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281:, and vegetarianism to their neighbors—core principles of their faith. Although their church did not achieve widespread popularity, its smaller size was compensated by a dedicated and loyal following. The community Metcalfe led were vegetarians who not only refrained from consuming meat but also held the conviction that
289:
Metcalfe consistently faced the challenge of maintaining the church's financial stability. Beyond his preaching duties, he devoted his time to instructing in the church's modest school and authored and published two newspapers addressing topics like slavery, temperance, and presumably, vegetarianism.
285:
himself was vegetarian. Despite his amiable and well-regarded nature, Metcalfe faced challenges in expanding his congregation due to his promotion of this belief. Occasionally, he encountered resistance and criticism for his stance on vegetarianism, with newspapers questioning his preaching and
265:
Bible
Christian Church; it was not only the United States' first vegetarian church but also the inaugural assembly of a substantial community embracing vegetarianism. Among the group, a portion maintained their vegetarian lifestyle, becoming a foundational force in the emergence of the American
194:
Bible
Christian Church. Metcalfe and his wife faced challenges due to the beliefs they promoted. Despite the church's financial struggles, Metcalfe actively engaged in preaching, education, and publications addressing societal issues. He played a pivotal role in founding the
244:. Cowherd ordained Metcalfe as a minister in 1811. In 1810, Metcalfe married Susanna, a fellow vegetarian and abstainer, who was the daughter of Rev. Joseph Wright; their son, Joseph, was born in the same year.
260:
In 1817, Metcalfe, and the
Reverend James Clark, along with around 40 members of the Bible Christian Church, embarked on a journey to the United States under the guidance of Cowherd. There they formed the
338:
In 1854, Metcalfe's wife died. In 1859, following the death of AVS president
William Alcott, he was elected as his successor. Metcalfe himself died on October 16, 1862, at the age of 74, from a
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led by Rev. Joseph Wright, to whom
Metcalfe became attached. Wright persuaded Metcalfe to study theology, leading him to an academy in
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in 1809, becoming a Bible
Christian Church minister in 1811. He embarked on a journey to the United States in 1817, establishing the
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Bible
Testimony, on Abstinence from the Flesh of Animals as Food: Being an Address Delivered in the Bible-Christian Church
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as its president in 1859. Metcalfe's influence extended through his friendship with leading advocates like Alcott and
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Chapel of the
Philadelphia Bible Christian Church. Erected in 1845 on the site of the original wooden structure.
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After establishing themselves in the United States, Metcalfe and his wife, endeavored to impart lessons on
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Memoir of the Rev. William
Metcalfe, M.D. Late Minister of the Bible-Christian Church, Philadelphia
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224:, on March 11, 1788, to Jonathan and Elizabeth Metcalfe. At the age of 19, he became a clerk in
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Metcalfe was the first outspoken advocate of vegetarianism to gain recognition throughout the
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159:(March 11, 1788 – October 16, 1862) was an English-American minister in the
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864:
692:
Fifty Years of Food Reform: A History of the
Vegetarian Movement in England
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180:
85:
81:
23:
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The Vegetarian Crusade: The Rise of an American Reform Movement, 1817-1921
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being one of the notable figures. In 1850 Metcalfe, Graham, Alcott and
291:
164:
493:, University of British Columbia Press, pp. 308–332, 2009-07-01,
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435:
History of the Philadelphia Bible-Christian Church: From 1817 to 1917
342:.In 1872, his son published his father's discourses under the title,
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841:
822:
270:
172:
668:"From Pythagorean to Pescatarian – The Evolution of Vegetarianism"
3450:
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1263:
1059:
233:
183:. He was a prominent figure in the American vegetarian movement.
2486:
1514:
1347:
1327:
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595:"History of Vegetarianism - Rev. William Metcalfe (1788-1862)"
16:
English-American minister, physician, and activist (1788–1862)
3159:
1332:
1302:
1231:
1226:
282:
1352:
1297:
1253:
1174:
306:. He later befriended the prominent vegetarianism advocate
431:
1712:
An Essay on Abstinence from Animal Food, as a Moral Duty
310:. He also invited guest speakers to Philadelphia, with
247:
1744:
Moral Inquiries on the Situation of Man and of Brutes
395:(1830–1905). Clark's surname was also spelled Clarke.
42:History of the Philadelphia Bible-Christian Church
404:Among the group was Metcalfe's wife, and his son.
3634:
745:McClintock and Strong Biblical Cyclopedia Online
821:
286:character, even labeling him as an "Infidel."
1470:Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine
807:
207:. Metcalfe died in 1872, at the age of 74.
3758:Respiratory disease deaths in Pennsylvania
814:
800:
448:
228:. There, he encountered a congregation of
34:
2008:Why We Love Dogs, Eat Pigs, and Wear Cows
1832:Thirty-nine Reasons Why I Am a Vegetarian
438:. Philadelphia: J. P. Lippincott Company.
297:
3663:19th-century American newspaper founders
1658:World Esperantist Vegetarian Association
713:
251:
2245:You Are What You Eat: A Twin Experiment
769:"Rev. William Metcalfe, MD - Biography"
688:
682:
139: 1810; died 1854)
3728:English emigrants to the United States
3635:
1683:List of vegetarian and vegan companies
781:"Rev. William Metcalfe, MD - Timeline"
457:. University of North Carolina Press.
1800:Behind the Scenes in Slaughter-Houses
1460:Nederlandse Vereniging voor Veganisme
795:
3411:Ben & Esther's Vegan Jewish Deli
2993:A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada
695:. London: Ideal Pub. Union. p.
665:
589:
587:
585:
570:Encyclopedia of Greater Philadelphia
563:
559:
557:
525:
523:
427:
425:
423:
421:
623:The Vegetarian Resource Group (VRG)
248:Philadelphia Bible Christian Church
13:
1736:Reasons for not Eating Animal Food
761:
733:
707:
463:10.5149/9781469608921_shprintzen.5
432:The Maintenance Committee (1917).
186:Born in 1788, he was converted by
14:
3779:
1704:On Abstinence from Eating Animals
1598:North American Vegetarian Society
719:"William Metcalfe M.D. 1788-1862"
582:
554:
520:
451:"CHAPTER ONE Proto-vegetarianism"
418:
371:Out of the Clouds: Into the Light
3718:Deaths from pulmonary hemorrhage
3698:American vegetarianism activists
3653:19th-century American physicians
3426:Green Elephant Vegetarian Bistro
1551:Christian Vegetarian Association
487:"Vegetarianism in North America"
344:Out of the Clouds into the Light
3748:English vegetarianism activists
1960:Vegetarian Cooking for Everyone
670:. PBS Food: The History Kitchen
666:Avey, Tori (January 28, 2014).
659:
635:
349:
326:, drawing inspiration from the
136:
3558:Vegetarian and vegan symbolism
1904:Moosewood Collective Cookbooks
1643:Vegetarian Society (Singapore)
1628:Toronto Vegetarian Association
1571:International Vegetarian Union
727:International Vegetarian Union
647:International Vegetarian Union
611:
599:International Vegetarian Union
479:
442:
398:
385:
290:He also treated patients with
1:
3693:American temperance activists
3658:19th-century Christian clergy
3573:Vegetarian and vegan dog diet
3497:Food for Thought (restaurant)
2085:Diet for a New America (film)
1864:The Benefits of Vegetarianism
1728:A Vindication of Natural Diet
1495:Vegan Prisoners Support Group
643:"American Vegetarian Society"
411:
220:William Metcalfe was born in
215:
3743:English temperance activists
3668:American publishers (people)
1912:The Farm Vegetarian Cookbook
1132:Seventh-day Adventist Church
689:Forward, Charles W. (1898).
566:"Vegetarianism and Veganism"
539:. 2007-12-30. Archived from
449:Shprintzen, Adam D. (2013).
210:
167:physician, and activist for
7:
3542:The Pitman Vegetarian Hotel
1952:The Sexual Politics of Meat
1070:Environmental vegetarianism
925:Environmental vegetarianism
785:National Health Association
773:National Health Association
320:American Vegetarian Society
197:American Vegetarian Society
10:
3784:
3763:American Christian writers
2048:Making a Stand for Animals
1824:Fifty Years of Food Reform
1566:Hare Krishna Food for Life
1480:Vegan Awareness Foundation
531:"History of Vegetarianism"
499:10.59962/9780774815116-015
304:Northeastern United States
97:Minister, doctor, activist
3768:English Christian writers
3550:
3484:
3403:
3130:
2703:Maximilian Bircher-Benner
2620:
2314:
2301:
2255:
2141:Fat, Sick and Nearly Dead
2066:
2032:The End of Animal Farming
2016:The Vegan Studies Project
1691:
1675:
1561:French Vegetarian Society
1556:European Vegetarian Union
1546:Boston Vegetarian Society
1528:
1430:
1416:
1197:
1113:
1040:
1033:
983:
910:
892:Vegan organic agriculture
840:
833:
146:
120:
109:
101:
93:
70:
48:
33:
21:
3466:The Sound Lounge, London
3441:Little Pine (restaurant)
3320:Colleen Patrick-Goudreau
2818:Narasinh Narayan Godbole
1992:The Bloodless Revolution
1633:Vegetarian Federal Union
1448:Food Empowerment Project
1291:List of meat substitutes
391:Not to be confused with
378:
333:
3753:People from Westmorland
3688:American Swedenborgians
3588:Plant-based action plan
3330:Satchidananda Saraswati
3175:Tabitha Brown (actress)
1984:Livestock's Long Shadow
1888:Diet for a Small Planet
1792:Shelley's Vegetarianism
1603:Order of the Golden Age
1090:Replaceability argument
960:Vegetarian Diet Pyramid
945:Lacto-ovo vegetarianism
850:Animal-free agriculture
741:"Metcalfe, William, Md"
3738:English Swedenborgians
3673:American abolitionists
2963:Francis William Newman
2863:Martin Luther Holbrook
1944:Diet for a New America
1896:The Vegetarian Epicure
1784:What is Vegetarianism?
1541:Bible Christian Church
1443:Beauty Without Cruelty
1438:American Vegan Society
920:Economic vegetarianism
298:Vegetarianism activism
257:
242:Bible Christian Church
199:in 1850 and succeeded
161:Bible Christian Church
3723:English abolitionists
3713:Christian vegetarians
3305:Isa Chandra Moskowitz
3058:Russell Thacher Trall
3023:Johan Lindström Saxon
2718:Lucius Duncan Bulkley
2024:Animal (De)liberation
1808:Why I Am a Vegetarian
1075:Ethics of eating meat
266:vegetarian movement.
255:
240:, the founder of the
3446:Moosewood Restaurant
3295:Moosewood Collective
3210:Crescent Dragonwagon
3118:Kathleen Keen Zolber
2778:James Elmslie Duncan
2638:Bertrand P. Allinson
1872:Living the Good Life
1760:Fruits and Farinacea
1663:World Vegetarian Day
1613:ProVeg International
1001:Fictional characters
340:pulmonary hemorrhage
3678:American homeopaths
3563:List of vegan media
3492:Cranks (restaurant)
3290:Joanne Lee Molinaro
3260:Frances Moore Lappé
3048:William O. Stephens
3043:Ernest Lester Smith
3033:Richard H. Schwartz
3018:Henry Stephens Salt
3008:Ulma Doyle Register
2938:Harry Willis Miller
2918:Alice Garrett Marsh
2873:John Harvey Kellogg
2527:James E. McWilliams
2292:The Animals' Agenda
1274:Microbial cellulose
1249:Gelatin substitutes
1212:Chicken fillet roll
940:Lacto vegetarianism
619:"Cornflake Crusade"
236:, presided over by
222:Orton, Westmoreland
63:Orton, Westmoreland
3708:British homeopaths
3683:American pacifists
3517:New Riverside Cafe
3507:Lentil as Anything
3485:Former restaurants
3421:Crossroads Kitchen
3345:Alicia Silverstone
3280:Hetty Lui McKinnon
3230:Carol Lee Flinders
3088:Severin Wielobycki
2793:Charles W. Forward
2648:Charles R. Attwood
2422:Caldwell Esselstyn
1928:Moosewood Cookbook
1776:The Ethics of Diet
1638:Vegetarian Society
1608:ProVeg Deutschland
723:The Ethics of Diet
536:Vegetarian Society
328:Vegetarian Society
318:, established the
258:
226:Keighly, Yorkshire
3733:English pacifists
3630:
3629:
3431:Greens Restaurant
3310:Bawa Muhaiyaddeen
3180:Suzy Amis Cameron
3170:Edward Espe Brown
3165:Martha Brotherton
3126:
3125:
3063:Frederick Towgood
3028:James Scholefield
2968:R. E. O'Callaghan
2798:Michael Allen Fox
2773:Daniel Dombrowski
2678:George Bedborough
2663:Horace A. Barrows
2628:Phyllis B. Acosta
2522:John A. McDougall
2477:Avery Yale Kamila
2427:Gary L. Francione
2382:T. Colin Campbell
2332:Suzanne M. Babich
2229:The Game Changers
2173:Live and Let Live
2157:Forks Over Knives
2117:Peaceable Kingdom
2109:Post Punk Kitchen
2093:A Cow at My Table
2040:Vegetable Kingdom
1768:The Pleasure Boat
1752:Nature's Own Book
1720:Vegetable Cookery
1671:
1670:
1500:The Vegan Society
1313:Nutritional yeast
1193:
1192:
1029:
1028:
950:Ovo vegetarianism
897:Vegan school meal
564:Lehmkuhl, Vance.
508:978-0-7748-1511-6
491:Sins of the Flesh
472:978-1-4696-0891-4
154:
153:
102:Years active
3775:
3703:Bible Christians
3603:Planetary health
3593:Sustainable diet
3583:Plant-based diet
3522:Nix (restaurant)
3436:Hiltl Restaurant
3380:Umberto Veronesi
3350:Hannah Sunderani
3325:Mathew Pritchard
3285:Tracye McQuirter
3195:Chloe Coscarelli
3133:cookbook authors
3078:Emil Weilshäuser
2948:Reuben D. Mussey
2928:William Metcalfe
2853:Philippe Hecquet
2768:Daniël de Clercq
2668:Geoffrey Barstow
2612:Sophie ZaĂŻkowska
2502:Thomas Lepeltier
2457:A. Breeze Harper
2412:George Dornbusch
2377:Jodey Castricano
2312:
2311:
2278:Vegetarian Times
2221:Eating You Alive
2189:PlantPure Nation
2077:The Animals Film
1920:Laurel's Kitchen
1856:A Fleshless Diet
1618:ProVeg Nederland
1428:
1427:
1373:Vegetarian bacon
1286:Meat alternative
1038:
1037:
838:
837:
816:
809:
802:
793:
792:
788:
776:
755:
754:
752:
751:
737:
731:
730:
715:Williams, Howard
711:
705:
704:
701:Internet Archive
686:
680:
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483:
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429:
405:
402:
396:
389:
312:Sylvester Graham
205:Sylvester Graham
157:William Metcalfe
140:
138:
77:
74:October 16, 1862
58:
56:
38:
28:William Metcalfe
19:
18:
3783:
3782:
3778:
3777:
3776:
3774:
3773:
3772:
3633:
3632:
3631:
3626:
3546:
3537:The Hollow Reed
3527:Penny Cafeteria
3502:InSpiral Lounge
3480:
3399:
3340:Miyoko Schinner
3270:Linda McCartney
3265:Deborah Madison
3235:Alexis Gauthier
3150:Carleigh Bodrug
3132:
3122:
3108:Jon Wynne-Tyson
3093:Howard Williams
2973:Josiah Oldfield
2943:J. Howard Moore
2933:Eli Peck Miller
2893:W. R. C. Latson
2883:Daniel H. Kress
2823:Jeremiah Hacker
2783:Eknath Easwaran
2763:Lenna F. Cooper
2713:Ernest Bonnejoy
2673:Sidney H. Beard
2643:Thomas Allinson
2616:
2602:Corey Lee Wrenn
2597:Kim A. Williams
2367:Will Bulsiewicz
2342:Neal D. Barnard
2307:
2305:
2303:
2297:
2251:
2197:What the Health
2068:Films and shows
2062:
1968:The China Study
1840:The Meat Fetish
1695:
1693:
1687:
1667:
1586:Meatless Monday
1524:
1520:World Vegan Day
1420:
1412:
1383:Vegetarian mark
1199:
1189:
1109:
1025:
979:
906:
829:
820:
779:
767:
764:
762:Further reading
759:
758:
749:
747:
739:
738:
734:
712:
708:
687:
683:
673:
671:
664:
660:
651:
649:
641:
640:
636:
627:
625:
617:
616:
612:
603:
601:
593:
592:
583:
574:
572:
562:
555:
546:
544:
529:
528:
521:
513:
511:
509:
485:
484:
480:
473:
447:
443:
430:
419:
414:
409:
408:
403:
399:
390:
386:
381:
352:
336:
300:
250:
238:William Cowherd
218:
213:
188:William Cowherd
142:
134:
130:
127:
89:
79:
75:
66:
60:
54:
52:
44:
29:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3781:
3771:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3628:
3627:
3625:
3624:
3623:
3622:
3620:Pollotarianism
3617:
3615:Pescetarianism
3610:Flexitarianism
3607:
3606:
3605:
3600:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3554:
3552:
3548:
3547:
3545:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3488:
3486:
3482:
3481:
3479:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3407:
3405:
3401:
3400:
3398:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3300:Charity Morgan
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3275:Mary McCartney
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3250:Madhur Jaffrey
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3136:
3134:
3128:
3127:
3124:
3123:
3121:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3083:Ellen G. White
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2923:Elmer McCollum
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2903:Susan M. Levin
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2868:Isaac Jennings
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2848:William Harvey
2845:
2840:
2838:Alexander Haig
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2813:Mahatma Gandhi
2810:
2805:
2803:Peter Foxcroft
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2753:Antonio Cocchi
2750:
2748:Henry S. Clubb
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2658:Eduard Baltzer
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2633:William Alcott
2630:
2624:
2622:
2618:
2617:
2615:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2587:Sunaura Taylor
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2532:Vesanto Melina
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2497:Maxwell G. Lee
2494:
2489:
2484:
2482:Michael Klaper
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2452:Michael Greger
2449:
2447:Lewis Gompertz
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2372:Georges Butaud
2369:
2364:
2359:
2357:Yves Bonnardel
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2337:Martin Balluch
2334:
2329:
2327:Carol J. Adams
2324:
2318:
2316:
2309:
2299:
2298:
2296:
2295:
2288:
2281:
2274:
2267:
2259:
2257:
2253:
2252:
2250:
2249:
2241:
2233:
2225:
2217:
2209:
2201:
2193:
2185:
2177:
2169:
2161:
2153:
2145:
2137:
2129:
2121:
2113:
2105:
2101:Meet Your Meat
2097:
2089:
2081:
2072:
2070:
2064:
2063:
2061:
2060:
2052:
2044:
2036:
2028:
2020:
2012:
2004:
2000:Eating Animals
1996:
1988:
1980:
1972:
1964:
1956:
1948:
1940:
1932:
1924:
1916:
1908:
1900:
1892:
1884:
1876:
1868:
1860:
1852:
1848:The New Ethics
1844:
1836:
1828:
1820:
1812:
1804:
1796:
1788:
1780:
1772:
1764:
1756:
1748:
1740:
1732:
1724:
1716:
1708:
1699:
1697:
1689:
1688:
1686:
1685:
1679:
1677:
1673:
1672:
1669:
1668:
1666:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1594:
1593:
1588:
1581:Meat-free days
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1532:
1530:
1526:
1525:
1523:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1490:Vegan Outreach
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1434:
1432:
1425:
1414:
1413:
1411:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1294:
1293:
1283:
1278:
1277:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1246:
1245:
1244:
1239:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1217:Coconut burger
1214:
1209:
1203:
1201:
1195:
1194:
1191:
1190:
1188:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1170:Pythagoreanism
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1151:
1150:
1145:
1135:
1125:
1119:
1117:
1111:
1110:
1108:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1055:Animal welfare
1052:
1046:
1044:
1035:
1031:
1030:
1027:
1026:
1024:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1003:
998:
993:
987:
985:
981:
980:
978:
977:
972:
967:
962:
957:
952:
947:
942:
937:
932:
927:
922:
916:
914:
908:
907:
905:
904:
899:
894:
889:
884:
883:
882:
872:
867:
862:
857:
855:Black veganism
852:
846:
844:
835:
831:
830:
819:
818:
811:
804:
796:
790:
789:
777:
763:
760:
757:
756:
732:
706:
681:
658:
634:
610:
581:
553:
519:
507:
478:
471:
441:
416:
415:
413:
410:
407:
406:
397:
383:
382:
380:
377:
376:
375:
367:
361:
351:
348:
335:
332:
308:William Alcott
299:
296:
249:
246:
230:Swedenborgians
217:
214:
212:
209:
201:William Alcott
152:
151:
148:
144:
143:
132:
128:
126:Susanna Wright
125:
124:
122:
118:
117:
111:
110:Known for
107:
106:
103:
99:
98:
95:
91:
90:
80:
78:(aged 74)
72:
68:
67:
61:
59:March 11, 1788
50:
46:
45:
40:Portrait from
39:
31:
30:
27:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3780:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3640:
3638:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3612:
3611:
3608:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3595:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3568:Juice fasting
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3555:
3553:
3549:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3489:
3487:
3483:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3471:Veggie Galaxy
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3408:
3406:
3402:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3370:Lauren Toyota
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3255:Mollie Katzen
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3220:Rip Esselstyn
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3205:Sue Donaldson
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3137:
3135:
3129:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3053:Alan Stoddard
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3038:James Simpson
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3013:Rollo Russell
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3003:James Rachels
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2988:Cyril V. Pink
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2958:Scott Nearing
2956:
2954:
2953:Helen Nearing
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2908:Andrew Linzey
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2888:William Lambe
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2833:Walter Hadwen
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2758:Edwin Collier
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2743:George Cheyne
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2723:J. L. Buttner
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2625:
2623:
2619:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2592:Richard Twine
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2582:David Sztybel
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2552:David Olivier
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2442:Valéry Giroux
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2347:David Benatar
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2322:Elisa Aaltola
2320:
2319:
2317:
2313:
2310:
2300:
2294:
2293:
2289:
2287:
2286:
2282:
2280:
2279:
2275:
2273:
2272:
2268:
2266:
2265:
2261:
2260:
2258:
2254:
2247:
2246:
2242:
2239:
2238:
2234:
2231:
2230:
2226:
2223:
2222:
2218:
2215:
2214:
2210:
2207:
2206:
2202:
2199:
2198:
2194:
2191:
2190:
2186:
2183:
2182:
2178:
2175:
2174:
2170:
2167:
2166:
2162:
2159:
2158:
2154:
2151:
2150:
2146:
2143:
2142:
2138:
2135:
2134:
2133:A Sacred Duty
2130:
2127:
2126:
2122:
2119:
2118:
2114:
2111:
2110:
2106:
2103:
2102:
2098:
2095:
2094:
2090:
2087:
2086:
2082:
2079:
2078:
2074:
2073:
2071:
2069:
2065:
2058:
2057:
2053:
2050:
2049:
2045:
2042:
2041:
2037:
2034:
2033:
2029:
2026:
2025:
2021:
2018:
2017:
2013:
2010:
2009:
2005:
2002:
2001:
1997:
1994:
1993:
1989:
1986:
1985:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1973:
1970:
1969:
1965:
1962:
1961:
1957:
1954:
1953:
1949:
1946:
1945:
1941:
1938:
1937:
1933:
1930:
1929:
1925:
1922:
1921:
1917:
1914:
1913:
1909:
1906:
1905:
1901:
1898:
1897:
1893:
1890:
1889:
1885:
1882:
1881:
1877:
1874:
1873:
1869:
1866:
1865:
1861:
1858:
1857:
1853:
1850:
1849:
1845:
1842:
1841:
1837:
1834:
1833:
1829:
1826:
1825:
1821:
1818:
1817:
1816:Figs or Pigs?
1813:
1810:
1809:
1805:
1802:
1801:
1797:
1794:
1793:
1789:
1786:
1785:
1781:
1778:
1777:
1773:
1770:
1769:
1765:
1762:
1761:
1757:
1754:
1753:
1749:
1746:
1745:
1741:
1738:
1737:
1733:
1730:
1729:
1725:
1722:
1721:
1717:
1714:
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1050:Animal rights
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1011:Organizations
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875:Straight edge
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860:Fruitarianism
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543:on 2007-12-30
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114:Vegetarianism
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94:Occupation(s)
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87:
83:
73:
69:
64:
51:
47:
43:
37:
32:
25:
20:
3532:Pink Peacock
3512:Minerva Café
3476:Veggie Grill
3461:Souley Vegan
3456:Slutty Vegan
3390:Alan Wakeman
3365:Haile Thomas
3355:Bryant Terry
3245:Richa Hingle
3240:Dick Gregory
3145:Mayim Bialik
3113:Tzachi Zamir
3068:Sidney Trist
2927:
2913:Clair Linzey
2733:Job Caudwell
2708:George Black
2653:William Axon
2607:Laura Wright
2577:Peter Singer
2572:JĂ©rĂ´me Segal
2562:Emelia Quinn
2557:David Pearce
2542:David Nibert
2537:Gemma Newman
2517:Reed Mangels
2507:Howard Lyman
2432:Joel Fuhrman
2407:Alan Desmond
2392:Brenda Davis
2362:Will Bonsall
2290:
2283:
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2237:Maa Ka Doodh
2235:
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2075:
2054:
2046:
2038:
2030:
2022:
2014:
2006:
1998:
1990:
1982:
1976:Skinny Bitch
1974:
1966:
1958:
1950:
1942:
1936:Fit for Life
1934:
1926:
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1742:
1734:
1726:
1718:
1710:
1702:
1653:Viva! Health
1648:Veggie Pride
1536:Alcott House
1475:Plamil Foods
1452:
1393:Sausage roll
1269:Konjac jelly
1222:Coconut milk
1128:Christianity
1080:Meat paradox
1065:Deep ecology
870:Raw veganism
834:Perspectives
784:
772:
748:. Retrieved
744:
735:
725:– via
722:
709:
699:– via
691:
684:
672:. Retrieved
661:
650:. Retrieved
646:
637:
626:. Retrieved
622:
613:
602:. Retrieved
598:
573:. Retrieved
569:
545:. Retrieved
541:the original
534:
512:, retrieved
490:
481:
454:
444:
434:
400:
387:
369:
363:
355:
350:Publications
343:
337:
301:
288:
279:abolitionism
268:
263:Philadelphia
259:
219:
192:Philadelphia
185:
181:abolitionism
156:
155:
86:Pennsylvania
82:Philadelphia
76:(1862-10-16)
41:
24:The Reverend
3648:1862 deaths
3643:1788 births
3404:Restaurants
3360:Anna Thomas
3335:Derek Sarno
3215:Rose Elliot
3200:Yamuna Devi
3155:Gypsy Boots
3103:W. A. Sibly
3098:Frank Wokes
2978:Dean Ornish
2878:Norman Kerr
2858:Brian Hines
2843:Edward Hare
2828:John Haddon
2808:Greta Gaard
2738:James Clark
2728:Paul Carton
2693:Ragnar Berg
2688:Robert Bell
2683:Ernest Bell
2547:Jack Norris
2492:Renan Larue
2467:Melanie Joy
2462:Oscar Horta
2437:Kristi Funk
2417:Mylan Engel
2402:Jan Deckers
2397:Garth Davis
2387:Robert Cook
2352:Steven Best
2304:activists,
2302:Academics,
2112:(2003–2005)
1880:Ten Talents
1591:Friday Fast
1318:Plant cream
1259:Carrageenan
1207:Agave syrup
1095:Sentientism
1085:Nonviolence
1021:Vegan media
1016:Restaurants
991:Vegetarians
965:Ecofeminism
393:James Clark
165:homeopathic
3637:Categories
3598:Low-carbon
3578:Vegaphobia
3416:Cinnaholic
3385:Nisha Vora
3315:Gaz Oakley
3225:Toni Fiore
3190:Pinky Cole
3185:Hannah Che
3140:Nava Atlas
2998:Rod Preece
2983:Felix Ortt
2788:T. Forster
2698:Rynn Berry
2621:Vegetarian
2512:Al-Ma'arri
2308:physicians
2264:Naked Food
2181:Cowspiracy
2125:Earthlings
2056:Meat Atlas
1576:Jewish Veg
1529:Vegetarian
1505:Veganmania
1485:Vegan flag
1368:Vegetables
1343:Soy yogurt
1323:Plant milk
1105:Tirukkuṟaḷ
1100:Speciesism
975:By country
935:Orthopathy
750:2024-01-10
652:2024-01-10
628:2024-01-10
604:2024-01-10
575:2024-01-10
547:2024-01-10
514:2024-01-10
412:References
292:homeopathy
275:temperance
216:Early life
177:temperance
55:1788-03-11
3395:Joe Yonan
3131:Chefs and
2898:Elmer Lee
2567:Tom Regan
2472:Joel Kahn
2306:authors,
2256:Magazines
2165:Vegucated
1676:Companies
1510:Veganuary
1308:Mock duck
1200:and drink
1175:Rastafari
1115:Religious
1006:Festivals
970:Nutrition
887:Nutrition
322:(AVS) in
211:Biography
105:1811–1862
65:, England
3375:Jeeca Uy
3073:Valluvar
2213:Dominion
2059:(annual)
1696:journals
1694:reports,
1623:Swissveg
1454:Go Vegan
1358:Tofurkey
1138:Hinduism
1123:Buddhism
880:Hardline
842:Veganism
823:Veganism
717:(1883).
271:pacifism
173:pacifism
147:Children
116:activism
3551:Related
3451:Purezza
2285:VegNews
2205:Carnage
2149:Planeat
1388:Sausage
1378:Hot dog
1264:Gulaman
1242:legumes
1237:cereals
1180:Sikhism
1165:Judaism
1160:Jainism
1143:Sattvic
1060:Carnism
1042:Secular
955:Cuisine
930:History
865:History
234:Salford
141:
133:
129:
2487:Aph Ko
2248:(2024)
2240:(2023)
2232:(2018)
2224:(2018)
2216:(2018)
2208:(2017)
2200:(2017)
2192:(2015)
2184:(2014)
2176:(2013)
2168:(2011)
2160:(2011)
2152:(2010)
2144:(2010)
2136:(2007)
2128:(2005)
2120:(2004)
2104:(2002)
2096:(1998)
2088:(1991)
2080:(1981)
2051:(2022)
2043:(2020)
2035:(2018)
2027:(2016)
2019:(2015)
2011:(2009)
2003:(2009)
1995:(2006)
1987:(2006)
1979:(2005)
1971:(2005)
1963:(1997)
1955:(1990)
1947:(1987)
1939:(1985)
1931:(1977)
1923:(1976)
1915:(1975)
1907:(1973)
1899:(1972)
1891:(1971)
1883:(1968)
1875:(1954)
1867:(1927)
1859:(1910)
1851:(1907)
1843:(1904)
1835:(1903)
1827:(1898)
1819:(1896)
1811:(1895)
1803:(1892)
1795:(1891)
1787:(1886)
1779:(1883)
1771:(1845)
1763:(1845)
1755:(1835)
1747:(1824)
1739:(1814)
1731:(1813)
1723:(1812)
1715:(1802)
1692:Books,
1515:Veganz
1423:events
1418:Groups
1363:Cheese
1348:Tempeh
1338:Seitan
1328:Quinoa
1281:Jambon
1232:Grains
1227:Fruits
1185:Taoism
1148:Ahimsa
1034:Ethics
996:Vegans
505:
469:
374:(1872)
366:(1866)
360:(1840)
121:Spouse
88:, U.S.
3160:BOSH!
2315:Vegan
2271:Satya
1431:Vegan
1333:Quorn
1303:Mochi
1155:Islam
984:Lists
379:Notes
334:Death
283:Jesus
135:(
131:
1421:and
1403:Wine
1398:Beer
1353:Tofu
1298:Miso
1254:Agar
1198:Food
825:and
676:2016
503:ISBN
467:ISBN
179:and
71:Died
49:Born
495:doi
459:doi
3639::
783:.
771:.
743:.
721:.
697:12
645:.
621:.
597:.
584:^
568:.
556:^
533:.
522:^
501:,
489:,
465:.
453:.
420:^
346:.
294:.
277:,
273:,
175:,
171:,
163:,
137:m.
84:,
1134:)
1130:(
815:e
808:t
801:v
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655:.
631:.
607:.
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497::
475:.
461::
150:1
57:)
53:(
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