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362:. Though the theory of Stellar Nucleosynthesis established in the paper was later cited by the Nobel Committee as the reason for his 1983 Nobel in Physics, Margaret Burbidge did not share in the award.
252:. He is known for his theoretical and experimental research into nuclear reactions within stars and the energy elements produced in the process and was one of the authors of the influential
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In
December 1989, Fowler married Mary Dutcher (1919–2019), an artist, in Pasadena, California. On 11 March 1995, Fowler died from kidney failure in
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1405:"Presidential Medal for Merit. February 2, 1948. - Published Papers and Official Documents - Linus Pauling and the International Peace Movement"
946:
4356:
1743:
Oral history interview transcript with
William Fowler on 6 February 1973, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library & Archives
1737:
Oral history interview transcript with
William Fowler on 5 February 1973, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library & Archives
963:
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1749:
Oral history interview transcript with
William Fowler on 30 May 1974, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library & Archives
1731:
Oral history interview transcript with
William Fowler on 9 June 1972, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library & Archives
1725:
Oral history interview transcript with
William Fowler on 8 June 1972, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library & Archives
4211:
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Although an experimental nuclear physicist, Fowler's most famous paper was his collaboration with
Margaret and Geoffrey Burbidge, "
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268:. Fowler's parents were John MacLeod Fowler and Jennie Summers Watson. Fowler was the eldest of his siblings, Arthur and Nelda.
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In 1942, Fowler became an associate professor at
Caltech. In 1946, Fowler became a Professor at Caltech. Fowler, along with
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354:. That 1957 paper in Reviews of Modern Physics categorized most nuclear processes for origin of all but the lightest
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Fowler's first wife was
Adriane Fay (née Olmsted) Fowler (1912–1988). They had two daughters, Mary Emily and Martha.
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Experimental and
Theoretical Nuclear Astrophysics; the Quest for the Origin of the Elements
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In 1936, Fowler became a research fellow at Caltech. He was elected to the United States
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Temperature and Density Conditions for Nucleogenesis by Fusion Processes in Stars
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yard influenced Fowler's interest in locomotives. In 1973, he travelled to the
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A century of ideas: perspectives from leading scientists of the 20th century
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275:, a steam railroad town, when Fowler was two years old. Growing up near the
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240:(August 9, 1911 – March 14, 1995) was an American nuclear physicist, later
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of importance in the formation of the chemical elements in the universe .
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plying the nearly 2,500-kilometre (1,600 mi) route that connects
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in 1938. In 1939, Fowler became an assistant professor at Caltech.
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408:. Fowler was awarded the National Medal of Science by President
3345:
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840:
550:
508:"Gamma radiation from light nuclei under proton bombardment"
1834:
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639:
1755:
1983 Audio Interview with William Fowler by Martin Sherwin
591:
4362:
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
1631:
1629:
595:; Fowler, W.A; Hull, T.E; Zimmerman, B.A. (1961-03-01).
482:, Fowler owned several working models of various sizes.
1029:(1996). "William Alfred Fowler, 1911 - 14 March 1995".
988:
Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific
881:
1790:
Caughlan and Fowler 1988: THERMONUCLEAR REACTION RATES
1128:"William Alfred Fowler, Nobel Prize for Physics, 1983"
747:"Nucleosynthesis of heavy elements by neutron capture"
459:) for his theoretical and experimental studies of the
1626:
790:
1785:
Guide to the Papers of William A. Fowler, 1917-1994
1031:
Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society
740:
598:"Neutron capture chains in heavy element synthesis"
1685:
1248:
885:; Fowler, W.A.; Zimmerman, B.A. (September 1975).
846:
596:
556:
283:just to observe the steam engine that powered the
1211:
1209:
1207:
1070:Encyclopedia of World Scientists, Revised Edition
350:second, Fowler third, and Cambridge cosmologist
4303:
311:fraternity. In 1936, Fowler received a Ph.D. in
131:Barnard Medal for Meritorious Service to Science
501:
466:Fowler's doctoral students at Caltech included
4094:
1778:including the Nobel Lecture, December 8, 1983
1204:
4377:Members of the American Philosophical Society
4080:
3331:
1820:
1687:"William A. Fowler, 83, Astrophysicist, Dies"
1122:
1120:
1118:
1116:
947:Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society
4372:Presidents of the American Physical Society
3347:Presidents of the American Physical Society
1763:Radioactive elements of a low atomic number
19:For other people named William Fowler, see
4382:California Institute of Technology fellows
4337:California Institute of Technology faculty
4087:
4073:
3338:
3324:
1827:
1813:
1773:
1113:
43:
4332:California Institute of Technology alumni
1364:
1008:
678:
4367:Fellows of the American Physical Society
1801:, Caltech Archives Oral Histories Online
1157:
1025:
942:"Obituary: William A. Fowler, 1911–1995"
845:; Fowler, W.A.; Zimmerman, B.A. (1976).
797:"Nucleosynthesis during silicon burning"
4387:Fellows of St John's College, Cambridge
1603:"Photo Archive in Nuclear Astrophysics"
1495:American Academy of Arts & Sciences
1436:"Photo Archive in Nuclear Astrophysics"
977:
936:
752:Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series
4304:
1397:
711:
139:Tom W. Bonner Prize in Nuclear Physics
16:American nuclear physicist (1911–1995)
4068:
3319:
1808:
1683:
1246:
1066:
433:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
404:, and was himself later succeeded by
358:in stars. It is widely known as the
264:On 9 August 1911, Fowler was born in
1339:"Synthesis of the Elements in Stars"
1062:
1060:
653:"Synthesis of the Elements in Stars"
4357:National Medal of Science laureates
1164:. Fundamental theories of physics.
983:"William Alfred Fowler (1911-1995)"
912:10.1146/annurev.aa.13.090175.000441
854:Atomic Data and Nuclear Data Tables
449:Astronomical Society of the Pacific
303:In 1933, Fowler graduated from the
13:
887:"Thermonuclear reaction rates, II"
718:W. K. Kellogg Radiation Laboratory
419:in 1962–63. He was elected to the
398:W. K. Kellogg Radiation Laboratory
340:Synthesis of the Elements in Stars
317:California Institute of Technology
14:
4398:
1718:
1217:"William Alfred Fowler Biography"
1057:
1799:Interview with William A. Fowler
1222:Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory
546:from the original on 2021-08-08.
473:
425:Henry Norris Russell Lectureship
415:Fowler was Guggenheim Fellow at
1757:Voices of the Manhattan Project
1677:
1666:from the original on 2021-01-22
1642:"Obituary: Mary Ditcher Fowler"
1615:from the original on 2020-11-25
1595:
1584:from the original on 2022-03-21
1564:
1538:
1527:from the original on 2022-02-15
1507:
1483:
1459:
1448:from the original on 2018-01-29
1417:from the original on 2018-07-18
1229:from the original on 2016-07-02
1140:from the original on 2021-07-25
966:from the original on 2022-03-21
918:from the original on 2022-01-30
829:from the original on 2021-07-23
779:from the original on 2021-04-28
495:
307:, where he was a member of the
21:William Fowler (disambiguation)
1428:
1319:
1295:
1240:
1151:
741:Seeger, P. A.; Fowler, W. A.;
555:; Lauritsen, T. (1957-07-15).
421:American Philosophical Society
1:
1794:Oak Ridge National Laboratory
1684:Dicke, William (1995-03-16).
1158:Sidharth, B. G., ed. (2008).
1050:
930:
892:Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys.
795:; Fowler, W.A. (1968-01-22).
558:"B, C and the Red Hot Giants"
429:American Astronomical Society
259:
4352:Ohio State University alumni
875:10.1016/0092-640x(76)90011-5
625:10.1016/0003-4916(61)90067-7
417:St John's College, Cambridge
333:National Academy of Sciences
298:
7:
3605:Charles Christian Lauritsen
1546:"William A. Fowler - Facts"
712:Fowler, W. A. (June 1958).
196:Charles Christian Lauritsen
10:
4403:
4347:Nobel laureates in Physics
4342:Medal for Merit recipients
4176:Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar
3474:William Francis Gray Swann
1247:Carey, Charles W. (2006).
823:10.1103/physrevlett.20.161
551:Cook, C.W.; Fowler, W.A.;
457:Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar
246:Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar
25:
18:
4229:
4210:
4191:
4166:
4147:
4123:
4104:
4041:Sylvester James Gates Jr.
3913:
3758:
3597:
3454:
3385:Edward Leamington Nichols
3353:
2956:
2613:
2302:
2080:
1846:
1366:10.1103/RevModPhys.29.547
1344:Reviews of Modern Physics
1067:Oakes, Elizabeth (2007).
680:10.1103/RevModPhys.29.547
658:Reviews of Modern Physics
326:
231:
201:
189:
182:
155:National Medal of Science
115:
98:
90:
72:
51:
42:
35:
4327:American Nobel laureates
3778:Norman Foster Ramsey Jr.
3611:John Hasbrouck Van Vleck
3439:Thomas Corwin Mendenhall
1255:. American biographies.
537:10.1103/physrev.73.181.2
431:in 1963, elected to the
26:Not to be confused with
3796:Arthur Leonard Schawlow
3552:Arthur Jeffrey Dempster
3540:Percy Williams Bridgman
3415:Robert Andrews Millikan
1520:Sonoma State University
1515:"William Alfred Fowler"
1491:"William Alfred Fowler"
1410:Oregon State University
904:1975ARA&A..13...69F
802:Physical Review Letters
585:10.1103/physrev.107.508
248:, was awarded the 1983
4235:Nobel Prize recipients
4193:Physiology or Medicine
3695:John Archibald Wheeler
3582:Francis Wheeler Loomis
3516:John Torrence Tate Sr.
3403:Benjamin Osgood Peirce
3361:Henry Augustus Rowland
1840:Nobel Prize in Physics
453:Nobel Prize in Physics
285:Trans-Siberian Railway
250:Nobel Prize in Physics
171:Nobel Prize in Physics
4182:William Alfred Fowler
3898:Jerome Isaac Friedman
3576:J. Robert Oppenheimer
3397:William Francis Magie
3373:Arthur Gordon Webster
1770:William Alfred Fowler
455:in 1983 (shared with
385:in 1948 by President
305:Ohio State University
277:Pennsylvania Railroad
238:William Alfred Fowler
103:Ohio State University
37:William Alfred Fowler
4322:American astronomers
3862:Donald N. Langenberg
3850:Nicolaas Bloembergen
3719:Edward Mills Purcell
3629:Raymond Thayer Birge
3427:Joseph Sweetman Ames
1765:, Ph.D. dissertation
1647:Lewiston Sun Journal
1471:search.amphilsoc.org
1467:"APS Member History"
938:Woosley, Stanford E.
490:Pasadena, California
321:Pasadena, California
271:The family moved to
84:Pasadena, California
4035:Philip H. Bucksbaum
3927:William F. Brinkman
3814:Mildred Dresselhaus
3737:Joseph Edward Mayer
3713:Luis Walter Alvarez
3677:John Harry Williams
3504:Harrison M. Randall
3462:Karl Taylor Compton
3367:Albert A. Michelson
1572:"Donald D. Clayton"
1357:1957RvMP...29..547B
1251:American scientists
1043:1996QJRAS..37...89B
1001:1996PASP..108....1C
960:1995BAAS...27.1475W
867:1976ADNDT..18..305H
815:1968PhRvL..20..161B
765:1965ApJS...11..121S
671:1957RvMP...29..547B
617:1961AnPhy..12..331C
577:1957PhRv..107..508C
529:1948PhRv...73..181F
396:as director of the
4201:Barbara McClintock
3999:Malcolm R. Beasley
3963:Arthur Bienenstock
3838:James A. Krumhansl
3784:Lewis M. Branscomb
3671:William V. Houston
3641:Henry DeWolf Smyth
3570:Lee Alvin DuBridge
3510:Lyman James Briggs
3498:Floyd K. Richtmyer
1772:on Nobelprize.org
1693:The New York Times
1608:Clemson University
1441:Clemson University
979:Clayton, Donald D.
793:Clayton, Donald D.
743:Clayton, Donald D.
478:A lifelong fan of
381:, was awarded the
346:was first author,
226:Arthur B. McDonald
4299:
4298:
4212:Economic Sciences
4062:
4061:
3993:Michael S. Turner
3832:Val Logsdon Fitch
3802:Maurice Goldhaber
3766:William A. Fowler
3701:Charles H. Townes
3588:Isidor Isaac Rabi
3421:Henry A. Bumstead
3313:
3312:
1333:; Fowler, W. A.;
1307:www.nasonline.org
1270:978-0-8160-5499-2
1179:978-1-4020-4359-8
1136:. 9 August 1911.
647:; Fowler, W. A.;
604:Annals of Physics
480:steam locomotives
468:Donald D. Clayton
461:nuclear reactions
451:in 1979, and the
435:in 1965, won the
423:in 1962, won the
394:Charles Lauritsen
392:Fowler succeeded
356:chemical elements
348:Geoffrey Burbidge
344:Margaret Burbidge
342:" Significantly,
309:Tau Kappa Epsilon
235:
234:
202:Doctoral students
184:Scientific career
4394:
4237:
4089:
4082:
4075:
4066:
4065:
3969:Cherry A. Murray
3886:D. Allan Bromley
3856:Ernest M. Henley
3844:Eugen Merzbacher
3820:Robert R. Wilson
3659:Victor Weisskopf
3653:George Uhlenbeck
3528:George B. Pegram
3340:
3333:
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2013:
2005:
1997:
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1990:
1978:
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1968:Kamerlingh Onnes
1962:
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1289:Internet Archive
1286:
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1198:Internet Archive
1195:
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1107:Internet Archive
1104:
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682:
636:
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588:
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547:
545:
512:
406:Steven E. Koonin
222:F. Curtis Michel
218:George M. Fuller
206:James M. Bardeen
191:Doctoral advisor
175:
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135:
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91:Other names
79:
61:
59:
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33:
32:
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4222:(United States)
4206:
4203:(United States)
4187:
4184:(United States)
4162:
4143:
4140:(Great Britain)
4138:William Golding
4119:
4116:(United States)
4100:
4093:
4063:
4058:
4047:Frances Hellman
3945:Marvin L. Cohen
3933:Myriam Sarachik
3921:George Trilling
3909:
3904:James S. Langer
3880:J.R. Schrieffer
3790:Herman Feshbach
3754:
3749:Chien-Shiung Wu
3731:Philip M. Morse
3665:Frederick Seitz
3593:
3558:Harvey Fletcher
3450:
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2899:Cohen-Tannoudji
2892:
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2197:
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2173:
2165:
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2138:
2132:
2131:
2123:
2115:
2107:
2095:
2087:
2076:
2064:
2056:
2048:
2040:
2032:
2024:
2016:
2008:
2000:
1994:
1993:
1981:
1973:
1965:
1957:
1949:
1941:
1929:
1921:
1913:
1905:
1897:
1889:
1873:
1861:
1853:
1842:
1833:
1721:
1716:
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1706:
1704:
1696:. p. B14.
1682:
1678:
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1652:Lewiston, Maine
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1434:
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1420:
1418:
1403:
1402:
1398:
1331:Burbidge, G. R.
1327:Burbidge, E. M.
1324:
1320:
1311:
1309:
1303:"Alfred Fowler"
1301:
1300:
1296:
1283:
1281:
1271:
1263:. p. 120.
1245:
1241:
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1230:
1215:
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1190:
1180:
1156:
1152:
1143:
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1126:
1125:
1114:
1101:
1099:
1089:
1081:. p. 245.
1065:
1058:
1053:
969:
967:
933:
921:
919:
832:
830:
782:
780:
726:10.2172/4308210
645:Burbidge, G. R.
641:Burbidge, E. M.
564:Physical Review
553:Lauritsen, C.C.
543:
516:Physical Review
510:
498:
476:
441:Eddington Medal
387:Harry S. Truman
383:Medal for Merit
367:Lee A. DuBridge
329:
313:nuclear physics
301:
262:
210:J. Richard Bond
178:
173:
165:
163:Eddington Medal
157:
149:
141:
133:
125:
123:Medal for Merit
109:
105:
99:Alma mater
86:
81:
77:
68:
63:
57:
55:
38:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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3996:
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3987:Robert L. Byer
3984:
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3892:Andrew Sessler
3889:
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3874:C. Kumar Patel
3871:
3868:Burton Richter
3865:
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3808:Robert Marshak
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3546:Albert W. Hull
3543:
3537:
3534:George Stewart
3531:
3525:
3519:
3513:
3507:
3501:
3495:
3492:Robert W. Wood
3489:
3486:Arthur Compton
3483:
3477:
3471:
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3456:
3452:
3451:
3449:
3448:
3442:
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3433:Theodore Lyman
3430:
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3409:Ernest Merritt
3406:
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3308:
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3291:
3275:
3259:
3243:
3227:
3211:
3195:
3179:
3167:
3151:
3139:
3127:
3111:
3099:
3083:
3067:
3055:
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3011:
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2774:
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2746:
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2678:
2662:
2646:
2635:P. W. Anderson
2630:
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2611:
2610:
2608:
2607:
2591:
2579:
2563:
2547:
2539:
2527:
2519:
2511:
2503:
2495:
2479:
2463:
2456:Goeppert Mayer
2447:
2439:
2427:
2419:
2407:
2391:
2379:
2363:
2351:
2339:
2331:
2319:
2306:
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2256:
2248:
2240:
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2218:
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2203:
2195:
2183:
2180:C. D. Anderson
2171:
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2136:
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2093:
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2014:
2006:
1998:
1991:
1979:
1971:
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1955:
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1927:
1919:
1911:
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1719:External links
1717:
1714:
1713:
1676:
1654:. 2019-07-13.
1625:
1594:
1563:
1537:
1523:. 2021-07-07.
1506:
1482:
1458:
1427:
1396:
1351:(4): 547–650.
1318:
1294:
1269:
1239:
1203:
1178:
1172:. p. 19.
1150:
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1047:
1023:
1010:10.1086/133686
975:
932:
929:
928:
927:
883:Caughlan, G.R.
879:
841:Holmes, J.A.;
838:
809:(4): 161–164.
791:Bodansky, D.;
788:
773:10.1086/190111
738:
709:
665:(4): 547–650.
637:
611:(3): 331–408.
589:
548:
523:(2): 314–315.
506:(1949-05-26).
504:Lauritsen, C.C
502:Fowler, W.A.;
497:
494:
475:
472:
437:Vetlesen Prize
328:
325:
300:
297:
261:
258:
242:astrophysicist
233:
232:
229:
228:
214:Donald Clayton
203:
199:
198:
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147:Vetlesen Prize
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96:
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82:
80:(aged 83)
76:March 14, 1995
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62:August 9, 1911
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4053:Robert Rosner
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4023:Roger Falcone
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3480:Paul D. Foote
3478:
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3445:Dayton Miller
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2408:
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2270:
2265:
2262:
2257:
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2249:
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2241:
2238:
2233:
2226:
2219:
2212:
2209:
2204:
2201:
2196:
2193:
2192:G. P. Thomson
2189:
2184:
2181:
2177:
2172:
2169:
2164:
2157:
2154:
2150:
2145:
2142:
2137:
2130:
2127:
2122:
2119:
2114:
2111:
2110:O. Richardson
2106:
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2099:
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2072:
2068:
2063:
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2044:
2039:
2036:
2031:
2028:
2023:
2020:
2015:
2012:
2007:
2004:
1999:
1992:
1989:
1985:
1980:
1977:
1972:
1969:
1964:
1961:
1956:
1953:
1948:
1945:
1944:Van der Waals
1940:
1937:
1933:
1928:
1925:
1920:
1917:
1912:
1909:
1908:J. J. Thomson
1904:
1901:
1896:
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1888:
1885:
1881:
1877:
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1797:
1795:
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1781:
1776:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1764:
1761:W.A. Fowler:
1759:
1756:
1753:
1750:
1747:
1744:
1741:
1739:- Session III
1738:
1735:
1732:
1729:
1726:
1723:
1722:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1694:
1688:
1680:
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1639:
1638:Auburn, Maine
1632:
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1567:
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1328:
1322:
1308:
1304:
1298:
1290:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1266:
1262:
1261:Facts on File
1258:
1257:New York City
1253:
1252:
1243:
1228:
1224:
1223:
1218:
1212:
1210:
1208:
1199:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
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1154:
1139:
1135:
1134:
1129:
1123:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1108:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1088:9780816061587
1084:
1080:
1079:Facts on File
1076:
1075:New York City
1072:
1071:
1063:
1061:
1056:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
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989:
984:
980:
976:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
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935:
934:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
894:
893:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
855:
849:
844:
843:Woosley, S.E.
839:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
803:
798:
794:
789:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
753:
748:
744:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
681:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
659:
654:
650:
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634:
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626:
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614:
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582:
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570:
566:
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559:
554:
549:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
517:
509:
505:
500:
499:
493:
492:. He was 83.
491:
486:
483:
481:
474:Personal life
471:
469:
464:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
443:in 1978, the
442:
439:in 1973, the
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
413:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
390:
388:
384:
380:
379:Bruce H. Sage
376:
375:Linus Pauling
372:
368:
363:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
336:
334:
324:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
296:
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286:
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278:
274:
269:
267:
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230:
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197:
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188:
185:
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172:
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156:
153:
148:
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140:
137:
132:
129:
124:
121:
120:
118:
114:
108:
104:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
75:
71:
67:
54:
50:
46:
41:
34:
29:
28:Alfred Fowler
22:
4265:
4181:
4017:Laura Greene
3981:Barry Barish
3957:Leo Kadanoff
3826:Sidney Drell
3765:
3707:John Bardeen
3617:Enrico Fermi
2743:von Klitzing
2735:Van der Meer
2722:
1779:
1762:
1745:- Session IV
1733:- Session II
1705:. Retrieved
1691:
1679:
1668:. Retrieved
1645:
1617:. Retrieved
1606:
1597:
1586:. Retrieved
1575:
1566:
1555:. Retrieved
1549:
1540:
1529:. Retrieved
1518:
1509:
1498:. Retrieved
1494:
1485:
1474:. Retrieved
1470:
1461:
1450:. Retrieved
1439:
1430:
1419:. Retrieved
1408:
1399:
1348:
1342:
1321:
1310:. Retrieved
1306:
1297:
1287:– via
1282:. Retrieved
1250:
1242:
1231:. Retrieved
1220:
1196:– via
1191:. Retrieved
1160:
1153:
1142:. Retrieved
1131:
1105:– via
1100:. Retrieved
1069:
1034:
1030:
1027:Burbidge, G.
995:(719): 1–7.
992:
986:
968:. Retrieved
951:
945:
920:. Retrieved
895:
890:
858:
852:
831:. Retrieved
806:
800:
781:. Retrieved
756:
750:
713:
662:
656:
608:
602:
593:Clayton, D.D
568:
562:
520:
514:
496:Publications
487:
484:
477:
465:
414:
391:
364:
337:
330:
302:
281:Soviet Union
270:
263:
244:, who, with
237:
236:
183:
94:Willy Fowler
78:(1995-03-14)
4317:1995 deaths
4312:1911 births
4157:Lech Wałęsa
4114:Henry Taube
4097:Nobel Prize
4029:David Gross
4005:Sam Aronson
3939:Helen Quinn
3772:George Pake
3689:Felix Bloch
3647:Jesse Beams
3522:John Zeleny
2787:Steinberger
2703:K. Siegbahn
2695:Bloembergen
2416:Chamberlain
2149:Schrödinger
2059:M. Siegbahn
1988:W. H. Bragg
1984:W. L. Bragg
1751:- Session V
1727:- Session I
1636:Written at
1551:Nobel Prize
954:(4): 1475.
759:: 121–166.
445:Bruce Medal
410:Gerald Ford
4306:Categories
4125:Literature
4011:Homer Neal
3468:Henry Gale
3391:Henry Crew
3379:Carl Barus
3304:L'Huillier
3268:Hasselmann
3224:Strickland
3192:Kosterlitz
3116:Perlmutter
2855:Brockhouse
2560:Schrieffer
2432:Hofstadter
2384:C. N. Yang
2141:Heisenberg
2118:De Broglie
1707:2019-07-14
1670:2019-07-21
1660:1058326012
1619:2022-03-21
1588:2022-03-21
1557:2019-07-14
1531:2022-03-21
1500:2022-11-16
1476:2022-11-16
1452:2022-03-21
1421:2022-02-26
1312:2022-11-16
1284:2022-03-21
1279:2005000683
1233:2019-07-21
1193:2022-03-21
1188:2008923553
1144:2019-07-20
1102:2022-03-21
1097:2007006076
1051:References
970:2022-03-21
931:Obituaries
922:2022-03-21
898:: 69–112.
833:2022-03-21
783:2022-03-21
571:(2): 508.
352:Fred Hoyle
289:Khabarovsk
273:Lima, Ohio
266:Pittsburgh
260:Early life
66:Pittsburgh
58:1911-08-09
4106:Chemistry
4099:laureates
3759:1976–2000
3635:E. Wigner
3598:1951–1975
3455:1926–1950
3354:1899–1925
3288:Zeilinger
3108:Novoselov
3076:Kobayashi
3000:Abrikosov
2847:J. Taylor
2827:de Gennes
2819:R. Taylor
2711:K. Wilson
2659:R. Wilson
2643:Van Vleck
2614:1976–2000
2604:Rainwater
2600:Mottelson
2576:Josephson
2524:Gell-Mann
2488:Schwinger
2476:Prokhorov
2436:Mössbauer
2396:Cherenkov
2388:T. D. Lee
2312:Cockcroft
2303:1951–1975
2102:C. Wilson
2081:1926–1950
2027:Guillaume
1916:Michelson
1876:Becquerel
1847:1901–1925
1836:Laureates
1702:0362-4331
1375:0034-6861
1335:Hoyle, F.
1166:Dordrecht
1037:(1): 89.
689:0034-6861
649:Hoyle, F.
633:0003-4916
371:Max Mason
360:BFH paper
315:from the
299:Education
254:BFH paper
4159:(Poland)
3623:H. Bethe
3296:Agostini
3184:Thouless
3176:McDonald
3164:Nakamura
3132:Wineland
3064:GrĂĽnberg
3020:Politzer
3004:Ginzburg
2992:Giacconi
2972:Ketterle
2927:'t Hooft
2911:Laughlin
2903:Phillips
2883:Osheroff
2811:Friedman
2783:Schwartz
2779:Lederman
2699:Schawlow
2675:Weinberg
2484:Tomonaga
2376:Brattain
2368:Shockley
2277:Blackett
2269:Appleton
2261:Bridgman
2208:Lawrence
2188:Davisson
2168:Chadwick
2051:Millikan
2035:Einstein
1924:Lippmann
1892:Rayleigh
1884:M. Curie
1880:P. Curie
1664:Archived
1613:Archived
1611:. 1999.
1582:Archived
1525:Archived
1446:Archived
1444:. 1999.
1415:Archived
1383:31021290
1337:(1957).
1227:Archived
1170:Springer
1138:Archived
1133:Geni.com
1019:40680678
981:(1996).
964:Archived
940:(1995).
916:Archived
827:Archived
777:Archived
745:(1965).
697:31021290
651:(1957).
541:Archived
4178:(India)
4168:Physics
3284:Clauser
3248:Penrose
3232:Peebles
3188:Haldane
3156:Akasaki
3144:Englert
3136:Haroche
3120:Schmidt
3080:Maskawa
3032:Glauber
3024:Wilczek
3008:Leggett
2988:Koshiba
2968:Cornell
2959:present
2943:Kroemer
2939:Alferov
2931:Veltman
2915:Störmer
2835:Charpak
2815:Kendall
2799:Dehmelt
2767:Bednorz
2667:Glashow
2655:Penzias
2651:Kapitsa
2623:Richter
2596:A. Bohr
2572:Giaever
2552:Bardeen
2516:Alvarez
2500:Kastler
2492:Feynman
2372:Bardeen
2336:Zernike
2328:Purcell
2098:Compton
2043:N. Bohr
1932:Marconi
1864:Lorentz
1856:Röntgen
1838:of the
1577:Caltech
1391:5975699
1353:Bibcode
1039:Bibcode
997:Bibcode
956:Bibcode
900:Bibcode
863:Bibcode
861:: 305.
811:Bibcode
761:Bibcode
734:4308210
705:5975699
667:Bibcode
613:Bibcode
573:Bibcode
525:Bibcode
447:of the
427:of the
402:Caltech
107:Caltech
4055:(2023)
4049:(2022)
4043:(2021)
4037:(2020)
4031:(2019)
4025:(2018)
4019:(2017)
4013:(2016)
4007:(2015)
4001:(2014)
3995:(2013)
3989:(2012)
3983:(2011)
3977:(2010)
3971:(2009)
3965:(2008)
3959:(2007)
3953:(2006)
3947:(2005)
3941:(2004)
3935:(2003)
3929:(2002)
3923:(2001)
3906:(2000)
3900:(1999)
3894:(1998)
3888:(1997)
3882:(1996)
3876:(1995)
3870:(1994)
3864:(1993)
3858:(1992)
3852:(1991)
3846:(1990)
3840:(1989)
3834:(1987)
3828:(1986)
3822:(1985)
3816:(1984)
3810:(1983)
3804:(1982)
3798:(1981)
3792:(1980)
3786:(1979)
3780:(1978)
3774:(1977)
3768:(1976)
3751:(1975)
3745:(1974)
3739:(1973)
3733:(1972)
3727:(1971)
3721:(1970)
3715:(1969)
3709:(1968)
3703:(1967)
3697:(1966)
3691:(1965)
3685:(1964)
3679:(1963)
3673:(1962)
3667:(1961)
3661:(1960)
3655:(1959)
3649:(1958)
3643:(1957)
3637:(1956)
3631:(1955)
3625:(1954)
3619:(1953)
3613:(1952)
3607:(1951)
3590:(1950)
3584:(1949)
3578:(1948)
3572:(1947)
3566:(1946)
3560:(1945)
3554:(1944)
3548:(1943)
3542:(1942)
3536:(1941)
3530:(1941)
3524:(1940)
3518:(1939)
3512:(1938)
3506:(1937)
3500:(1936)
3494:(1935)
3488:(1934)
3482:(1933)
3476:(1931)
3470:(1929)
3464:(1927)
3447:(1925)
3441:(1923)
3435:(1921)
3429:(1919)
3423:(1918)
3417:(1916)
3411:(1914)
3405:(1913)
3399:(1911)
3393:(1909)
3387:(1907)
3381:(1905)
3375:(1903)
3369:(1901)
3363:(1899)
3300:Krausz
3294:2023:
3280:Aspect
3278:2022:
3272:Manabe
3264:Parisi
3262:2021:
3252:Genzel
3246:2020:
3240:Queloz
3230:2019:
3220:Mourou
3216:Ashkin
3214:2018:
3208:Thorne
3204:Barish
3198:2017:
3182:2016:
3172:Kajita
3170:2015:
3154:2014:
3142:2013:
3130:2012:
3114:2011:
3102:2010:
3086:2009:
3070:2008:
3058:2007:
3048:Mather
3046:2006:
3040:Hänsch
3030:2005:
3014:2004:
2998:2003:
2982:2002:
2976:Wieman
2966:2001:
2937:2000:
2925:1999:
2909:1998:
2893:1997:
2879:D. Lee
2877:1996:
2871:Reines
2865:1995:
2853:1994:
2841:1993:
2833:1992:
2825:1991:
2809:1990:
2795:Ramsey
2793:1989:
2777:1988:
2771:MĂĽller
2765:1987:
2759:Rohrer
2755:Binnig
2749:1986:
2741:1985:
2731:Rubbia
2729:1984:
2723:Fowler
2717:1983:
2709:1982:
2693:1981:
2683:Cronin
2681:1980:
2665:1979:
2649:1978:
2633:1977:
2621:1976:
2594:1975:
2588:Hewish
2582:1974:
2566:1973:
2556:Cooper
2550:1972:
2542:1971:
2532:Alfvén
2530:1970:
2522:1969:
2514:1968:
2506:1967:
2498:1966:
2482:1965:
2468:Townes
2466:1964:
2460:Jensen
2452:Wigner
2450:1963:
2444:Landau
2442:1962:
2430:1961:
2424:Glaser
2422:1960:
2410:1959:
2394:1958:
2382:1957:
2366:1956:
2354:1955:
2342:1954:
2334:1953:
2322:1952:
2316:Walton
2310:1951:
2293:Powell
2291:1950:
2285:Yukawa
2283:1949:
2275:1948:
2267:1947:
2259:1946:
2251:1945:
2243:1944:
2235:1943:
2206:1939:
2198:1938:
2186:1937:
2174:1936:
2166:1935:
2147:1933:
2139:1932:
2124:1930:
2116:1929:
2108:1928:
2096:1927:
2090:Perrin
2088:1926:
2067:Franck
2065:1925:
2057:1924:
2049:1923:
2041:1922:
2033:1921:
2025:1920:
2017:1919:
2011:Planck
2009:1918:
2003:Barkla
2001:1917:
1982:1915:
1974:1914:
1966:1913:
1958:1912:
1950:1911:
1942:1910:
1930:1909:
1922:1908:
1914:1907:
1906:1906:
1900:Lenard
1898:1905:
1890:1904:
1874:1903:
1868:Zeeman
1862:1902:
1854:1901:
1700:
1658:
1389:
1381:
1373:
1277:
1267:
1186:
1176:
1095:
1085:
1017:
732:
703:
695:
687:
631:
377:, and
327:Career
293:Moscow
174:(1983)
166:(1978)
158:(1974)
150:(1973)
142:(1970)
134:(1965)
126:(1948)
116:Awards
4266:1983
4149:Peace
4095:1983
3914:2001–
3236:Mayor
3200:Weiss
3160:Amano
3148:Higgs
3124:Riess
3096:Smith
3092:Boyle
3072:Nambu
3052:Smoot
3016:Gross
2984:Davis
2957:2001–
2947:Kilby
2859:Shull
2843:Hulse
2751:Ruska
2687:Fitch
2671:Salam
2568:Esaki
2544:Gabor
2508:Bethe
2472:Basov
2412:Segrè
2400:Frank
2360:Kusch
2348:Bothe
2324:Bloch
2253:Pauli
2237:Stern
2200:Fermi
2153:Dirac
2126:Raman
2071:Hertz
2019:Stark
1960:Dalén
1936:Braun
1015:JSTOR
544:(PDF)
511:(PDF)
110:(PhD)
4291:1988
4286:1987
4281:1986
4276:1985
4271:1984
4261:1982
4256:1981
4251:1980
4246:1979
4241:1978
4129:1983
3256:Ghez
3104:Geim
3060:Fert
3036:Hall
2919:Tsui
2867:Perl
2803:Paul
2639:Mott
2627:Ting
2584:Ryle
2536:NĂ©el
2404:Tamm
2356:Lamb
2344:Born
2245:Rabi
2229:1942
2222:1941
2215:1940
2176:Hess
2160:1934
2133:1931
1995:1916
1976:Laue
1952:Wien
1698:ISSN
1656:OCLC
1387:OCLC
1379:LCCN
1371:ISSN
1275:LCCN
1265:ISBN
1184:LCCN
1174:ISBN
1093:LCCN
1083:ISBN
730:OSTI
701:OCLC
693:LCCN
685:ISSN
629:ISSN
291:and
73:Died
52:Born
3088:Kao
2895:Chu
1361:doi
1005:doi
993:108
908:doi
871:doi
819:doi
769:doi
722:doi
675:doi
621:doi
581:doi
569:107
533:doi
400:at
319:in
4308::
3302:/
3298:/
3286:/
3282:/
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