498:
225:
777:
758:
513:
300:
793:
540:
261:
484:
548:
1630:
340:
1640:
244:
280:
470:
324:
497:
224:
1068:
Mashkour, M.; Monchot, H.; Trinkaus, E.; Reyss, J.‐L.; Biglari, F.; Bailon, S.; Heydari, S.; Abdi, K. (2009). "Carnivores and their prey in the Wezmeh Cave (Kermanshah, Iran): a Late
Pleistocene refuge in the Zagros".
1096:Özkan, M.; Gürün, K.; Yüncü, E.; Vural, K. B.; Atağ, G.; Akbaba, A.; Fidan, F. R.; Sağlıcan, E.; Altınışık, Ezgi N.; Koptekin, D.; Pawłowska, K.; Hodder, I.; Adcock, S. E.; Arbuckle, B. S.; Steadman, S. R. (2024).
1595:
1605:
1564:
1237:
1242:
127:, and other valuable trees. On the plateau proper, areas of scrub oak appear on the best-watered mountain slopes, and villagers cultivate orchards and grow the plane tree, poplar,
627:, and by approving large national development projects without demanding comprehensive study of their impact on wildlife habitats. The leopard's main range overlaps with that of
776:
1559:
757:
1569:
824:
512:
299:
1414:
1344:
1610:
1554:
1133:
Choudhury, A.; Lahiri
Choudhury, D.K.; Desai, A.; Duckworth, J.W.; Easa, P.S.; Johnsingh, A.J.T.; Fernando, P.; Hedges, S.; Gunawardena, M.; Kurt, F. (2008).
1615:
829:
111:
More than one-tenth of the country is forested. The most extensive forest is found on the mountain slopes rising from the
Caspian Sea, with stands of
792:
1544:
620:
947:
260:
1519:
1269:
1020:
819:
743:
1243:
Skin of a
Persian lioness, belonging to an endangered subspecies of lions, brought to Dublin by King Edward VII in 1902.
1004:
555:
As of 2001, 20 of Iran's mammal species and 14 bird species were endangered. Endangered species in Iran include the
624:
279:
163:
155:
spring from the barren land in the spring and afford pasturage, but the summer sun burns them away. According to
844:
1354:
1664:
1600:
839:
286:
647:. Apart from bezoar ibex, wild sheep, boar, deer, and domestic livestock constitute leopard prey in Iran.
1464:
218:
species are grown in Iran. The land covered by Iran's natural flora is four times that of the Europe's.
243:
1178:
315:
483:
60:
1514:
1479:
1434:
1286:
1262:
1189:]. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution and the National Science Foundation. pp. 95–202.
644:
597:
1404:
1399:
1294:
1050:
849:
814:
680:
76:
619:
have shown disregard for wildlife by passing laws and regulations such as the act that lets the
323:
1669:
1524:
1499:
1394:
1314:
1304:
907:
854:
747:
250:
56:
1489:
1484:
1364:
809:
356:
994:
937:
879:
Jowkar, H.; Hunter, L.; Ziaie, H.; Marker, L.; Breitenmoser-Wursten, C.; Durant, S. (2008).
1504:
1459:
1439:
1429:
1329:
1132:
720:
643:. The leopard population is very sparse, due to loss of habitat, loss of natural prey, and
469:
352:
8:
1584:
1529:
1444:
1424:
1309:
1299:
1255:
670:
568:
504:
489:
475:
1574:
1509:
1474:
1409:
1389:
1379:
1339:
1324:
1319:
159:
reports, the major types of forests that exist in Iran and their respective areas are:
72:
71:
to document
Caspian fauna. Several naturalists followed in the 19th century, including
52:
1212:
1639:
1534:
1494:
1469:
1449:
1384:
1359:
1349:
1334:
1000:
943:
834:
690:
686:
588:
526:
518:
267:
1134:
1454:
1419:
1374:
1278:
1113:
1078:
902:
880:
859:
783:
636:
602:
576:
556:
412:
404:
388:
306:
230:
68:
763:
697:
683:
native to Iran during the Last
Glacial Period, became extinct at an unknown date.
640:
560:
80:
36:
963:
1028:
572:
539:
200:
districts in the central and northeastern part of the country (10,000 km)
1658:
1633:
1218:
Asian
Leopard Specialist Society, Iran: Research, Conservation and Management
1203:
1143:
893:
735:
727:
712:
610:
432:
380:
372:
360:
234:
197:
1187:
Mammals of the Soviet Union. Volume II, Part 2. Carnivora (Hyaenas and Cats)
184:
forests in the eastern, southern and southeastern districts (26,000 km)
767:
704:
580:
564:
207:
203:
124:
1643:
731:
628:
364:
64:
547:
878:
739:
666:
584:
384:
339:
1118:
1097:
1162:
Khosravifard, S.; Niamir, A. (2016). "The lair of the lion in Iran".
716:
708:
660:
448:
396:
181:
174:
169:
96:
689:, extinct species of wild ass. Youngest records in Iran date to the
35:
One of the most famous animals of Iran is the critically endangered
1247:
1082:
444:
408:
392:
144:
116:
1052:
Prey composition in the
Persian leopard distribution range in Iran
1021:"74 Iranian wildlife species red-listed by Environment Department"
656:
606:
376:
291:
271:
92:
746:, before 1960. The last tiger in Iran was reportedly sighted in
1217:
674:
632:
615:
592:
460:
436:
424:
152:
148:
132:
128:
84:
1232:
700:
roamed southern Iran, before vanishing there in ancient times.
190:
forests in the central and western districts (100,000 km)
1176:
1098:"The first complete genome of the extinct European wild ass (
456:
452:
440:
428:
416:
400:
215:
193:
140:
136:
25:
21:
1227:
1067:
609:. At least 74 species of Iranian wildlife are listed on the
1222:
825:
World
Network of Biosphere Reserves in Asia and the Pacific
613:, a sign of serious threats to the country's biodiversity.
420:
100:
88:
29:
1161:
368:
348:
187:
156:
120:
112:
1183:
Mlekopitajuščie
Sovetskogo Soiuza. Moskva: Vysšaia Škola
798:
Caspian tiger killed in northern Iran in the early 1940s
237:, but is widely planted elsewhere for aesthetic purposes
992:
206:
forests of the southern coast (5,000 km) like the
639:
mountain ranges, as well as smaller ranges within the
551:
Persian fallow deer, surviving only in Iran and Israel
55:
in the 14th century. In the 18th and 19th centuries,
1126:
1095:
172:
mountainous forests in the northeastern districts (
830:List of national parks and protected areas of Iran
1656:
782:Men with a live lion in Persia, photographed by
730:used to occur in the northern region around the
723:was considered as a site for its reintroduction.
996:Lion and Gazelle: The Mammals and Birds of Iran
988:
986:
984:
766:relief of boar-hunting on domestic elephants,
1263:
1049:Sanei, A., Zakaria, M., Hermidas, S. (2011).
623:exploit mines without the involvement of the
981:
964:"Unasylva - Vol. 8, No. 2 - The work of FAO"
715:. The last sighting occurred in 1957 in the
1170:
1270:
1256:
931:
929:
927:
925:
908:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T220A13035342.en
673:(as evidenced by remains in sites such as
166:of the northern districts (33,000 km)
1177:Geptner, V. G.; Sludskij, A. A. (1992) .
1117:
1071:International Journal of Osteoarchaeology
1055:. Asia Life Sciences Supplement 7: 19–30.
906:
546:
538:
415:. Domestic ungulates are represented by
338:
922:
1657:
935:
51:The animals of Iran were described by
43:), which today survives only in Iran.
1251:
1238:Status of the Persian Leopard in Iran
677:), became extinct at an unknown date.
1277:
1063:
1061:
1223:Flora of Iran by Pr Ahmad Ghahreman
1144:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
894:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
872:
820:List of non-marine molluscs of Iran
744:Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
13:
993:Humphreys, P.; Kahrom, E. (1999).
942:. London, New York: I. B. Tauris.
14:
1681:
1213:Department of Environment of Iran
1197:
1089:
1058:
1638:
1629:
1628:
791:
775:
756:
621:Ministry of Industries and Mines
511:
496:
482:
468:
347:Iran's living fauna includes 34
322:
298:
278:
259:
242:
223:
1155:
1596:British Indian Ocean Territory
1043:
1013:
956:
845:International rankings of Iran
659:(unknown date post-dating the
329:Trees in forests of Mazandaran
1:
1233:Iranian Cheetah Society (ICS)
865:
534:
840:Environmental issues in Iran
707:was recorded only in Iran's
669:, native to Iran during the
287:Juniperus excelsa polycarpos
7:
999:. Avon: Images Publishing.
803:
10:
1686:
1166:(Special Issue 10): 14−17.
1100:Equus hemionus hydruntinus
939:The Complete Fauna of Iran
650:
631:, which occurs throughout
46:
41:Acinonyx jubatus venaticus
1624:
1583:
1543:
1285:
625:Department of Environment
463:are also native to Iran.
316:mangrove forests of Qeshm
1345:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
645:population fragmentation
598:Panthera pardus tulliana
334:
310:trees (locally known as
178:forests, 13,000 km)
106:
1606:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
850:Wildlife of Afghanistan
815:List of mammals of Iran
681:Narrow-nosed rhinoceros
77:William Thomas Blanford
855:Wildlife of South Asia
748:Golestan National Park
719:valley. In the 1970s,
552:
544:
344:
251:Fritillaria imperialis
57:Samuel Gottlieb Gmelin
810:List of birds of Iran
550:
542:
523:Ursus arctos syriacus
357:small Indian mongoose
342:
1520:United Arab Emirates
1208:Encyclopædia Iranica
721:Arzhan National Park
443:. Bird species like
353:Indian grey mongoose
1665:Wildlife by country
1547:limited recognition
1151:: e.T7140A12828813.
936:Firouz, E. (2005).
901:: e.T220A13035342.
671:Last Glacial Period
569:Persian fallow deer
505:Kavir National Park
490:Long-eared hedgehog
476:Long-legged buzzard
553:
545:
543:An Asiatic cheetah
345:
266:The 4000-year-old
73:Filippo de Filippi
53:Hamdallah Mustawfi
1652:
1651:
1589:other territories
1279:Wildlife of Asia
1119:10.1111/mec.17440
1106:Molecular Ecology
949:978-1-85043-946-2
835:Geography of Iran
691:2nd millennium BC
527:Lar National Park
519:Syrian brown bear
268:Cypress of Abarqu
61:Édouard Ménétries
1677:
1642:
1632:
1631:
1601:Christmas Island
1287:Sovereign states
1272:
1265:
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1249:
1248:
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1190:
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1168:
1167:
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1153:
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1123:
1121:
1093:
1087:
1086:
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1047:
1041:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1027:. Archived from
1017:
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990:
979:
978:
976:
974:
960:
954:
953:
933:
920:
919:
917:
915:
910:
883:Acinonyx jubatus
876:
860:Wildlife of Iraq
795:
784:Antoin Sevruguin
779:
760:
603:Caspian Sea wolf
577:hawksbill turtle
557:Baluchistan bear
515:
500:
486:
472:
413:goitered gazelle
405:Armenian mouflon
395:species include
389:Asian black bear
326:
307:Avicennia marina
302:
282:
263:
246:
231:Persian ironwood
227:
214:More than 8,200
69:Talysh Mountains
18:wildlife of Iran
1685:
1684:
1680:
1679:
1678:
1676:
1675:
1674:
1655:
1654:
1653:
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1588:
1579:
1560:Northern Cyprus
1546:
1539:
1281:
1276:
1204:Fauna of Persia
1200:
1195:
1194:
1175:
1171:
1160:
1156:
1137:Elephas maximus
1131:
1127:
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873:
868:
806:
799:
796:
787:
780:
771:
764:Sasanian Empire
761:
742:regions of the
736:Trans-Caucasian
698:Syrian elephant
653:
641:Iranian Plateau
561:Asiatic cheetah
537:
530:
529:, northern Iran
516:
507:
501:
492:
487:
478:
473:
337:
330:
327:
318:
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283:
274:
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228:
164:Caspian forests
109:
83:who documented
81:Nikolai Zarudny
49:
37:Asiatic cheetah
12:
11:
5:
1683:
1673:
1672:
1667:
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1572:
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1562:
1557:
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1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
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1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1291:
1289:
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1282:
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1274:
1267:
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1199:
1198:External links
1196:
1193:
1192:
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1125:
1088:
1083:10.1002/oa.997
1077:(6): 678–694.
1057:
1042:
1031:on 20 May 2015
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1005:
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786:(1830s – 1933)
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713:Fars Provinces
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589:Latifi's viper
573:Siberian crane
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1670:Biota of Iran
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1228:Flora of Iran
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734:, and in the
733:
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728:Caspian tiger
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612:
611:IUCN Red List
608:
604:
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433:water buffalo
430:
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402:
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382:
381:Eurasian lynx
378:
374:
373:striped hyena
370:
366:
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361:golden jackal
358:
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343:Golden jackal
341:
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235:Northern Iran
233:is native to
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198:Dasht-e Kavir
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67:area and the
66:
63:explored the
62:
58:
54:
44:
42:
38:
33:
31:
27:
23:
19:
1585:Dependencies
1515:Turkmenistan
1480:Saudi Arabia
1369:
1207:
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914:13 November
732:Caspian Sea
675:Wezmeh Cave
629:bezoar ibex
365:Indian wolf
290:or Persian
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1659:Categories
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1500:Tajikistan
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1395:Kazakhstan
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687:Hydruntine
667:Cave hyena
585:Oxus cobra
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385:brown bear
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