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William Blake's illustrations of On the Morning of Christ's Nativity

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to second to last, so that it matches the order of corresponding verses in Milton's poem. Dunbar also follows Butlin's order. Behrendt adopts a 1-2-5-3-4-6 order, seeing a thematic progression from the destruction of classical aesthetics, to the Old Testament cruelty of Moloch (who resembles Blake's
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The sequence of the illustrations is also a topic of scholarly dispute: the mountings of the Thomas set were inscribed on their backs with numbers 1–6, but these were added during or after the 1872 Sotheby's sale, and so are unlikely to follow Blake's intended order. This "original" order ran thus:
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from Blake. No contract for the commission is extant, but the commissioning probably took place in 1809, which is the year in which the illustrations were completed. Blake was eager to accept the commission, according to G. E. Bentley, because "Milton illustrations were a kind of work which Blake
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bears the full date of 1809. The Butts set is entirely undated- dates from 1803 to 1817 have been proposed for it. Behrendt argues that the Butts set predates the Thomas set by six years, and Collins Baker and R.R. Wark place it in 1809, but earlier than the Thomas set.
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The dating of the sets is unknown, as is Blake's intended sequence for the illustrations. The two sets of watercolours are known as the "Butts set" and the "Thomas set", after their respective patrons, or as the "Huntington set" and the "Whitworth set" after the
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The illustrations emphasize the simultaneous occurrence of the events they depict by the presence of the stable in almost every image, and by framing the set with two very similar images that focus on the peaceful victory of Christ over darkness.
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of the Thomas set or the Butts set before 1852 and 1872, which has led to disputes about the dating. What is known is that the "Thomas set" was commissioned by the Reverend Joseph Thomas, who had also commissioned illustrations to Milton's
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The illustrations themselves do not make the dating any easier- the edges of the "Thomas set" were trimmed before sale at Sotheby's, leaving "18" or "180" on most of the sheets. Only
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is to Blake the rebirth of Milton's poetry into the creative imagination of Christ. Blake also sees a return to prophetic, Christian ideals of poetry, rather than the "pagan"
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is a guide to Blake's idea of Milton: that he possessed true spiritual vision, but fell by his adherence to the moralistic and repressive tenets of
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The similarity between this c. 1800 tempera painting and the "Butts set" version was one of the main reasons Behrendt dated the "Butts set" to 1803
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in that light is seen as a pessimistic parody of Milton's poem. Orc is often associated with fire, and the closest parallel with him is found in
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Even less is known about the dates of composition for the "Butts set" - between 1811 and 1820, Blake created at least thirty three designs for
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from an anonymous seller in 1872. By 1876 they were in the collection of J.E. Taylor, who gave them to the Whitworth in 1892.
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Blake's literary debt to Milton is key to understanding his illustrations of the earlier poet's writings. In general,
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The winged figure of the accuser, so like the spirit of Moloch, cements that god's identification with Blake's
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implications- it represents the descent of the soul into the body, which is symbolized by the cramped stable.
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could not resist." They presumably stayed in the Revd Thomas's family until they were bought at
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On the Morning of Christ's Nativity, Milton's Hymn with Illustrations by William Blake
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between 1803 and 1815. A total of 16 illustrations are extant: two sets of six
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Catalogue of William Blake's Drawings and Paintings in the Huntington Library
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The Four and Twenty Elders Casting their Crowns before the Divine Throne
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Illustrations of On the Morning of Christ's Nativity by William Blake
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Blake's Vision of the Poetry of Milton: illustrations to six poems
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The Moment of Explosion: Blake and the illustration of Milton
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The Wood of the Self-Murderers: The Harpies and the Suicides
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Themes from William Blake's The Marriage of Heaven and Hell
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The Works of William Blake: Poetic, Symbolic and Critical
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That with long beams the shame-fac'd Night array'd..."
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William Blake's Illustrations to the Poetry of Milton
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With hollow shriek the steep of Delphos leaving..."
693:, LV, Winter 1976, pp. 65-95. Quoted in Butlin, 390 594:Her sleeping Lord with handmaid lamp attending..." 337:The order followed here is that given by Butlin. 212:himself. This order is followed by Werner in her 53:each, and an additional four drawings in pencil. 2004: 245:and by his preference for the cruel and distant 65:, which now hold the sets in their collections. 882: 687:Blake's Illustrations to Milton's Nativity Ode 958: 709:. First published 1938. Quoted in Butlin, 390 388:All meanly wrapt in the rude manger lies..." 1430:Jerusalem: The Emanation of the Giant Albion 309:, where a child is about to be given to the 877:The Paintings and Drawings of William Blake 672: 670: 660: 658: 656: 654: 652: 615: 613: 611: 548:In dismal dance about the furnace blue..." 466:Not half so far casts his usurped sway..." 965: 951: 862:. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2003. 500:The Overthrow of Apollo and the Pagan Gods 267:The Overthrow of Apollo and the Pagan Gods 187:placed them in 1-6-2-3-4-5 order, so that 174:The Overthrow of Apollo and the Pagan Gods 122:The Overthrow of Apollo and the Pagan Gods 1837:Scholarship, in popular culture, and more 844:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. 332: 928:. Lewisburg: Bucknell University Press. 667: 649: 608: 551: 469: 391: 223: 116: 20: 2005: 1679:Europe Supported by Africa and America 726:, 1923, p. 31-2. Quoted in Butlin, 390 214:Blake's Vision of the Poetry of Milton 135: 102:, which included the illustrations of 1835: 1637: 1497: 984: 946: 705:, enlarged and revised by R.R. Wark, 195:, because of their similar subjects. 2033:Collection of the Huntington Library 1901:Serenade for Tenor, Horn and Strings 1917:Songs and Proverbs of William Blake 1782:On the Morning of Christ's Nativity 291:On the Morning of Christ's Nativity 231:, watercolour, 25.7 x 19.7 cm. 1809 104:On the Morning of Christ's Nativity 45:On the Morning of Christ's Nativity 37:drew and painted illustrations for 13: 1388:Visions of the Daughters of Albion 985: 352:Corresponding Stanzas with excerpt 110:in 1912, and in 1916 were sold to 14: 2044: 972: 418:The Annunciation to the Shepherds 159:The Annunciation to the Shepherds 1951:William Blake in popular culture 1796:Illustrations of the Book of Job 573: 566: 527: 520: 492: 485: 445: 438: 410: 403: 367: 360: 28:, 1803–1817, most likely c. 1815 1665:Original Stories from Real Life 1374:The Marriage of Heaven and Hell 922:Werner, Bette Charlene (1986). 819: 810: 801: 792: 783: 774: 765: 756: 747: 738: 729: 590:"Heav'n's youngest-teemed star, 1738:A Vision of the Last Judgement 712: 696: 679: 640: 631: 622: 427:"At last surrounds their sight 293:. In that poem, the messianic 253:over the redemptive figure of 73:There is little record of the 1: 1876:Blake: Prophet Against Empire 1686:The Night of Enitharmon's Joy 1498: 1285:The Voice of the Ancient Bard 838:Behrendt, Stephen C. (1983). 831: 289:was especially influenced by 68: 1025:There is No Natural Religion 602: 592:Hath fix'd her polish'd car, 462:"Th'old Dragon under ground, 386:While the Heav'n-born child, 7: 1478:Never pain to tell thy love 889:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 544:"In vain with cymbals' ring 219: 10: 2049: 860:The Stranger From Paradise 720:Notes on the Illustrations 546:They call the grisly king, 429:A globe of circular light, 1943: 1892: 1883:Witness Against the Beast 1846: 1842: 1831: 1805: 1648: 1644: 1633: 1506: 1493: 1468: 1443: 1351: 1314: 1303: 1150: 1047: 1034: 995: 991: 980: 464:In straiter limits bound, 2023:Nativity of Jesus in art 1444:The Pickering Manuscript 910:. Princeton Univ Press. 384:"It was the winter wild, 273:, who is modeled on the 1638: 1292:(found only in Copy BB) 1170:The Clod and the Pebble 883:Dunbar, Pamela (1980). 509:"Apollo from his shrine 355:Related works by Blake 1977:Catherine Blake (wife) 691:Philological Quarterly 560: 479: 397: 333:Table of Illustrations 232: 132: 29: 1956:William Blake Archive 1855:Life of William Blake 1745:Descriptive Catalogue 1452:Auguries of Innocence 1381:The French Revolution 1185:The Little Girl Found 1018:All Religions are One 1011:An Island in the Moon 685:Behrendt, Stephen C. 555: 473: 395: 257:. In that regard the 227: 120: 63:Whitworth Art Gallery 24: 2028:Watercolor paintings 2013:Art by William Blake 1752:The Great Red Dragon 1459:The Mental Traveller 1180:The Little Girl Lost 1092:The Little Boy Found 1072:The Little Black Boy 535:The Flight of Moloch 375:The Descent of Peace 323:The Descent of Peace 307:The Flight of Moloch 229:The Flight of Moloch 201:The Flight of Moloch 193:The Descent of Peace 164:The Flight of Moloch 154:The Descent of Peace 26:The Descent of Peace 1774:Agony in the Garden 1767:The Ghost of a Flea 1672:The Ancient of Days 1471:Rossetti Manuscript 1240:The Little Vagabond 1220:My Pretty Rose Tree 1190:The Chimney Sweeper 1152:Songs of Experience 1142:On Another's Sorrow 1087:The Little Boy Lost 1082:The Chimney Sweeper 858:Bentley, G. E. Jr. 703:C. H. Collins Baker 637:Bentley 2003 p. 288 628:Bentley 2003 p. 357 511:Can no more divine, 263:classical aesthetic 136:Dating and sequence 1706:Illustrations for 1402:The Book of Ahania 1395:The Book of Urizen 1328:America a Prophecy 1270:A Little Girl Lost 1250:The Human Abstract 1235:The Garden of Love 1062:The Ecchoing Green 1049:Songs of Innocence 1037:Songs of Innocence 718:Keynes, Geoffrey. 581:The Night of Peace 561: 480: 474:The Beast and the 398: 286:Europe: a Prophecy 233: 189:The Night of Peace 179:The Night of Peace 142:The Night of Peace 133: 59:Huntington Library 30: 1998: 1997: 1994: 1993: 1990: 1989: 1827: 1826: 1823: 1822: 1780:Illustrations of 1729:Illustrations of 1714:Illustrations of 1629: 1628: 1489: 1488: 1485: 1484: 1439: 1438: 1335:Europe a Prophecy 1299: 1298: 1265:A Little Boy Lost 1039:and of Experience 1004:Poetical Sketches 600: 599: 315:harrowing of hell 269:by the figure of 2040: 1965:(1983 monologue) 1869:Fearful Symmetry 1844: 1843: 1833: 1832: 1646: 1645: 1635: 1634: 1495: 1494: 1367:The Book of Thel 1312: 1311: 1107:The Divine Image 1045: 1044: 993: 992: 982: 981: 967: 960: 953: 944: 943: 939: 908:Fearful Symmetry 900: 855: 826: 823: 817: 814: 808: 805: 799: 796: 790: 787: 781: 778: 772: 769: 763: 760: 754: 751: 745: 742: 736: 733: 727: 716: 710: 700: 694: 683: 677: 674: 665: 662: 647: 644: 638: 635: 629: 626: 620: 617: 577: 570: 531: 524: 496: 489: 476:Whore of Babylon 449: 442: 414: 407: 371: 364: 340: 339: 311:god of sacrifice 275:Apollo Belvedere 126:Apollo Belvedere 112:Henry Huntington 41:'s nativity ode 2048: 2047: 2043: 2042: 2041: 2039: 2038: 2037: 2003: 2002: 1999: 1986: 1939: 1909:Ten Blake Songs 1888: 1847:Scholarly works 1838: 1819: 1814:Visionary Heads 1801: 1663:Engravings for 1650: 1640: 1625: 1502: 1481: 1464: 1435: 1409:The Book of Los 1347: 1342:The Song of Los 1318: 1306: 1295: 1146: 1038: 1030: 987: 976: 971: 936: 897: 852: 834: 829: 824: 820: 815: 811: 806: 802: 797: 793: 788: 784: 779: 775: 770: 766: 761: 757: 752: 748: 743: 739: 734: 730: 717: 713: 701: 697: 684: 680: 675: 668: 663: 650: 645: 641: 636: 632: 627: 623: 618: 609: 605: 593: 591: 589: 547: 545: 543: 512: 510: 508: 507:, Stanzas 19-23 465: 463: 461: 430: 428: 426: 387: 385: 383: 335: 265:represented in 222: 185:Geoffrey Keynes 138: 71: 17: 12: 11: 5: 2046: 2036: 2035: 2030: 2025: 2020: 2015: 1996: 1995: 1992: 1991: 1988: 1987: 1985: 1984: 1979: 1974: 1966: 1958: 1953: 1947: 1945: 1941: 1940: 1938: 1937: 1929: 1921: 1913: 1905: 1896: 1894: 1890: 1889: 1887: 1886: 1879: 1872: 1865: 1858: 1850: 1848: 1840: 1839: 1829: 1828: 1825: 1824: 1821: 1820: 1818: 1817: 1809: 1807: 1803: 1802: 1800: 1799: 1792: 1785: 1777: 1770: 1763: 1756: 1748: 1741: 1734: 1726: 1719: 1711: 1708:Night-Thoughts 1703: 1700:Nebuchadnezzar 1696: 1689: 1682: 1675: 1668: 1660: 1658:Relief etching 1654: 1652: 1642: 1641: 1631: 1630: 1627: 1626: 1624: 1623: 1618: 1613: 1608: 1603: 1598: 1593: 1588: 1583: 1578: 1573: 1568: 1563: 1558: 1553: 1548: 1543: 1538: 1533: 1528: 1523: 1518: 1513: 1507: 1504: 1503: 1491: 1490: 1487: 1486: 1483: 1482: 1475: 1473: 1466: 1465: 1463: 1462: 1455: 1447: 1445: 1441: 1440: 1437: 1436: 1434: 1433: 1426: 1419: 1412: 1405: 1398: 1391: 1384: 1377: 1370: 1363: 1355: 1353: 1349: 1348: 1346: 1345: 1338: 1331: 1323: 1321: 1309: 1301: 1300: 1297: 1296: 1294: 1293: 1290:A Divine Image 1287: 1282: 1280:The School Boy 1277: 1272: 1267: 1262: 1257: 1252: 1247: 1242: 1237: 1232: 1227: 1225:Ah! 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1379: 1372: 1365: 1358: 1340: 1333: 1326: 1195:Nurse's Song 1160:Introduction 1151: 1127:Nurse's Song 1057:The Shepherd 1048: 1035: 1023: 1016: 1009: 1002: 924: 907: 885: 876: 859: 840: 821: 812: 803: 794: 785: 776: 767: 758: 749: 740: 731: 723: 719: 714: 706: 698: 686: 681: 642: 633: 624: 585: 580: 539: 534: 504: 499: 457: 452: 422: 417: 379: 374: 336: 327:neo-platonic 322: 319: 306: 302: 290: 284: 279: 266: 259:Nativity Ode 258: 236: 234: 228: 213: 200: 192: 188: 183: 178: 173: 168: 163: 158: 153: 147: 141: 139: 121: 103: 100:Thomas Butts 97: 85: 79: 72: 55: 51:watercolours 43: 42: 32: 31: 25: 18: 1973:(1989 play) 1317:continental 1077:The Blossom 807:Behrendt 41 753:Behrendt 40 744:Behrendt 39 588:, Stanza 27 542:, Stanza 23 460:, Stanza 18 39:John Milton 2007:Categories 1970:In Lambeth 1651:and prints 1581:Palamabron 1546:Golgonooza 1536:Enitharmon 1319:prophecies 1132:Infant Joy 832:References 825:Dunbar 108 816:Werner 133 780:Werner 130 771:Werner 115 676:Werner 117 664:Butlin 390 646:Butlin 393 619:Butlin 389 343:Thomas set 243:puritanism 108:Christie's 75:provenance 69:Provenance 1754:paintings 1716:The Grave 1649:Paintings 1500:Mythology 1305:Prophetic 1275:To Tirzah 1230:The Lilly 1215:The Tyger 1210:The Angel 798:Dunbar 94 789:Dunbar 92 603:Citations 346:Butts set 325:also has 191:followed 93:Sotheby's 1982:Ancients 1925:The Lamb 1806:Sketches 1067:The Lamb 906:(1947). 762:Frye 262 280:Blake's 220:Analysis 128:and the 61:and the 1944:Related 1893:Musical 1611:Urthona 1596:Thiriel 1591:Tharmas 1586:Spectre 1526:Bromion 1205:The Fly 1137:A Dream 558:Spectre 249:of the 247:Jehovah 130:Laocoön 1936:(1998) 1928:(1982) 1920:(1965) 1912:(1958) 1904:(1943) 1693:Newton 1606:Urizen 1601:Tiriel 1561:Leutha 1551:Grodna 1521:Beulah 1516:Albion 1511:Ahania 1423:Milton 1360:Tiriel 1245:London 1122:Spring 932:  914:  893:  866:  848:  303:Europe 299:Urizen 271:Apollo 255:Christ 208:), to 206:Urizen 197:Butlin 1962:Blake 1571:Luvah 1541:Fuzon 1531:Enion 1352:Other 1307:books 1117:Night 722:, in 689:, in 349:Title 210:Satan 81:Comus 1760:Pity 1621:Vala 1616:Utha 1469:The 1315:The 930:ISBN 912:ISBN 891:ISBN 864:ISBN 846:ISBN 586:Hymn 540:Hymn 505:Hymn 458:Hymn 423:Hymn 380:Hymn 84:and 1639:Art 1576:Orc 1566:Los 1556:Har 295:Orc 2009:: 875:. 669:^ 651:^ 610:^ 317:. 301:. 277:. 216:. 114:. 1480:" 1476:" 1461:" 1457:" 1454:" 1450:" 966:e 959:t 952:v 938:. 918:. 899:. 854:.

Index


William Blake
John Milton
On the Morning of Christ's Nativity
watercolours
Huntington Library
Whitworth Art Gallery
provenance
Comus
Paradise Lost
Sotheby's
Thomas Butts
Christie's
Henry Huntington

Apollo Belvedere
Laocoön
Geoffrey Keynes
Butlin
Urizen
Satan

Milton: a Poem
puritanism
Jehovah
Old Testament
Christ
classical aesthetic
Apollo
Apollo Belvedere

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