283: 23273: 23271:Crack epidemic 23268: 23267: 23266: 23261: 23250: 23248: 23242: 23241: 23239: 23238: 23236:Moral Majority 23233: 23228: 23223: 23222: 23221: 23214:Gay liberation 23211: 23206: 23204:Counterculture 23201: 23196: 23195: 23194: 23192:Fall of Saigon 23189: 23184: 23174: 23173: 23172: 23170:Apollo program 23167: 23165:Project Gemini 23157: 23151: 23149: 23143: 23142: 23140: 23139: 23134: 23133: 23132: 23122: 23117: 23112: 23107: 23106: 23105: 23100: 23095: 23090: 23083:Early Cold War 23080: 23079: 23078: 23068: 23062: 23060: 23054: 23053: 23051: 23050: 23049: 23048: 23047: 23046: 23036: 23031: 23021: 23020: 23019: 23014: 23009: 22999: 22998: 22997: 22992: 22987: 22982: 22977: 22972: 22962: 22957: 22956: 22955: 22944: 22942: 22936: 22935: 22933: 22932: 22927: 22926: 22925: 22920: 22915: 22910: 22900: 22899: 22898: 22893: 22888: 22883: 22878: 22873: 22863: 22858: 22857: 22856: 22851: 22846: 22841: 22836: 22825: 22823: 22817: 22816: 22814: 22813: 22812: 22811: 22806: 22796: 22795: 22794: 22789: 22784: 22779: 22778: 22777: 22767: 22762: 22755:Prelude to War 22752: 22747: 22745:Antebellum Era 22741: 22739: 22733: 22732: 22730: 22729: 22724: 22719: 22718: 22717: 22712: 22707: 22702: 22697: 22692: 22690:Trail of Tears 22685:Jacksonian era 22682: 22681: 22680: 22675: 22664: 22662: 22656: 22655: 22653: 22652: 22651: 22650: 22645: 22635: 22634: 22633: 22628: 22621:Federalist Era 22618: 22616:Bill of Rights 22612: 22610: 22604: 22603: 22601: 22600: 22599: 22598: 22593: 22588: 22583: 22578: 22565: 22564: 22563: 22558: 22553: 22551:Lee Resolution 22548: 22543: 22532: 22530: 22524: 22523: 22521: 22520: 22519: 22518: 22513: 22508: 22503: 22498: 22493: 22488: 22483: 22478: 22473: 22468: 22458: 22453: 22448: 22443: 22438: 22433: 22428: 22423: 22418: 22413: 22408: 22403: 22397: 22395: 22389: 22388: 22386: 22385: 22378: 22370: 22368: 22360: 22359: 22349: 22348: 22346: 22345: 22340: 22334: 22331: 22330: 22323: 22322: 22315: 22308: 22300: 22291: 22290: 22288: 22287: 22282: 22275: 22274: 22267: 22259: 22258: 22255: 22254: 22251: 22250: 22247: 22246: 22244: 22243: 22238: 22233: 22228: 22227: 22226: 22216: 22215: 22214: 22204: 22199: 22194: 22189: 22187:Mass shootings 22184: 22179: 22178: 22177: 22175:Climate change 22172: 22162: 22157: 22156: 22155: 22150: 22145: 22140: 22135: 22130: 22125: 22120: 22113:Discrimination 22110: 22105: 22104: 22103: 22093: 22087: 22085: 22081: 22080: 22078: 22077: 22072: 22067: 22062: 22057: 22052: 22047: 22042: 22037: 22032: 22027: 22026: 22025: 22020: 22015: 22005: 22004: 22003: 21998: 21993: 21988: 21983: 21978: 21968: 21962: 21960: 21954: 21953: 21951: 21950: 21945: 21940: 21935: 21930: 21925: 21920: 21915: 21910: 21905: 21903:American Dream 21900: 21894: 21892: 21886: 21885: 21883: 21882: 21877: 21872: 21870:Transportation 21867: 21862: 21857: 21852: 21847: 21842: 21837: 21832: 21827: 21822: 21817: 21816: 21815: 21810: 21805: 21803:Mount Rushmore 21800: 21790: 21785: 21780: 21775: 21774: 21773: 21768: 21763: 21758: 21753: 21743: 21738: 21737: 21736: 21731: 21726: 21716: 21711: 21706: 21701: 21700: 21699: 21689: 21684: 21683: 21682: 21672: 21667: 21662: 21661: 21660: 21655: 21645: 21644: 21643: 21638: 21633: 21628: 21623: 21618: 21613: 21608: 21603: 21598: 21593: 21583: 21578: 21573: 21568: 21563: 21558: 21553: 21547: 21545: 21532: 21526: 21525: 21522: 21521: 21519: 21518: 21513: 21508: 21503: 21498: 21493: 21488: 21482: 21480: 21474: 21473: 21471: 21470: 21465: 21460: 21455: 21450: 21445: 21440: 21435: 21430: 21425: 21423:Federal budget 21420: 21415: 21410: 21409: 21408: 21403: 21398: 21393: 21388: 21383: 21378: 21373: 21368: 21363: 21361:Communications 21358: 21353: 21342: 21336: 21330: 21329: 21326: 21325: 21322: 21321: 21319: 21318: 21313: 21312: 21311: 21306: 21301: 21291: 21290: 21289: 21284: 21282:exceptionalism 21279: 21269: 21264: 21263: 21262: 21260:foreign policy 21252: 21251: 21250: 21245: 21235: 21229: 21226: 21225: 21222: 21221: 21219: 21218: 21217: 21216: 21205: 21203: 21197: 21196: 21194: 21193: 21188: 21182: 21180: 21174: 21173: 21171: 21170: 21165: 21160: 21155: 21150: 21145: 21140: 21135: 21130: 21125: 21119: 21117: 21113: 21112: 21110: 21109: 21104: 21099: 21094: 21088: 21086: 21077: 21071: 21070: 21068: 21067: 21062: 21061: 21060: 21050: 21049: 21048: 21043: 21038: 21028: 21022: 21020: 21014: 21013: 21010: 21009: 21007: 21006: 21001: 20996: 20991: 20985: 20983: 20977: 20976: 20974: 20973: 20972: 20971: 20961: 20960: 20959: 20957:Chief justices 20952:Supreme courts 20948: 20946: 20940: 20939: 20937: 20936: 20931: 20925: 20923: 20917: 20916: 20914: 20913: 20912: 20911: 20901: 20896: 20891: 20886: 20881: 20876: 20871: 20866: 20865: 20864: 20854: 20853: 20852: 20841: 20839: 20830: 20813: 20812: 20809: 20808: 20806: 20805: 20800: 20795: 20794: 20793: 20791:National Guard 20788: 20783: 20778: 20773: 20768: 20763: 20752: 20750: 20744: 20743: 20741: 20740: 20735: 20734: 20733: 20728: 20723: 20718: 20708: 20703: 20702: 20701: 20694:Bill of Rights 20690: 20688: 20682: 20681: 20679: 20678: 20673: 20668: 20667: 20666: 20664:list of judges 20661: 20659:list of courts 20647: 20646: 20645: 20643:list of judges 20635: 20634: 20633: 20628: 20623: 20612: 20610: 20604: 20603: 20601: 20600: 20595: 20590: 20585: 20580: 20578:Capitol Police 20575: 20574: 20573: 20568: 20563: 20553: 20552: 20551: 20546: 20535: 20533: 20527: 20526: 20524: 20523: 20518: 20513: 20508: 20507: 20506: 20501: 20499:Secret Service 20496: 20491: 20486: 20481: 20476: 20471: 20466: 20456: 20455: 20454: 20449: 20444: 20439: 20429: 20424: 20419: 20414: 20412:Vice President 20409: 20408: 20407: 20402: 20391: 20389: 20382: 20369: 20363: 20362: 20359: 20358: 20356: 20355: 20350: 20345: 20340: 20339: 20338: 20333: 20328: 20323: 20318: 20313: 20308: 20303: 20292: 20291: 20290: 20285: 20280: 20275: 20270: 20265: 20260: 20255: 20250: 20245: 20240: 20235: 20230: 20225: 20220: 20215: 20210: 20200: 20199: 20198: 20196:National Parks 20188: 20187: 20186: 20181: 20176: 20171: 20166: 20156: 20151: 20149:Extreme points 20146: 20141: 20140: 20139: 20134: 20129: 20124: 20119: 20114: 20109: 20104: 20099: 20088: 20082: 20076: 20075: 20072: 20071: 20069: 20068: 20063: 20058: 20053: 20048: 20043: 20038: 20033: 20027: 20025: 20021: 20020: 20018: 20017: 20012: 20007: 20006: 20005: 20000: 19990: 19985: 19980: 19975: 19970: 19965: 19960: 19955: 19950: 19945: 19944: 19943: 19933: 19928: 19923: 19918: 19913: 19908: 19907: 19906: 19901: 19896: 19888: 19883: 19878: 19873: 19868: 19863: 19858: 19853: 19848: 19843: 19838: 19836:Federalist Era 19833: 19832: 19831: 19829:Bill of Rights 19826: 19816: 19811: 19810: 19809: 19804: 19794: 19793: 19792: 19787: 19777: 19772: 19770:Lee Resolution 19767: 19762: 19761: 19760: 19755: 19750: 19745: 19740: 19735: 19730: 19720: 19714: 19712: 19708: 19707: 19705: 19704: 19699: 19694: 19689: 19684: 19679: 19674: 19669: 19664: 19659: 19654: 19648: 19646: 19639: 19633: 19632: 19630: articles 19624: 19623: 19616: 19609: 19601: 19592: 19591: 19575: 19572: 19571: 19569: 19568: 19563: 19558: 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17276: 17274: 17273: 17268: 17263: 17258: 17253: 17251:Emperor Norton 17248: 17243: 17238: 17233: 17228: 17223: 17221:Andrew Jackson 17218: 17213: 17208: 17203: 17198: 17193: 17188: 17183: 17177: 17175: 17171: 17170: 17168: 17167: 17162: 17157: 17152: 17147: 17142: 17137: 17132: 17127: 17122: 17117: 17112: 17107: 17102: 17097: 17092: 17086: 17084: 17078: 17077: 17075: 17074: 17052: 17047: 17042: 17037: 17032: 17027: 17022: 17017: 17012: 17007: 17002: 16997: 16992: 16987: 16965: 16960: 16955: 16950: 16945: 16940: 16934: 16932: 16928: 16927: 16925: 16924: 16919: 16914: 16909: 16904: 16899: 16894: 16889: 16884: 16879: 16874: 16869: 16864: 16859: 16854: 16849: 16844: 16839: 16834: 16828: 16826: 16822: 16821: 16819: 16818: 16813: 16808: 16803: 16798: 16793: 16788: 16783: 16781:Jedediah Smith 16778: 16773: 16768: 16763: 16758: 16753: 16748: 16743: 16738: 16733: 16728: 16723: 16718: 16713: 16708: 16702: 16700: 16691: 16690: 16688: 16687: 16682: 16677: 16672: 16667: 16662: 16657: 16652: 16647: 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15966:(3): 297–335. 15950: 15929: 15912: 15906:978-0470999035 15905: 15883: 15870: 15857: 15854:978-0822337942 15837: 15824: 15802: 15782: 15767: 15742: 15715: 15699: 15697:(1991), ch. 21 15686: 15659: 15656:978-0806140766 15639: 15636:978-0786478392 15626:Jeremy Agnew, 15619: 15612: 15592: 15579: 15572:978-1404758612 15571: 15551: 15545:978-0826336699 15544: 15524: 15504: 15498:978-0226876078 15497: 15477: 15458:(5): 608–637. 15438: 15425: 15419:978-0806119205 15418: 15398: 15382: 15369: 15356: 15333: 15317: 15304: 15298:978-1444396577 15297: 15277: 15264: 15251: 15238: 15229: 15220: 15207: 15194: 15178: 15162: 15156:Beth E. Levy, 15149: 15136: 15111: 15086: 15071: 15051: 15025: 15011: 14998: 14974: 14958: 14945: 14929: 14900: 14878: 14852: 14823: 14804: 14779: 14754: 14725: 14706: 14680: 14645:(2): 241–255. 14625: 14600: 14574: 14549: 14523: 14498: 14484:978-0809415373 14483: 14460: 14451: 14431: 14422: 14404: 14395: 14375: 14355: 14340: 14317: 14310:Kansas History 14301: 14292: 14277: 14271:978-0810125087 14270: 14250: 14237: 14215: 14208: 14188: 14163: 14124: 14118:978-0195059687 14117: 14097: 14072: 14047: 14036:(6): 398–440. 14020: 14014:978-0874173697 14013: 13986: 13963: 13932: 13917: 13911:978-0195166828 13910: 13890: 13878: 13865: 13852: 13839: 13826: 13813: 13807:978-0803265615 13806: 13786: 13780:978-0292788077 13779: 13748: 13742:Everett Dick, 13735: 13708:(4): 421–445. 13692: 13686:978-0393314731 13685: 13665: 13659:978-0307756497 13658: 13638: 13632:978-0684814926 13631: 13611: 13605:978-0826319814 13604: 13583: 13567: 13546: 13524: 13502: 13476: 13456: 13450:978-0803273399 13449: 13429: 13416: 13413:978-0312445799 13396: 13383: 13366: 13343: 13338:Texas Observer 13324: 13305: 13290: 13284:978-0935269062 13283: 13263: 13256: 13236: 13230:978-9120028989 13229: 13209: 13196: 13187: 13172: 13161:(2): 204–223. 13145: 13118: 13115:978-1574415667 13098: 13071: 13050: 13047:. p. 142. 13032: 13019:10.2307/970535 13013:(4): 505–514. 12997: 12991:978-0803265615 12990: 12970: 12967:978-0425219386 12950: 12925: 12922:978-0762454761 12905: 12899:978-0486421612 12898: 12878: 12840: 12828: 12815: 12802: 12789: 12783:978-0809016013 12782: 12762: 12749: 12742: 12722: 12701:10.1086/493680 12676: 12656: 12643: 12630: 12617: 12611:Elliott West, 12604: 12591: 12578: 12565: 12552: 12539: 12533:Deborah Fink, 12526: 12513: 12500: 12494:Scott Ingram, 12487: 12468: 12449:(3): 367–394. 12433: 12420: 12407: 12394: 12378: 12365: 12352: 12339: 12328:(4): 430–444. 12312: 12299: 12286: 12272: 12259: 12248:(2): 188–203. 12232: 12216: 12199: 12183: 12170: 12168:(1910), 85–111 12157: 12144: 12137: 12117: 12094: 12074: 12058: 12043: 12034: 12025: 12018: 11998: 11985: 11972: 11959: 11953:978-0806124568 11952: 11932: 11925:978-0806112503 11924: 11904: 11875: 11868: 11848: 11818: 11787: 11768: 11762:978-1851096039 11761: 11741: 11728: 11722:978-1438110110 11721: 11701: 11695:978-1851096039 11694: 11674: 11668:978-0806127729 11667: 11647: 11644:978-1416591061 11627: 11599: 11593:978-0316847858 11592: 11574: 11567:978-0795009570 11566: 11546: 11543:978-0878424689 11526: 11522:978-0806115771 11509: 11496: 11483: 11474: 11461: 11448: 11435: 11429:Theda Perdue, 11422: 11419:978-0375758560 11402: 11393: 11373: 11348: 11326: 11323:978-0806122205 11303: 11290: 11287:978-0806122205 11267: 11261:978-0883544624 11260: 11240: 11227: 11210: 11191: 11178: 11155: 11140: 11118: 11105: 11092: 11086:Sarah Gordon, 11079: 11066: 11053: 11032: 11019: 10987: 10974: 10955:(2): 141–152. 10936: 10921: 10908: 10901: 10881: 10868: 10855: 10842: 10823:(2): 231–253. 10807: 10801:978-0405113789 10800: 10780: 10771: 10765:978-0028974958 10764: 10744: 10737: 10717: 10704: 10695: 10682: 10669: 10656: 10643: 10630: 10617: 10611:978-0199839254 10610: 10590: 10577: 10566: 10559: 10539: 10535:Kansas History 10526: 10510: 10497: 10490:Kansas History 10481: 10468: 10451: 10438: 10425: 10412:10.2307/967112 10406:(2): 179–196. 10390: 10384:David Bigler, 10377: 10361: 10341: 10320:10.2307/368068 10314:(4): 435–459. 10298: 10285: 10279:978-0394507972 10278: 10258: 10245: 10225: 10219:978-0791094112 10218: 10209:Serial Killers 10198: 10192:978-1412990851 10191: 10171: 10155: 10136: 10123: 10110: 10104:978-0874133837 10103: 10083: 10070: 10068:(2007) p. 119. 10057: 10044: 10035: 10026: 10020:978-0520217713 10019: 9999: 9993:978-0806132150 9992: 9972: 9959: 9957:(2012) p. 114. 9946: 9940:978-0807117231 9939: 9919: 9912: 9892: 9871: 9858: 9829:(2): 309–324. 9813: 9807:978-0674745728 9806: 9786: 9780:978-1610010184 9779: 9759: 9753:978-1439160459 9752: 9729: 9716: 9700: 9687: 9680:978-0826302359 9679: 9659: 9650: 9644:978-0199743797 9643: 9623: 9610: 9591:(4): 365–395. 9575: 9562: 9549: 9536: 9523: 9507: 9501:978-1630878788 9500: 9480: 9457: 9450: 9430: 9424:978-0813111193 9423: 9403: 9366: 9358:John R. Thelin 9350: 9344:978-0394718057 9343: 9323: 9310: 9303: 9283: 9267: 9254: 9241: 9235:978-1560446200 9234: 9214: 9199: 9184: 9166: 9153: 9134:(1): 242–249. 9118: 9112:Adam I. Kane, 9105: 9092: 9079: 9073:978-0195365498 9072: 9066:. Oxford U.P. 9052: 9033:(3): 369–382. 9017: 9001: 8988: 8975: 8958: 8945: 8939:978-0393340020 8938: 8918: 8905: 8898: 8878: 8865: 8859:978-1107017405 8858: 8838: 8825: 8809: 8796: 8779: 8744: 8742:ch. 11–14 8731: 8715: 8709:978-0684825359 8708: 8688: 8682:Stephen Aron, 8675: 8662: 8645: 8639:978-1421412764 8638: 8618: 8607:(1): 213–229. 8591: 8578: 8562: 8549: 8533: 8527:978-1565126541 8526: 8506: 8490: 8477: 8471:978-1584654278 8470: 8450: 8444:978-0762703302 8443: 8423: 8417:978-0806127187 8416: 8396: 8383: 8370: 8357: 8351:Sung Bok Kim, 8344: 8331: 8318: 8296: 8277:(2): 179–215. 8261: 8254: 8231: 8225:978-1405156530 8224: 8205: 8170: 8144: 8119: 8094: 8081: 8075:978-0300078350 8074: 8046: 8027: 8021:978-0195059687 8020: 7997: 7958: 7940: 7921: 7915:978-0195059687 7914: 7894: 7888:978-0195059687 7887: 7867: 7854:10.2307/970654 7848:(3): 289–307. 7828: 7797: 7784:10.2307/970654 7778:(3): 289–307. 7758: 7727: 7724:. p. 293. 7705: 7683: 7677:978-0195059687 7676: 7656: 7628: 7612: 7591: 7562: 7561: 7559: 7556: 7553: 7552: 7532: 7531: 7529: 7526: 7525: 7524: 7514: 7504: 7496: 7488: 7470: 7460: 7457: 7456: 7455: 7449: 7439: 7433: 7427: 7421: 7413: 7410: 7409: 7408: 7403: 7396: 7389: 7380: 7377: 7376: 7375: 7370: 7365: 7360: 7354: 7336: 7331: 7317: 7310: 7307: 7306: 7305: 7299: 7294: 7288: 7282: 7277: 7272: 7267: 7257: 7251: 7245: 7239: 7234: 7225: 7222: 7221: 7220: 7204: 7201: 7165:William Cronon 7131: 7130:Historiography 7128: 7082:cowboy culture 7076: 7073: 6990: 6987: 6948: 6945: 6869: 6866: 6851:William Cronon 6844:Arthur Farwell 6836:Virgil Thomson 6807: 6804: 6792:Klondike Trail 6786:. causing the 6768:Main article: 6765: 6762: 6725: 6722: 6720: 6717: 6692:Main article: 6689: 6686: 6680:from multiple 6617:Main article: 6614: 6611: 6565:Main article: 6562: 6559: 6552:bounty hunters 6504: 6501: 6487:following the 6430:American River 6410:Main article: 6407: 6404: 6351:Main article: 6348: 6345: 6343: 6340: 6257:Homestead Acts 6232:Following the 6217: 6214: 6201:Plains Indians 6170:American bison 6165: 6162: 6158:Donald Worster 6087:national parks 6039: 6036: 6011:Main article: 6008: 6005: 5964:Chisholm Trail 5940:Main article: 5937: 5934: 5879:Las Cuevas War 5784:Main article: 5781: 5778: 5666: 5665: 5656: 5655: 5647: 5646: 5638: 5637: 5636: 5635: 5634: 5632: 5629: 5578:Frank Stilwell 5481:counterfeiting 5440: 5437: 5389: 5386: 5373: 5370: 5348: 5345: 5329:discrimination 5292:Main article: 5289: 5286: 5233:Main article: 5230: 5227: 5191: 5188: 5180:Rocky Mountain 5131: 5128: 5126: 5123: 5115:Butte, Montana 5096: 5095: 5088: 5087: 5086: 5076: 5075:Urban frontier 5073: 5064:Carl L. Becker 5022: 5019: 5017: 5016:Social history 5014: 5011:American West. 4988:Little Bighorn 4940:Missouri River 4919:Santa Fe Trail 4882:Main article: 4879: 4876: 4854:, New Mexico, 4809: 4806: 4580:policy in the 4578:scorched earth 4495:Comanche power 4457: 4454: 4436:(in Cherokee " 4434:Trail of Tears 4402:Andrew Jackson 4390:Andrew Jackson 4379:Trail of Tears 4377:Main article: 4374: 4373:Trail of Tears 4371: 4369: 4366: 4305:Main article: 4302: 4299: 4274:Main article: 4271: 4268: 4260:Nome Gold Rush 4243:William Seward 4214:Main article: 4211: 4208: 4168: 4165: 4125:Great Northern 4121:Milwaukee Road 4053:Theodore Judah 4005: 4002: 3966:public auction 3942: 3939: 3902: 3899: 3897: 3894: 3804: 3801: 3743:Main article: 3740: 3737: 3716: 3713: 3696:states' rights 3676:Main article: 3673: 3670: 3644:Salt Lake City 3619:Main article: 3616: 3613: 3608:Confrontations 3595:Salt Lake City 3508: 3505: 3501:Harpe brothers 3455:Marcus Whitman 3403:Main article: 3400: 3397: 3345:American River 3282:Main article: 3279: 3276: 3267: 3264: 3256:Wilmot Proviso 3232:Winfield Scott 3228:Zachary Taylor 3191:Main article: 3188: 3185: 3144:William Travis 3117:Santa Fe Trail 3083: 3080: 3043:Main article: 3040: 3037: 3007:Santa Fe Trail 2992: 2989: 2972: 2969: 2905: 2902: 2900: 2897: 2859:Thomas Nuttall 2816: 2813: 2804:Winfield Scott 2753:Forest Service 2732: 2729: 2725:Jack Omohundro 2713:Jedediah Smith 2641:Main article: 2638: 2635: 2573:Main article: 2570: 2567: 2539: 2536: 2515:Andrew Jackson 2499:Andrew Jackson 2477:Native leader 2470: 2467: 2447:Cumberland Gap 2428:Marietta, Ohio 2386: 2383: 2353: 2350: 2329:Cumberland Gap 2320: 2317: 2280: 2277: 2263: 2260: 2185:Cumberland Gap 2170:Main article: 2167: 2164: 2162: 2159: 2151: 2144: 2137: 2128: 2127: 2124: 2117: 2115: 2112: 2105: 2103: 2100: 2093: 2091: 2088: 2081: 2079: 2076: 2069: 2067: 2064: 2057: 2053: 2050: 2035:American South 2023:Salt Lake City 1982: 1972: 1826: 1823: 1801:following the 1768: 1767: 1765: 1764: 1757: 1750: 1742: 1739: 1738: 1737: 1736: 1726: 1715: 1714: 1712:Historiography 1709: 1704: 1696: 1695: 1690: 1689: 1688: 1687: 1677: 1669: 1668: 1664: 1663: 1662: 1661: 1656: 1651: 1646: 1641: 1636: 1628: 1627: 1623: 1622: 1621: 1620: 1615: 1610: 1605: 1600: 1595: 1590: 1585: 1580: 1575: 1570: 1565: 1560: 1555: 1550: 1545: 1540: 1535: 1530: 1525: 1520: 1515: 1510: 1505: 1500: 1495: 1490: 1485: 1480: 1475: 1470: 1465: 1460: 1455: 1450: 1445: 1440: 1435: 1430: 1425: 1420: 1415: 1410: 1405: 1400: 1395: 1390: 1385: 1380: 1375: 1367: 1366: 1362: 1361: 1360: 1359: 1357:The West Coast 1354: 1349: 1341: 1340: 1336: 1335: 1334: 1333: 1331:Indian removal 1328: 1323: 1318: 1313: 1305: 1304: 1296: 1293: 1292: 1289: 1288: 1285: 1284: 1283: 1282: 1277: 1272: 1260: 1253: 1252: 1251: 1246: 1234: 1233: 1232: 1230:Saudi American 1227: 1222: 1217: 1215:Iraqi American 1212: 1207: 1195: 1188: 1187: 1186: 1174: 1173: 1172: 1167: 1162: 1157: 1152: 1150:Irish American 1147: 1142: 1137: 1132: 1127: 1115: 1114: 1113: 1108: 1103: 1098: 1093: 1088: 1083: 1075:Asian American 1071: 1063: 1060: 1059: 1056: 1055: 1052: 1051: 1050: 1049: 1044: 1039: 1034: 1029: 1017: 1016: 1015: 1013:Sexual slavery 1003: 996: 989: 988: 987: 982: 977: 972: 967: 962: 950: 949: 948: 943: 938: 933: 928: 923: 911: 904: 897: 896: 895: 890: 885: 883:Postal service 880: 875: 873:Foreign policy 870: 865: 860: 855: 850: 845: 840: 828: 821: 820: 819: 807: 806: 805: 793: 792: 791: 779: 778: 777: 772: 767: 762: 750: 749: 748: 736: 729: 721: 718: 717: 714: 713: 708: 707: 704: 700: 699: 697: 689: 688: 685: 678: 677: 675: 667: 666: 663: 656: 655: 653: 645: 644: 641: 634: 633: 630: 623: 622: 620: 612: 611: 608: 601: 600: 597: 590: 589: 587: 579: 578: 575: 568: 567: 564: 557: 556: 553: 546: 545: 542: 535: 534: 532: 524: 523: 520: 513: 512: 509: 502: 501: 498: 491: 490: 488: 480: 479: 476: 469: 468: 466: 458: 457: 454: 452:Jacksonian Era 447: 446: 443: 436: 435: 433: 425: 424: 421: 414: 413: 410: 408:Federalist Era 403: 402: 400: 392: 391: 388: 381: 380: 377: 370: 369: 367: 359: 358: 355: 347: 346: 343: 327: 320: 319: 316: 315: 307: 306: 296: 295: 285: 284: 283: 282: 277: 272: 267: 262: 257: 255:Utah Territory 252: 247: 242: 237: 232: 230:Oregon Country 227: 222: 217: 212: 207: 202: 197: 192: 187: 182: 177: 172: 167: 159: 155: 154: 152: 151: 147: 145: 144: 140: 138: 137: 129: 127: 126: 118: 116: 115: 103: 101: 97: 96: 78: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 24704: 24693: 24690: 24688: 24685: 24683: 24680: 24678: 24675: 24673: 24670: 24668: 24665: 24663: 24660: 24658: 24655: 24653: 24650: 24649: 24647: 24632: 24628: 24624: 24622: 24614: 24612: 24609: 24607: 24606:List of years 24604: 24603: 24600: 24586: 24578: 24576: 24575:Urban history 24573: 24572: 24570: 24566: 24560: 24557: 24555: 24554:Palmyra Atoll 24552: 24550: 24547: 24545: 24542: 24540: 24537: 24535: 24532: 24530: 24529:Jarvis Island 24527: 24525: 24522: 24520: 24517: 24516: 24514: 24510: 24504: 24501: 24499: 24496: 24494: 24491: 24489: 24486: 24484: 24481: 24480: 24478: 24476:Insular areas 24474: 24470: 24466: 24462: 24456: 24453: 24451: 24448: 24446: 24445:West Virginia 24443: 24441: 24438: 24436: 24433: 24431: 24428: 24426: 24423: 24421: 24418: 24416: 24413: 24411: 24408: 24406: 24403: 24401: 24398: 24396: 24393: 24391: 24388: 24386: 24383: 24381: 24378: 24376: 24373: 24371: 24368: 24366: 24363: 24361: 24358: 24356: 24353: 24351: 24350:New Hampshire 24348: 24346: 24343: 24341: 24338: 24336: 24333: 24331: 24328: 24326: 24323: 24321: 24318: 24316: 24313: 24311: 24310:Massachusetts 24308: 24306: 24303: 24301: 24298: 24296: 24293: 24291: 24288: 24286: 24283: 24281: 24278: 24276: 24273: 24271: 24268: 24266: 24263: 24261: 24258: 24256: 24253: 24251: 24248: 24246: 24243: 24241: 24238: 24236: 24233: 24231: 24228: 24226: 24223: 24221: 24218: 24216: 24213: 24211: 24208: 24207: 24205: 24201: 24195: 24192: 24190: 24187: 24185: 24182: 24181: 24179: 24175: 24169: 24166: 24164: 24161: 24159: 24156: 24154: 24151: 24149: 24146: 24145: 24143: 24141: 24137: 24133: 24126: 24122: 24110: 24107: 24105: 24102: 24100: 24097: 24096: 24095: 24094: 24090: 24088: 24087: 24083: 24079: 24076: 24074: 24071: 24070: 24069: 24068: 24064: 24060: 24057: 24055: 24052: 24050: 24047: 24045: 24042: 24040: 24037: 24035: 24032: 24031: 24030: 24029: 24025: 24023: 24022: 24018: 24014: 24011: 24010: 24009: 24008: 24004: 24000: 23997: 23995: 23992: 23990: 23987: 23985: 23982: 23980: 23977: 23975: 23972: 23970: 23967: 23965: 23962: 23960: 23957: 23956: 23955: 23954: 23950: 23946: 23943: 23941: 23940:Thai American 23938: 23936: 23933: 23931: 23928: 23926: 23923: 23921: 23918: 23916: 23913: 23912: 23911: 23910: 23906: 23904: 23903: 23899: 23898: 23895: 23888: 23884: 23872: 23869: 23867: 23864: 23862: 23859: 23857: 23854: 23852: 23849: 23848: 23847: 23846: 23842: 23838: 23835: 23834: 23833: 23832: 23828: 23826: 23825: 23821: 23819: 23818: 23814: 23810: 23807: 23805: 23802: 23800: 23797: 23795: 23792: 23790: 23787: 23785: 23782: 23781: 23780: 23779: 23778:Party Systems 23775: 23771: 23768: 23766: 23763: 23761: 23758: 23756: 23753: 23751: 23748: 23746: 23743: 23742: 23741: 23740: 23736: 23734: 23733: 23729: 23727: 23726: 23722: 23718: 23717:Voting rights 23715: 23713: 23710: 23708: 23705: 23703: 23700: 23698: 23695: 23693: 23690: 23688: 23685: 23683: 23680: 23678: 23675: 23673: 23670: 23668: 23665: 23663: 23660: 23659: 23658: 23657: 23653: 23651: 23650: 23646: 23642: 23639: 23638: 23637: 23636: 23632: 23628: 23625: 23624: 23623: 23622: 23618: 23614: 23611: 23610: 23609: 23608: 23604: 23600: 23597: 23595: 23592: 23590: 23587: 23585: 23582: 23581: 23580: 23579: 23575: 23573: 23572: 23568: 23566: 23565: 23561: 23560: 23557: 23550: 23546: 23532: 23529: 23527: 23524: 23522: 23521: 23517: 23515: 23512: 23510: 23507: 23505: 23502: 23498: 23495: 23494: 23493: 23490: 23488: 23485: 23483: 23482: 23478: 23476: 23473: 23469: 23466: 23464: 23461: 23459: 23456: 23454: 23451: 23449: 23446: 23444: 23441: 23439: 23436: 23434: 23431: 23430: 23429: 23426: 23424: 23421: 23420: 23418: 23416: 23412: 23406: 23403: 23401: 23398: 23396: 23393: 23389: 23386: 23384: 23381: 23380: 23379: 23378:War on terror 23376: 23374: 23371: 23369: 23368: 23364: 23362: 23359: 23357: 23354: 23352: 23349: 23347: 23344: 23342: 23339: 23337: 23334: 23332: 23329: 23327: 23324: 23323: 23321: 23319: 23315: 23309: 23306: 23304: 23301: 23299: 23296: 23292: 23289: 23287: 23284: 23282: 23279: 23278: 23277: 23276:Late Cold War 23274: 23272: 23269: 23265: 23262: 23260: 23257: 23256: 23255: 23252: 23251: 23249: 23247: 23243: 23237: 23234: 23232: 23229: 23227: 23224: 23220: 23217: 23216: 23215: 23212: 23210: 23207: 23205: 23202: 23200: 23197: 23193: 23190: 23188: 23185: 23183: 23180: 23179: 23178: 23175: 23171: 23168: 23166: 23163: 23162: 23161: 23158: 23156: 23155:Great Society 23153: 23152: 23150: 23148: 23144: 23138: 23135: 23131: 23128: 23127: 23126: 23123: 23121: 23118: 23116: 23113: 23111: 23110:Post-war boom 23108: 23104: 23101: 23099: 23096: 23094: 23091: 23089: 23086: 23085: 23084: 23081: 23077: 23074: 23073: 23072: 23069: 23067: 23064: 23063: 23061: 23059: 23055: 23045: 23042: 23041: 23040: 23037: 23035: 23032: 23030: 23027: 23026: 23025: 23022: 23018: 23015: 23013: 23010: 23008: 23005: 23004: 23003: 23000: 22996: 22993: 22991: 22988: 22986: 22983: 22981: 22978: 22976: 22973: 22971: 22968: 22967: 22966: 22963: 22961: 22958: 22954: 22951: 22950: 22949: 22946: 22945: 22943: 22941: 22937: 22931: 22928: 22924: 22921: 22919: 22916: 22914: 22911: 22909: 22906: 22905: 22904: 22901: 22897: 22894: 22892: 22889: 22887: 22884: 22882: 22879: 22877: 22874: 22872: 22869: 22868: 22867: 22864: 22862: 22859: 22855: 22852: 22850: 22847: 22845: 22842: 22840: 22837: 22835: 22832: 22831: 22830: 22827: 22826: 22824: 22822: 22818: 22810: 22807: 22805: 22802: 22801: 22800: 22797: 22793: 22790: 22788: 22785: 22783: 22780: 22776: 22773: 22772: 22771: 22768: 22766: 22763: 22761: 22758: 22757: 22756: 22753: 22751: 22748: 22746: 22743: 22742: 22740: 22738: 22734: 22728: 22725: 22723: 22720: 22716: 22713: 22711: 22708: 22706: 22703: 22701: 22698: 22696: 22693: 22691: 22688: 22687: 22686: 22683: 22679: 22676: 22674: 22671: 22670: 22669: 22666: 22665: 22663: 22661: 22657: 22649: 22646: 22644: 22641: 22640: 22639: 22636: 22632: 22629: 22627: 22624: 22623: 22622: 22619: 22617: 22614: 22613: 22611: 22609: 22605: 22597: 22594: 22592: 22589: 22587: 22584: 22582: 22579: 22577: 22574: 22571: 22570: 22569: 22566: 22562: 22559: 22557: 22554: 22552: 22549: 22547: 22544: 22542: 22539: 22538: 22537: 22534: 22533: 22531: 22529: 22525: 22517: 22514: 22512: 22509: 22507: 22504: 22502: 22499: 22497: 22494: 22492: 22489: 22487: 22484: 22482: 22479: 22477: 22474: 22472: 22469: 22467: 22464: 22463: 22462: 22459: 22457: 22454: 22452: 22449: 22447: 22444: 22442: 22439: 22437: 22434: 22432: 22429: 22427: 22424: 22422: 22419: 22417: 22414: 22412: 22409: 22407: 22404: 22402: 22399: 22398: 22396: 22394: 22390: 22384: 22383: 22379: 22377: 22376: 22372: 22371: 22369: 22365: 22361: 22354: 22350: 22344: 22341: 22339: 22336: 22335: 22332: 22328: 22321: 22316: 22314: 22309: 22307: 22302: 22301: 22298: 22286: 22283: 22281: 22278: 22277: 22272: 22268: 22265: 22261: 22260: 22256: 22242: 22239: 22237: 22234: 22232: 22229: 22225: 22222: 22221: 22220: 22217: 22213: 22210: 22209: 22208: 22205: 22203: 22200: 22198: 22195: 22193: 22190: 22188: 22185: 22183: 22180: 22176: 22173: 22171: 22168: 22167: 22166: 22163: 22161: 22160:Energy policy 22158: 22154: 22151: 22149: 22146: 22144: 22141: 22139: 22136: 22134: 22131: 22129: 22126: 22124: 22121: 22119: 22116: 22115: 22114: 22111: 22109: 22106: 22102: 22101:incarceration 22099: 22098: 22097: 22094: 22092: 22089: 22088: 22086: 22082: 22076: 22073: 22071: 22068: 22066: 22063: 22061: 22058: 22056: 22053: 22051: 22048: 22046: 22043: 22041: 22038: 22036: 22033: 22031: 22028: 22024: 22021: 22019: 22016: 22014: 22011: 22010: 22009: 22006: 22002: 21999: 21997: 21994: 21992: 21989: 21987: 21986:Prenatal care 21984: 21982: 21981:Birth control 21979: 21977: 21974: 21973: 21972: 21969: 21967: 21964: 21963: 21961: 21959: 21955: 21949: 21946: 21944: 21941: 21939: 21936: 21934: 21931: 21929: 21926: 21924: 21921: 21919: 21918:Homeownership 21916: 21914: 21911: 21909: 21906: 21904: 21901: 21899: 21896: 21895: 21893: 21891: 21887: 21881: 21878: 21876: 21873: 21871: 21868: 21866: 21863: 21861: 21858: 21856: 21853: 21851: 21848: 21846: 21843: 21841: 21838: 21836: 21833: 21831: 21828: 21826: 21823: 21821: 21818: 21814: 21811: 21809: 21806: 21804: 21801: 21799: 21796: 21795: 21794: 21791: 21789: 21786: 21784: 21781: 21779: 21776: 21772: 21769: 21767: 21764: 21762: 21759: 21757: 21754: 21752: 21749: 21748: 21747: 21744: 21742: 21739: 21735: 21732: 21730: 21727: 21725: 21722: 21721: 21720: 21717: 21715: 21712: 21710: 21707: 21705: 21702: 21698: 21695: 21694: 21693: 21690: 21688: 21685: 21681: 21678: 21677: 21676: 21673: 21671: 21668: 21666: 21663: 21659: 21656: 21654: 21651: 21650: 21649: 21646: 21642: 21641:working class 21639: 21637: 21634: 21632: 21629: 21627: 21624: 21622: 21619: 21617: 21614: 21612: 21609: 21607: 21604: 21602: 21601:homeownership 21599: 21597: 21594: 21592: 21589: 21588: 21587: 21584: 21582: 21579: 21577: 21574: 21572: 21569: 21567: 21564: 21562: 21559: 21557: 21554: 21552: 21549: 21548: 21546: 21544: 21540: 21536: 21533: 21531: 21527: 21517: 21514: 21512: 21509: 21507: 21504: 21502: 21499: 21497: 21494: 21492: 21489: 21487: 21484: 21483: 21481: 21479: 21475: 21469: 21466: 21464: 21461: 21459: 21456: 21454: 21451: 21449: 21446: 21444: 21441: 21439: 21436: 21434: 21431: 21429: 21426: 21424: 21421: 21419: 21416: 21414: 21411: 21407: 21404: 21402: 21399: 21397: 21394: 21392: 21389: 21387: 21384: 21382: 21381:Manufacturing 21379: 21377: 21374: 21372: 21369: 21367: 21364: 21362: 21359: 21357: 21354: 21352: 21349: 21348: 21347: 21344: 21343: 21340: 21337: 21335: 21331: 21317: 21314: 21310: 21309:Third parties 21307: 21305: 21302: 21300: 21297: 21296: 21295: 21292: 21288: 21285: 21283: 21280: 21278: 21275: 21274: 21273: 21270: 21268: 21265: 21261: 21258: 21257: 21256: 21253: 21249: 21246: 21244: 21241: 21240: 21239: 21236: 21234: 21231: 21230: 21227: 21215: 21212: 21211: 21210: 21207: 21206: 21204: 21202: 21198: 21192: 21189: 21187: 21184: 21183: 21181: 21179: 21175: 21169: 21166: 21164: 21161: 21159: 21156: 21154: 21151: 21149: 21146: 21144: 21141: 21139: 21136: 21134: 21131: 21129: 21126: 21124: 21121: 21120: 21118: 21114: 21108: 21105: 21103: 21100: 21098: 21095: 21093: 21090: 21089: 21087: 21085: 21081: 21078: 21076: 21072: 21066: 21063: 21059: 21056: 21055: 21054: 21051: 21047: 21044: 21042: 21039: 21037: 21034: 21033: 21032: 21029: 21027: 21024: 21023: 21021: 21019: 21015: 21005: 21002: 21000: 20997: 20995: 20992: 20990: 20987: 20986: 20984: 20982: 20978: 20970: 20967: 20966: 20965: 20962: 20958: 20955: 20954: 20953: 20950: 20949: 20947: 20945: 20941: 20935: 20932: 20930: 20927: 20926: 20924: 20922: 20918: 20910: 20907: 20906: 20905: 20902: 20900: 20897: 20895: 20892: 20890: 20887: 20885: 20882: 20880: 20877: 20875: 20872: 20870: 20867: 20863: 20860: 20859: 20858: 20855: 20851: 20848: 20847: 20846: 20843: 20842: 20840: 20838: 20834: 20831: 20829: 20823: 20818: 20814: 20804: 20801: 20799: 20796: 20792: 20789: 20787: 20784: 20782: 20779: 20777: 20774: 20772: 20769: 20767: 20764: 20762: 20759: 20758: 20757: 20754: 20753: 20751: 20749: 20745: 20739: 20736: 20732: 20729: 20727: 20724: 20722: 20719: 20717: 20714: 20713: 20712: 20709: 20707: 20704: 20700: 20697: 20696: 20695: 20692: 20691: 20689: 20687: 20683: 20677: 20676:U.S. attorney 20674: 20672: 20669: 20665: 20662: 20660: 20657: 20656: 20655: 20651: 20648: 20644: 20641: 20640: 20639: 20636: 20632: 20629: 20627: 20624: 20622: 20621:Chief Justice 20619: 20618: 20617: 20616:Supreme Court 20614: 20613: 20611: 20609: 20605: 20599: 20596: 20594: 20591: 20589: 20586: 20584: 20581: 20579: 20576: 20572: 20569: 20567: 20564: 20562: 20559: 20558: 20557: 20554: 20550: 20547: 20545: 20542: 20541: 20540: 20537: 20536: 20534: 20532: 20528: 20522: 20521:Public policy 20519: 20517: 20516:Civil service 20514: 20512: 20509: 20505: 20502: 20500: 20497: 20495: 20492: 20490: 20487: 20485: 20482: 20480: 20477: 20475: 20472: 20470: 20467: 20465: 20462: 20461: 20460: 20457: 20453: 20450: 20448: 20445: 20443: 20440: 20438: 20435: 20434: 20433: 20430: 20428: 20425: 20423: 20420: 20418: 20415: 20413: 20410: 20406: 20403: 20401: 20398: 20397: 20396: 20393: 20392: 20390: 20386: 20383: 20381: 20377: 20373: 20370: 20368: 20364: 20354: 20351: 20349: 20346: 20344: 20341: 20337: 20334: 20332: 20329: 20327: 20324: 20322: 20319: 20317: 20314: 20312: 20309: 20307: 20304: 20302: 20299: 20298: 20297: 20293: 20289: 20286: 20284: 20281: 20279: 20276: 20274: 20271: 20269: 20266: 20264: 20261: 20259: 20256: 20254: 20251: 20249: 20246: 20244: 20241: 20239: 20236: 20234: 20231: 20229: 20226: 20224: 20221: 20219: 20216: 20214: 20211: 20209: 20206: 20205: 20204: 20201: 20197: 20194: 20193: 20192: 20189: 20185: 20184:Sierra Nevada 20182: 20180: 20177: 20175: 20172: 20170: 20167: 20165: 20162: 20161: 20160: 20157: 20155: 20152: 20150: 20147: 20145: 20142: 20138: 20135: 20133: 20130: 20128: 20125: 20123: 20122:insular zones 20120: 20118: 20115: 20113: 20110: 20108: 20105: 20103: 20100: 20098: 20095: 20094: 20093: 20090: 20089: 20086: 20083: 20081: 20077: 20067: 20064: 20062: 20059: 20057: 20054: 20052: 20049: 20047: 20044: 20042: 20039: 20037: 20034: 20032: 20029: 20028: 20026: 20022: 20016: 20013: 20011: 20008: 20004: 20001: 19999: 19996: 19995: 19994: 19993:War on Terror 19991: 19989: 19986: 19984: 19981: 19979: 19976: 19974: 19973:LGBT Movement 19971: 19969: 19966: 19964: 19961: 19959: 19956: 19954: 19951: 19949: 19946: 19942: 19939: 19938: 19937: 19934: 19932: 19929: 19927: 19924: 19922: 19919: 19917: 19914: 19912: 19909: 19905: 19902: 19900: 19897: 19895: 19892: 19891: 19889: 19887: 19884: 19882: 19879: 19877: 19874: 19872: 19869: 19867: 19864: 19862: 19859: 19857: 19854: 19852: 19849: 19847: 19844: 19842: 19839: 19837: 19834: 19830: 19827: 19825: 19822: 19821: 19820: 19817: 19815: 19812: 19808: 19805: 19803: 19800: 19799: 19798: 19795: 19791: 19788: 19786: 19783: 19782: 19781: 19778: 19776: 19773: 19771: 19768: 19766: 19763: 19759: 19756: 19754: 19751: 19749: 19746: 19744: 19741: 19739: 19736: 19734: 19731: 19729: 19726: 19725: 19724: 19721: 19719: 19716: 19715: 19713: 19709: 19703: 19700: 19698: 19695: 19693: 19690: 19688: 19685: 19683: 19680: 19678: 19675: 19673: 19670: 19668: 19665: 19663: 19660: 19658: 19655: 19653: 19650: 19649: 19647: 19643: 19640: 19638: 19634: 19629: 19628:United States 19622: 19617: 19615: 19610: 19608: 19603: 19602: 19599: 19588: 19584: 19580: 19573: 19567: 19564: 19562: 19559: 19557: 19554: 19552: 19549: 19547: 19544: 19542: 19539: 19537: 19534: 19533: 19531: 19527: 19521: 19518: 19516: 19513: 19511: 19508: 19506: 19503: 19501: 19498: 19496: 19493: 19491: 19488: 19486: 19483: 19481: 19478: 19476: 19473: 19471: 19468: 19466: 19463: 19461: 19458: 19457: 19455: 19451: 19445: 19442: 19440: 19437: 19435: 19432: 19430: 19427: 19425: 19422: 19420: 19417: 19415: 19412: 19410: 19407: 19405: 19402: 19400: 19397: 19395: 19392: 19390: 19387: 19385: 19382: 19380: 19377: 19375: 19372: 19370: 19367: 19366: 19364: 19362: 19356: 19350: 19347: 19345: 19342: 19340: 19337: 19335: 19332: 19330: 19327: 19325: 19322: 19320: 19317: 19315: 19312: 19310: 19307: 19305: 19302: 19300: 19297: 19295: 19292: 19290: 19287: 19285: 19282: 19280: 19277: 19275: 19272: 19270: 19267: 19265: 19262: 19260: 19257: 19255: 19252: 19250: 19247: 19245: 19242: 19240: 19237: 19235: 19232: 19230: 19229:Railroad Wars 19227: 19226: 19224: 19222: 19218: 19212: 19209: 19207: 19204: 19202: 19199: 19197: 19194: 19192: 19189: 19187: 19184: 19182: 19179: 19177: 19174: 19172: 19169: 19167: 19164: 19162: 19159: 19157: 19154: 19152: 19149: 19147: 19144: 19142: 19139: 19137: 19136:Sandbar Fight 19134: 19132: 19129: 19128: 19126: 19124: 19118: 19112: 19109: 19107: 19104: 19102: 19099: 19097: 19094: 19092: 19089: 19087: 19086:Naco Gunfight 19084: 19082: 19079: 19077: 19074: 19072: 19069: 19067: 19064: 19062: 19059: 19057: 19054: 19052: 19049: 19047: 19044: 19042: 19039: 19037: 19034: 19032: 19029: 19027: 19024: 19022: 19019: 19017: 19014: 19012: 19009: 19007: 19004: 19002: 18999: 18997: 18994: 18992: 18989: 18987: 18984: 18982: 18979: 18977: 18974: 18972: 18969: 18967: 18964: 18962: 18959: 18957: 18954: 18952: 18949: 18947: 18944: 18942: 18939: 18937: 18934: 18932: 18929: 18927: 18924: 18923: 18921: 18919: 18915: 18911: 18907: 18903: 18896: 18891: 18889: 18884: 18882: 18877: 18876: 18873: 18861: 18853: 18852: 18849: 18835: 18832: 18830: 18827: 18826: 18824: 18822: 18818: 18812: 18809: 18807: 18804: 18802: 18801:Port Townsend 18799: 18797: 18794: 18793: 18791: 18789: 18785: 18779: 18776: 18775: 18773: 18771: 18767: 18761: 18758: 18756: 18753: 18751: 18748: 18746: 18743: 18741: 18738: 18736: 18733: 18731: 18728: 18727: 18725: 18723: 18719: 18713: 18710: 18708: 18705: 18703: 18700: 18698: 18695: 18693: 18690: 18688: 18685: 18683: 18680: 18678: 18675: 18674: 18672: 18670: 18666: 18660: 18657: 18655: 18652: 18650: 18647: 18645: 18642: 18640: 18637: 18635: 18632: 18630: 18629:Oklahoma City 18627: 18625: 18622: 18620: 18617: 18615: 18612: 18611: 18609: 18607: 18602: 18598: 18592: 18589: 18587: 18584: 18582: 18579: 18577: 18574: 18572: 18569: 18567: 18564: 18562: 18559: 18557: 18554: 18552: 18549: 18547: 18544: 18542: 18539: 18537: 18534: 18533: 18531: 18529: 18525: 18519: 18516: 18514: 18513:Virginia City 18511: 18509: 18506: 18505: 18503: 18501: 18497: 18491: 18488: 18486: 18483: 18481: 18478: 18476: 18473: 18471: 18470:Nebraska City 18468: 18466: 18465:Fort Robinson 18463: 18461: 18460:Fort Atkinson 18458: 18456: 18453: 18452: 18450: 18448: 18444: 18438: 18437:Virginia City 18435: 18433: 18430: 18428: 18425: 18423: 18420: 18418: 18415: 18413: 18410: 18408: 18405: 18403: 18400: 18398: 18395: 18394: 18392: 18390: 18386: 18380: 18379: 18376: 18373: 18371: 18368: 18366: 18363: 18362: 18360: 18358: 18354: 18348: 18345: 18343: 18340: 18338: 18335: 18333: 18330: 18328: 18325: 18323: 18320: 18319: 18317: 18315: 18311: 18305: 18304:Fort Dearborn 18302: 18301: 18299: 18297: 18293: 18287: 18284: 18282: 18279: 18278: 18276: 18274: 18270: 18264: 18261: 18259: 18256: 18254: 18253:St. Augustine 18251: 18249: 18246: 18244: 18241: 18239: 18236: 18234: 18231: 18230: 18228: 18226: 18222: 18216: 18213: 18211: 18210:Standing Rock 18208: 18206: 18203: 18201: 18198: 18196: 18193: 18191: 18188: 18186: 18183: 18181: 18178: 18177: 18175: 18173: 18169: 18163: 18160: 18158: 18155: 18153: 18150: 18148: 18145: 18144: 18142: 18140: 18136: 18130: 18129:San Francisco 18127: 18125: 18122: 18120: 18117: 18115: 18112: 18110: 18107: 18105: 18102: 18100: 18097: 18096: 18094: 18092: 18088: 18082: 18079: 18077: 18074: 18072: 18069: 18067: 18064: 18062: 18059: 18057: 18054: 18052: 18049: 18047: 18046:Canyon Diablo 18044: 18043: 18041: 18039: 18035: 18029: 18026: 18024: 18021: 18019: 18016: 18014: 18011: 18009: 18006: 18005: 18003: 18001: 17997: 17994: 17990: 17986: 17978: 17977:Snap fastener 17975: 17973: 17970: 17968: 17965: 17963: 17960: 17959: 17958: 17955: 17951: 17950:Texas country 17948: 17946: 17943: 17941: 17938: 17936: 17933: 17932: 17931: 17930:Western music 17928: 17926: 17923: 17921: 17920:Western genre 17918: 17916: 17913: 17911: 17908: 17904: 17901: 17899: 17896: 17894: 17891: 17889: 17886: 17884: 17881: 17879: 17876: 17874: 17871: 17869: 17866: 17865: 17864: 17861: 17860: 17858: 17854: 17848: 17845: 17843: 17840: 17838: 17835: 17833: 17830: 17828: 17825: 17823: 17820: 17818: 17815: 17813: 17810: 17808: 17805: 17803: 17800: 17799: 17797: 17793: 17787: 17784: 17782: 17779: 17777: 17774: 17772: 17769: 17767: 17764: 17762: 17759: 17757: 17754: 17753: 17751: 17749: 17744: 17740: 17734: 17731: 17729: 17726: 17724: 17723:Seminole Wars 17721: 17719: 17716: 17714: 17711: 17709: 17706: 17704: 17701: 17699: 17696: 17694: 17691: 17689: 17686: 17684: 17681: 17679: 17676: 17674: 17671: 17669: 17666: 17665: 17663: 17659: 17653: 17650: 17648: 17645: 17643: 17640: 17638: 17635: 17633: 17630: 17628: 17625: 17624: 17622: 17620: 17616: 17610: 17607: 17605: 17602: 17600: 17597: 17595: 17592: 17590: 17587: 17586: 17584: 17582: 17578: 17572: 17569: 17567: 17564: 17562: 17559: 17557: 17554: 17552: 17549: 17547: 17544: 17542: 17539: 17537: 17534: 17532: 17529: 17527: 17524: 17522: 17519: 17518: 17516: 17514: 17510: 17504: 17501: 17499: 17496: 17494: 17491: 17489: 17486: 17484: 17481: 17479: 17476: 17474: 17471: 17469: 17466: 17464: 17461: 17459: 17456: 17454: 17451: 17449: 17446: 17444: 17441: 17439: 17436: 17434: 17433:Bozeman Trail 17431: 17429: 17426: 17425: 17423: 17417: 17411: 17408: 17406: 17403: 17399: 17396: 17395: 17394: 17391: 17389: 17386: 17384: 17383:Train robbery 17381: 17379: 17376: 17374: 17371: 17369: 17366: 17364: 17361: 17359: 17356: 17354: 17351: 17349: 17346: 17344: 17341: 17339: 17336: 17334: 17331: 17329: 17326: 17324: 17321: 17319: 17316: 17314: 17313:Cowboy poetry 17311: 17309: 17306: 17304: 17301: 17299: 17296: 17294: 17291: 17290: 17288: 17286: 17282: 17272: 17269: 17267: 17264: 17262: 17259: 17257: 17254: 17252: 17249: 17247: 17244: 17242: 17239: 17237: 17234: 17232: 17229: 17227: 17224: 17222: 17219: 17217: 17214: 17212: 17209: 17207: 17204: 17202: 17199: 17197: 17196:George Flavel 17194: 17192: 17189: 17187: 17184: 17182: 17179: 17178: 17176: 17172: 17166: 17163: 17161: 17158: 17156: 17153: 17151: 17148: 17146: 17143: 17141: 17140:Calamity Jane 17138: 17136: 17133: 17131: 17128: 17126: 17123: 17121: 17118: 17116: 17113: 17111: 17108: 17106: 17103: 17101: 17098: 17096: 17093: 17091: 17088: 17087: 17085: 17079: 17072: 17068: 17064: 17060: 17056: 17053: 17051: 17048: 17046: 17043: 17041: 17038: 17036: 17033: 17031: 17028: 17026: 17025:Frank McLaury 17023: 17021: 17018: 17016: 17013: 17011: 17008: 17006: 17003: 17001: 16998: 16996: 16993: 16991: 16988: 16985: 16981: 16977: 16973: 16969: 16966: 16964: 16961: 16959: 16958:Billy Clanton 16956: 16954: 16953:Butch Cassidy 16951: 16949: 16946: 16944: 16941: 16939: 16938:Billy the Kid 16936: 16935: 16933: 16929: 16923: 16920: 16918: 16915: 16913: 16910: 16908: 16905: 16903: 16900: 16898: 16895: 16893: 16890: 16888: 16885: 16883: 16882:Bat Masterson 16880: 16878: 16875: 16873: 16870: 16868: 16865: 16863: 16862:Henry Garfias 16860: 16858: 16855: 16853: 16850: 16848: 16845: 16843: 16840: 16838: 16835: 16833: 16830: 16829: 16827: 16823: 16817: 16816:Brigham Young 16814: 16812: 16809: 16807: 16804: 16802: 16799: 16797: 16796:Ora Rush Weed 16794: 16792: 16789: 16787: 16786:Jack Swilling 16784: 16782: 16779: 16777: 16774: 16772: 16769: 16767: 16764: 16762: 16759: 16757: 16754: 16752: 16749: 16747: 16744: 16742: 16739: 16737: 16734: 16732: 16731:Davy Crockett 16729: 16727: 16726:William Clark 16724: 16722: 16719: 16717: 16714: 16712: 16709: 16707: 16704: 16703: 16701: 16699: 16692: 16686: 16683: 16681: 16678: 16676: 16673: 16671: 16668: 16666: 16663: 16661: 16660:Standing Bear 16658: 16656: 16653: 16651: 16648: 16646: 16643: 16641: 16638: 16636: 16633: 16631: 16628: 16626: 16625:Quanah Parker 16623: 16621: 16618: 16616: 16613: 16611: 16608: 16606: 16603: 16601: 16598: 16596: 16593: 16591: 16588: 16586: 16583: 16581: 16578: 16576: 16573: 16571: 16568: 16566: 16563: 16561: 16558: 16556: 16553: 16551: 16548: 16546: 16543: 16541: 16538: 16537: 16535: 16533: 16529: 16526: 16522: 16516: 16513: 16511: 16508: 16506: 16503: 16501: 16498: 16496: 16493: 16491: 16488: 16486: 16483: 16481: 16478: 16476: 16473: 16471: 16468: 16466: 16463: 16461: 16458: 16456: 16453: 16451: 16448: 16446: 16443: 16441: 16438: 16436: 16433: 16431: 16428: 16426: 16423: 16421: 16418: 16416: 16413: 16411: 16408: 16406: 16403: 16401: 16398: 16396: 16393: 16391: 16388: 16386: 16383: 16381: 16378: 16376: 16373: 16371: 16368: 16366: 16363: 16361: 16358: 16356: 16353: 16351: 16348: 16346: 16343: 16341: 16338: 16336: 16333: 16331: 16328: 16326: 16323: 16321: 16318: 16316: 16313: 16311: 16308: 16306: 16303: 16301: 16298: 16296: 16293: 16291: 16288: 16286: 16283: 16281: 16278: 16276: 16273: 16271: 16268: 16266: 16263: 16261: 16258: 16257: 16255: 16253: 16249: 16242: 16238: 16231: 16226: 16224: 16219: 16217: 16212: 16211: 16208: 16202: 16199: 16196: 16195:by Ward Platt 16194: 16190: 16189: 16180: 16176: 16173: 16171: 16168: 16166: 16163: 16160: 16157: 16155: 16152: 16149: 16145: 16142: 16140: 16137: 16135: 16132: 16131: 16123: 16120: 16119: 16105: 16101: 16097: 16093: 16090: 16086: 16082: 16081: 16079: 16075: 16059: 16053: 16045: 16041: 16037: 16030: 16022: 16016: 16012: 16011: 16002: 15995: 15989: 15981: 15977: 15973: 15969: 15965: 15961: 15954: 15946: 15942: 15936: 15934: 15926: 15922: 15916: 15908: 15902: 15898: 15894: 15887: 15880: 15874: 15867: 15861: 15855: 15851: 15847: 15841: 15834: 15828: 15813:. History.com 15812: 15806: 15800: 15796: 15792: 15786: 15779: 15776: 15771: 15756: 15752: 15751:"An Overview" 15746: 15730: 15726: 15719: 15710: 15703: 15696: 15690: 15682: 15678: 15674: 15670: 15663: 15657: 15653: 15649: 15643: 15637: 15633: 15629: 15623: 15615: 15609: 15605: 15604: 15596: 15589: 15583: 15574: 15568: 15564: 15563: 15555: 15547: 15541: 15537: 15536: 15528: 15522: 15518: 15514: 15508: 15500: 15494: 15490: 15489: 15481: 15473: 15469: 15465: 15461: 15457: 15453: 15449: 15442: 15435: 15429: 15421: 15415: 15411: 15410: 15402: 15396: 15395:online review 15392: 15386: 15379: 15373: 15366: 15363:Peter Cowie, 15360: 15353: 15352: 15347: 15345: 15337: 15331: 15327: 15321: 15314: 15308: 15300: 15294: 15290: 15289: 15281: 15274: 15268: 15261: 15255: 15248: 15242: 15233: 15224: 15217: 15211: 15204: 15198: 15192: 15188: 15182: 15176: 15172: 15166: 15159: 15153: 15146: 15140: 15125: 15121: 15115: 15100: 15096: 15090: 15082: 15078: 15074: 15068: 15064: 15063: 15055: 15039: 15035: 15029: 15021: 15015: 15008: 15002: 14996:June 25, 2004 14985: 14978: 14969: 14962: 14955: 14949: 14942: 14936: 14934: 14925: 14919: 14911: 14907: 14903: 14897: 14893: 14892: 14885: 14883: 14866: 14862: 14856: 14848: 14842: 14834: 14830: 14826: 14820: 14816: 14815: 14808: 14793: 14789: 14783: 14768: 14764: 14758: 14750: 14744: 14736: 14732: 14728: 14722: 14718: 14717: 14710: 14694: 14690: 14684: 14676: 14672: 14668: 14664: 14660: 14656: 14652: 14648: 14644: 14640: 14636: 14629: 14614: 14610: 14604: 14588: 14584: 14578: 14563: 14559: 14553: 14537: 14533: 14527: 14512: 14508: 14502: 14494: 14490: 14486: 14480: 14476: 14475: 14467: 14465: 14455: 14449: 14445: 14441: 14435: 14426: 14415: 14408: 14399: 14393: 14389: 14385: 14379: 14373: 14369: 14365: 14359: 14351: 14344: 14338: 14334: 14330: 14324: 14322: 14315: 14311: 14305: 14296: 14288: 14281: 14273: 14267: 14263: 14262: 14254: 14240: 14234: 14230: 14226: 14219: 14211: 14205: 14201: 14200: 14192: 14177: 14173: 14167: 14159: 14153: 14138: 14134: 14128: 14120: 14114: 14110: 14109: 14101: 14086: 14082: 14076: 14061: 14057: 14051: 14043: 14039: 14035: 14031: 14024: 14016: 14010: 14006: 14002: 14001: 13993: 13991: 13982: 13978: 13974: 13967: 13958: 13953: 13949: 13945: 13944: 13936: 13929: 13928: 13921: 13913: 13907: 13903: 13902: 13894: 13888: 13882: 13875: 13869: 13862: 13856: 13849: 13843: 13836: 13830: 13823: 13820:Char Miller, 13817: 13809: 13803: 13799: 13798: 13790: 13782: 13776: 13772: 13768: 13764: 13763: 13758: 13752: 13745: 13739: 13731: 13727: 13723: 13719: 13715: 13711: 13707: 13703: 13696: 13688: 13682: 13678: 13677: 13669: 13661: 13655: 13651: 13650: 13642: 13634: 13628: 13624: 13623: 13615: 13607: 13601: 13597: 13596: 13587: 13580: 13576: 13571: 13560:September 22, 13556: 13550: 13534: 13528: 13512: 13506: 13490: 13486: 13480: 13471: 13467: 13460: 13452: 13446: 13442: 13441: 13433: 13426: 13420: 13414: 13410: 13406: 13400: 13393: 13387: 13380:. p. 96. 13379: 13378: 13370: 13354: 13347: 13339: 13335: 13328: 13320: 13316: 13309: 13301: 13294: 13286: 13280: 13276: 13275: 13267: 13259: 13253: 13249: 13248: 13240: 13232: 13226: 13222: 13221: 13213: 13206: 13203:Bill O'Neal, 13200: 13191: 13183: 13176: 13168: 13164: 13160: 13156: 13149: 13141: 13137: 13133: 13129: 13122: 13116: 13112: 13108: 13102: 13094: 13090: 13086: 13082: 13075: 13067: 13066: 13061: 13054: 13046: 13045: 13036: 13028: 13024: 13020: 13016: 13012: 13008: 13001: 12993: 12987: 12983: 12982: 12974: 12968: 12964: 12960: 12954: 12935: 12929: 12923: 12919: 12915: 12909: 12901: 12895: 12891: 12890: 12882: 12874: 12870: 12866: 12862: 12858: 12854: 12847: 12845: 12837: 12832: 12825: 12819: 12812: 12806: 12799: 12793: 12785: 12779: 12775: 12774: 12766: 12759: 12753: 12745: 12739: 12735: 12734: 12726: 12718: 12714: 12710: 12706: 12702: 12698: 12694: 12690: 12686: 12680: 12674: 12670: 12666: 12660: 12653: 12647: 12640: 12634: 12627: 12621: 12614: 12608: 12601: 12595: 12588: 12582: 12575: 12569: 12562: 12556: 12549: 12543: 12536: 12530: 12523: 12517: 12510: 12504: 12497: 12491: 12484: 12480: 12477: 12472: 12464: 12460: 12456: 12452: 12448: 12444: 12437: 12430: 12427:Scott Zesch, 12424: 12417: 12411: 12404: 12398: 12391: 12387: 12382: 12375: 12369: 12362: 12356: 12349: 12343: 12335: 12331: 12327: 12323: 12316: 12309: 12303: 12296: 12290: 12282: 12276: 12269: 12263: 12255: 12251: 12247: 12243: 12236: 12230: 12226: 12220: 12213: 12209: 12203: 12197: 12193: 12187: 12180: 12174: 12167: 12161: 12154: 12148: 12140: 12134: 12130: 12129: 12121: 12105: 12098: 12092: 12088: 12084: 12078: 12071: 12065: 12063: 12056: 12053: 12047: 12038: 12029: 12021: 12015: 12011: 12010: 12002: 11995: 11989: 11982: 11976: 11969: 11963: 11955: 11949: 11945: 11944: 11936: 11927: 11921: 11917: 11916: 11908: 11892: 11888: 11882: 11880: 11871: 11865: 11861: 11860: 11852: 11837: 11833: 11827: 11825: 11823: 11806: 11802: 11798: 11791: 11783: 11779: 11772: 11764: 11758: 11754: 11753: 11745: 11738: 11732: 11724: 11718: 11714: 11713: 11705: 11697: 11691: 11687: 11686: 11678: 11670: 11664: 11660: 11659: 11651: 11645: 11641: 11637: 11631: 11616: 11609: 11603: 11595: 11589: 11585: 11578: 11569: 11563: 11559: 11558: 11550: 11544: 11540: 11536: 11530: 11523: 11519: 11513: 11506: 11500: 11493: 11487: 11478: 11471: 11465: 11458: 11452: 11445: 11439: 11432: 11426: 11420: 11416: 11412: 11406: 11397: 11391: 11387: 11383: 11377: 11370: 11366: 11362: 11358: 11352: 11336: 11330: 11324: 11320: 11314: 11307: 11300: 11294: 11288: 11284: 11278: 11271: 11263: 11257: 11253: 11252: 11244: 11237: 11231: 11224: 11220: 11214: 11207: 11203: 11200: 11195: 11188: 11182: 11167:. History Net 11166: 11159: 11151: 11144: 11128: 11122: 11115: 11109: 11102: 11096: 11089: 11083: 11076: 11070: 11063: 11057: 11049: 11048: 11042: 11036: 11029: 11023: 11007: 11003: 11002: 10997: 10991: 10984: 10978: 10970: 10966: 10962: 10958: 10954: 10950: 10946: 10940: 10933: 10932: 10925: 10918: 10912: 10904: 10898: 10894: 10893: 10885: 10878: 10872: 10865: 10859: 10852: 10846: 10838: 10834: 10830: 10826: 10822: 10818: 10811: 10803: 10797: 10793: 10792: 10784: 10775: 10767: 10761: 10757: 10756: 10748: 10740: 10734: 10730: 10729: 10721: 10714: 10708: 10699: 10692: 10686: 10679: 10673: 10666: 10660: 10653: 10647: 10640: 10634: 10627: 10621: 10613: 10607: 10603: 10602: 10594: 10587: 10581: 10575: 10570: 10562: 10556: 10552: 10551: 10543: 10536: 10530: 10524: 10520: 10514: 10507: 10501: 10495: 10491: 10485: 10478: 10472: 10465: 10464:online review 10461: 10455: 10448: 10442: 10435: 10429: 10421: 10417: 10413: 10409: 10405: 10401: 10394: 10387: 10381: 10375: 10371: 10365: 10358: 10357: 10352: 10345: 10337: 10333: 10329: 10325: 10321: 10317: 10313: 10309: 10302: 10295: 10289: 10281: 10275: 10271: 10270: 10262: 10255: 10252:Dean L. May, 10249: 10242: 10241: 10236: 10229: 10221: 10215: 10211: 10210: 10202: 10194: 10188: 10184: 10183: 10175: 10169: 10165: 10159: 10153: 10147: 10140: 10133: 10127: 10120: 10114: 10106: 10100: 10096: 10095: 10087: 10080: 10074: 10067: 10061: 10054: 10048: 10039: 10030: 10022: 10016: 10012: 10011: 10003: 9995: 9989: 9985: 9984: 9976: 9969: 9966:Kevin Starr, 9963: 9956: 9950: 9942: 9936: 9932: 9931: 9923: 9915: 9909: 9905: 9904: 9896: 9888: 9884: 9883: 9875: 9868: 9862: 9854: 9850: 9845: 9840: 9836: 9832: 9828: 9824: 9817: 9809: 9803: 9799: 9798: 9790: 9782: 9776: 9772: 9771: 9763: 9755: 9749: 9745: 9744: 9739: 9733: 9726: 9720: 9713: 9709: 9704: 9697: 9691: 9682: 9676: 9672: 9671: 9663: 9654: 9646: 9640: 9636: 9635: 9627: 9620: 9614: 9606: 9602: 9598: 9594: 9590: 9586: 9579: 9572: 9566: 9560:, p. 293 9559: 9553: 9546: 9543:Merle Curti, 9540: 9533: 9527: 9518: 9511: 9503: 9497: 9493: 9492: 9484: 9476: 9472: 9468: 9461: 9453: 9447: 9443: 9442: 9434: 9426: 9420: 9416: 9415: 9407: 9399: 9395: 9391: 9387: 9384:(1): 91–110. 9383: 9379: 9378: 9370: 9363: 9359: 9354: 9346: 9340: 9336: 9335: 9327: 9320: 9314: 9306: 9300: 9296: 9295: 9287: 9281: 9277: 9271: 9264: 9258: 9251: 9245: 9237: 9231: 9227: 9226: 9218: 9212: 9210: 9203: 9197: 9195: 9188: 9180: 9173: 9171: 9163: 9157: 9149: 9145: 9141: 9137: 9133: 9129: 9122: 9115: 9109: 9102: 9096: 9089: 9083: 9075: 9069: 9065: 9064: 9056: 9048: 9044: 9040: 9036: 9032: 9028: 9021: 9014: 9008: 9006: 8998: 8992: 8985: 8979: 8971: 8970: 8962: 8955: 8949: 8941: 8935: 8931: 8930: 8922: 8915: 8909: 8901: 8895: 8891: 8890: 8882: 8875: 8869: 8861: 8855: 8851: 8850: 8842: 8835: 8829: 8823: 8819: 8813: 8806: 8800: 8793:. p. 95. 8792: 8791: 8783: 8775: 8771: 8767: 8763: 8759: 8755: 8748: 8741: 8735: 8729: 8725: 8719: 8711: 8705: 8701: 8700: 8692: 8685: 8679: 8672: 8666: 8658: 8657: 8649: 8641: 8635: 8631: 8630: 8622: 8614: 8610: 8606: 8602: 8595: 8588: 8582: 8576: 8572: 8566: 8559: 8553: 8547: 8543: 8537: 8529: 8523: 8519: 8518: 8510: 8504: 8500: 8494: 8487: 8481: 8473: 8467: 8463: 8462: 8454: 8446: 8440: 8436: 8435: 8427: 8419: 8413: 8409: 8408: 8400: 8393: 8387: 8380: 8374: 8367: 8361: 8354: 8348: 8341: 8335: 8328: 8322: 8306: 8300: 8292: 8288: 8284: 8280: 8276: 8272: 8265: 8257: 8251: 8247: 8246: 8241: 8235: 8227: 8221: 8217: 8209: 8201: 8197: 8193: 8189: 8185: 8181: 8174: 8159: 8155: 8148: 8133: 8129: 8123: 8108: 8104: 8098: 8091: 8085: 8077: 8071: 8067: 8063: 8059: 8058: 8050: 8042: 8038: 8031: 8023: 8017: 8013: 8012: 8004: 8002: 7993: 7987: 7972: 7968: 7962: 7954: 7950: 7944: 7936: 7932: 7925: 7917: 7911: 7907: 7906: 7898: 7890: 7884: 7880: 7879: 7871: 7863: 7859: 7855: 7851: 7847: 7843: 7839: 7832: 7824: 7820: 7817:(3): 98–100. 7816: 7812: 7808: 7801: 7793: 7789: 7785: 7781: 7777: 7773: 7769: 7762: 7754: 7750: 7747:(3): 98–100. 7746: 7742: 7738: 7731: 7723: 7719: 7712: 7710: 7701: 7699: 7698:United States 7690: 7688: 7679: 7673: 7669: 7668: 7660: 7645: 7641: 7635: 7633: 7625: 7619: 7617: 7608: 7604: 7598: 7596: 7581: 7580: 7572: 7570: 7568: 7563: 7548: 7547: 7537: 7533: 7522: 7518: 7515: 7512: 7510: 7505: 7502: 7501: 7497: 7494: 7493: 7489: 7486: 7485: 7480: 7476: 7475: 7471: 7468: 7467: 7463: 7462: 7453: 7450: 7447: 7443: 7440: 7437: 7434: 7431: 7430:Louis L'Amour 7428: 7425: 7422: 7419: 7416: 7415: 7407: 7404: 7402: 7401: 7397: 7395: 7394: 7390: 7388: 7387: 7383: 7382: 7374: 7371: 7369: 7366: 7364: 7361: 7359: 7355: 7353:, and others. 7352: 7351:Texas Rangers 7348: 7344: 7340: 7337: 7335: 7332: 7329: 7325: 7321: 7318: 7316: 7313: 7312: 7303: 7300: 7298: 7295: 7292: 7289: 7286: 7285:Wanted poster 7283: 7281: 7278: 7276: 7273: 7271: 7268: 7265: 7261: 7258: 7255: 7252: 7249: 7246: 7243: 7240: 7238: 7235: 7232: 7228: 7227: 7218: 7207: 7200: 7198: 7193: 7191: 7187: 7183: 7178: 7174: 7173:Samuel Lubell 7169: 7166: 7161: 7155: 7150: 7145: 7140: 7138: 7127: 7126: 7124: 7119: 7115: 7111: 7107: 7103: 7099: 7095: 7094:cowboy poetry 7091: 7087: 7083: 7072: 7070: 7066: 7062: 7058: 7053: 7051: 7049: 7044: 7040: 7036: 7031: 7027: 7024: 7023: 7017: 7015: 7011: 7005: 7000: 6998: 6994: 6989:Cowboy images 6986: 6984: 6980: 6975: 6973: 6968: 6966: 6959: 6958: 6957:The Searchers 6953: 6943: 6939: 6937: 6933: 6929: 6925: 6924: 6917: 6915: 6909: 6907: 6906:Calamity Jane 6903: 6902:Deadwood Dick 6899: 6895: 6891: 6887: 6883: 6879: 6875: 6865: 6863: 6860:of historian 6859: 6854: 6852: 6847: 6845: 6841: 6837: 6833: 6829: 6828:Aaron Copland 6820: 6818: 6812: 6803: 6801: 6797: 6793: 6789: 6785: 6781: 6777: 6771: 6761: 6759: 6755: 6751: 6747: 6743: 6739: 6735: 6731: 6716: 6714: 6710: 6706: 6702: 6695: 6685: 6683: 6679: 6675: 6671: 6667: 6663: 6659: 6655: 6649: 6646: 6645:grizzly bears 6642: 6638: 6634: 6633:William Clark 6630: 6626: 6620: 6610: 6608: 6604: 6600: 6595: 6593: 6589: 6585: 6580: 6578: 6574: 6568: 6558: 6555: 6553: 6549: 6545: 6541: 6536: 6532: 6529: 6528:Chinese women 6525: 6521: 6513: 6509: 6500: 6498: 6494: 6490: 6486: 6482: 6478: 6473: 6471: 6467: 6463: 6459: 6454: 6452: 6448: 6443: 6439: 6435: 6431: 6427: 6426:Sutter's Fort 6423: 6419: 6413: 6403: 6401: 6395: 6393: 6388: 6384: 6380: 6374: 6372: 6368: 6364: 6360: 6354: 6339: 6337: 6332: 6329: 6324: 6322: 6318: 6314: 6310: 6306: 6302: 6298: 6293: 6291: 6287: 6283: 6279: 6274: 6272: 6267: 6263: 6258: 6253: 6248: 6246: 6242: 6239: 6235: 6227: 6222: 6213: 6210: 6206: 6202: 6198: 6191: 6187: 6186: 6180: 6175: 6171: 6161: 6159: 6155: 6151: 6146: 6145: 6140: 6139: 6133: 6129: 6125: 6121: 6117: 6113: 6109: 6102: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6088: 6083: 6080:and used the 6079: 6074: 6070: 6065: 6063: 6055: 6050: 6045: 6035: 6033: 6028: 6024: 6020: 6014: 6004: 6001: 5996: 5994: 5988: 5986: 5982: 5976: 5973: 5969: 5965: 5957: 5956:C. M. Russell 5953: 5948: 5943: 5933: 5931: 5927: 5923: 5919: 5915: 5911: 5907: 5903: 5899: 5895: 5890: 5886: 5884: 5880: 5876: 5872: 5868: 5864: 5860: 5856: 5852: 5848: 5844: 5840: 5836: 5832: 5828: 5824: 5820: 5816: 5812: 5807: 5800: 5796: 5792: 5787: 5777: 5775: 5771: 5766: 5763: 5759: 5754: 5750: 5745: 5743: 5739: 5738:remote passes 5735: 5730: 5725: 5721: 5717: 5713: 5709: 5705: 5701: 5697: 5693: 5689: 5685: 5684:Billy the Kid 5681: 5670: 5660: 5651: 5642: 5628: 5626: 5625: 5620: 5619: 5614: 5613: 5608: 5607: 5602: 5601: 5596: 5595: 5590: 5585: 5583: 5579: 5575: 5571: 5567: 5563: 5559: 5555: 5551: 5550:three outlaws 5547: 5543: 5539: 5535: 5531: 5530:Earp brothers 5527: 5522: 5517: 5512: 5507: 5503: 5501: 5500:Texas Rangers 5497: 5493: 5488: 5486: 5482: 5478: 5474: 5470: 5462: 5459:(1847–1896), 5458: 5454: 5451:(1854–1893), 5450: 5445: 5439:Law and order 5436: 5434: 5430: 5426: 5422: 5418: 5412: 5410: 5409:Julia Bulette 5405: 5399: 5395: 5385: 5383: 5379: 5369: 5367: 5363: 5362:barn raisings 5357: 5354: 5344: 5342: 5341:Texas Rangers 5338: 5334: 5330: 5326: 5322: 5318: 5313: 5305: 5300: 5295: 5285: 5283: 5277: 5275: 5271: 5267: 5262: 5259: 5255: 5251: 5247: 5242: 5236: 5226: 5224: 5220: 5215: 5213: 5209: 5201: 5196: 5187: 5185: 5181: 5177: 5173: 5169: 5168:Volga Germans 5165: 5161: 5157: 5153: 5145: 5141: 5140:Volga Germans 5136: 5122: 5120: 5116: 5111: 5103: 5098: 5092: 5085: 5083: 5082:cattle drives 5072: 5068: 5065: 5061: 5056: 5054: 5050: 5042: 5041: 5036: 5032: 5027: 5012: 5007: 5005: 5001: 4997: 4993: 4989: 4985: 4980: 4978: 4973: 4969: 4968:Oliver Loving 4963: 4961: 4957: 4956:Nebraska City 4953: 4949: 4945: 4941: 4936: 4931: 4929: 4925: 4920: 4916: 4912: 4908: 4904: 4900: 4890: 4885: 4875: 4873: 4872:Fort Huachuca 4869: 4865: 4861: 4858:, Texas, and 4857: 4853: 4850:, Minnesota, 4849: 4848:Fort Snelling 4845: 4841: 4836: 4832: 4828: 4824: 4820: 4816: 4805: 4803: 4799: 4795: 4791: 4787: 4782: 4780: 4776: 4772: 4768: 4764: 4760: 4756: 4752: 4748: 4744: 4740: 4736: 4732: 4728: 4724: 4720: 4716: 4712: 4711:Nez Perce War 4704: 4699: 4692: 4687: 4683: 4681: 4677: 4673: 4669: 4665: 4661: 4657: 4653: 4649: 4645: 4641: 4639: 4635: 4634:Quanah Parker 4631: 4627: 4623: 4619: 4614: 4613:Red River War 4610: 4605: 4603: 4599: 4595: 4591: 4587: 4583: 4579: 4575: 4571: 4567: 4562: 4560: 4556: 4552: 4548: 4544: 4539: 4536: 4531: 4527: 4523: 4519: 4514: 4512: 4508: 4504: 4500: 4496: 4492: 4488: 4484: 4480: 4474: 4467: 4462: 4453: 4451: 4447: 4441: 4439: 4435: 4431: 4427: 4423: 4419: 4415: 4411: 4406: 4403: 4399: 4395: 4391: 4388:of President 4387: 4380: 4365: 4362: 4358: 4354: 4350: 4344: 4339: 4337: 4329: 4324: 4318: 4313: 4308: 4298: 4296: 4292: 4288: 4287:Oklahoma City 4284: 4277: 4267: 4265: 4262:in 1898, and 4261: 4257: 4251: 4249: 4246:completed in 4244: 4239: 4236:territory of 4235: 4231: 4227: 4223: 4217: 4207: 4205: 4199: 4197: 4189: 4185: 4181: 4177: 4173: 4164: 4160: 4156: 4154: 4150: 4146: 4145:Panic of 1893 4142: 4141:Henry Villard 4138: 4134: 4133:James J. Hill 4130: 4126: 4122: 4118: 4113: 4105: 4101: 4099: 4098:nitroglycerin 4094: 4088: 4084: 4082: 4078: 4074: 4070: 4066: 4065:Union Pacific 4062: 4058: 4054: 4044: 4040: 4038: 4034: 4025: 4020: 4015: 4011: 4001: 3998: 3993: 3991: 3986: 3981: 3978: 3977:Homestead Act 3973: 3969: 3967: 3963: 3951: 3947: 3938: 3935: 3930: 3926: 3922: 3920: 3911: 3907: 3893: 3891: 3887: 3886:Homestead Act 3882: 3880: 3876: 3872: 3868: 3864: 3862: 3856: 3853: 3849: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3820: 3814: 3809: 3800: 3798: 3797:Samuel Curtis 3794: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3780: 3776: 3772: 3768: 3764: 3758: 3756: 3752: 3746: 3736: 3730: 3726: 3721: 3712: 3709: 3705: 3701: 3697: 3688: 3684: 3679: 3669: 3667: 3663: 3658: 3656: 3651: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3632: 3627: 3622: 3612: 3609: 3605: 3599: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3579:Brigham Young 3576: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3556: 3555:Temple Square 3553:, located on 3552: 3548: 3543: 3536: 3532: 3528: 3523: 3518: 3514: 3504: 3502: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3489:Alferd Packer 3485: 3484:Sierra Nevada 3481: 3477: 3473: 3469: 3463: 3460: 3456: 3451: 3449: 3448:Bozeman Trail 3445: 3442:(from 1843), 3441: 3437: 3433: 3429: 3425: 3416: 3411: 3406: 3396: 3394: 3393:George Hearst 3390: 3386: 3382: 3381:Virginia City 3378: 3377:Comstock Lode 3373: 3371: 3367: 3362: 3357: 3354: 3350: 3346: 3342: 3337: 3334: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3318: 3301: 3294: 3290: 3285: 3275: 3272: 3263: 3261: 3257: 3252: 3248: 3243: 3241: 3237: 3233: 3229: 3223: 3221: 3217: 3208: 3204: 3199: 3194: 3184: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3154: 3149: 3145: 3141: 3137: 3133: 3128: 3126: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3093: 3089: 3079: 3075: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3051: 3046: 3035: 3030: 3028: 3022: 3017: 3013: 3008: 3003: 2998: 2997:Old Southwest 2988: 2985: 2981: 2977: 2968: 2966: 2960: 2958: 2952: 2950: 2946: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2923: 2922:circuit rider 2919: 2915: 2910: 2896: 2894: 2889: 2887: 2882: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2867:George Catlin 2864: 2863:John Bradbury 2860: 2855: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2830: 2826: 2821: 2812: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2795: 2790: 2788: 2787:John B. Floyd 2785: 2781: 2776: 2774: 2769: 2764: 2762: 2756: 2754: 2750: 2745: 2744:profit motive 2740: 2738: 2728: 2726: 2722: 2721:Davy Crockett 2718: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2701: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2681: 2680: 2675: 2670: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2650: 2644: 2634: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2615: 2612: 2607: 2603: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2592:Jeffersonians 2589: 2585: 2581: 2576: 2566: 2564: 2560: 2555: 2548: 2544: 2534: 2529: 2527: 2522: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2484: 2480: 2475: 2466: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2435: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2416: 2414: 2409: 2405: 2396: 2391: 2382: 2377: 2372: 2370: 2365: 2363: 2359: 2349: 2347: 2343: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2316: 2314: 2310: 2305: 2300: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2276: 2273: 2269: 2259: 2256: 2250: 2245: 2243: 2237: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2197: 2193: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2173: 2158: 2121: 2116: 2109: 2104: 2097: 2092: 2085: 2080: 2073: 2068: 2061: 2056: 2055: 2049: 2047: 2043: 2042: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2011: 2009: 2004: 2000: 1999:United States 1996: 1987: 1981: 1977: 1971: 1969: 1968:individualism 1965: 1964:native tribes 1960: 1956: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1925: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1890: 1886: 1885: 1879: 1876: 1872: 1867: 1862: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1847: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1825:Periodization 1822: 1820: 1819:frontier myth 1816: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1795: 1791: 1790:North America 1787: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1763: 1758: 1756: 1751: 1749: 1744: 1743: 1741: 1740: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1725: 1717: 1716: 1713: 1710: 1708: 1707:List of years 1705: 1703: 1700: 1699: 1698: 1697: 1686: 1678: 1676: 1675:Urban history 1673: 1672: 1671: 1670: 1666: 1665: 1660: 1657: 1655: 1652: 1650: 1647: 1645: 1642: 1640: 1637: 1635: 1632: 1631: 1630: 1629: 1625: 1624: 1619: 1616: 1614: 1611: 1609: 1606: 1604: 1601: 1599: 1596: 1594: 1591: 1589: 1586: 1584: 1581: 1579: 1576: 1574: 1571: 1569: 1566: 1564: 1561: 1559: 1556: 1554: 1551: 1549: 1546: 1544: 1541: 1539: 1536: 1534: 1531: 1529: 1526: 1524: 1521: 1519: 1516: 1514: 1511: 1509: 1506: 1504: 1501: 1499: 1496: 1494: 1491: 1489: 1486: 1484: 1481: 1479: 1476: 1474: 1471: 1469: 1466: 1464: 1461: 1459: 1456: 1454: 1451: 1449: 1446: 1444: 1441: 1439: 1436: 1434: 1431: 1429: 1426: 1424: 1421: 1419: 1416: 1414: 1411: 1409: 1406: 1404: 1401: 1399: 1396: 1394: 1391: 1389: 1386: 1384: 1381: 1379: 1376: 1374: 1371: 1370: 1369: 1368: 1364: 1363: 1358: 1355: 1353: 1350: 1348: 1345: 1344: 1343: 1342: 1338: 1337: 1332: 1329: 1327: 1324: 1322: 1319: 1317: 1314: 1312: 1309: 1308: 1307: 1306: 1303: 1300: 1299: 1291: 1290: 1281: 1278: 1276: 1273: 1271: 1268: 1267: 1266: 1265: 1261: 1259: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1247: 1245: 1242: 1241: 1240: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1228: 1226: 1223: 1221: 1218: 1216: 1213: 1211: 1208: 1206: 1203: 1202: 1201: 1200: 1196: 1194: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1182: 1181: 1180: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1168: 1166: 1163: 1161: 1158: 1156: 1153: 1151: 1148: 1146: 1143: 1141: 1138: 1136: 1133: 1131: 1128: 1126: 1123: 1122: 1121: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1109: 1107: 1106:Thai American 1104: 1102: 1099: 1097: 1094: 1092: 1089: 1087: 1084: 1082: 1079: 1078: 1077: 1076: 1072: 1070: 1069: 1065: 1064: 1058: 1057: 1048: 1045: 1043: 1040: 1038: 1035: 1033: 1030: 1028: 1025: 1024: 1023: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1011: 1010: 1009: 1008: 1004: 1002: 1001: 997: 995: 994: 990: 986: 983: 981: 978: 976: 973: 971: 968: 966: 963: 961: 958: 957: 956: 955: 954:Party Systems 951: 947: 944: 942: 939: 937: 934: 932: 929: 927: 924: 922: 919: 918: 917: 916: 912: 910: 909: 905: 903: 902: 898: 894: 893:Voting rights 891: 889: 886: 884: 881: 879: 876: 874: 871: 869: 866: 864: 861: 859: 856: 854: 851: 849: 846: 844: 841: 839: 836: 835: 834: 833: 829: 827: 826: 822: 818: 815: 814: 813: 812: 808: 804: 801: 800: 799: 798: 794: 790: 787: 786: 785: 784: 780: 776: 773: 771: 768: 766: 763: 761: 758: 757: 756: 755: 751: 747: 744: 743: 742: 741: 737: 735: 734: 730: 728: 727: 723: 722: 716: 715: 705: 702: 701: 698: 696: 695: 691: 690: 686: 684: 680: 679: 676: 674: 673: 669: 668: 664: 662: 658: 657: 654: 652: 651: 647: 646: 642: 640: 636: 635: 631: 629: 625: 624: 621: 619: 618: 614: 613: 609: 607: 603: 602: 598: 596: 592: 591: 588: 586: 585: 581: 580: 576: 574: 570: 569: 565: 563: 559: 558: 554: 552: 548: 547: 543: 541: 537: 536: 533: 531: 530: 526: 525: 521: 519: 515: 514: 510: 508: 504: 503: 499: 497: 493: 492: 489: 487: 486: 482: 481: 477: 475: 474:Civil War Era 471: 470: 467: 465: 464: 460: 459: 455: 453: 449: 448: 444: 442: 438: 437: 434: 432: 431: 427: 426: 422: 420: 416: 415: 411: 409: 405: 404: 401: 399: 398: 394: 393: 389: 387: 383: 382: 378: 376: 372: 371: 368: 366: 365: 361: 360: 356: 354: 353: 349: 348: 344: 342: 341: 336: 335: 331: 330: 325: 318: 317: 313: 309: 308: 305: 304:United States 298: 297: 294: 291: 290: 281: 278: 276: 273: 271: 268: 266: 263: 261: 258: 256: 253: 251: 248: 246: 243: 241: 238: 236: 233: 231: 228: 226: 223: 221: 218: 216: 213: 211: 208: 206: 205:Rupert's Land 203: 201: 198: 196: 193: 191: 188: 186: 183: 181: 178: 176: 173: 171: 168: 166: 163: 162: 160: 156: 149: 148: 142: 141: 135: 131: 130: 124: 120: 119: 113: 109: 105: 104: 102: 98: 86: 82: 76: 71: 62: 58: 57: 56:Infobox event 53: 47: 43: 41: 33: 19: 24544:Midway Atoll 24539:Kingman Reef 24519:Baker Island 24498:Puerto Rico 24410:South Dakota 24400:Rhode Island 24395:Pennsylvania 24375:North Dakota 24157: 24091: 24084: 24065: 24026: 24019: 24005: 23951: 23907: 23900: 23843: 23829: 23822: 23815: 23776: 23750:Marine Corps 23737: 23730: 23723: 23687:Debt ceiling 23672:Civil Rights 23654: 23647: 23633: 23619: 23605: 23576: 23571:Antisemitism 23569: 23562: 23518: 23479: 23415:2008–present 23367:Bush v. Gore 23365: 23303:War on drugs 23177:Mid Cold War 23029:Pearl Harbor 23024:World War II 22844:Ku Klux Klan 22441:Dummer's War 22380: 22373: 22367:Pre-Colonial 22202:Human rights 22182:Gun politics 22133:Islamophobia 22123:antisemitism 21991:Hospice care 21933:Middle class 21913:Homelessness 21890:Social class 21850:Social class 21714:Human rights 21704:Homelessness 21616:middle class 21581:Demographics 21556:Architecture 21463:Unemployment 21443:Labor unions 21191:Town meeting 21168:City council 21163:City manager 20904:State police 20766:Marine Corps 20756:Armed Forces 20731:civil rights 20711:Constitution 20283:Southwestern 20278:Southeastern 20268:Northwestern 20263:Northeastern 20228:Mid-Atlantic 20218:Great Plains 19936:World War II 19819:Constitution 19813: 19723:Colonial era 19702:2008–present 19339:Bellevue War 18909: 18834:Fort Laramie 18829:Fort Bridger 18614:Broken Arrow 18365:Independence 17962:Cowboy boots 17957:Western wear 17837:Mountain men 17498:Tanner Trail 17483:Pony Express 17478:Oregon Trail 17473:Mormon Trail 17343:Homesteading 17308:Cattle drive 17271:Peter Lebeck 17256:Annie Oakley 17216:Doc Holliday 17145:Luther Kelly 17125:Alexis Godey 17115:George Crook 17050:Sundance Kid 17005:Johnny Ringo 16995:Bill Downing 16776:Levi Ruggles 16736:Donner Party 16711:John Bozeman 16706:Daniel Boone 16645:Sitting Bull 16620:Plenty Coups 16555:Chief Joseph 16550:Bloody Knife 16545:Black Kettle 16245:1776 to 1912 16236: 16192: 16178: 16099: 16095: 16084: 16057: 16052: 16035: 16029: 16009: 16001: 15993: 15988: 15963: 15959: 15953: 15944: 15924: 15920: 15915: 15896: 15886: 15878: 15873: 15865: 15860: 15845: 15840: 15832: 15827: 15815:. 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Retrieved 14059: 14050: 14033: 14029: 14023: 13999: 13980: 13976: 13966: 13950:(2): 22–28. 13947: 13941: 13935: 13925: 13920: 13900: 13893: 13881: 13873: 13868: 13860: 13855: 13847: 13842: 13834: 13829: 13821: 13816: 13796: 13789: 13760: 13751: 13743: 13738: 13705: 13701: 13695: 13675: 13668: 13648: 13641: 13621: 13614: 13594: 13586: 13578: 13570: 13558:. Retrieved 13549: 13539:February 10, 13537:. Retrieved 13527: 13517:February 10, 13515:. Retrieved 13505: 13493:. Retrieved 13489:the original 13479: 13474:June 7, 2007 13469: 13459: 13439: 13432: 13424: 13419: 13404: 13399: 13391: 13386: 13376: 13369: 13357:. Retrieved 13346: 13337: 13327: 13319:the original 13308: 13293: 13273: 13266: 13246: 13239: 13219: 13212: 13204: 13199: 13190: 13175: 13158: 13154: 13148: 13134:(2): 58–76. 13131: 13127: 13121: 13106: 13101: 13087:(4): 40–53. 13084: 13080: 13074: 13063: 13053: 13042: 13035: 13010: 13006: 13000: 12980: 12973: 12958: 12953: 12941:. 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Retrieved 11891:the original 11858: 11851: 11841:February 14, 11839:. Retrieved 11835: 11809:. Retrieved 11805:the original 11800: 11790: 11781: 11771: 11751: 11744: 11736: 11731: 11711: 11704: 11684: 11677: 11657: 11650: 11635: 11630: 11620:February 17, 11618:. Retrieved 11614: 11602: 11583: 11577: 11556: 11549: 11534: 11529: 11512: 11504: 11499: 11491: 11486: 11477: 11469: 11464: 11456: 11451: 11443: 11438: 11430: 11425: 11410: 11405: 11396: 11381: 11376: 11360: 11356: 11351: 11341:February 10, 11339:. Retrieved 11329: 11312: 11306: 11298: 11293: 11276: 11270: 11250: 11243: 11235: 11230: 11222: 11213: 11194: 11186: 11181: 11169:. Retrieved 11158: 11143: 11131:. Retrieved 11121: 11113: 11108: 11100: 11095: 11087: 11082: 11074: 11069: 11061: 11056: 11045: 11035: 11027: 11022: 11010:. Retrieved 11006:the original 10999: 10990: 10982: 10977: 10952: 10948: 10939: 10929: 10924: 10916: 10911: 10891: 10884: 10876: 10871: 10863: 10858: 10850: 10845: 10820: 10816: 10810: 10790: 10783: 10774: 10754: 10747: 10727: 10720: 10712: 10707: 10698: 10690: 10685: 10677: 10672: 10664: 10659: 10651: 10646: 10638: 10633: 10625: 10620: 10600: 10593: 10585: 10580: 10573: 10569: 10549: 10542: 10534: 10529: 10518: 10513: 10505: 10500: 10489: 10484: 10476: 10471: 10459: 10454: 10446: 10441: 10433: 10428: 10403: 10399: 10393: 10385: 10380: 10369: 10364: 10354: 10344: 10311: 10307: 10301: 10293: 10288: 10268: 10261: 10253: 10248: 10240:Deseret News 10238: 10228: 10208: 10201: 10181: 10174: 10163: 10158: 10151: 10145: 10139: 10131: 10126: 10118: 10113: 10093: 10086: 10078: 10073: 10065: 10060: 10053:VFW Magazine 10052: 10047: 10038: 10029: 10009: 10002: 9982: 9975: 9967: 9962: 9954: 9949: 9929: 9922: 9902: 9895: 9880: 9874: 9866: 9861: 9844:10217/189496 9826: 9822: 9816: 9796: 9789: 9769: 9762: 9742: 9732: 9724: 9719: 9711: 9703: 9695: 9690: 9669: 9662: 9653: 9633: 9626: 9618: 9613: 9588: 9584: 9578: 9570: 9565: 9557: 9552: 9544: 9539: 9531: 9530:Mark Wyman, 9526: 9516: 9510: 9490: 9483: 9474: 9470: 9460: 9440: 9433: 9413: 9406: 9381: 9375: 9369: 9361: 9353: 9333: 9326: 9318: 9313: 9293: 9286: 9278:(2012) 12#2 9275: 9270: 9262: 9257: 9249: 9244: 9224: 9217: 9208: 9202: 9193: 9187: 9178: 9161: 9156: 9131: 9127: 9121: 9113: 9108: 9100: 9095: 9087: 9082: 9062: 9055: 9030: 9026: 9020: 9012: 8996: 8991: 8983: 8978: 8972:F.P. Harper. 8968: 8961: 8953: 8948: 8928: 8921: 8913: 8908: 8888: 8881: 8873: 8868: 8848: 8841: 8833: 8828: 8817: 8812: 8804: 8799: 8789: 8782: 8757: 8753: 8747: 8739: 8734: 8723: 8718: 8698: 8691: 8683: 8678: 8670: 8665: 8655: 8648: 8628: 8621: 8604: 8600: 8594: 8586: 8581: 8570: 8565: 8557: 8552: 8541: 8536: 8516: 8509: 8498: 8493: 8486:Ethnohistory 8485: 8480: 8460: 8453: 8433: 8426: 8406: 8399: 8391: 8386: 8378: 8373: 8365: 8360: 8352: 8347: 8339: 8334: 8326: 8321: 8311:November 29, 8309:. Retrieved 8299: 8274: 8270: 8264: 8244: 8234: 8215: 8208: 8186:(1): 10–34. 8183: 8179: 8173: 8161:. Retrieved 8157: 8147: 8135:. Retrieved 8131: 8122: 8110:. Retrieved 8106: 8097: 8089: 8084: 8056: 8049: 8040: 8030: 8010: 7975:, retrieved 7970: 7961: 7952: 7943: 7937:. p. 1. 7934: 7924: 7904: 7897: 7877: 7870: 7845: 7841: 7831: 7814: 7810: 7800: 7775: 7771: 7761: 7744: 7740: 7730: 7721: 7695: 7666: 7659: 7647:. Retrieved 7643: 7623: 7606: 7583:, retrieved 7578: 7544: 7536: 7519:: a list of 7508: 7498: 7490: 7482: 7473: 7464: 7398: 7391: 7384: 7194: 7170: 7157: 7152: 7147: 7142: 7133: 7121: 7078: 7054: 7047: 7042: 7032: 7028: 7020: 7018: 7007: 7002: 6995: 6992: 6976: 6969: 6963: 6956: 6941: 6921: 6918: 6914:Annie Oakley 6910: 6890:Ned Buntline 6885: 6881: 6874:P. T. Barnum 6871: 6855: 6848: 6824: 6819:'s Wild West 6817:Buffalo Bill 6815: 6796:wild animals 6773: 6744:, Colorado, 6727: 6724:Spanish West 6697: 6666:Charles Bent 6650: 6622: 6619:Mountain man 6613:Frontiersmen 6596: 6581: 6570: 6556: 6537: 6533: 6524:reservations 6517: 6474: 6455: 6447:dust panning 6415: 6396: 6392:Levi Strauss 6381:, slickers, 6375: 6356: 6333: 6328:Asia–Pacific 6325: 6294: 6275: 6249: 6231: 6207:founded the 6197:Great Plains 6194: 6182: 6154:Hetch Hetchy 6142: 6136: 6104: 6099: 6095: 6066: 6059: 6016: 5997: 5989: 5977: 5960: 5887: 5804: 5794: 5767: 5746: 5677: 5622: 5616: 5610: 5604: 5598: 5592: 5588: 5586: 5546:Doc Holliday 5524: 5519: 5514: 5509: 5504: 5489: 5466: 5413: 5404:Prostitution 5401: 5378:Willa Cather 5375: 5358: 5353:Great Plains 5350: 5337:Juan Cortina 5335:. In Texas, 5309: 5278: 5263: 5238: 5216: 5208:Black cowboy 5205: 5149: 5112: 5108: 5100:Panorama of 5078: 5069: 5057: 5046: 5038: 5009: 4981: 4977:stagecoaches 4964: 4932: 4895: 4846:, Arkansas, 4842:, Oklahoma, 4831:Fort Laramie 4811: 4783: 4739:Sitting Bull 4719:Chief Joseph 4708: 4680:Edward Canby 4660:Captain Jack 4642: 4606: 4598:Empire Ranch 4563: 4543:Colorado War 4540: 4515: 4475: 4471: 4442: 4437: 4407: 4382: 4346: 4341: 4332: 4328:Plenty Coups 4317:Sitting Bull 4315:Sioux Chief 4279: 4252: 4219: 4200: 4193: 4180:Great Plains 4175: 4161: 4157: 4114: 4110: 4089: 4085: 4081:Mark Hopkins 4049: 4029: 4023: 3994: 3982: 3974: 3970: 3959: 3950:Homesteaders 3931: 3927: 3923: 3915: 3896:Postwar West 3883: 3865: 3857: 3844:Birch Coulee 3840:Fort Ridgely 3821: 3817: 3803:Peacekeeping 3783: 3767:gain control 3759: 3748: 3734: 3692: 3662:Hiram Sibley 3659: 3655:Pony Express 3652: 3640:Fort Laramie 3636: 3631:Pony Express 3621:Pony Express 3600: 3571:mass killing 3560: 3546: 3480:Donner Party 3464: 3452: 3444:Mormon Trail 3436:Oregon Trail 3420: 3415:Oregon Trail 3405:Oregon Trail 3399:Oregon Trail 3374: 3361:South Dakota 3358: 3338: 3332: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3313: 3273: 3269: 3244: 3239: 3224: 3212: 3135: 3129: 3110: 3076: 3056: 3032: 3024: 3019: 3014: 3011: 2978: 2974: 2961: 2953: 2941: 2913: 2890: 2883: 2878: 2856: 2852:Great Plains 2836:Zebulon Pike 2833: 2825:Fort Laramie 2808:Thomas Jesup 2797: 2792: 2777: 2772: 2765: 2757: 2742:The private 2741: 2734: 2709:mountain men 2684: 2677: 2627:Fort Astoria 2616: 2608: 2604: 2578: 2556: 2552: 2531: 2523: 2488: 2439:Daniel Boone 2436: 2426:established 2417: 2400: 2379: 2374: 2366: 2355: 2333:Daniel Boone 2325:Ohio Country 2322: 2301: 2297: 2265: 2252: 2247: 2238: 2200: 2192:colonial era 2189: 2181:Daniel Boone 2135: States 2129: 2044:or 98° west 2038: 2012: 1992: 1979: 1975: 1961: 1957: 1926: 1910:Great Plains 1882: 1880: 1863: 1848: 1828: 1807:expansionist 1788:in mainland 1781: 1777: 1773: 1771: 1320: 1262: 1255: 1236: 1197: 1190: 1176: 1117: 1073: 1066: 1019: 1005: 1000:Social class 998: 991: 952: 926:Marine Corps 913: 906: 899: 863:Debt ceiling 848:Civil rights 830: 823: 809: 795: 781: 752: 740:Civil unrest 738: 733:Antisemitism 731: 724: 706:2008–present 694:2008–present 692: 670: 648: 615: 582: 573:World War II 527: 483: 461: 428: 395: 362: 352:Colonial Era 350: 338: 332: 292: 54: 46: 39: 24559:Wake Island 24325:Mississippi 24240:Connecticut 24184:New England 23851:Agriculture 23770:Coast Guard 23765:Space Force 23613:Immigration 23341:WTC bombing 23259:Reaganomics 23187:Vietnam War 23103:McCarthyism 22985:Second Klan 22970:Prohibition 22948:World War I 22923:Square Deal 22913:Imperialism 22648:War of 1812 22375:Prehistoric 22207:Immigration 22138:LGBT rights 22040:Food safety 21875:Video games 21468:Wall Street 21448:Public debt 21351:Agriculture 21287:nationalism 20999:Uniform act 20921:Legislative 20828:Territorial 20786:Coast Guard 20781:Space Force 20531:Legislative 20326:Red (South) 20316:Mississippi 20238:New England 20174:Appalachian 20144:Earthquakes 20041:Discoveries 20036:Demographic 19978:Vietnam War 19921:World War I 19916:Imperialism 19866:Indian Wars 19841:War of 1812 18760:San Antonio 18697:Oregon City 18692:McMinnville 18619:Fort Gibson 18551:Fort Sumner 18541:Albuquerque 18508:Carson City 18412:Fort Benton 18370:Kansas City 18342:Leavenworth 18263:Tallahassee 18114:Los Angeles 18099:Bakersfield 18076:Window Rock 17883:New Mexican 17873:Californian 17822:Ghost towns 17713:Mexican War 17708:Indian Wars 17581:Gold rushes 17561:Paul Bunyan 17468:Meek Cutoff 17428:Barlow Road 17298:Barbed wire 17231:Seth Kinman 17045:Soapy Smith 17040:Belle Starr 17030:Tom McLaury 17020:Tom Ketchum 17015:Frank James 17010:Jesse James 16990:Bill Doolin 16963:Ike Clanton 16902:John Selman 16892:Bass Reeves 16867:Pat Garrett 16852:Virgil Earp 16847:Morgan Earp 16832:Elfego Baca 16771:Juan Rivera 16716:Jim Bridger 16595:Ganundalegi 16580:Crazy Snake 16575:Crazy Horse 16179:In Our Time 15675:(1): 2–13. 15577:, full text 15099:www.nps.gov 14814:The loggers 14511:www.nps.gov 13983:(2): 15–21. 13885:John Muir, 13495:February 2, 13359:February 2, 12695:(1): 3–29. 12561:Uncoverings 11836:www.uen.org 11472:p. 367 11234:Stan Hoig, 10728:Roughing it 10715:p. 190 10650:Stan Hoig, 10294:BYU Studies 8248:. Crowell. 8163:February 1, 8158:U.S. Census 8137:February 1, 8112:February 1, 7500:Dust Devils 7328:gunfighters 7171:Journalist 7158:Meanwhile, 7118:vigilantism 7102:code duello 7014:Will Rogers 6936:Owen Wister 6814:Poster for 6780:Dawson City 6688:Gunfighters 6674:Taos Revolt 6672:caused the 6599:log driving 6550:and female 6548:gunslingers 6512:Belle Starr 6477:gold rushes 6451:prospectors 6434:John Sutter 6363:Bowie knife 6112:Sierra Club 6032:ghost towns 6013:Cattle town 5720:Jack Powers 5688:Dalton Gang 5669:Dalton Gang 5603:(1957) and 5570:Warren Earp 5562:Morgan Earp 5558:Virgil Earp 5542:Morgan Earp 5433:Kansas City 5347:Family life 5254:Los Angeles 5184:German Jews 5142:in central 5031:Suffragists 4942:in the new 4835:Fort Kearny 4819:Apache Pass 4790:7th Cavalry 4743:Crazy Horse 4607:During the 4572:forced the 4566:Apache Wars 4535:Snake River 4326:Crow Chief 4301:Indian Wars 4226:Crimean War 4149:J.P. Morgan 3997:Morrill Act 3910:Camp Supply 3459:Barlow Road 3389:Silver City 3385:Carson City 3366:ghost towns 3308: 1850 3173:Sam Houston 3101:Sam Houston 3005:Map of the 2984:Merle Curti 2951:, in 1801. 2871:Karl Bodmer 2705:Green River 2672:Plate from 2658:Fur trading 2625:. Astor's " 2588:Federalists 2491:War of 1812 2393:Map of the 2385:Land policy 2272:New England 2242:egalitarian 2230:New Orleans 2019:Los Angeles 1953:video games 1949:comic books 1859:World War I 1844:1920 Census 1626:Territories 1347:New England 1027:Agriculture 946:Coast Guard 941:Space Force 789:Immigration 639:Vietnam War 540:World War I 334:Prehistoric 121:1865–1917 ( 92: 1887 50:‹ The 24646:Categories 24440:Washington 24360:New Mexico 24355:New Jersey 24230:California 23725:Journalism 23677:Corruption 23656:Government 23607:Demography 23594:Newspapers 23443:Sandy Hook 23346:Waco siege 23254:Reagan era 23160:Space Race 23093:Korean War 23034:home front 22866:Gilded Age 22834:Amendments 22241:Xenophobia 22030:Disability 21971:Healthcare 21880:Visual art 21825:Philosophy 21771:television 21761:newspapers 21751:journalism 21741:Literature 21653:attainment 21304:Republican 21299:Democratic 21272:Ideologies 21233:Corruption 20798:NOAA Corps 20721:preemption 20716:federalism 20331:Rio Grande 20233:Midwestern 20213:West Coast 20208:East Coast 20051:Inventions 19963:Space Race 19958:Korean War 19941:home front 19876:Gilded Age 19536:Gunfighter 19419:Sheep Wars 18745:Fort Worth 18682:The Dalles 18649:Tishomingo 18536:Alamogordo 18427:Livingston 18407:Deer Lodge 18327:Dodge City 18281:Fort Boise 18238:Negro Fort 18205:Rapid City 18200:Pine Ridge 18195:Fort Yates 18119:Sacramento 18091:California 18051:Fort Grant 17967:Cowboy hat 17935:New Mexico 17915:Weird West 17868:Chuckwagon 17781:Sheep Wars 17743:Range wars 17566:Pecos Bill 17536:Johnny Kaw 17531:John Henry 17526:Dime novel 17421:and trails 17398:Tack piano 17378:Stagecoach 17333:Ghost town 17095:Kit Carson 17083:and scouts 16943:Black Bart 16857:Wyatt Earp 16585:Dasoda-hae 16570:Crazy Bear 16540:Black Hawk 15817:October 4, 15799:0195325176 15613:0803289707 15344:Easy Rider 15072:080941533X 14990:October 4, 14901:0809415453 14824:0809415275 14726:0809415143 14474:The miners 14448:0879056568 14392:0879056568 14372:0590475657 14337:0803289774 14143:August 10, 14090:August 10, 14065:August 10, 13769:. p. 13257:0870043927 12743:0472063324 12138:0803295510 12091:0531015122 12019:0803287348 11869:0803259360 11217:Quoted in 11171:October 4, 11133:October 4, 11012:August 24, 10902:0803247877 10560:0813133610 9913:0292727070 9451:0870491571 9304:0803283644 8899:0300062907 8255:0690000081 8064:. p. 7977:January 7, 7649:January 7, 7558:References 7418:Chris Enss 7412:Literature 7315:Gunfighter 7098:gunfighter 7065:Luke Short 7039:Andy Adams 6886:Seth Jones 6878:dime novel 6832:Roy Harris 6784:gold mines 6738:New Mexico 6709:Dodge City 6694:Gunfighter 6684:warriors. 6567:Lumberjack 6442:California 6400:open range 6387:cowboy hat 6313:Bandit War 6114:. Muir, a 6042:See also: 6023:Dodge City 6000:open range 5883:Bandit War 5867:Sheep Wars 5806:Range wars 5734:open range 5692:Black Bart 5624:Wyatt Earp 5566:James Earp 5461:Wyatt Earp 5449:Luke Short 5421:Dodge City 5219:Exodusters 5176:LDS church 5160:Norwegians 5104:circa 1898 4960:St. Joseph 4864:Fort Omaha 4856:Fort Worth 4852:Fort Union 4844:Fort Smith 4817:protected 4815:Fort Bowie 4771:Ute people 4703:Fort Dodge 4624:fought by 4568:, Colonel 4545:fought by 4394:Whig Party 4353:Karankawan 4194:After the 4188:H. B. Hall 4117:Gilded Age 3934:Mark Twain 3867:Kit Carson 3836:Hutchinson 3751:Mine Creek 3497:highwaymen 3207:New Mexico 3148:Santa Anna 3115:along the 3105:Santa Anna 3064:Henry Clay 3060:Whig Party 2995:See also: 2840:Rio Grande 2823:The first 2717:Hugh Glass 2700:South Pass 2455:Louisville 2413:homesteads 2408:Henry Clay 2352:New nation 2015:West Coast 2008:East Coast 1922:West Coast 1920:, and the 901:Journalism 853:Corruption 832:Government 783:Demography 770:Newspapers 661:Reagan Era 507:Gilded Age 345:until 1607 180:New France 170:New Sweden 24450:Wisconsin 24415:Tennessee 24320:Minnesota 24295:Louisiana 24189:The South 23760:Air Force 23635:Education 23497:recession 23453:Las Vegas 23361:Columbine 23318:1991–2008 23246:1980–1991 23147:1964–1980 23058:1945–1964 23012:Dust Bowl 22940:1917–1945 22821:1865–1917 22799:Civil War 22792:Secession 22737:1849–1865 22660:1815–1849 22631:Quasi-War 22608:1789–1815 22528:1776–1789 22481:Sugar Act 22224:Terrorism 22001:Rationing 21898:Affluence 21845:Sexuality 21813:Uncle Sam 21719:Languages 21648:Education 21591:affluence 21551:Americana 21478:Transport 21376:Insurance 21366:Companies 21346:By sector 21238:Elections 20879:Treasurer 20837:Executive 20776:Air Force 20748:Uniformed 20571:President 20388:Executive 20159:Mountains 20092:Territory 20080:Geography 19904:1954–1968 19899:1896–1954 19894:1865–1896 19856:Civil War 19697:1991–2008 19692:1980–1991 19687:1964–1980 19682:1945–1964 19677:1917–1945 19672:1865–1917 19667:1849–1865 19662:1815–1849 19657:1789–1815 19652:1776–1789 19645:By period 19453:Robberies 19404:Pecos War 19123:showdowns 19121:Duels and 18918:Gunfights 18902:Gunfights 18811:Vancouver 18687:La Grande 18654:Tuskahoma 18644:Tahlequah 18624:Fort Sill 18591:Tucumcari 18561:Las Vegas 18490:Whiteclay 18485:Valentine 18417:Fort Peck 18375:St. Louis 18332:Ellsworth 18286:Fort Hall 18258:St. Marks 18243:Pensacola 18157:Telluride 18124:San Diego 18109:Jamestown 18066:Tombstone 18008:Anchorage 17856:Influence 17827:Gunfights 17619:Gunfights 17463:Lolo Pass 17419:Transport 17358:Moonshine 17348:Land rush 17338:Gunfights 17328:Fast draw 17303:Boot Hill 17201:C. S. Fly 17165:Al Sieber 16872:Jack Helm 16756:Joe Mayer 16694:Explorers 16665:Ten Bears 16650:Smallwood 16635:Sacagawea 16630:Red Cloud 16610:Manuelito 16605:Kiliahote 16455:Seminoles 16415:Nez Perce 16280:Blackfoot 15346:Road Trip 14918:cite book 14841:cite book 14743:cite book 14716:The women 14675:146693259 14659:0021-8758 14181:August 9, 13952:CiteSeerX 13730:153932584 13093:0022-5169 12943:August 2, 12717:143464846 12106:. History 11382:Historian 10336:145609963 10272:. Knopf. 8192:0003-049X 7585:April 23, 7492:Deadlands 7474:Boot Hill 7424:Zane Grey 7264:wrangling 7048:Red River 7022:Oklahoma! 6979:John Ford 6900:created " 6764:Canadians 6713:Tombstone 6662:customers 6625:explorers 6546:, female 6542:, female 6491:. Or the 6416:In 1849, 6383:bandannas 6321:Posey War 6317:Bluff War 6224:Map from 6108:John Muir 6071:, led by 6027:Ellsworth 5972:Red River 5819:Pecos War 5786:Range war 5762:vigilante 5618:Tombstone 5589:Tombstone 5548:, killed 5372:Childhood 5312:New Spain 5288:Hispanics 4907:Cheyennes 4840:Fort Sill 4798:Bluff War 4794:Crow Foot 4779:Posey War 4715:Nez Perce 4676:U.S. Army 4672:Modoc War 4652:Red Cloud 4574:Mescalero 4518:Snake War 4485:fought a 4414:Chickasaw 4258:in 1896, 4196:Civil War 4137:Jay Cooke 3852:Wood Lake 3563:animosity 3468:dysentery 3317:U.S. Army 3142:in 1826. 2991:Southwest 2789:in 1857: 2637:Fur trade 2437:In 1775, 2311:. In the 2218:habitants 2196:Jamestown 2046:longitude 1933:Southwest 1918:Southwest 1782:Wild West 1352:The South 936:Air Force 811:Education 687:1991–2008 672:1991–2008 665:1981–1991 650:1980–1991 643:1964–1975 632:1954–1968 617:1964–1980 610:1954–1968 599:1945–1964 584:1945–1964 577:1941–1945 566:1929–1941 555:1918–1929 544:1917–1918 529:1917–1945 522:1896–1917 511:1877–1896 500:1865–1877 485:1865–1917 478:1849–1865 463:1849–1865 456:1825–1849 445:1817–1825 430:1815–1849 423:1801–1817 412:1788–1801 397:1789–1815 390:1783–1788 379:1765–1783 364:1776–1789 357:1607–1765 185:New Spain 108:Jamestown 59:is being 18:Wild West 24621:Category 24435:Virginia 24385:Oklahoma 24365:New York 24340:Nebraska 24330:Missouri 24315:Michigan 24305:Maryland 24290:Kentucky 24270:Illinois 24245:Delaware 24235:Colorado 24225:Arkansas 24104:Lesbians 24078:Comanche 24073:Cherokee 23866:Medicine 23824:Genocide 23817:Religion 23739:Military 23712:Taxation 23662:Abortion 23578:Cultural 23458:Parkland 23388:Iraq War 23326:Gulf War 23098:Ivy Mike 23017:New Deal 22393:Colonial 22338:Timeline 22280:Category 21976:Abortion 21840:Religion 21798:Columbia 21756:internet 21692:Holidays 21687:Folklore 21658:literacy 21596:eviction 21486:Aviation 21458:Taxation 21413:Currency 21406:by state 21316:Scandals 21186:Township 20944:Judicial 20845:Governor 20608:Judicial 20494:Marshals 20367:Politics 20321:Missouri 20311:Columbia 20306:Colorado 20301:Arkansas 20294:Longest 20273:Southern 20258:Northern 20102:counties 20056:Military 20046:Economic 20024:By topic 20003:Iraq War 19953:Cold War 19711:By event 19529:See also 18910:Old West 18860:Category 18750:Gonzales 18702:Portland 18639:Pawhuska 18634:Okmulgee 18586:Santa Fe 18576:Mogollon 18546:Cimarron 18475:Ogallala 18447:Nebraska 18432:Missoula 18397:Billings 18357:Missouri 18296:Illinois 18185:Deadwood 18180:Bismarck 18162:Trinidad 18139:Colorado 18056:Prescott 18013:Iditarod 17940:Red Dirt 17513:Folklore 17323:Cow town 17241:Nat Love 17135:Tom Horn 17081:Soldiers 16842:Roy Bean 16698:pioneers 16685:Washakie 16680:Victorio 16590:Geronimo 16565:Degataga 16460:Shoshone 16405:Muscogee 16390:Maricopa 16365:Kumeyaay 16355:Kickapoo 16350:Hualapai 16320:Comanche 16295:Cheyenne 16285:Cahuilla 16087:(1977), 16044:6193934M 15393:(2013). 15081:11231455 14910:18444521 14667:27555925 14618:July 22, 14152:citation 14003:. Reno: 13759:(1987). 13140:41695470 12873:40021171 12822:Asbury, 12479:Archived 12334:25542594 12254:30240564 11811:April 1, 11468:Michno, 11202:Archived 11043:(1919). 9740:(2009). 8242:(1977). 7986:citation 7823:40490574 7753:40490574 7509:Red Dead 7452:Winnetou 7436:Karl May 7203:See also 7114:lynching 7086:chivalry 6888:(1860). 6754:badlands 6670:Colorado 6658:bankrupt 6592:crosscut 6540:cowgirls 6462:pickaxes 6371:bullwhip 6323:(1923). 6183:Wounded 6120:sequoias 6007:Cowtowns 5981:Hereford 5928:and the 5881:and the 5758:rustlers 5742:badlands 5706:and the 5696:Sam Bass 5631:Banditry 5574:vendetta 5473:rustling 5331:against 5325:violence 5035:Hy Mayer 4911:Arapahos 4827:Geronimo 4759:Cheyenne 4705:, Kansas 4602:Geronimo 4590:Geronimo 4547:Cheyenne 4530:Shoshone 4489:against 4483:Comanche 4426:Seminole 4410:Cherokee 4129:Santa Fe 3990:Nebraska 3888:and the 3785:Missouri 3517:Utah War 3493:Colorado 3370:Colorado 3236:Veracruz 3201:General 3140:Fredonia 3136:de facto 3113:Santa Fe 2904:Religion 2846:. Major 2687:trappers 2511:Tecumseh 2479:Tecumseh 2459:Kentucky 2335:. Young 2234:patroons 2041:meridian 1995:frontier 1980:frontier 1884:frontier 1778:Old West 1724:Category 1275:Lesbians 1249:Comanche 1244:Cherokee 1042:Medicine 993:Religion 915:Military 888:Taxation 838:Abortion 754:Cultural 158:Location 114:in 1912) 63:. › 52:template 24455:Wyoming 24430:Vermont 24335:Montana 24275:Indiana 24255:Georgia 24250:Florida 24220:Arizona 24210:Alabama 24177:Regions 24099:Gay men 23871:Railway 23831:Slavery 23627:Banking 23621:Economy 23463:El Paso 23448:Orlando 23182:Détente 22343:Outline 22264:Outline 22212:illegal 22197:Smoking 22060:Obesity 21943:Poverty 21865:Theater 21855:Society 21709:Housing 21670:Fashion 21626:poverty 21571:Cuisine 21543:Culture 21530:Society 21491:Driving 21418:Exports 21396:Tourism 21356:Banking 21334:Economy 21294:Parties 21138:Charter 21102:Sheriff 20549:Speaker 20417:Cabinet 20380:Federal 20288:Western 20253:Eastern 20248:Central 20243:Pacific 20203:Regions 20154:Islands 19637:History 18908:in the 18806:Seattle 18796:Everett 18755:Lubbock 18740:El Paso 18735:Abilene 18677:Astoria 18581:Roswell 18571:Mesilla 18566:Lincoln 18455:Chadron 18402:Bozeman 18347:Wichita 18322:Abilene 18215:Yankton 18061:Phoenix 18028:Skagway 17903:Tex-Mex 17842:Outlaws 16931:Outlaws 16640:Seattle 16600:Irataba 16560:Cochise 16510:Yavapai 16480:Tonkawa 16440:Pequots 16370:Kutenai 16340:Hidatsa 16315:Cocopah 16300:Chinook 16270:Arikara 16265:Arapaho 16148:WETA-TV 16128:History 16116:Culture 15980:3639634 15681:4519027 15472:2712805 15262:(2012). 15175:excerpt 15173:(2005) 14833:2224738 14735:3650104 14593:May 27, 14567:May 27, 14493:2735261 13722:3111428 12709:3173531 12463:3638262 12310:(1990). 12210:(1959) 12181:(1957). 11369:1904204 10969:3636678 10837:1902928 10711:Eblen, 10121:(1979). 9853:1834723 9605:1892931 9556:Wyman, 9398:1888756 9265:(1965). 9148:1984483 9047:1887121 8774:1896318 8699:Lincoln 8613:3741919 8503:excerpt 8501:(2004) 8291:3639983 7448:series. 7347:marshal 7343:sheriff 7324:outlaws 7266:skills. 7224:General 6734:Arizona 6678:assault 6561:Loggers 6520:to vote 6495:in the 6483:in the 6422:sawmill 6347:Cowboys 6266:in 1916 6262:in 1909 6185:buffalo 6164:Buffalo 6152:on the 6122:in the 6019:Abilene 5859:Montana 5552:in the 5496:Marshal 5492:sheriff 5469:dueling 5425:Wichita 5417:Abilene 5351:On the 5317:barrios 5172:English 4972:cowboys 4928:Mormons 4823:Cochise 4767:Ute War 4727:Montana 4564:In the 4526:Bannock 4507:Tejanos 4503:warring 4491:Spanish 4446:Florida 4418:Choctaw 4357:Akokisa 4349:disease 4295:Guthrie 4228:, Tsar 3832:New Ulm 3629:Map of 3591:Deseret 3583:Mormons 3567:clashed 3531:Mormons 3476:cholera 3472:typhoid 3349:Sierras 3293:Clipper 3165:Texians 2691:hunters 2674:Audubon 2664:in 1841 2397:by 1785 2294:in 1763 2290:during 2210:Spanish 2202:English 2190:In the 2161:History 2031:Midwest 1937:Western 1902:Midwest 1702:Outline 1339:Regions 1270:Gay men 1047:Railway 1007:Slavery 803:Banking 797:Economy 24631:Portal 24585:Cities 24568:Cities 24390:Oregon 24345:Nevada 24285:Kansas 24260:Hawaii 24215:Alaska 24203:States 24129:Places 23891:Groups 23861:Lumber 23799:Fourth 23789:Second 23599:Sports 23584:Cinema 23553:Topics 23468:Uvalde 23438:Aurora 23433:Tucson 22357:Events 22285:Portal 22192:Hunger 22143:racism 22084:Issues 21958:Health 21860:Sports 21820:People 21665:Family 21636:wealth 21561:Cinema 21386:Mining 21371:Energy 21116:Cities 21084:County 21018:Tribal 20556:Senate 20400:powers 20296:rivers 20169:ranges 20137:states 20061:Postal 19585:, and 19541:Cowboy 18730:Austin 18659:Wewoka 18556:Gallup 18500:Nevada 18422:Helena 18314:Kansas 18233:Angola 18152:Denver 18147:Creede 18104:Fresno 18071:Tucson 18023:Seward 18000:Alaska 17992:Places 17945:Tejano 17832:Lawmen 17174:Others 16984:Emmett 16825:Lawmen 16615:Massai 16500:Yakama 16495:Washoe 16485:Umpqua 16450:Pueblo 16430:Pawnee 16410:Navajo 16400:Mohave 16385:Mandan 16375:Lakota 16330:Dakota 16290:Cayuse 16260:Apache 16150:, 2001 16104:online 16089:online 16042: 16017: 15978: 15903: 15868:(1991) 15852: 15797: 15679: 15654: 15634: 15610: 15569: 15542: 15495: 15470: 15416: 15380:(2012) 15330:online 15295: 15249:(2000) 15191:online 15079: 15069: 14956:(2006) 14908: 14898: 14831: 14821: 14733: 14723: 14673: 14665: 14657: 14491: 14481: 14446: 14390: 14370: 14335: 14314:online 14268: 14235: 14206: 14115: 14042:986139 14040: 14011: 13954: 13908: 13837:(2010) 13804: 13777: 13728: 13720: 13683: 13656: 13629: 13602: 13447: 13411: 13281: 13254: 13227: 13207:(1991) 13138: 13113: 13091: 13027:970535 13025: 12988: 12965: 12920: 12896: 12871: 12780: 12760:(1985) 12740: 12715: 12707: 12654:(2005) 12641:(2002) 12628:(1991) 12615:(1989) 12602:(1993) 12576:(1991) 12537:(1992) 12524:(2006) 12498:(2004) 12461: 12392:(1992) 12363:(1984) 12350:(1998) 12332: 12252: 12229:online 12196:online 12135: 12089: 12016: 11950: 11922: 11866: 11759: 11719: 11692: 11665: 11642: 11590: 11564: 11541: 11520: 11446:(2010) 11417: 11367: 11321: 11285: 11258: 11238:(1989) 11116:ch. 32 11103:(2011) 11090:(1998) 10967: 10919:(2004) 10899: 10835: 10798: 10762: 10735: 10654:(1974) 10628:(2013) 10608: 10557: 10523:online 10508:(2006) 10494:online 10479:(2004) 10436:(2002) 10420:967112 10418: 10388:(1998) 10334: 10328:368068 10326: 10276: 10216: 10189: 10134:(1993) 10101: 10081:(1980) 10017: 9990: 9937: 9910: 9869:(1990) 9851: 9804: 9777: 9750: 9677: 9641: 9603: 9498: 9448: 9421: 9396: 9341: 9301: 9280:online 9232: 9211:(2000) 9196:(2000) 9146: 9116:(2004) 9090:(2009) 9070: 9045: 9015:(2013) 8956:(2010) 8936: 8916:(2005) 8896: 8856: 8836:(2002) 8822:online 8807:(1953) 8772: 8728:online 8706: 8673:(1973) 8636: 8611: 8546:online 8524: 8468: 8441: 8414: 8394:(2000) 8377:Main, 8355:(1987) 8342:(1918) 8289: 8252: 8222: 8200:985999 8198: 8190: 8072: 8018: 7912: 7885: 7862:970654 7860: 7821: 7792:970654 7790: 7751: 7674: 7511:series 7309:People 7050:(1948) 6896:, and 6842:, and 6790:. The 6758:Sonora 6748:, and 6746:Nevada 6682:Pueblo 6641:famine 6603:loader 6470:copper 6458:mining 6406:Miners 6359:cowboy 6353:Cowboy 6089:, and 6025:, and 5952:cowboy 5936:Cattle 5920:feud, 5740:, and 5686:, the 5540:, and 5534:Virgil 5431:, and 5229:Asians 5156:Swedes 5146:, 1875 5144:Kansas 5102:Denver 4958:, and 4765:. The 4723:Oregon 4717:under 4668:Oregon 4650:chief 4648:Lakota 4611:, the 4479:Apache 4424:, and 4293:, and 4291:Norman 4238:Alaska 4222:Russia 4220:After 4123:, and 4079:, and 3871:Navajo 3850:, and 3834:, and 3731:, 1862 3569:and a 3535:Paiute 3474:, and 3387:, and 3203:Kearny 3163:, the 3161:Goliad 3107:, 1836 2936:, and 2806:, and 2695:beaver 2596:yeomen 2212:, and 2206:French 2154: 2147: 2140: 2133: 1974:Terms 1945:novels 1916:, the 1912:, the 1908:, the 1734:Portal 1685:Cities 1667:Cities 1365:States 1294:Places 1061:Groups 1037:Lumber 975:Fourth 965:Second 775:Sports 760:Cinema 719:Topics 280:Alaska 81:cowboy 42:(film) 24420:Texas 24300:Maine 24265:Idaho 24093:LGBTQ 24086:Women 23856:Labor 23809:Sixth 23804:Fifth 23794:Third 23784:First 23589:Music 23331:NAFTA 22271:Index 22096:Crime 21966:Aging 21783:Names 21778:Music 21766:radio 21746:Media 21576:Dance 21566:Crime 21401:Trade 21158:Mayor 21107:Clerk 21075:Local 20817:State 20336:Yukon 20179:Rocky 20164:peaks 19359:Range 19221:Feuds 18906:feuds 18722:Texas 18707:Salem 18480:Omaha 18190:Fargo 17972:Jeans 17817:Gangs 17795:Lists 17748:feuds 17373:Rodeo 16505:Yaqui 16465:Sioux 16395:Modoc 16360:Kiowa 16310:Caddo 16186:Media 15976:JSTOR 15677:JSTOR 15468:JSTOR 15351:Slate 14695:. 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