536:(The way that the phenotype manifests itself, whether it shows itself by traits that examined qualitatively or quantitatively, says absolutely nothing beforehand about the genes. Very conspicuous phenotypic differences could show themselves where no genotypic difference is present, and there are also cases where in the case of genotypic variety, the phenotypes are alike. Thus it is precisely of the greatest importance to separate clearly the concept of phenotype (a type of appearance) from the concept of genotype (one might say a type of plan). We will admittedly not be able to operate with this latter concept – a genotype just does not appear in pure form ; the derived concept of a genotypic difference will, however, often be of use to us.)
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614:(from γί-γ (ε)ν-ομαι, to become). Only the meaning of this latter comes into consideration here ; just the basic idea – that a trait in the developing organism can be determined or is influenced by "something" in the gametes – should find expression. No hypothesis about the nature of this "something" should be postulated or supported by it. For that reason it seems simplest to use in isolation the last syllable
622:. Thus we will say simply "gene" and "genes" for "pangene" and "pangenes". The word gene is completely free of any hypothesis ; it expresses only the established fact that in any case many traits of the organism are determined by specific, separable, and thus independent "conditions", "foundations", "plans" – in short, precisely what we want to call genes.)
505:
Johannsen distinguished between an organism's outward appearance (which he designated as its "phenotype") and its inherent genetic heritage (which he designated as its "genotype"). He stressed that an organism's appearance need not correspond exactly to its genetic heritage. So on p. 123 he defines
508:"Darum könnte man den statistisch hervortretenden Typus passend als Erscheinungstypus bezeichnen oder, kurz und klar, als "Phaenotypus". 1) … Ein gebener Phaenotypus mag Ausdruck einer biologischen Einheit sein; er braucht es aber durchaus nicht zu sein. 1) Von φαίν-ομαι, scheinen."
510:(Therefore one could designate the statistically prominent type appropriately as a type of appearance or, clearly and concisely, as a "phenotype". 1) … A given phenotype may be an expression of a biological unit; but it definitely need not be so. 1) From φαίν-ομαι, to appear.)
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602:. Many other terms have been suggested, mostly unfortunately in closer connection with certain hypothetical opinions. The word "pangene", which was introduced by Darwin, is perhaps used most frequently in place of
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Anker, Jean (1932) Wilhelm
Johannsen, pp. 177–180 in: Meisen, V. Prominent Danish Scientists through the Ages. University Library of Copenhagen 450th Anniversary. Levin & Munksgaard, Copenhagen.
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448:. 4th edn by Warming and Johannsen 1900-01). German edn 1907-09: Lehrbuch der allgemeinen Botanik (from the 4th edn, by E. P. Meinecke). Berlin, Borntraeger. 667 pp.
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Roll-Hansen, Nils (1983) The Death of
Spontaneous Generation and the Birth of the Gene: Two Case Studies of Relativism. Social Studies of Science 13 (4): 481–519.
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598:(This "something" in the gametes or in the zygote, which has crucial importance for the character of the organism, is usually called by the quite ambiguous term
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Kim, Kyung-Man (1991) On the
Reception of Johannsen's Pure Line Theory: Toward a Sociology of Scientific Validity. Social Studies of Science 21 (4): 649–679.
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534:"Die Art, wie die Phaenotypen sich manifestieren, … der abgeleitete Begriff genotypischer Unteschied wird uns aber vielfach von Nutzen sein."
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and
Germany beginning in 1872 until passing his pharmacist's exam in 1879. In 1881, he became assistant in the chemistry department at the
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Roll-Hansen, Nils (1979). "The
Genotype Theory of Wilhelm Johannsen and its Relation to Plant Breeding and the Study of Evolution".
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from Darwin's well-known word, which alone is of interest to us, in order to replace, with it, the poor, ambiguous word
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Johannsen, W.L. (1905) Arvelighedslærens elementer (The
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530:] (in German). Jena, Germany: Gustav Fischer. p. 130.
503:] (in German). Jena, Germany: Gustav Fischer. p. 123.
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and of pods on the plant. This led him to coin the terms
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Anon (1911). "Professor
Johannsen's Columbia Lectures".
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Wilhelm
Johannsen Centre for Functional Genome Research
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Johannsen's findings led him to oppose contemporary
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Members of the Royal
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205:. While very young, he was apprenticed to a
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421:(elected 1915). He was elected to the
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387:theory of
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278:pure lines
259:chloroform
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