580:'s 1930 biography is a memorable tribute. "His contributions to surgery were numerous and various. He introduced the use of local anesthetics, he was the first to put on rubber gloves, and he devised many new and ingenious operations. But his chief service was rather more general, and hard to describe. It was to bring in a new and better way of regarding the patient. Antisepsis and asepsis, coming in when he was young, had turned the attention of surgeons to external and often extraneous things. Fighting germs, they tended to forget the concrete sick man on the table. Dr. Halsted changed all that. He showed that manhandled tissues, though they could not yell, could yet suffer and die. He studied the natural recuperative powers of the body, and showed how they could be made to help the patient. He stood against reckless slashing, and taught that a surgeon must walk very warily.
402:, describing the anesthetic power of cocaine when instilled on the surface of the eye. Halsted, his students, and fellow physicians experimented on each other, and demonstrated that cocaine could produce safe and effective local anesthesia when applied topically and when injected. Halsted would also inject himself with the drug to test it before using it on his patients during surgeries. In the process, Halsted and some of his other colleagues became addicted to the drug. Halsted and Dr. Richard Hall were the only colleagues who became addicted that would survive their cocaine problems. Halsted maintained an active career while dealing with his addiction for five years. However, there were some clues to his condition during this time. Halsted published an article in 1885 in the
502:(1735-1804). Halsted had observed a German surgeon perform increasingly aggressive surgeries to remove cancerous tumors from the breast, but the patients still relapsed even with this more aggressive surgery. An English surgeon, Charles Moore, believed that even more breast tissue should be removed and doctors who were trying to save women from disfigurement were doing them a disservice. Halsted took this to the next level, eventually resorting to removing the pectoralis major, lymph nodes near the collar bone, and lymph nodes near the armpit. Some surgeons in Europe even removed ribs from women with breast cancer. This caused great disfigurement of the women operated on. Halsted presented his findings at the
438:. Halsted began working in Welch's experimental laboratory, and he presented a paper at Harvard Medical School. Soon thereafter, he was readmitted to Butler Hospital and remained there for nine months. He returned to Baltimore thereafter. When Johns Hopkins University Hospital opened in May 1889, he became Head of the Outpatient Department, acting Surgeon to the hospital, and Associate Professor of Surgery after being recommended by Welch when the first choice for the position fell through. These lesser positions alluded to the fact that the administration was still worried about Halsted's past cocaine addiction. In 1890, he was appointed Surgeon-in-Chief of the hospital. In 1892, Halsted joined Welch,
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383:) where he was a visiting physician at all three, and Emigrant Hospital where he was Surgeon-in-Chief. At Bellevue Hospital, he convinced the hospital to erect a tent that was used as his surgical area where he could practice the idea of antiseptic surgery. This project cost $ 10,000 at the time. Halsted also started teaching, but he greatly strayed from classical teaching methods. He reformed the classroom by creating a more hands-on experience coupled with theory for his students who were generally at the top of their classes. He was an extremely popular, inspiring and charismatic teacher due to this. In 1882 he performed one of the first
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274:. Historians are not certain why Halsted attended medical school. Some believe he was inspired by his father's involvement with medical organizations. Others think he couldn't imagine himself in the family business. Once he entered medical school, he left his early academic difficulties behind him. Physicians central to his emergence as a medical scholar include Henry B Sands, a well-known surgeon, who was Halsted's tutor during this time. Halsted served as assistant to Professor of Physiology
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450:, and was appointed its first Professor of Surgery. Compared to his teaching in New York, Halsted's teaching was declining. He would pay attention to specific students and ignore the rest. However, he would also give certain residents that worked under him unprecedented learning experiences because of the amount of responsibility he awarded them. During these years at Johns Hopkins, he is credited with multiple achievements in the surgical world.
375:. He became especially close to Anton Woelfler among others which gave him unlimited access to resources. The relationships Halsted forged with these future leaders in their fields would last a lifetime. During this time in Europe, cancer was just starting to be studied more widely, making the timing of his arrival ideal. This experience inspired him with multiple new medical ideas and practices that he would contribute to in the United States.
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programs in place today. The program began with an internship of undefined length (individuals advanced once
Halsted believed they were ready for the next level of training), followed by six years as an assistant resident, and then two years as house surgeon. This program was also developed to create role models and teachers for the next generation of surgeons. Halsted trained many of the prominent academic surgeons of the time, including
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419:, where they attempted to cure his cocaine addiction with morphine. He was there for seven months. Even though he remained dependent upon morphine for the remainder of his life, he continued his career as a pioneering surgeon; many of his innovations remain standard operating room procedures. However, his addiction to cocaine ended his medical career in New York City.
197:. His operating room at Johns Hopkins Hospital is in Ward G, and was described as a small room where medical discoveries and miracles took place. According to an intern who once worked in Halsted's operating room, Halsted had unique techniques, operated on the patients with great confidence and often had perfect results which astonished the interns.
299:'s technique created in 1867. This sparked an interest in Halsted, and he helped with the issue of infections at Bellevue during the rest of the internship. He ended his academic career in the top ten of his medical school class. He then participated in a competition that placed him at the top of his class. He graduated in 1877 with a
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Halsted returned to New York in 1880 and for the next six years led an extraordinarily vigorous and energetic life. Like when
Halsted visited Europe, it was an opportune time for Halsted's involvement because surgery was on the brink of various important discoveries. He operated at multiple hospitals
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Halsted spent most of his internship in the medical wards but also helped with some surgical operations. The conditions in the hospital were very unsanitary; bleeding patients was a common practice during this time, and surgical tools weren't as well cared for as they are modernly. Interns ran around
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William S. Halsted was born on
September 23, 1852, in New York City. His mother was Mary Louisa Haines and his father William Mills Halsted, Jr. He was the oldest of four children. His father was a businessman with Halsted, Haines and Company which was an organization that supplied dry goods. William
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Halsted created multiple techniques for surgery so damage to tissues and blood supply would be minimized. Some of these new advances included different types of forceps, sutures, and ligatures. Besides working on breast cancer, Halsted also contributed to the surgical treatment for other diseases
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recognized the gravity of the situation, and arranged for
Halsted to be abducted and put aboard a steamer headed for Europe. In the two weeks it took to complete the voyage, Halsted underwent an early, crude form of detoxification. Upon his return to the United States he became addicted again, and
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conference in New
Orleans in 1898, concluding that the procedure significantly decreased the percentage of local reoccurrence. He also presented more findings in 1907, showing the same results. In the years since Halsted's research, the radical mastectomy has come under fire. It is now known that
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performed on his mother on the kitchen table at 2 am in which he removed seven gallstones. His mother completely recovered. Halsted also performed one of the first emergency blood transfusions in the United States. He had been called to see his sister after she had given birth. He found her
212:'s diary, Halsted developed a high level of drug tolerance for morphine. He was "never able to reduce the amount to less than three grains daily" (approximately 200 mg). Halsted's addictions resulted from experiments on the use of cocaine as an anesthetic agent that he performed on himself.
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Halsted, Jr. was very involved in the community. William S. Halsted's family was of
English heritage and was very wealthy with two homes in the state of New York. One of their homes was on Fifth Avenue in New York City and the other was an estate in Westchester County, New York. Though raised a
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Halsted was credited with starting the first formal surgical residency training program in the United States at Johns
Hopkins. He based this mainly on the ideas that he obtained in Europe, especially those of the Germans, Austrians, and Swiss. This was the foundation for the residency training
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Halsted had exhausted all of the medical training opportunities the United States had to offer in his position, for there was no program to train recent medical school graduates for a career in medicine at this time. Halsted then went to Europe to study under the tutelage of several prominent
547:" rubber gloves for her. Caroline Hampton would later give up her job as a nurse to become Halsted's wife. Although, the use of gloves wasn't originally championed for sanitary reasons, such gloves drastically increased the cleanliness of operations, as was later demonstrated by
278:, another influence. During medical school, Halsted worked in a pharmacy in his free time. After two years of medical school, Halsted started to burn out. He complained about his memory not working correctly among other things so during the summer of his second year he went to
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moribund from blood loss, and in a bold move withdrew his own blood, transfused his blood into his sister, and then operated on her to save her life. Because of these operations, Halsted became known for being bold, and his reputation as a surgeon was gradually increasing.
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after a year of studying at home. At Yale, Halsted was captain of the football team, played baseball and rowed on the crew team, but his academic achievements were below average. One of his social setbacks was in his senior year when he wasn't accepted into the prestigious
479:. His methods of training surgeons spread, first to the rest of Baltimore and then throughout the United States. Many prominent figures in medical surgery were affected and influenced by his new system of training, and it has had a profound impact on American medicine.
588:, once commented that Dr. Halsted took so long to perform procedures that the patients usually healed before he had a chance to close the incision. Though, like most men of his craft, he had no religion, he yet revived and reinforced the ancient saying of
592:: 'God cured him; I assisted.' Above all, he was a superb teacher, though he never formally taught. The young men who went out from his operating room were magnificently trained, and are among the great ornaments of American surgery today."
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including vascular aneurysm, inguinal hernia, and a certain kind of primary carcinoma of the ampulla of Vater. In addition, he helped develop anesthesia, an integral part of modern surgery. As one of the first proponents of
523:, modern surgical principles of control of bleeding, accurate anatomical dissection, complete sterility, exact approximation of tissue in wound closures without excessive tightness, and gentle handling of tissues.
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in New York even though this program was only open to students with medical degrees. Halsted did very well on the exam and was awarded the internship for House
Surgeon at Bellevue where he remained for a year.
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Halsted was also involved in the introduction of rubber gloves into the operating room for surgery in 1889. The main reason for the introduction of rubber gloves was to protect the hands of scrub nurse
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Halsted held the belief that cancers spread through the bloodstream, which led him to think that sufficient local removal of the tumor would cure the cancer. This belief led him to perform the first
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as house physician in April 1878, where he introduced the hospital chart which tracks the patient's temperature, pulse and respiration. It was at New York
Hospital that Halsted met the pathologist
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including the
Chambers Street Hospital, College of Physicians and Surgeons where he was Assistant Demonstrator in Anatomy, Charity Hospital, Bellevue Hospital and Roosevelt Hospital (currently
2007:
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Halsted, William S. (1894–1895). "The results of operations for the cure of cancer of the breast performed at the Johns Hopkins Hospital from June, 1899, to January, 1894".
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the hospital with buckets full of pus from the patients. During the internship, Halsted was introduced to the use of antiseptic through physicians using
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Halsted, William S. (1890–1891). "The treatment of wounds with especial reference to the value of the blood clot in the management of dead spaces".
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Dr. William Stuart Halsted, professor of surgery at Johns Hopkins Medical School for many years as one of the foremost leaders in ... died today....
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survival from breast cancer is more closely related to how much the cancer has spread before surgery than how much is removed during surgery.
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secret society. At the end of his senior year at Yale, a newfound interest in medicine seemed to arise. Halsted attended medical lectures at
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and pursued his hobby of astronomy; he and his wife had no children. He died on September 7, 1922, 16 days short of his 70th birthday, from
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Halsted, William S. (1892). "Ligation of the first portion of the left subclavian artery and excision of a subclavio-axillary aneurism".
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931:"Dr. Wm. S. Halsted Dies At Johns Hopkins. Professor of Surgery There for 33 Years Was One of the Foremost Leaders in Medical Science"
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considered Halsted the greatest physician of the whole Johns Hopkins group, and Mencken's praise of his achievements when he reviewed
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by adulthood. Halsted was educated at home by tutors until 1862, when he was sent to boarding school in
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at age ten. He didn't like his new school and even ran away at one point. He was later enrolled at
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A documentary on the life of Dr. Halsted recently aired on the public broadcasting station WETA
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1932:"Caring Carefully: Sir William Osler on the issue of competence vs. compassion in medicine"
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Osborne, Michael (2007). "William Stewart Halsted: his life and contributions to surgery".
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2052:"The Contribution to the surgery of the bile passages, especially of the common bile-duct"
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Olch, Dr. Peter (March 2006). "William Stewart Halsted: A lecture by Dr. Peter D. Olch".
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An Anatomy of Addiction: Sigmond Freud, William Halstead, and the Miracle Drug, Cocaine
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193:(Professor of Pathology), Halsted was one of the "Big Four" founding professors at the
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169:(September 23, 1852 – September 7, 1922) was an American surgeon who emphasized strict
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An Anatomy of Addiction: Sigmund Freud, William Halsted, and the Miracle Drug, Cocaine
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An Anatomy of Addiction. Sigmund Freud, William Halsted, and the Miracle Drug Cocaine
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in New York in 1882, an operation first performed in France a century earlier by
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The Breast: Comprehensive Management of Benign and Malignant Diseases, Volume 2
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1393:"Genius on the Edge: The Bizarre Double Life of Dr. William Stewart halsted"
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Genius on the Edge: The Bizarre Double Life of Dr. William Stewart Halsted
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Genius on the Edge: The Bizarre Double Life of Dr. William Stewart Halsted
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Genius on the Edge: The Bizarre Double Life of Dr. William Stewart Halsted
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B. Peyrhile, "Dissertatio academica de cancro," The Lyon Academy, (1773)
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during surgical procedures, was an early champion of newly discovered
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Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons alumni
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2079:"Auto- and isotransplantation, in dogs, of the parathyroid glandules"
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1980:"Practical Circular suture of the intestines; an experimental study"
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Licit and Illicit Drugs, Chapter 5, 'Some eminent narcotics addicts'
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by Kirby I. Bland and Edward M. Copeland III, 4th ed., 2009, pg. 721
729:"H.L. Mencken and the four doctors: Osler, Halsted, Welch and Kelly"
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Sherman, I; Kretzer, Ryan M.; Tamargo, Rafael J. (September 2006).
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1828:"Personal recollections of Walter E. Dandy and his Brain Team"
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Following his discharge from Butler in 1886, Halsted moved to
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as a result of the antiseptics used, so Halsted arranged for
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and studied books on the subjects of anatomy and physiology.
1010:"William Stewart Halsted in the History of American Surgery"
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Halsted's operation II: radical mastectomy for breast cancer
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2169:"A diagnostic sign of gelatinous carcinoma of the breast"
208:, which were not illegal during his time. As revealed by
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American Association of Colleges of Osteopathic Medicine
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will grow only if there is a lack of that tissue in the
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Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education
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Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons
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Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons
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777:"Johns Hopkins Medicine:The Four Founding Professors"
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Throughout his professional life, he was addicted to
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Educational Commission for Foreign Medical Graduates
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Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education
2018:
First mention of rubber gloves in the operating room
1961:"Practical comments on the use and abuse of cocaine"
1434:"Practical comments on the use and abuse of cocaine"
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1534:The Emperor of All Maladies: A Biography of Cancer
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426:The four doctors: Osler, Halsted, Welch, and Kelly
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1773:"Williams Stewart Halsted: Our Surgical Heritage"
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2292:National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoir
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1264:"William Stewart Halsted. Our surgical heritage"
2576:Commission on Osteopathic College Accreditation
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2208:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1985:The American Journal of the Medical Sciences
1937:Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings
1766:– via Schaffer Library of Drug Policy.
1689:, v. 22, no. 87 (March 1931) 383. Review of
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733:Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings
2725:Timeline of medicine and medical technology
2261:"Re-Examining The Father Of Modern Surgery"
2174:Journal of the American Medical Association
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692:): it is formed from dense condensation of
467:, founders of the surgical subspecialty of
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2668:Issues in higher education inside the U.S.
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2196:Surgical Papers by William Stewart Halsted
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1907:"A Tribute to William Stewart Halsted, MD"
1683:H.L. Mencken, "A Great American Surgeon,"
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1489:"Evolution of Cancer Treatments: Surgery"
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2889:Cardiology (invasive and interventional)
2551:Association of American Medical Colleges
838:"Traveling a Primeval Medical Landscape"
554:Other achievements included advances in
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2057:The Boston Medical and Surgical Journal
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1460:. Kaplan Publishing (2010), pp. 138-43.
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1090:Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry
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1086:"William Stewart Halsted (1852-1922)"
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811:. New York: Pantheon Books. pp.
659:Halsted's operation I: operation for
311:After graduation, Halsted joined the
2129:The Journal of Experimental Medicine
1822:, v. 7, no. 28 (April 1926) 396–401.
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682:Halsted mosquito forceps: a type of
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2026:The Johns Hopkins Hospital Bulletin
1659:. New York: Vintage Books. p.
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387:operations in the United States, a
323:surgeons and scientists, including
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2673:Physician shortage inside the U.S.
2561:National Resident Matching Program
2039:The Johns Hopkins Hospital Reports
2008:The Johns Hopkins Hospital Reports
1868:Doctors: the Biography of Medicine
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1537:. Simon and Schuster. p. 23.
632:as a complication of surgery for
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3222:Johns Hopkins Hospital physicians
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2221:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press.
2198:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press.
494:for breast cancer in the U.S. at
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124:Introduced rubber surgical gloves
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2586:American Osteopathic Association
2219:William Stewart Halsted, surgeon
2187:10.1001/jama.1915.02570460029011
2084:Journal of Experimental Medicine
1998:10.1097/00000441-188710000-00010
1791:10.1097/00000658-199705000-00002
1691:William Stewart Halsted, Surgeon
1653:Markel, Howard (July 19, 2011).
1280:10.1097/00000658-199705000-00002
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475:, a founder of the specialty of
448:Johns Hopkins School of Medicine
411:voluntarily admitted himself to
3108:List of epidemics and pandemics
2279:, and an excerpt from the book.
2230:. New York: Kaplan Publishing.
1726:
1700:
1677:
1646:
1558:
1507:
1481:
1472:
1463:
1450:
1425:
1348:
902:. New York: Kaplan Publishing.
864:Schaffer Library of Drug Policy
584:, one of the cofounders of the
453:
3207:Burials at Green-Wood Cemetery
3027:History of methods in medicine
2448:Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine
2422:International medical graduate
1951:10.1080/08998280.1999.11930198
1340:Mukherjee, Siddhartha (2011).
892:
888:. Pantheon Books. p. 211.
877:
848:
829:
745:10.1080/08998280.2010.11928657
189:(Professor of Gynecology) and
181:for breast cancer. Along with
13:
1:
2964:Medicine in ancient societies
1196:10.1016/S1470-2045(07)70076-1
713:
675:Halsted's suture: a mattress
504:American Surgical Association
215:
2546:American Medical Association
2396:Continuing medical education
2122:Halsted WS (March 1, 1909).
2077:Halsted, William S. (1925).
2050:Halsted, William S. (1899).
1978:Halsted, William S. (1887).
1966:The New York Medical Journal
1959:Halsted, William S. (1885).
1439:The New York Medical Journal
1432:Halsted, William S. (1885).
1409:10.1097/ALN.0b013e318216e9fa
649:Halsted's law: transplanted
27:American surgeon (1852–1922)
7:
2733:Histories of basic sciences
2070:10.1056/nejm189912281412601
1355:"William Stewart Halsted".
1344:. Scribner. pp. 60–72.
1342:The Emperor of all Maladies
1110:10.1126/science.56.1452.461
836:Zuger, A (April 26, 2010).
699:
10:
3243:
2364:Graduate medical education
2194:Burjet, W.C., Ed. (1924).
1930:Bryan, Charles S. (1999).
1846:10.3171/jns.2006.105.3.487
1008:Ock-Joo, Kim (June 2003).
643:
614:Governor of South Carolina
608:, a former general in the
566:, intestinal and arterial
3151:
3095:
3026:
2963:
2851:
2840:
2732:
2721:
2660:
2620:
2599:
2538:
2466:
2435:
2417:Osteopathic Medicine (DO)
2404:
2334:
2285:"Halsted The Documentary"
1587:Science History Institute
1577:Kean, Sam (May 5, 2020).
1262:Cameron, J L (May 1997).
600:In 1890, Halsted married
185:(Professor of Medicine),
156:
146:
138:
131:
114:residency training system
105:
91:
72:
53:
41:
34:
3217:Family of Wade Hampton I
2938:Psychiatric institutions
1478:Imber (2011), pp. 183-5.
1469:Imber (2011), pp. 162-4.
690:Costoclavicular ligament
417:Providence, Rhode Island
404:New York Medical Journal
3192:Phillips Academy alumni
3018:Medieval Western Europe
2991:Egyptian medical papyri
2955:Trauma and orthopaedics
2647:William Stewart Halsted
1911:William Stewart Halsted
1892:William Stewart Halsted
1833:Journal of Neurosurgery
1771:Cameron, John. (1997).
1493:American Cancer Society
884:Markel, Howard (2011).
805:Markel, Howard (2012).
610:Confederate States Army
541:Goodyear Rubber Company
461:Harvey Williams Cushing
163:William Stewart Halsted
36:William Stewart Halsted
1708:"High Hampton history"
1391:Gerald, Ember (2011).
487:
436:Johns Hopkins Hospital
427:
247:Andover, Massachusetts
225:
195:Johns Hopkins Hospital
151:Johns Hopkins Hospital
3096:Disasters and plagues
2217:MacCallum WG (1930).
1816:Garrison, Fielding H.
1531:(November 16, 2010).
1529:Mukherjee, Siddhartha
616:. They purchased the
549:Joseph Colt Bloodgood
515:and investigators of
485:
425:
345:Friedrich von Esmarch
239:Monson, Massachusetts
223:
2862:Alternative medicine
2269:. February 22, 2010.
2142:10.1084/jem.11.2.373
2097:10.1084/jem.11.1.175
1610:Halsted, WS (1893).
1084:Haas, L. F. (1922).
1023:(1). 대한의사학회: 66–87.
727:Roberts, CS (2010).
694:clavipectoral fascia
620:mountain retreat in
531:. She suffered from
521:Halsted's principles
519:, Halsted pioneered
365:Richard von Volkmann
353:Jan Mikulicz-Radecki
3227:Yale College alumni
3068:Tracheal intubation
2854:medical specialties
2715:History of medicine
2652:Andrew Taylor Still
2386:Board certification
2167:Halsted WS (1915).
1872:. New York: Knopf.
1714:on February 3, 2018
1102:1922Sci....56..461C
1038:on November 3, 2022
937:. September 8, 1922
432:Baltimore, Maryland
349:Albert von Kölliker
260:Yale Medical School
187:Howard Atwood Kelly
67:New York City, U.S.
3197:American agnostics
2904:Emergency medicine
2612:Specialty colleges
2443:Doctor of Medicine
2277:Genius on the Edge
2271:An interview with
1862:Nuland, Sherwin B.
1751:Brecher, Edward M.
856:Brecher, Edward M.
842:The New York Times
688:Halsted ligament (
668:Halsted's sign: a
612:and also a former
533:contact dermatitis
496:Roosevelt Hospital
492:radical mastectomy
488:
486:Radical mastectomy
428:
329:Ernst von Bergmann
301:Doctor of Medicine
226:
204:and later also to
179:radical mastectomy
64:September 23, 1852
3202:American surgeons
3169:
3168:
3063:Radiation therapy
3048:Blood transfusion
2894:Dental treatments
2799:Molecular biology
2789:Medical diagnosis
2681:
2680:
2539:Regulatory bodies
2237:978-1-60714-627-8
2226:Imber, G (2010).
1917:on March 21, 2005
1879:978-0-394-55130-2
1778:Annals of Surgery
1732:Imber G: Ref. 5,
1617:Annals of Surgery
1544:978-1-4391-0795-9
1358:Annals of Surgery
1268:Annals of Surgery
1096:(1452): 461–464.
1068:Annals of Surgery
908:978-1-60714-627-8
783:on March 10, 2015
672:for breast cancer
413:Butler Sanatorium
313:New York Hospital
288:Bellevue Hospital
266:Medical education
233:, Halsted was an
171:aseptic technique
160:
159:
133:Scientific career
76:September 7, 1922
16:(Redirected from
3234:
3159:
3158:
2846:
2708:
2701:
2694:
2685:
2684:
2321:
2314:
2307:
2298:
2297:
2288:
2270:
2249:
2222:
2213:
2207:
2199:
2190:
2163:
2153:
2118:
2108:
2073:
2046:
2033:
2016:
2001:
1974:
1955:
1953:
1926:
1924:
1922:
1913:. Archived from
1902:
1900:
1898:
1883:
1871:
1857:
1820:American Mercury
1812:
1802:
1767:
1765:
1763:
1737:
1730:
1724:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1710:. Archived from
1704:
1698:
1686:American Mercury
1681:
1675:
1674:
1650:
1644:
1643:
1633:
1607:
1598:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1574:
1565:
1562:
1556:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1525:
1519:
1511:
1505:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1485:
1479:
1476:
1470:
1467:
1461:
1454:
1448:
1447:
1429:
1423:
1422:
1420:
1403:(6): 1496–1497.
1388:
1373:
1372:
1370:
1352:
1346:
1345:
1337:
1302:
1301:
1291:
1259:
1216:
1215:
1179:
1122:
1121:
1081:
1072:
1071:
1063:
1048:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1037:
1031:. Archived from
1014:
1005:
950:
949:
944:
942:
927:
918:
896:
890:
889:
881:
875:
874:
872:
870:
852:
846:
845:
833:
827:
826:
802:
793:
792:
790:
788:
779:. Archived from
773:
767:
766:
756:
724:
630:bronchopneumonia
606:Wade Hampton III
602:Caroline Hampton
582:Dr. William Mayo
529:Caroline Hampton
500:Bernard Peyrilhe
446:in founding the
408:Harvey Firestone
381:Mount Sinai West
373:Emil Zuckerkandl
333:Theodor Billroth
317:William H. Welch
276:John Call Dalton
243:Phillips Academy
191:William H. Welch
86:, Maryland, U.S.
79:
63:
61:
46:
32:
31:
21:
3242:
3241:
3237:
3236:
3235:
3233:
3232:
3231:
3172:
3171:
3170:
3165:
3147:
3091:
3022:
2959:
2847:
2838:
2728:
2717:
2712:
2682:
2677:
2656:
2628:Abraham Flexner
2616:
2607:Medical schools
2595:
2534:
2462:
2431:
2400:
2330:
2325:
2283:
2259:
2256:
2238:
2201:
2200:
1920:
1918:
1905:
1896:
1894:
1888:"Who named it?"
1886:
1880:
1761:
1759:
1746:
1744:Further reading
1741:
1740:
1731:
1727:
1717:
1715:
1706:
1705:
1701:
1682:
1678:
1671:
1651:
1647:
1608:
1601:
1591:
1589:
1575:
1568:
1563:
1559:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1526:
1522:
1512:
1508:
1498:
1496:
1495:. June 12, 2014
1487:
1486:
1482:
1477:
1473:
1468:
1464:
1455:
1451:
1430:
1426:
1389:
1376:
1354:
1353:
1349:
1338:
1305:
1260:
1219:
1180:
1125:
1082:
1075:
1064:
1051:
1041:
1039:
1035:
1012:
1006:
953:
940:
938:
929:
928:
921:
897:
893:
882:
878:
868:
866:
853:
849:
834:
830:
823:
803:
796:
786:
784:
775:
774:
770:
725:
721:
716:
702:
661:inguinal hernia
646:
604:, the niece of
598:
456:
397:ophthalmologist
325:Edoardo Bassini
309:
268:
256:Skull and Bones
224:Halsted in 1874
218:
127:
98:
96:Yale University
92:Alma mater
87:
81:
77:
68:
65:
59:
57:
49:
48:Halsted in 1922
37:
28:
23:
22:
18:William Halsted
15:
12:
11:
5:
3240:
3230:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3167:
3166:
3164:
3163:
3152:
3149:
3148:
3146:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3099:
3097:
3093:
3092:
3090:
3089:
3084:
3083:
3082:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3044:
3043:
3030:
3028:
3024:
3023:
3021:
3020:
3015:
3013:Medieval Islam
3010:
3005:
3000:
2998:Ancient Greece
2995:
2994:
2993:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2967:
2965:
2961:
2960:
2958:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2946:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2912:
2911:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2880:
2879:
2874:
2864:
2858:
2856:
2849:
2848:
2841:
2839:
2837:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2785:
2784:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2736:
2734:
2730:
2729:
2722:
2719:
2718:
2711:
2710:
2703:
2696:
2688:
2679:
2678:
2676:
2675:
2670:
2664:
2662:
2658:
2657:
2655:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2638:
2637:
2634:Flexner Report
2624:
2622:
2618:
2617:
2615:
2614:
2609:
2603:
2601:
2597:
2596:
2594:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2542:
2540:
2536:
2535:
2533:
2532:
2531:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2504:
2503:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2476:
2470:
2468:
2464:
2463:
2461:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2439:
2437:
2433:
2432:
2430:
2429:
2419:
2414:
2408:
2406:
2402:
2401:
2399:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2382:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2361:
2360:
2359:
2357:Sub-internship
2354:
2347:Medical school
2344:
2338:
2336:
2332:
2331:
2324:
2323:
2316:
2309:
2301:
2295:
2294:
2289:
2280:
2255:
2254:External links
2252:
2251:
2250:
2236:
2223:
2214:
2191:
2164:
2119:
2091:(1): 395–438.
2074:
2064:(26): 645–54.
2047:
2034:
2021:
2002:
1975:
1956:
1927:
1903:
1884:
1878:
1858:
1823:
1813:
1768:
1745:
1742:
1739:
1738:
1725:
1699:
1695:W.G. MacCallum
1676:
1670:978-1400078790
1669:
1645:
1599:
1566:
1557:
1543:
1520:
1506:
1480:
1471:
1462:
1449:
1424:
1397:Anesthesiology
1374:
1347:
1303:
1274:(5): 445–458.
1217:
1190:(3): 256–265.
1123:
1073:
1049:
951:
935:New York Times
919:
891:
876:
847:
828:
822:978-1400078790
821:
794:
768:
718:
717:
715:
712:
711:
710:
701:
698:
697:
696:
686:
680:
673:
666:
663:
657:
645:
642:
622:North Carolina
597:
594:
455:
452:
389:cholecystotomy
337:Heinrich Braun
308:
307:Medical career
305:
267:
264:
217:
214:
158:
157:
154:
153:
148:
144:
143:
140:
136:
135:
129:
128:
126:
125:
122:
117:
112:Inventing the
109:
107:
106:Known for
103:
102:
93:
89:
88:
82:
80:(aged 69)
74:
70:
69:
66:
55:
51:
50:
47:
39:
38:
35:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3239:
3228:
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3218:
3215:
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3208:
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3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
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3180:
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3177:
3162:
3154:
3153:
3150:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3128:Poliomyelitis
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3100:
3098:
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3085:
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3076:
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3066:
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3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2992:
2989:
2988:
2987:
2986:Ancient Egypt
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2968:
2966:
2962:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2944:
2943:Psychosurgery
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2933:
2929:
2928:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2916:Endocrinology
2914:
2910:
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2900:
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2895:
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2890:
2887:
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2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2869:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2859:
2857:
2855:
2852:Histories of
2850:
2845:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2783:
2782:
2778:
2777:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2755:Biotechnology
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2737:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2726:
2720:
2716:
2709:
2704:
2702:
2697:
2695:
2690:
2689:
2686:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2665:
2663:
2659:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2642:William Osler
2640:
2636:
2635:
2631:
2630:
2629:
2626:
2625:
2623:
2619:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2604:
2602:
2598:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2543:
2541:
2537:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2510:
2509:
2508:
2505:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2482:
2481:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2471:
2469:
2465:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
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2446:
2444:
2441:
2440:
2438:
2434:
2427:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2412:Medicine (MD)
2410:
2409:
2407:
2403:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2380:
2377:
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2372:
2370:
2367:
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2362:
2358:
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2350:
2349:
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2343:
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2337:
2333:
2329:
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2317:
2315:
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2303:
2302:
2299:
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2286:
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2274:
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2262:
2258:
2257:
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2239:
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2224:
2220:
2215:
2211:
2205:
2197:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2136:(2): 373–91.
2135:
2131:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2022:
2019:
2014:
2010:
2009:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1944:(4): 277–84.
1943:
1939:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1875:
1870:
1869:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1840:(3): 487–93.
1839:
1835:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1821:
1817:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1785:(5): 445–58.
1784:
1780:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1758:
1757:
1752:
1748:
1747:
1735:
1729:
1713:
1709:
1703:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1687:
1680:
1672:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1657:
1649:
1641:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1624:(5): 542–56.
1623:
1619:
1618:
1613:
1606:
1604:
1588:
1584:
1583:Distillations
1580:
1573:
1571:
1561:
1546:
1540:
1536:
1535:
1530:
1524:
1518:
1516:
1510:
1494:
1490:
1484:
1475:
1466:
1459:
1453:
1445:
1441:
1440:
1435:
1428:
1419:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1369:
1364:
1360:
1359:
1351:
1343:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1324:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1299:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1222:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1178:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1140:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1080:
1078:
1069:
1062:
1060:
1058:
1056:
1054:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1011:
1004:
1002:
1000:
998:
996:
994:
992:
990:
988:
986:
984:
982:
980:
978:
976:
974:
972:
970:
968:
966:
964:
962:
960:
958:
956:
948:
936:
932:
926:
924:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
895:
887:
880:
865:
861:
857:
851:
843:
839:
832:
824:
818:
814:
810:
809:
801:
799:
782:
778:
772:
764:
760:
755:
750:
746:
742:
739:(4): 377–88.
738:
734:
730:
723:
719:
709:
708:
704:
703:
695:
691:
687:
685:
681:
678:
674:
671:
667:
664:
662:
658:
656:
652:
648:
647:
641:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
596:Personal life
593:
591:
590:Ambroise Paré
587:
583:
579:
578:Dr. MacCallum
575:
571:
569:
565:
561:
560:biliary tract
557:
552:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
524:
522:
518:
517:wound healing
514:
508:
505:
501:
497:
493:
484:
480:
478:
474:
473:Hugh H. Young
470:
466:
462:
451:
449:
445:
441:
440:William Osler
437:
433:
424:
420:
418:
414:
409:
405:
401:
398:
393:
390:
386:
382:
376:
374:
370:
369:Anton Wölfler
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
320:
318:
314:
304:
302:
298:
297:Joseph Lister
292:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
263:
261:
257:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
222:
213:
211:
207:
203:
198:
196:
192:
188:
184:
183:William Osler
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
155:
152:
149:
145:
141:
137:
134:
130:
123:
121:
118:
115:
111:
110:
108:
104:
101:
97:
94:
90:
85:
75:
71:
56:
52:
45:
40:
33:
30:
19:
3143:Tuberculosis
3077:
3058:Neuroimaging
3038:
3008:Ancient Rome
3003:Ancient Iran
2930:
2819:Pharmacology
2804:Neuroscience
2794:Microbiology
2779:
2745:Biochemistry
2723:
2646:
2632:
2276:
2275:, author of
2273:Gerald Imber
2264:
2227:
2218:
2195:
2181:(20): 1653.
2178:
2172:
2133:
2127:
2088:
2082:
2061:
2055:
2042:
2038:
2029:
2025:
2017:
2012:
2006:
1989:
1983:
1970:
1964:
1941:
1935:
1919:. Retrieved
1915:the original
1910:
1895:. Retrieved
1891:
1867:
1837:
1831:
1819:
1782:
1776:
1760:. Retrieved
1755:
1733:
1728:
1716:. Retrieved
1712:the original
1702:
1690:
1684:
1679:
1655:
1648:
1621:
1615:
1590:. Retrieved
1582:
1560:
1550:September 6,
1548:. Retrieved
1533:
1523:
1514:
1509:
1497:. Retrieved
1492:
1483:
1474:
1465:
1457:
1452:
1443:
1437:
1427:
1400:
1396:
1356:
1350:
1341:
1271:
1267:
1187:
1183:
1093:
1089:
1067:
1040:. Retrieved
1033:the original
1020:
1016:
946:
939:. Retrieved
934:
899:
894:
885:
879:
867:. Retrieved
863:
850:
841:
831:
807:
785:. Retrieved
781:the original
771:
736:
732:
722:
705:
670:medical sign
618:High Hampton
599:
574:H.L. Mencken
572:
553:
535:and painful
525:
509:
489:
469:neurosurgery
465:Walter Dandy
457:
454:Achievements
444:Howard Kelly
429:
403:
394:
377:
361:Adolph Stöhr
321:
310:
293:
284:Rhode Island
280:Block Island
269:
251:Yale College
231:Presbyterian
227:
199:
162:
161:
147:Institutions
132:
78:(1922-09-07)
29:
3187:1922 deaths
3182:1852 births
3103:Black Death
3034:Antibiotics
2899:Dermatology
2342:Pre-medical
1818:"Halsted,"
1762:February 2,
1042:November 3,
869:February 2,
787:December 2,
638:cholangitis
586:Mayo Clinic
400:Karl Koller
385:gallbladder
341:Hans Chiari
175:anesthetics
3176:Categories
3087:Wound care
2981:Byzantinia
2971:Prehistory
2926:Psychiatry
2867:Anesthesia
2824:Physiology
2775:Immunology
2765:Embryology
2458:Comparison
2379:Fellowship
2369:Internship
2015:: 255–314.
1992:: 436–61.
1921:August 18,
1456:Imber, G.
714:References
634:gallstones
513:hemostasis
357:Max Schede
216:Early life
120:Mastectomy
60:1852-09-23
3118:Pandemics
2921:Neurology
2877:Neuraxial
2814:Pathology
2809:Nutrition
2760:Chemistry
2621:Reformers
2391:Licensure
2374:Residency
2352:Clerkship
2266:Fresh Air
2246:430842094
2204:cite book
1973:: 294–95.
1897:August 3,
1718:August 8,
1446:: 294–95.
1029:2093-5609
916:430842094
898:Imber G:
707:The Knick
570:surgery.
543:to make "
84:Baltimore
3161:Category
3138:Syphilis
3133:Smallpox
3079:Timeline
3073:Vaccines
3053:Humorism
3040:Timeline
2932:Timeline
2829:Virology
2781:Timeline
2770:Genetics
2405:Pathways
2160:19867254
2115:19867240
1864:(1988).
1854:16961151
1753:(1972).
1640:17859917
1499:July 13,
1212:19916657
1204:17329196
1184:Oncology
1118:17774978
941:March 3,
858:(1972).
763:20944761
700:See also
684:hemostat
568:aneurysm
303:degree.
235:agnostic
206:morphine
142:Medicine
3113:Malaria
2976:Babylon
2950:Surgery
2872:General
2834:Viruses
2750:Biology
2740:Anatomy
2511:Level:
2436:Degrees
2151:2124707
2106:2124704
2032:: 93–4.
1809:9193173
1800:1190776
1631:1492972
1592:June 1,
1418:2898614
1368:1448951
1298:9193173
1289:1190776
1098:Bibcode
754:2943453
644:Eponyms
626:dahlias
556:thyroid
545:bespoke
477:urology
202:cocaine
116:in U.S.
3123:Plague
2884:Cancer
2661:Topics
2507:COMLEX
2483:Step:
2453:MD–PhD
2335:Stages
2244:
2234:
2158:
2148:
2113:
2103:
2045:: 297.
1876:
1852:
1807:
1797:
1734:op cit
1667:
1638:
1628:
1541:
1415:
1365:
1296:
1286:
1210:
1202:
1116:
1027:
914:
906:
819:
761:
751:
677:suture
651:tissue
564:hernia
537:eczema
471:; and
442:, and
139:Fields
2600:Lists
2479:USMLE
2467:Exams
1693:, by
1208:S2CID
1036:(PDF)
1013:(PDF)
210:Osler
2474:MCAT
2426:MBBS
2242:OCLC
2232:ISBN
2210:link
2156:PMID
2111:PMID
1923:2005
1899:2005
1874:ISBN
1850:PMID
1805:PMID
1764:2014
1720:2008
1665:ISBN
1636:PMID
1594:2020
1552:2011
1539:ISBN
1501:2020
1294:PMID
1200:PMID
1114:PMID
1044:2022
1025:ISSN
943:2010
912:OCLC
904:ISBN
871:2014
817:ISBN
789:2010
759:PMID
655:host
636:and
463:and
167:M.D.
73:Died
54:Born
2909:CPR
2523:2PE
2518:2CE
2495:2CS
2490:2CK
2183:doi
2146:PMC
2138:doi
2101:PMC
2093:doi
2066:doi
2062:141
1994:doi
1946:doi
1842:doi
1838:105
1795:PMC
1787:doi
1783:225
1661:189
1626:PMC
1413:PMC
1405:doi
1401:114
1363:PMC
1284:PMC
1276:doi
1272:225
1192:doi
1106:doi
1017:의사학
813:188
749:PMC
741:doi
415:in
282:in
245:in
3178::
2263:.
2240:.
2206:}}
2202:{{
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2109:.
2099:.
2089:63
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2081:.
2060:.
2054:.
2041:.
2028:.
2011:.
1990:94
1988:.
1982:.
1971:42
1969:.
1963:.
1942:12
1940:.
1934:.
1909:.
1890:.
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1830:.
1803:.
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1100::
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
