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688:) for the war economy. Groener negotiated with the civilian bureaucracy, unions and representatives of the employers. Despite his efforts to appear neutral to maximise output, he became the target of criticism. Factory owners resented him for accepting the unions as partners. Revolutionary groups used his strict admonishments against those who went on strike while soldiers died at the front to undermine his standing with the workers. The negotiations made the limits of Germany military power obvious to Groener and he began to doubt that Germany could win the war. This caused confrontations with the third
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841:, the Prussian Minister of War. Hindenburg followed Groener on this issue and when Hindenburg resigned, Groener succeeded him. Groener, who expected to be made a scapegoat, began actively cooperating in this process to save the popular von Hindenburg's reputation, something Ebert immediately noticed. OHL was dissolved as a condition of the treaty, and Groener temporarily took over command at Kolberg. He started to organise the establishment of the new peacetime (
412:
402:
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1868:
797:, which was to remain secret for a number of years. Ebert agreed to suppress the Bolshevik revolutionaries and to maintain the traditional role of the armed forces as a pillar of the German state; Groener promised that the army would support the new government. For this act, Groener earned the enmity of many other military leaders, many of whom sought the retention of the monarchy.
790:. On 9 November, when the Kaiser suggested using the army to crush the revolution at home, Groener advised him to abdicate, because he had lost the confidence of the armed forces. Groener's goal was to preserve the monarchy, but under a different ruler. He was also in favour of accepting the armistice conditions put to the German government, despite their severe nature.
712:
as
Chancellor, Groener suggested that the state should intervene to limit corporate profits and the wage growth that resulted from booming war-related public demand. On 16 August 1917 he was recalled from his post and reassigned to an operational command. This was seen by the public as a response to
909:, Groener made an effort to integrate it into the society of the Weimar Republic. In 1930, Groener married Ruth Naeher-Glück (born 1894) in Berlin and had a son. This second marriage and the early birth date of his son undermined Groener's relationship with the conservative Hindenburg.
931:(SA storm troops). As Interior Minister he was asked to outlaw the SA, whilst his goal as Defence Minister was to integrate it into a national, non-partisan paramilitary force. In April 1932, under pressure from several German states, Groener outlawed the SA and
517:
Groener tried to integrate the military, which was dominated by an aristocratic and monarchistic officer corps, into the new republic. After resigning from the army in the summer of 1919, Groener served in several governments of the
472:
763:
After the dismissal of Erich
Ludendorff on 26 October 1918, Groener was recalled and on 29 October appointed as Ludendorff's successor as First Quartermaster General (Deputy Chief of the General Staff) under
605:. In 1912, as a lieutenant-colonel, Groener became head of the railway section at the General Staff. His plans for the extension of the railway network and for deployment routes were based the
3380:
859:. On 30 September, Groener resigned from the army, against the wishes of Ebert; Groener felt that his pact with the Social Democrats had cost him the trust of many of his fellow officers.
591:
in 1899 and was attached to the railway section, where he worked for the next 17 years. This was only interrupted for the usual assignments to other locations, from 1902 to 1904 he was
768:
Paul von
Hindenburg. The military situation was becoming untenable and social unrest and rebellion in the German armed forces and the civilian population threatened to break out into
477:; 22 November 1867 – 3 May 1939) was a German general and politician. His organisational and logistical abilities resulted in a successful military career before and during
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wanted to set up a cooperation with the two groups and worked on
Hindenburg, to have Groener dismissed. He also allied himself with the NSDAP. After a rhetorical defeat in the
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2324:
772:. Groener started to prepare the withdrawal and demobilisation of the army. As the revolution spread through Germany in early November, Groener began to see the Emperor,
633:
The deployment of millions of troops to the frontier by rail boosted
Groener's reputation and he received numerous decorations in 1914. In June 1915, he was promoted to
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1572:
776:, as an impediment to saving the monarchy and the integrity of the army. Privately, he felt the Kaiser should sacrifice himself in a hero's death at the front.
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804:
on 11 November 1918. Despite a very tight schedule, the withdrawal was effected without problems. Groener organised the defence of the eastern borders of the
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After his resignation from the army, Groener moved in and out of retirement during the 1920s. Not a member of any party, at Ebert's request he served as
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as the son of Karl Eduard
Groener (1837–1893), regimental paymaster, and his wife Auguste (née Boleg, 1825–1907) on 22 November 1867. After attending
818:. Groener also planned for and expected the German peacetime army to be built up to 300,000 in the coming years, a plan that would be ruined by the
2317:
1262:
Eschenburg, Theodor. "The Role of the
Personality in the Crisis of the Weimar Republic: Hindenburg, Brüning, Groener, Schleicher", pages 3–50 from
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and from 1893 to 1896 attended the War
Academy at Berlin, where he finished top of his class. In 1899, Groener married Helene Geyer (1864–1926) in
1643:
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2715:
502:, Groener was reassigned to a field command. When Ludendorff was dismissed in October 1918, Groener succeeded him. Groener worked with the new
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745:. This task required him to deal with organisational and political challenges, in particular confrontations with the army high command of
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2017:
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2010:
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601:, from 1908 to 1910 he was with the XIII Army Corps and in 1910 he became a battalion commander in Infantry Regiment 125 at
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1423:
955:, Groener resigned on 13 May as Defence Minister, urged by Schleicher who told Groener that he had lost the trust of the
1312:. Madison: State Historical Society of Wisconsin for Dept. of History, University of Wisconsin, 1962. Available online:
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849:), arguing in favour of a high share of former general staff officers among the new leadership, including in the
749:
and supervising, then reshuffling, the
Ukrainian government which needed help against Bolshevik revolutionaries.
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724:, where he was able to observe trench warfare and the mood of the troops. In March 1918, he commanded the
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should sign the Treaty of
Versailles. Groener supported signing as he was worried that the unity of the
793:
On the evening of 10 November, Groener contacted the new chancellor, Friedrich Ebert, and concluded the
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639:. Due to his organisational skills, in December 1915 Groener was put in charge of food deliveries from
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800:
Groener oversaw the retreat and demobilisation of the defeated German army after the signing of the
543:
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as minister of transportation, interior and defence. He was pushed out of the government in 1932 by
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662:
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Wilhelm Groener als Erster Generalquartiermeister: Die Politik der Obersten Heeresleitung 1918/19
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1914:
1284:. Edited by Friedrich Frhr. Hiller von Gaertringen. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht, 1957.
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government resigned, Groener left politics and wrote military and political treatises, such as
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would be in danger if fighting was resumed, contradicting the officer corps and the views of
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514:. Under his command, the army bloodily suppressed popular uprisings throughout Germany.
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1411:
Wilhelm Groener Papers at the Seeley G. Mudd Manuscript Library, Princeton University
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Groener as deputy war minister of Prussia in 1917 (with his first wife on the left)
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1949:
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1410:
984:. Groener died of natural causes in Bornstedt on 3 May 1939. He is buried in the
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Groener served for six months at the western front first as the commander of the
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119:
52:
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961:. When the Brüning government fell on 30 May, Groener also lost his position as
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2830:
2454:
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2189:
2150:
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1326:
Wilhelm Groener: Reichswehrminister am Ende der Weimarer Republik (1928–1932)
934:
390:
251:
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1904:
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1398:(12th ed.). London & New York: The Encyclopædia Britannica Company.
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1984:
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661:(War Office) the department that managed the war economy and deputy of the
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and Ludwigsburg, where his father had been stationed, Groener entered the
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between 1920 and 1923. His main achievement was the rebuilding of the
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on 20 January 1928, a post he held until 1932. Besides expanding the
602:
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2332:
810:
until a peace treaty could be signed. The headquarters of OHL, at
2178:
1873:
971:
815:
729:
1224:
The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany
921:
825:
On 23 June 1919, Ebert asked OHL for an opinion on whether the
1180:
A genius for war: the German army and General Staff 1807-1945
643:. In May 1916, he joined the leadership of the newly created
527:
598:
1375:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan Publishing Company, 2005.
551:
1373:
The Nemesis of Power: German Army in Politics, 1918–1945
814:
from 14 November 1918 to 13 February 1919, was moved to
574:. They had a daughter, Dorothea Groener-Geyer (b.1900).
752:
3587:
Officers Crosses of the Military Merit Order (Bavaria)
694:(OHL, the supreme command of the German army), led by
1354:
Wilhelm Groener, Officering, and the Schlieffen Plan
1282:
Lebenserinnerungen: Jugend – Generalstab – Weltkrieg
779:
On 6 November, Groener reacted indignantly when the
1310:
General William Groener and the Imperial German Arm
1264:
Republic to Reich The Making Of The Nazi Revolution
682:, 1916), which laid down the conscription of men (
557:3. Württembergische Infanterie Regiment Nummer 121
3577:Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (military class)
1580:
1226:, New York, NY, Simon & Schuster, 2011, p. 54
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2032:
1138:. Deutsches Historisches Museum. Archived from
3582:Commanders of the Military Order of Max Joseph
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2709:
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2318:
2018:
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3547:Burials at Stahnsdorf South-Western Cemetery
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649:(War Food Ministry). In November 1916, as a
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1298:. Frankfurt a. M.: Societäts-Verlag, 1955.
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2011:
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855:. He also supported a senior position for
29:
3607:Military personnel from Baden-Württemberg
1416:Newspaper clippings about Wilhelm Groener
1193:
1191:
1189:
991:
889:(1927). Hindenburg, Ebert's successor as
698:and Ludendorff. During the change at the
510:to foil a left-wing take-over during the
16:German general and politician (1867–1939)
1385:
1200:Die deutsche Revolution 1918/19 (German)
1026:, 2nd class with Crown and Swords (1917)
895:, appointed Groener as the successor of
624:
613:, the Chief of the General Staff of the
587:As a captain, he won appointment to the
1197:
3557:People from the Kingdom of Württemberg
3529:
1296:General Groener: Soldat und Staatsmann
1186:
1130:
1128:
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1081:
1079:
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1073:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1065:
1063:
988:, located between Potsdam and Berlin.
672:, Groener worked on the draft for the
199:25 June 1920 – 12 August 1923
65:20 January 1928 – 13 May 1932
3369:
3192:
3024:
2861:
2727:– 26 October 1921 to 14 November 1922
2697:
2544:
2395:
2306:
2006:
1554:
1237:"Südwestkirchhof Stahnsdorf (German)"
1177:
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1116:
1114:
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1110:
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1104:
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1059:
1057:
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1051:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1043:
978:in 1934, where he wrote his memoirs,
564:in 1884. In 1890, he was promoted to
526:, who was working on a pact with the
464:
132:9 October 1931 – 1 June 1932
2891:– 22 November 1922 to 12 August 1923
1173:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1136:"Biografie Wilhelm Groener (German)"
1087:"Biografie Wilhelm Groener (German)"
753:End of the war and German revolution
3567:German Army generals of World War I
1358:(PhD) Georgetown University, 2006.
886:Das Testament des Grafen Schlieffen
862:
13:
3572:Lieutenant generals of Württemberg
3222:– 30 March 1930 to 10 October 1931
2334:Chiefs of the German General Staff
1479:Transportation Minister of Germany
1270:, New York: Pantheon Books, 1972.
1101:
1040:
1019:Military Merit Order (Württemberg)
577:
265:3 July 1919 – 7 July 1919
14:
3618:
1404:
1229:
1182:. United Kingdom: Hero Books Ltd.
1154:
986:Stahnsdorf South-Western Cemetery
786:suggested that the Kaiser should
247:Chief of the German General Staff
3512:
3399:– 10 October 1931 to 1 June 1932
3354:
3177:
3009:
2846:
2682:
2574:– 10 May 1921 to 22 October 1921
2529:
2171:
2122:
2086:
2042:
1866:
1812:
1768:
1654:
1590:
920:and favoured the banning of the
732:. On 28 March, he was appointed
410:
400:
383:
179:
3054:– 28 June 1928 to 27 March 1930
1029:Honorary citizen of Ludwigsburg
3602:Transport ministers of Germany
2361:Helmuth von Moltke the Younger
1216:
620:
1:
3597:Interior ministers of Germany
2425:– 25 June 1920 to 10 May 1921
1624:Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg
1582:Interior Ministers of Germany
1342:. Boppard a.R.: Boldt, 1977.
1255:
1089:. Bayerische Staatsbibliothek
710:Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg
533:
495:Erster Generalquartiermeister
2346:Helmuth von Moltke the Elder
2034:Defence Ministers of Germany
1619:Arthur von Posadowsky-Wehner
1614:Karl Heinrich von Boetticher
1533:Interior Minister of Germany
1386:Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1922).
1328:. Munich: Oldenbourg, 1993.
1005:Military Order of Max Joseph
967:and left politics for good.
912:On 8 October 1931 he became
759:German Revolution of 1918–19
713:his views on social policy.
538:Wilhelm Groener was born in
512:German Revolution of 1918–19
7:
3562:Ministers of the Reichswehr
2179:Federal Republic of Germany
1874:Federal Republic of Germany
1506:Defence Minister of Germany
1420:20th Century Press Archives
1198:Haffner, Sebastian (2002).
646:Kriegsernährungsministerium
597:of Infantry Regiment 98 at
484:After a confrontation with
458:Karl Eduard Wilhelm Groener
307:Karl Eduard Wilhelm Groener
10:
3623:
2275:Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer
2260:Karl-Theodor zu Guttenberg
2130:German Democratic Republic
1820:German Democratic Republic
1447:Chief of the General Staff
756:
742:Heeresgruppe Eichhorn-Kiew
582:
3510:
3404:
3352:
3227:
3175:
3059:
3007:
2896:
2844:
2732:
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2579:
2527:
2430:
2341:
2293:
2169:
2120:
2084:
2040:
1993:
1864:
1810:
1766:
1652:
1588:
1543:Wilhelm Freiherr von Gayl
1539:
1530:
1522:
1512:
1503:
1495:
1485:
1476:
1468:
1463:
1453:
1444:
1436:
1431:
1369:Wheeler-Bennett, Sir John
1294:Groener-Geyer, Dorothea.
943:, his subordinate at the
728:during the occupation of
466:[ˈvɪlhɛlmˈɡʁøːnɐ]
451:
441:
431:
423:
396:
378:
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136:
125:
111:
99:
87:
69:
58:
44:
40:
28:
21:
3503:Hans Schlange-Schöningen
1389:"Groener, Wilhelm"
1033:
914:acting Interior Minister
663:Prussian Minister of War
116:Minister of the Interior
3552:People from Ludwigsburg
1395:Encyclopædia Britannica
3592:German anti-communists
3397:Second Brüning cabinet
2983:Frederic von Rosenberg
1915:Hans-Dietrich Genscher
1239:. Märkische Allgemeine
1178:Dupuy, Trevor (1984).
1024:Order of the Red Eagle
992:Decorations and awards
980:
963:
957:
951:
945:
933:
925:
905:
891:
885:
873:
851:
843:
833:
827:
806:
700:
684:
680:Auxiliary Services Act
657:
655:he became head of the
651:
645:
635:
630:
593:
566:
556:
544:Kingdom of Württemberg
494:
3220:First Brüning cabinet
3052:Second Müller cabinet
2435:Constantin Fehrenbach
2356:Alfred von Schlieffen
1856:Peter-Michael Diestel
1338:Rakenius, Gerhard W.
1308:Haeussler, Helmut H.
1014:with Swords (Bavaria)
946:Reichswehrministerium
916:in the government of
869:Minister of Transport
852:Reichswehrministerium
691:Oberste Heeresleitung
628:
611:Alfred von Schlieffen
490:Quartermaster general
462:German pronunciation:
424:Years of service
208:Constantin Fehrenbach
175:Minister of Transport
3483:Gottfried Treviranus
3341:Gottfried Treviranus
2725:Second Wirth cabinet
2366:Erich von Falkenhayn
2351:Alfred von Waldersee
2270:Ursula von der Leyen
1970:Hans-Peter Friedrich
1935:Friedrich Zimmermann
1629:Clemens von Delbrück
1012:Military Merit Order
879:. In 1923, when the
820:Treaty of Versailles
812:Schloss Wilhelmshöhe
3460:Ernst Trendelenburg
3325:Theodor von Guérard
3296:Ernst Trendelenburg
3268:Johann Viktor Bredt
3106:Theodor von Guérard
2572:First Wirth cabinet
2371:Paul von Hindenburg
2280:Christine Lambrecht
2235:Gerhard Stoltenberg
2195:Franz Josef Strauss
2105:Werner von Blomberg
2076:Kurt von Schleicher
1516:Kurt von Schleicher
1440:Paul von Hindenburg
1222:William L. Shirer,
1000:(11 September 1915)
941:Kurt von Schleicher
901:Minister of Defence
704:in July 1917, when
617:from 1891 to 1906.
524:Kurt von Schleicher
276:Paul von Hindenburg
106:Kurt von Schleicher
49:Minister of Defence
2807:Johannes Giesberts
2648:Johannes Giesberts
2507:Johannes Giesberts
2423:Fehrenbach cabinet
2265:Thomas de Maizière
2200:Kai-Uwe von Hassel
1975:Thomas de Maizière
1965:Thomas de Maizière
1733:Walter von Keudell
1464:Political offices
1352:Stoneman, Mark R.
1324:Hürter, Johannes.
1280:Groener, Wilhelm.
981:Lebenserinnerungen
795:Ebert-Groener pact
720:, and then of the
631:
567:Bataillonsadjutant
3521:
3520:
3363:
3362:
3186:
3185:
3116:Rudolf Hilferding
3074:Gustav Stresemann
3018:
3017:
2855:
2854:
2691:
2690:
2538:
2537:
2389:
2388:
2300:
2299:
2000:
1999:
1960:Wolfgang Schäuble
1940:Wolfgang Schäuble
1549:
1548:
1540:Succeeded by
1513:Succeeded by
1486:Succeeded by
1454:Succeeded by
1432:Military offices
1381:978-1-4039-1812-3
1348:978-3-486-81738-6
1334:978-3-486-55978-1
1276:978-0-394-47122-8
1003:Commander of the
970:Groener moved to
839:Walther Reinhardt
722:XXV Reserve Corps
675:Hilfsdienstgesetz
504:Social Democratic
455:
454:
344:Potsdam-Bornstedt
254:
3614:
3516:
3468:
3455:
3447:Hermann Warmbold
3419:Hermann Dietrich
3409:Heinrich Brüning
3390:
3383:
3376:
3367:
3366:
3358:
3309:Paul Moldenhauer
3304:
3242:Hermann Dietrich
3232:Heinrich Brüning
3213:
3206:
3199:
3190:
3189:
3181:
3134:Hermann Dietrich
3122:Paul Moldenhauer
3096:Erich Koch-Weser
3045:
3038:
3031:
3022:
3021:
3013:
2997:
2882:
2875:
2868:
2859:
2858:
2850:
2834:
2815:
2761:Walther Rathenau
2718:
2711:
2704:
2695:
2694:
2686:
2673:Walther Rathenau
2656:
2565:
2558:
2551:
2542:
2541:
2533:
2515:
2461:Erich Koch-Weser
2416:
2409:
2402:
2393:
2392:
2327:
2320:
2313:
2304:
2303:
2255:Franz Josef Jung
2245:Rudolf Scharping
2205:Gerhard Schröder
2183:
2177:
2175:
2174:
2161:Rainer Eppelmann
2156:Theodor Hoffmann
2134:
2128:
2126:
2125:
2098:
2092:
2090:
2089:
2054:
2048:
2046:
2045:
2027:
2020:
2013:
2004:
2003:
1895:Gerhard Schröder
1885:Gustav Heinemann
1878:
1872:
1870:
1869:
1846:Friedrich Dickel
1824:
1818:
1816:
1815:
1802:Wilhelm Stuckart
1792:Heinrich Himmler
1780:
1774:
1772:
1771:
1753:Wilhelm von Gayl
1708:Wilhelm Sollmann
1688:Erich Koch-Weser
1666:
1660:
1658:
1657:
1602:
1596:
1594:
1593:
1575:
1568:
1561:
1552:
1551:
1523:Preceded by
1496:Preceded by
1469:Preceded by
1437:Preceded by
1429:
1428:
1399:
1391:
1249:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1233:
1227:
1220:
1214:
1213:
1195:
1184:
1183:
1175:
1152:
1151:
1149:
1147:
1142:on July 11, 2014
1132:
1099:
1098:
1096:
1094:
1083:
983:
966:
960:
954:
948:
938:
930:
918:Heinrich Brüning
908:
894:
888:
878:
863:Political career
854:
848:
836:
830:
809:
703:
687:
670:Erich Ludendorff
660:
654:
648:
638:
607:deployment plans
596:
572:Schwäbisch Gmünd
569:
562:Württemberg Army
559:
497:
486:Erich Ludendorff
476:
475:
474:
468:
463:
416:Württemberg Army
414:
404:
389:
387:
386:
374:Military service
340:
317:22 November 1867
316:
314:
298:Personal details
284:
272:
263:
249:
236:
224:
197:
185:
183:
182:
165:Wilhelm von Gayl
161:
149:
141:Heinrich Brüning
130:
102:
90:
82:Heinrich Brüning
63:
33:
19:
18:
3622:
3621:
3617:
3616:
3615:
3613:
3612:
3611:
3527:
3526:
3524:
3522:
3517:
3508:
3462:
3449:
3441:Wilhelm Groener
3435:Adam Stegerwald
3400:
3394:
3364:
3359:
3350:
3298:
3290:Wilhelm Groener
3284:Adam Stegerwald
3223:
3217:
3187:
3182:
3173:
3162:Adam Stegerwald
3146:Wilhelm Groener
3055:
3049:
3019:
3014:
3005:
2991:
2947:Wilhelm Groener
2927:Heinrich Brauns
2911:Heinrich Albert
2892:
2886:
2856:
2851:
2842:
2828:
2820:Wilhelm Groener
2809:
2795:Gustav Radbruch
2789:Heinrich Brauns
2728:
2722:
2692:
2687:
2678:
2661:Wilhelm Groener
2650:
2626:Heinrich Brauns
2614:Georg Gradnauer
2608:Friedrich Rosen
2575:
2569:
2539:
2534:
2525:
2520:Hans von Raumer
2509:
2501:Wilhelm Groener
2489:Heinrich Brauns
2426:
2420:
2390:
2385:
2381:Hans von Seeckt
2376:Wilhelm Groener
2337:
2331:
2301:
2296:
2289:
2285:Boris Pistorius
2182:(1949–present)
2181:
2172:
2170:
2165:
2132:
2123:
2121:
2116:
2096:
2087:
2085:
2080:
2071:Wilhelm Groener
2052:
2050:Weimar Republic
2043:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2001:
1996:
1989:
1950:Manfred Kanther
1920:Werner Maihofer
1900:Hermann Höcherl
1877:(1949–present)
1876:
1867:
1865:
1860:
1822:
1813:
1811:
1806:
1778:
1769:
1767:
1762:
1748:Wilhelm Groener
1693:Georg Gradnauer
1673:Friedrich Ebert
1664:
1662:Weimar Republic
1655:
1653:
1648:
1634:Karl Helfferich
1600:
1591:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1545:
1536:
1528:
1518:
1509:
1501:
1491:
1482:
1474:
1459:
1457:Hans von Seeckt
1450:
1442:
1407:
1402:
1258:
1253:
1252:
1242:
1240:
1235:
1234:
1230:
1221:
1217:
1210:
1196:
1187:
1176:
1155:
1145:
1143:
1134:
1133:
1102:
1092:
1090:
1085:
1084:
1041:
1036:
1010:Officer of the
994:
892:Reichspräsident
865:
857:Hans von Seeckt
784:Friedrich Ebert
781:Social Democrat
761:
755:
747:Austria-Hungary
706:Georg Michaelis
696:Paul Hindenburg
652:Generalleutnant
623:
585:
580:
578:Military career
536:
520:Weimar Republic
508:Friedrich Ebert
470:
469:
461:
436:Generalleutnant
384:
382:
366:Political party
342:
338:
324:Neckar District
318:
312:
310:
309:
308:
288:Hans von Seeckt
282:
270:
264:
259:
250:
234:
222:
214:
210:
198:
193:
187:Weimar Republic
180:
178:
177:
159:
147:
131:
126:
120:Weimar Republic
118:
100:
88:
80:
76:
64:
59:
53:Weimar Republic
51:
36:
35:Groener in 1928
24:
23:Wilhelm Groener
17:
12:
11:
5:
3620:
3610:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3519:
3518:
3511:
3509:
3507:
3506:
3500:
3493:Georg Schätzel
3490:
3480:
3473:Martin Schiele
3470:
3457:
3444:
3438:
3432:
3426:
3416:
3405:
3402:
3401:
3393:
3392:
3385:
3378:
3370:
3361:
3360:
3353:
3351:
3349:
3348:
3338:
3331:Georg Schätzel
3328:
3322:
3315:Martin Schiele
3312:
3306:
3293:
3287:
3281:
3275:
3265:
3259:
3252:Julius Curtius
3249:
3239:
3228:
3225:
3224:
3216:
3215:
3208:
3201:
3193:
3184:
3183:
3176:
3174:
3172:
3171:
3165:
3159:
3152:Georg Schätzel
3149:
3143:
3140:Rudolf Wissell
3137:
3131:
3128:Robert Schmidt
3125:
3119:
3113:
3103:
3093:
3087:
3084:Julius Curtius
3081:
3071:
3064:Hermann Müller
3060:
3057:
3056:
3048:
3047:
3040:
3033:
3025:
3016:
3015:
3008:
3006:
3004:
3003:
2986:
2980:
2974:
2968:
2962:
2959:Andreas Hermes
2956:
2950:
2944:
2934:
2924:
2914:
2908:
2897:
2894:
2893:
2885:
2884:
2877:
2870:
2862:
2853:
2852:
2845:
2843:
2841:
2840:
2823:
2817:
2804:
2798:
2792:
2786:
2783:Robert Schmidt
2780:
2777:Andreas Hermes
2774:
2768:
2758:
2748:
2733:
2730:
2729:
2721:
2720:
2713:
2706:
2698:
2689:
2688:
2681:
2679:
2677:
2676:
2670:
2667:Andreas Hermes
2664:
2658:
2645:
2639:
2632:Eugen Schiffer
2629:
2623:
2620:Robert Schmidt
2617:
2611:
2605:
2595:
2580:
2577:
2576:
2568:
2567:
2560:
2553:
2545:
2536:
2535:
2528:
2526:
2524:
2523:
2517:
2504:
2498:
2492:
2486:
2483:Andreas Hermes
2480:
2474:
2468:
2458:
2452:
2442:
2431:
2428:
2427:
2419:
2418:
2411:
2404:
2396:
2387:
2386:
2384:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2342:
2339:
2338:
2330:
2329:
2322:
2315:
2307:
2298:
2297:
2294:
2291:
2290:
2288:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2225:Manfred Wörner
2222:
2217:
2212:
2210:Helmut Schmidt
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2186:
2184:
2167:
2166:
2164:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2146:Heinz Hoffmann
2143:
2137:
2135:
2118:
2117:
2115:
2114:
2108:
2101:
2099:
2082:
2081:
2079:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2057:
2055:
2038:
2037:
2030:
2029:
2022:
2015:
2007:
1998:
1997:
1994:
1991:
1990:
1988:
1987:
1982:
1980:Horst Seehofer
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1945:Rudolf Seiters
1942:
1937:
1932:
1930:Jürgen Schmude
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1881:
1879:
1862:
1861:
1859:
1858:
1853:
1851:Lothar Ahrendt
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1831:Karl Steinhoff
1827:
1825:
1808:
1807:
1805:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1783:
1781:
1764:
1763:
1761:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1718:Martin Schiele
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1669:
1667:
1650:
1649:
1647:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1605:
1603:
1586:
1585:
1578:
1577:
1570:
1563:
1555:
1547:
1546:
1541:
1538:
1529:
1524:
1520:
1519:
1514:
1511:
1502:
1497:
1493:
1492:
1487:
1484:
1475:
1470:
1466:
1465:
1461:
1460:
1455:
1452:
1443:
1438:
1434:
1433:
1427:
1426:
1413:
1406:
1405:External links
1403:
1401:
1400:
1383:
1366:
1350:
1336:
1322:
1306:
1292:
1278:
1259:
1257:
1254:
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1228:
1215:
1208:
1185:
1153:
1100:
1038:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1031:
1030:
1027:
1021:
1017:Knight of the
1015:
1008:
1001:
998:Pour le Mérite
993:
990:
927:Sturmabteilung
864:
861:
757:Main article:
754:
751:
734:chief of staff
622:
619:
584:
581:
579:
576:
535:
532:
453:
452:
449:
448:
443:
439:
438:
433:
429:
428:
425:
421:
420:
419:
418:
398:
397:Branch/service
394:
393:
380:
376:
375:
371:
370:
367:
363:
362:
359:
355:
354:
341:(aged 71)
335:
331:
330:
306:
304:
300:
299:
295:
294:
291:
290:
285:
279:
278:
273:
267:
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144:
143:
138:
134:
133:
123:
122:
109:
108:
103:
97:
96:
91:
85:
84:
78:Hermann Müller
71:
67:
66:
56:
55:
42:
41:
38:
37:
34:
26:
25:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3619:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
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3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3534:
3532:
3525:
3515:
3504:
3501:
3498:
3494:
3491:
3488:
3484:
3481:
3478:
3474:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3445:
3442:
3439:
3436:
3433:
3430:
3427:
3424:
3420:
3417:
3414:
3411:(Chancellor,
3410:
3407:
3406:
3403:
3398:
3391:
3386:
3384:
3379:
3377:
3372:
3371:
3368:
3357:
3346:
3342:
3339:
3336:
3332:
3329:
3326:
3323:
3320:
3316:
3313:
3310:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3294:
3291:
3288:
3285:
3282:
3279:
3276:
3273:
3269:
3266:
3263:
3260:
3257:
3253:
3250:
3247:
3243:
3240:
3237:
3234:(Chancellor,
3233:
3230:
3229:
3226:
3221:
3214:
3209:
3207:
3202:
3200:
3195:
3194:
3191:
3180:
3169:
3166:
3163:
3160:
3157:
3153:
3150:
3148:(independent)
3147:
3144:
3141:
3138:
3135:
3132:
3129:
3126:
3123:
3120:
3117:
3114:
3111:
3107:
3104:
3101:
3097:
3094:
3091:
3090:Carl Severing
3088:
3085:
3082:
3079:
3075:
3072:
3069:
3066:(Chancellor,
3065:
3062:
3061:
3058:
3053:
3046:
3041:
3039:
3034:
3032:
3027:
3026:
3023:
3012:
3001:
2995:
2990:
2987:
2984:
2981:
2978:
2975:
2972:
2969:
2966:
2963:
2960:
2957:
2954:
2953:Rudolf Heinze
2951:
2948:
2945:
2942:
2938:
2935:
2932:
2928:
2925:
2922:
2918:
2917:Johann Becker
2915:
2912:
2909:
2906:
2905:Reichskanzler
2902:
2899:
2898:
2895:
2890:
2883:
2878:
2876:
2871:
2869:
2864:
2863:
2860:
2849:
2838:
2832:
2827:
2824:
2821:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2805:
2802:
2799:
2796:
2793:
2790:
2787:
2784:
2781:
2778:
2775:
2772:
2769:
2766:
2762:
2759:
2756:
2752:
2749:
2746:
2742:
2741:Reichskanzler
2738:
2735:
2734:
2731:
2726:
2719:
2714:
2712:
2707:
2705:
2700:
2699:
2696:
2685:
2674:
2671:
2668:
2665:
2662:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2646:
2643:
2640:
2637:
2633:
2630:
2627:
2624:
2621:
2618:
2615:
2612:
2609:
2606:
2603:
2599:
2596:
2593:
2589:
2588:Reichskanzler
2585:
2582:
2581:
2578:
2573:
2566:
2561:
2559:
2554:
2552:
2547:
2546:
2543:
2532:
2521:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2505:
2503:(independent)
2502:
2499:
2496:
2493:
2490:
2487:
2484:
2481:
2478:
2475:
2472:
2469:
2466:
2462:
2459:
2457:(independent)
2456:
2455:Walter Simons
2453:
2450:
2446:
2445:Rudolf Heinze
2443:
2440:
2437:(Chancellor,
2436:
2433:
2432:
2429:
2424:
2417:
2412:
2410:
2405:
2403:
2398:
2397:
2394:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2343:
2340:
2335:
2328:
2323:
2321:
2316:
2314:
2309:
2308:
2305:
2292:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2230:Rupert Scholz
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2190:Theodor Blank
2188:
2187:
2185:
2180:
2168:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2151:Heinz Kessler
2149:
2147:
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2142:
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2131:
2119:
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2062:
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1787:Wilhelm Frick
1785:
1784:
1782:
1777:
1765:
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1744:
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1644:Karl Trimborn
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1598:German Empire
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1209:3-463-40423-0
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1201:
1194:
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947:
942:
937:
936:
935:Schutzstaffel
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766:Field Marshal
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743:
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735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
718:33rd Division
714:
711:
707:
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701:Reichskanzlei
697:
693:
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686:
681:
677:
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664:
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637:
627:
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589:General Staff
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391:German Empire
381:
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372:
368:
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332:
329:
325:
321:
305:
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252:German Empire
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68:
62:
57:
54:
50:
48:
43:
39:
32:
27:
20:
3523:
3440:
3289:
3262:Joseph Wirth
3168:Joseph Wirth
3145:
2977:Rudolf Oeser
2946:
2937:Otto Gessler
2904:
2901:Wilhelm Cuno
2889:Cuno cabinet
2819:
2801:Otto Gessler
2771:Adolf Köster
2751:Gustav Bauer
2740:
2737:Joseph Wirth
2660:
2642:Otto Gessler
2598:Gustav Bauer
2587:
2584:Joseph Wirth
2500:
2495:Otto Gessler
2477:Ernst Scholz
2471:Joseph Wirth
2375:
2295:East Germany
2250:Peter Struck
2094:Nazi Germany
2070:
2066:Otto Gessler
2061:Gustav Noske
1995:East Germany
1985:Nancy Faeser
1925:Gerhart Baum
1797:Paul Giesler
1776:Nazi Germany
1758:Franz Bracht
1747:
1743:Joseph Wirth
1728:Wilhelm Külz
1703:Rudolf Oeser
1698:Adolf Köster
1683:Eduard David
1609:Karl Hofmann
1601:(1871–1918)
1531:
1526:Joseph Wirth
1504:
1489:Rudolf Oeser
1477:
1472:Gustav Bauer
1445:
1393:
1372:
1353:
1339:
1325:
1309:
1295:
1281:
1268:Hajo Holborn
1266:, edited by
1263:
1241:. Retrieved
1231:
1223:
1218:
1199:
1179:
1144:. Retrieved
1140:the original
1091:. Retrieved
969:
911:
866:
824:
799:
792:
778:
762:
740:
715:
689:
685:Arbeitszwang
674:
667:
636:Generalmajor
632:
594:Kompaniechef
586:
537:
516:
483:
457:
456:
442:Battles/wars
352:Nazi Germany
339:(1939-05-03)
283:Succeeded by
260:
240:Rudolf Oeser
235:Succeeded by
228:Gustav Bauer
216:Wilhelm Cuno
212:Joseph Wirth
194:
172:
160:Succeeded by
153:Joseph Wirth
127:
113:
101:Succeeded by
94:Otto Gessler
74:Wilhelm Marx
60:
46:
3542:1939 deaths
3537:1867 births
3463: [
3450: [
3299: [
2992: [
2989:Karl Stingl
2971:Karl Müller
2965:Hans Luther
2829: [
2810: [
2651: [
2510: [
2336:(1871–1919)
2240:Volker Rühe
2215:Georg Leber
2141:Willi Stoph
2111:Karl Dönitz
2107:(1933–1938)
1955:Otto Schily
1910:Ernst Benda
1890:Robert Lehr
1836:Willi Stoph
1723:Otto Geßler
1713:Karl Jarres
1639:Max Wallraf
1499:Otto Geßler
1202:. Kindler.
897:Otto Geßler
621:World War I
615:German Army
540:Ludwigsburg
500:German Army
479:World War I
446:World War I
406:German Army
369:Independent
358:Nationality
348:Brandenburg
328:Württemberg
320:Ludwigsburg
271:Preceded by
223:Preceded by
148:Preceded by
89:Preceded by
3531:Categories
2826:Anton Fehr
2133:(1949–90)
2097:(1933–45)
2053:(1918–33)
1905:Paul Lücke
1841:Karl Maron
1823:(1949–90)
1779:(1933–45)
1678:Hugo Preuß
1665:(1918–33)
1537:1931–1932
1510:1928–1932
1483:1920–1923
1256:References
958:Reichswehr
906:Reichswehr
875:Reichsbahn
845:Reichswehr
774:Wilhelm II
770:revolution
738:army group
534:Early life
506:president
379:Allegiance
337:3 May 1939
313:1867-11-22
204:Chancellor
137:Chancellor
70:Chancellor
3437:(Zentrum)
3429:Curt Joël
3421:(Deputy,
3327:(Zentrum)
3286:(Zentrum)
3278:Curt Joël
3264:(Zentrum)
3244:(Deputy,
3170:(Zentrum)
3164:(Zentrum)
2973:(Zentrum)
2961:(Zentrum)
2816:(Zentrum)
2791:(Zentrum)
2779:(Zentrum)
2753:(Deputy,
2669:(Zentrum)
2657:(Zentrum)
2628:(Zentrum)
2600:(Deputy,
2516:(Zentrum)
2491:(Zentrum)
2485:(Zentrum)
2473:(Zentrum)
2447:(Deputy,
2220:Hans Apel
1364:173237457
1320:610198939
1304:299954115
1290:942998885
976:Bornstedt
952:Reichstag
802:armistice
708:replaced
658:Kriegsamt
603:Stuttgart
548:gymnasium
498:) of the
427:1884–1919
261:In office
195:In office
128:In office
61:In office
788:abdicate
3413:Zentrum
3236:Zentrum
3110:Zentrum
2931:Zentrum
2745:Zentrum
2592:Zentrum
2439:Zentrum
1422:of the
1418:in the
1093:26 June
1007:Bavaria
972:Potsdam
816:Kolberg
736:of the
730:Ukraine
726:I Corps
641:Romania
583:Pre-war
560:of the
542:in the
3505:(CNBL)
3469:(DStP)
2176:
2127:
2113:(1945)
2091:
2047:
1871:
1817:
1773:
1659:
1595:
1379:
1362:
1346:
1332:
1318:
1302:
1288:
1274:
1243:29 May
1206:
1146:22 May
939:(SS).
388:
361:German
184:
3467:]
3454:]
3423:DStP)
3311:(DVP)
3305:(DDP)
3303:]
3142:(SPD)
3136:(DDP)
3130:(SPD)
3124:(DVP)
3118:(SPD)
3092:(SPD)
3086:(DVP)
2996:]
2979:(DDP)
2955:(DVP)
2833:]
2814:]
2803:(DDP)
2797:(SPD)
2785:(SPD)
2773:(SPD)
2675:(DDP)
2655:]
2644:(DDP)
2622:(SPD)
2616:(SPD)
2522:(DVP)
2514:]
2497:(DDP)
2479:(DVP)
1451:1919
1034:Notes
834:Reich
828:Reich
807:Reich
668:With
528:Nazis
173:Reich
114:Reich
47:Reich
3477:CNBL
3319:DNVP
2907:, -)
1377:ISBN
1360:OCLC
1344:ISBN
1330:ISBN
1316:OCLC
1300:OCLC
1286:OCLC
1272:ISBN
1245:2013
1204:ISBN
1148:2013
1095:2013
922:Nazi
881:Cuno
599:Metz
488:the
432:Rank
334:Died
303:Born
3497:BVP
3487:KVP
3456:(-)
3443:(-)
3431:(-)
3345:KVP
3335:BVP
3292:(-)
3280:(-)
3256:DVP
3246:DDP
3156:BVP
3100:DDP
3078:DVP
3068:SPD
3000:BVP
2985:(-)
2967:(-)
2949:(-)
2941:DDP
2921:DVP
2913:(-)
2822:(-)
2765:DDP
2755:SPD
2663:(-)
2636:DDP
2610:(-)
2602:SPD
2465:DDP
2449:DVP
1424:ZBW
899:as
609:of
552:Ulm
550:at
3533::
3465:de
3452:de
3301:de
3272:WP
2994:de
2837:BB
2831:de
2812:de
2763:((
2743:,
2653:de
2590:,
2512:de
1392:.
1371:.
1188:^
1156:^
1103:^
1042:^
822:.
665:.
530:.
481:.
350:,
346:,
326:,
322:,
3499:)
3495:(
3489:)
3485:(
3479:)
3475:(
3425:)
3415:)
3389:e
3382:t
3375:v
3347:)
3343:(
3337:)
3333:(
3321:)
3317:(
3274:)
3270:(
3258:)
3254:(
3248:)
3238:)
3212:e
3205:t
3198:v
3158:)
3154:(
3112:)
3108:(
3102:)
3098:(
3080:)
3076:(
3070:)
3044:e
3037:t
3030:v
3002:)
2998:(
2943:)
2939:(
2933:)
2929:(
2923:)
2919:(
2903:(
2881:e
2874:t
2867:v
2839:)
2835:(
2767:)
2757:)
2747:)
2739:(
2717:e
2710:t
2703:v
2638:)
2634:(
2604:)
2594:)
2586:(
2564:e
2557:t
2550:v
2467:)
2463:(
2451:)
2441:)
2415:e
2408:t
2401:v
2326:e
2319:t
2312:v
2026:e
2019:t
2012:v
1574:e
1567:t
1560:v
1247:.
1212:.
1150:.
1097:.
974:-
678:(
492:(
460:(
315:)
311:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
