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Arrests of Ulysses S. Grant

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33: 289:. Grant assures West that he will face no adverse consequences for arresting him. At the station, Grant puts up $ 20 (equivalent to $ 510 in 2023) as collateral, as do the six companions who have driven to the station with him, who protest more strongly, to Grant's amusement. Grant's collateral is forfeited the next day when he does not appear in court. The other six do object to their arrests, but all are fined heavily after testimony by members of the community. The men appeal; Grant works to ensure that West will not be punished as a result of their advocacy. 213: 2650: 277:
riders. Grant, leading the pack, is unable to stop for a full block, but eventually gets his horses under control and returns, followed by six others, some of whom are also government officials. Smiling and looking like "a schoolboy who had been caught in a guilty act by his teacher", Grant asks West if the latter thinks he has been speeding. West recalls his caution from the day before, at which Grant feigns poor memory and blames the horses. West replies,
99:—the sole detailed narrative of the event—West said that he arrested Grant for speeding in a horse-drawn carriage after a warning for doing so the day prior, and that Grant was brought to the police station, where he put up $ 20 (equivalent to $ 510 in 2023), which was forfeited the next day when Grant did not appear in court. Other accounts differ but generally involve a fine of similar value, the 762: 199:
article announcing that Grant was arrested a second time for speeding: "The General took the arrest very good humoredly, said it was an oversight, and rode over to the second Precinct station house and paid his fine." Participating in both 1866 arrests was Officer S. T. Crown of the Seventh Precinct,
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Grant apologizes, commits to following the speed limit in the future, and asks after the injured woman. West's answer prompts him to reiterate his commitment to follow speed laws. The next evening, again posted at 13th and M, West watches a large number of horse teams speed past; West hails the
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I want to inform you, Mr. President, that you are violating the law by speeding along this street. Your fast driving, sir, has set the example for a lot of other gentlemen. It is endangering the lives of the people who have to cross the street in this locality, and only this evening a lady was
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of the carriage, or both. After the MPD appeared to confirm the veracity of the arrest in 2012, a number of news media outlets accepted it as fact, although in some cases with reservations. However, because of the lack of contemporaneous documentation, historians at the
267:. While West is discussing the matter with residents, Grant and several friends come racing down the street as well, prompting West to order them to stop; Grant succeeds in halting his horses despite their excitement. He asks West what he wants to which West replies, 157:(MPD). Grant offered to pay the fine, but "expressed his doubts of their authority to arrest him and drove off". Several days later, Grant "acknowledged the service of a warrant for fast driving and appeared before the Justice of the Peace and paid the fine". The 93:. There does not appear to be contemporaneous evidence of an 1872 arrest, but from the 1890s onward, a number of newspaper articles about Officer William H. West (died 1915) included the claim that he had arrested Grant in 1872. In a 1908 profile in 376:'s website treating West's narrative as factual, concluded in 2018, based on Lanier's comments, that the arrest did occur but that "it's nearly impossible to know if is the whole truth and nothing but the truth"; this was echoed by Meilan Solly in 1158: 229:
speaks of "a police officer named West who once arrested President Grant for fast driving on Vermont avenue", but says that he was not taken to the police station. In a 1901 article regarding a disciplinary action against West, the
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published the results of a partial analysis of the historical record, finding no contemporaneous news reporting, which would have been unusual given the presence of seven daily newspapers in D.C. at the time and the fact that
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A 150th anniversary book published by the MPD repeats the claim of West having been dragged 50 feet. The book contains several alternate narratives as to what happened after the arrest, including one in which police
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questioned the reliability of accounts published in newspapers of the late 1800s and early 1900s, pointing out various inconsistencies and the lack of surviving accounts prior to 1897. Later that month, the
263: NW, West comes to the scene of an incident where a woman and young child have been badly injured by a speeding team of horses, violations being common in that area due to the proximity of 340:. As of February 2023, the MPD academy's training material references all three arrests, saying that the third occurred in 1877 and characterizing it in terms similar to Lanier's 2012 comments. 1618: 111:
Grant is characterized as resistant to police authority in the first narrative and as deferential in the latter two. The image of Grant deferring to West has been cited as a symbol of the
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guilty plea" show "a welcome willingness to honor a familiar principle: every American is equal before the law", contrary to the notion that the president cannot be arrested. Similarly,
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I am very sorry, Mr. President, to have to do it, for you are the chief of the nation, and I am nothing but a policeman, but duty is duty, sir, and I will have to place you under arrest.
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commented on the arrest in a manner widely perceived as confirming its authenticity. Lanier gave a sequence of events in which officers are unsure if they can charge Grant absent an
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West takes Grant to the police station. Grant invites West to have a seat in the carriage and asks him about his background. West tells the former general of his own service in the
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says that he "gained notoriety soon after his appointment by arresting President U. S. Grant for riding horseback on a pavement." West retired later that year, and the
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The claim that Grant was arrested while in office is associated with William H. West, a former Union Army private who joined the MPD in 1871.
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of the Supreme Court of the Philippines, as an example of "how law is really above all men". It has since drawn attention in the context of
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also took Lanier's comments as confirmation, but acknowledged the apparent lack of documentation prior to the emergence of West's claim.
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provide no information on an arrest of Grant that year, nor do they indicate that Grant and West maintained a friendship after 1872."
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and is dragged 50 feet (15 m). He then recognizes Grant and apologizes, to which Grant says, "Officer, do your duty" or similar.
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added that "it was a bad example in General Grant to violate a law, but a worse one to treat the officers of law with contempt".
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America's First Ladies: A Historical Encyclopedia and Primary Document Collection of the Remarkable Women of the White House
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Grant's Arabian stallions are well-documented, but there is no record beside West's account of their ever being stolen from
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Grant scholar Marszalek describes it as an appropriate and "wonderful" irony that a president who championed equality under
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repeated this version of events upon West's death in 1915, also mentioning that he "was commended by the President".
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and in 1908 published an interview with West on the topic, which is the primary account of the alleged arrest.
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Presidential Pets: The Weird, Wacky, Little, Big, Scary, Strange Animals that Have Lived in the White House
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discussing a summarized version of West's account; Marszalek had previously described the narrative to
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ran a brief article in 1906 mentioning West having arrested Grant for speeding in 1872
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In one common narrative dating to 1929 or earlier, West grabs Grant's horse by the
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in March 2023. In early April 2023, William K. Rashbaum and Kate Christobek of
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in 1903 or earlier, later reproduced in several educational publications.
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report was republished in newspapers around the country, including
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racing in a carriage in New York, as depicted in an 1868 lithograph
861:"A president has never been indicted before. But one was arrested" 146: 1598: 45: 483:, argues that Grant's arrest and what Prakash views as Grant's " 1641:"G.R. No. L-44 - LILY RAQUIZA, ET AL. vs. L.J. BRADFORD, ET AL" 896:"G.R. No. L-44 - LILY RAQUIZA, ET AL. vs. L.J. BRADFORD, ET AL" 491:
views the arrest as "a beautiful tribute to democracy" and the
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with the preface "The story goes". Michael S. Rosenwald of the
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while in office, also for misconduct in a carriage, is likely
1414: 428: 153:, Grant was detained for fast driving by two officers of the 204:' Crown for his "daring feats" in pursuing speeding horses. 72:. The first two of the reported arrests were in 1866, when 1450:
Metropolitan Police Department of the District of Columbia
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Metropolitan Police Department of the District of Columbia
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Metropolitan Police Department of the District of Columbia
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Rashbaum, William K.; Christobek, Kate (April 4, 2023).
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the vehicle but do not fine Grant. In 2012, MPD Chief
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of D.C. reported that while "exercising his fast gray
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Ulysses S. Grant Cottage National Historic Landmark
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presidential criminal immunity in the United States
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(December 16, 2018). 823: 821: 819: 817: 815: 463:whether a sitting president can be arrested 427:The 1872 arrest anecdote was recorded as a 250: 115:, including in a dissenting opinion at the 27:Reported arrests of the 18th U.S. president 1784: 1770: 1675:"Prosecuting and Punishing Our Presidents" 358:included audio of prominent Grant scholar 272:knocked down by one of these racing teams. 999: 961:"General Grant Arrested for Fast Driving" 921:"General Grant Arrested for Fast Driving" 858:Rosenwald, Michael S. (March 30, 2023) . 857: 827: 678: 450:might have been arrested by a Black man. 2097:Yellowstone National Park Protection Act 2087:District of Columbia Organic Act of 1871 1403: 1401: 1399: 1326: 812: 756: 754: 752: 750: 748: 746: 744: 613: 611: 211: 31: 1728: 1669: 1366: 1364: 1332: 1280: 1185: 776:Ulysses S. Grant National Historic Site 406:Ulysses S. Grant National Historic Site 106:Ulysses S. Grant National Historic Site 14: 2668: 1585: 1408:Freed, Benjamin R. 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Grant 2006:Proposed annexation of Santo Domingo 1791: 1521: 1361: 481:University of Virginia School of Law 2696:Law enforcement in Washington, D.C. 1746:from the original on March 31, 2023 1710:from the original on March 31, 2023 1651:from the original on April 22, 2023 1621:from the original on April 22, 2023 1567:from the original on April 11, 2023 1534:from the original on March 31, 2023 1426:from the original on March 31, 2023 1384:from the original on March 30, 2023 1349:from the original on March 14, 2023 1245:from the original on March 31, 2023 1161:from the original on April 12, 2023 1075:from the original on April 12, 2023 1035:from the original on March 31, 2023 874:from the original on March 22, 2023 844:from the original on March 30, 2023 729:from the original on April 11, 2023 596:from the original on March 31, 2023 24: 2691:Grant administration controversies 1503:from the original on April 4, 2023 1472: 1129:. September 12, 1915. p. 19. 632:from the original on April 5, 2023 495:, a repudiation of the idea that " 25: 2717: 2438:Grant Cottage State Historic Site 2162:Indian Appropriations Act of 1871 1333:Hermann, Peter (March 10, 2023). 586:"Ulysses S. Grant's Horsemanship" 131:On April 9, 1866, when Grant was 2701:Road safety in the United States 2649: 2648: 1822:Grant and the American Civil War 1553:Solly, Meilan (March 31, 2023). 1460:from the original on May 4, 2023 1314:from the original on May 4, 2023 1231:Durant, John (August 13, 1956). 1000:Sylvester, Richard, ed. (1894). 977:from the original on May 3, 2023 937:from the original on May 3, 2023 786:from the original on May 4, 2023 765: This article incorporates 760: 117:Supreme Court of the Philippines 1722: 1663: 1633: 1617:. R. Collyer and others. 1902. 1605: 1579: 1546: 1515: 1438: 1297: 1177: 1141: 1116: 1091: 1051: 993: 953: 913: 683:. Santa Barbara, Calif., U.S.: 618:Chasan, Aliza (April 4, 2023). 554: 537: 433:George Washington's cherry-tree 312:MPD comments and other accounts 126: 1806:President of the United States 1281:Mancini, Mark (July 6, 2015). 1157:. April 24, 1906. p. 16. 888: 672: 651:Otten, Tori (August 4, 2023). 644: 578: 513: 416:The Papers of Ulysses S. Grant 343: 292:West is later assigned to the 78:president of the United States 13: 1: 2052:Specie Payment Resumption Act 1671:Prakash, Saikrishna Bangalore 1104:. June 30, 1901. p. 11. 933:. April 11, 1866. p. 2. 571: 467:Trump's indictment and arrest 135:(promoted later that year to 60:by horse. Grant, who led the 2706:Arrests of individual people 1926:State of the Union addresses 1454:§ 1.6, p. 5 of PDF 1211:"The Presidential Speedster" 477:Saikrishna Bangalore Prakash 74:Grant was commanding general 7: 2495:1922 Grant Memorial coinage 1208:Butterfield, Roger (1947). 1006:. Gibson Bros. p. 159. 1003:District of Columbia Police 774:. Research by Ryan Semmes. 524:arrested four times in 2023 18:William H. West (policeman) 10: 2722: 2191:Naturalization Act of 1870 2082:U.S. Department of Justice 2042:General Mining Act of 1872 1522:Kemp, Ben (May 18, 2018). 1222:. p. 196 – via 1149:"Arrested President Grant" 185:Several months later, the 2627: 2548: 2515: 2393: 2375: 2334: 2264: 2246: 2223: 2122: 2102:Yellowstone National Park 2065: 2022:Public Credit Act of 1869 2014: 1976: 1879: 1814: 1799: 679:Hendricks, Nancy (2015). 422: 70:his prowess as a horseman 44:There are three reported 2681:1872 in Washington, D.C. 2676:1866 in Washington, D.C. 2304:Ulysses S. Grant Cottage 2206:Civil Rights Act of 1875 2114:Electoral Commission Act 2092:Civil Service Commission 1233:"Horses for the General" 506: 372:, noting also a post on 265:Brightwood Trotting Park 80:. While of questionable 2174:Enforcement Act of 1870 545:Edward Fitzgerald Beale 192:Richmond Daily Dispatch 68:, was widely known for 2465:Ohio Statehouse statue 2179:Second Enforcement Act 2142:Native American policy 1871:Commanding generalship 1258:Moberg, Julia (2012). 1123:"City News in Brief". 971:National Intelligencer 931:National Intelligencer 804:: CS1 maint: others ( 767:public domain material 503:" ('I am the state'). 497: 287:evacuation of Richmond 283: 274: 217: 197:National Intelligencer 159:National Intelligencer 142:National Intelligencer 90:National Intelligencer 41: 2640:Rutherford B. Hayes → 2077:Judiciary Act of 1869 2027:Copyright Act of 1870 1921:Judicial appointments 1485:(December 22, 2018). 1452:. February 24, 2023. 1187:Proctor, John Clagett 1059:"Trip to the Capitol" 780:National Park Service 590:National Park Service 279: 269: 223:An 1897 article from 215: 35: 2600:Ulysses S. Grant III 2582:Ulysses S. Grant Jr. 2576:Frederick Dent Grant 2558:Hannah Simpson Grant 2408:Presidential library 2233:Bid for a third term 2032:Currency Act of 1870 1986:Treaty of Washington 1524:"The Thin Blue Line" 1064:The Piqua Daily Call 562:was a U.S. territory 399:article, journalist 395:the same day as the 2612:Ulysses S. Grant IV 2588:Jesse Root Grant II 2517:Cultural depictions 2480:U.S. Postage stamps 2470:Philadelphia statue 2450:U.S. Capitol statue 2037:Funding Act of 1870 1894:Second inauguration 1852:Richmond–Petersburg 1380:. October 6, 2012. 1342:The Washington Post 1126:The Washington Post 1101:The Washington Post 1069:The Washington Post 1045:Chronicling America 926:Daily Richmond Whig 867:The Washington Post 837:The Washington Post 782:). April 26, 2023. 298:a pair of stallions 226:The Washington Post 208:Alleged 1872 arrest 200:who was nicknamed ' 173:Daily Richmond Whig 137:General of the Army 52:by officers of the 2529:(2002 documentary) 2475:San Francisco bust 2426:General Grant tree 2047:Timber Culture Act 1889:First inauguration 1739:The New York Times 1732:(March 30, 2023). 1645:www.chanrobles.com 1238:Sports Illustrated 1220:Simon and Schuster 966:Staunton Spectator 900:www.chanrobles.com 722:The New York Times 385:The New York Times 348:A 2018 segment on 306:Grant's world tour 218: 179:Staunton Spectator 167:The New York Times 133:lieutenant general 66:American Civil War 64:to victory in the 42: 2663: 2662: 2544: 2543: 2537:(2020 miniseries) 2502:Grant High School 2219: 2218: 2001:Korean Expedition 1730:Kristof, Nicholas 1673:(November 2021). 1589:(April 4, 2023). 1216:The American Past 1071:. March 3, 1897. 499:L'État, c'est moi 479:, a professor at 455:Gregorio Perfecto 360:John F. Marszalek 16:(Redirected from 2713: 2652: 2651: 2633:← Andrew Johnson 2618:Julia Dent Grant 2564:Jesse Root Grant 2526:Ulysses S. Grant 2507:U.S. Grant Hotel 2391: 2390: 2319:speeding arrests 2292:White Haven home 2211:Page Act of 1875 2184:Ku Klux Klan Act 2169:Enforcement Acts 1974: 1973: 1809: 1793:Ulysses S. 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In the 163: 50:Ulysses S. Grant 38:Robert E. Bonner 21: 2721: 2720: 2716: 2715: 2714: 2712: 2711: 2710: 2666: 2665: 2664: 2659: 2623: 2620:(granddaughter) 2540: 2511: 2455:Brooklyn relief 2444:The Peacemakers 2389: 2371: 2330: 2260: 2242: 2225:Post-presidency 2215: 2157:Great Sioux War 2118: 2109:Post Office Act 2068: 2061: 2057:Desert Land Act 2015:Economic policy 2010: 1972: 1875: 1815:Military career 1810: 1801: 1795: 1790: 1760: 1759: 1749: 1747: 1727: 1723: 1713: 1711: 1668: 1664: 1654: 1652: 1639: 1638: 1634: 1624: 1622: 1611: 1610: 1606: 1587:Benton, Joshua 1584: 1580: 1570: 1568: 1551: 1547: 1537: 1535: 1520: 1516: 1506: 1504: 1492:Weekend Edition 1480: 1473: 1463: 1461: 1444: 1443: 1439: 1429: 1427: 1406: 1397: 1387: 1385: 1370: 1369: 1362: 1352: 1350: 1331: 1327: 1317: 1315: 1303: 1302: 1298: 1274: 1248: 1246: 1182: 1178: 1164: 1162: 1147: 1146: 1142: 1122: 1121: 1117: 1097: 1096: 1092: 1078: 1076: 1057: 1056: 1052: 1038: 1036: 1028:The Sunday Star 1021: 1020: 1011: 998: 994: 980: 978: 959: 958: 954: 940: 938: 919: 918: 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Retrieved 1737: 1724: 1712:. Retrieved 1698: 1684: 1678: 1665: 1653:. Retrieved 1644: 1635: 1623:. Retrieved 1613: 1607: 1581: 1569:. Retrieved 1558: 1548: 1536:. Retrieved 1517: 1505:. Retrieved 1490: 1483:Simon, Scott 1462:. Retrieved 1440: 1428:. Retrieved 1413: 1386:. Retrieved 1375: 1351:. Retrieved 1340: 1328: 1316:. Retrieved 1307: 1299: 1288:Mental Floss 1286: 1259: 1247:. Retrieved 1236: 1215: 1199:– via 1192:Evening Star 1190: 1179: 1169:– via 1163:. Retrieved 1152: 1143: 1124: 1118: 1099: 1093: 1083:– via 1077:. Retrieved 1062: 1053: 1043:– via 1037:. Retrieved 1026: 1002: 995: 985:– via 979:. Retrieved 964: 955: 945:– via 939:. Retrieved 924: 915: 903:. Retrieved 899: 890: 876:. Retrieved 865: 856:Adapted as: 846:. Retrieved 835: 788:. Retrieved 731:. Retrieved 720: 680: 674: 662:. Retrieved 656: 646: 634:. Retrieved 623: 598:. Retrieved 580: 556: 539: 520:Donald Trump 515: 484: 470: 452: 445: 440: 426: 414: 396: 390: 383: 377: 369: 363: 353: 347: 330:Cathy Lanier 322: 315: 291: 284: 280: 275: 270: 258: 252: 251:West's 1908 245: 239: 235: 231: 224: 222: 219: 216:West in 1908 196: 195:reprinted a 190: 184: 177: 171: 165: 158: 140: 130: 127:1866 arrests 110: 94: 88: 86: 43: 29: 2570:Julia Grant 2309:Galena home 2287:Schoolhouse 2135:Amnesty Act 1862:Court House 1842:Chattanooga 1808:(1869–1877) 1736:. Opinion. 1560:Smithsonian 564:until 1946. 493:rule of law 439:periodical 379:Smithsonian 344:Historicity 338:White House 334:impeachment 151:14th Street 113:rule of law 101:impoundment 82:historicity 2670:Categories 2614:(grandson) 2608:(grandson) 2602:(grandson) 2596:(daughter) 2413:Grant Park 2360:convention 2345:convention 2277:Birthplace 2272:Early life 2238:World tour 2201:Poland Act 2067:Government 1881:Presidency 1857:Appomattox 1195:. p.  905:August 27, 664:August 30, 572:References 532:apocryphal 431:tale (cf. 62:Union Army 36:Grant and 2490:$ 50 bill 2395:Memorials 2335:Elections 2152:Modoc War 1837:Vicksburg 1750:March 31, 1714:March 31, 1704:154035452 1655:April 22, 1625:April 22, 1571:April 11, 1538:March 31, 1430:March 31, 1420:Gothamist 1388:March 31, 1377:WTOP News 1353:March 31, 1264:Watertown 1249:March 31, 1135:145372748 1110:144256318 1079:April 11, 1039:March 31, 878:March 31, 848:March 31, 733:April 11, 600:March 31, 435:) in the 2654:Category 2566:(father) 2560:(mother) 2485:Currency 2365:election 2350:election 1904:Grantism 1899:Scandals 1847:Overland 1744:Archived 1708:Archived 1649:Archived 1619:Archived 1565:Archived 1532:Archived 1507:April 4, 1501:Archived 1458:Archived 1424:Archived 1382:Archived 1347:Archived 1312:Archived 1243:Archived 1165:April 7, 1159:Archived 1131:ProQuest 1106:ProQuest 1073:Archived 1033:Archived 975:Archived 935:Archived 872:Archived 842:Archived 800:cite web 784:Archived 727:Archived 685:ABC-Clio 636:April 4, 630:Archived 625:CBS News 594:Archived 549:Ash Hill 485:de facto 261:M Street 58:speeding 2069:reforms 1992:Alabama 1916:Cabinet 1911:Pardons 1693:4039230 1599:Twitter 326:impound 300:, rare 255:account 139:), the 46:arrests 2572:(wife) 2550:Family 2377:Legacy 1994:Claims 1832:Shiloh 1702:  1691:  1464:May 4, 1318:May 4, 1270:  1133:  1108:  981:May 3, 941:May 3, 790:May 3, 691:  423:Legacy 393:tweets 318:bridle 170:. The 162:'s 2590:(son) 2584:(son) 2578:(son) 2534:Grant 2431:grove 2356:1872 2341:1868 2247:Books 1697:EBSCO 1614:Unity 1595:Tweet 1415:DCist 769:from 507:Notes 429:moral 397:Times 365:DCist 202:Rarey 149:" on 2421:ship 2297:farm 2265:Life 1966:1876 1961:1875 1956:1874 1951:1873 1946:1872 1941:1871 1936:1870 1931:1869 1803:18th 1752:2023 1716:2023 1699:host 1689:SSRN 1657:2023 1627:2023 1573:2023 1540:2023 1509:2023 1466:2023 1432:2023 1390:2023 1355:2023 1320:2023 1268:ISBN 1251:2023 1167:2023 1081:2023 1041:2023 983:2023 943:2023 907:2023 880:2023 850:2023 806:link 792:2023 735:2023 689:ISBN 666:2023 638:2023 602:2023 522:was 370:Post 253:Star 236:Post 232:Post 176:and 1685:100 1497:NPR 352:'s 350:NPR 147:nag 48:of 2672:: 1742:. 1706:. 1695:. 1683:. 1677:. 1647:. 1643:. 1563:. 1557:. 1530:. 1526:. 1499:. 1495:. 1489:. 1474:^ 1456:. 1448:. 1422:. 1418:. 1412:. 1398:^ 1374:. 1363:^ 1345:. 1339:. 1310:. 1285:. 1262:. 1241:. 1235:. 1218:. 1214:. 1151:. 1067:. 1061:. 1025:. 1012:^ 969:. 963:. 929:. 923:. 898:. 870:. 864:. 840:. 834:. 814:^ 802:}} 798:{{ 743:^ 725:. 719:. 703:^ 655:. 628:. 622:. 610:^ 592:. 588:. 475:, 308:. 123:. 1785:e 1778:t 1771:v 1754:. 1718:. 1659:. 1629:. 1601:. 1593:( 1575:. 1542:. 1511:. 1468:. 1434:. 1392:. 1357:. 1322:. 1291:. 1276:. 1253:. 1226:. 1203:. 1197:9 1173:. 1137:. 1112:. 1087:. 1047:. 989:. 949:. 909:. 882:. 852:. 808:) 794:. 778:( 737:. 697:. 668:. 640:. 604:. 551:. 20:)

Index

William H. West (policeman)

Robert E. Bonner
arrests
Ulysses S. Grant
Metropolitan Police Department of the District of Columbia
speeding
Union Army
American Civil War
his prowess as a horseman
Grant was commanding general
president of the United States
historicity
National Intelligencer
The Sunday Star
impoundment
Ulysses S. Grant National Historic Site
rule of law
Supreme Court of the Philippines
presidential criminal immunity in the United States
lieutenant general
General of the Army
National Intelligencer
nag
14th Street
Metropolitan Police Department of the District of Columbia
The New York Times
Daily Richmond Whig
Staunton Spectator
Fourth of July

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