William Murray, 1st Earl of Mansfield

937:. In Edinburgh, it was traditional for criminals sentenced to death to be allowed to visit a church near the city jail the Sunday before the execution. Two criminals named Wilson and Robertson took this as an opportunity to escape; although Wilson did not make it out of the church, Robertson escaped completely. Wilson had been a smuggler who supplied his fellow citizens with goods and, because of this and the unpopularity of the city guard, public opinion was firmly on his side. Porteous was the captain of the Edinburgh city guard, and was angry with Wilson's attempt to escape and aware of the possibility of an attempt to free him. Porteous ordered a guard of 80 men to be placed around the gallows for Wilson's execution. When a man attempted to cut Wilson's body down after the execution, Porteous ordered his troops to fire on the crowd, and seven people were killed. Porteous was initially sentenced to death for murder and, when the execution was delayed, a mob of citizens rushed the city jail and 1682:. As a result of the reporting of Mansfield's decision, public opinion and some newspapers gave the impression that slavery had been abolished by the ruling. Some historians believe that between 14,000 and 15,000 slaves were immediately freed in England, some of whom remained with their masters as paid or unpaid employees. However, it is questionable whether that many black people lived in England at the time, and most of them were already free men and women, or were runaway slaves who had evaded the authorities. The decision was vague enough to allow Africans to still be hunted and kidnapped in London, Liverpool and Bristol to be sold elsewhere. (Such an incident was recounted by Olaudah Equiano in 1774 in his autobiography, 1711: at 592. The primary legal question in the case was not this preexisting principle, which applies only to children "born after marriage", but rather whether the child had been born before the marriage. The question was whether statements the child's parents allegedly made before their deaths could be introduced as evidence that the child had been born before their marriage and was thus illegitimate. Mansfield ruled to admit the testimony against the child's legitimacy and grant a new trial. The term "Lord Mansfield's Rule" is often used in a slightly different sense to denote the principle still applied in several jurisdictions that marriage creates a conclusive presumption of a husband's paternity of his wife's child. 1186: 2033:

1776. From the love which he bore to the place of his early education, he desired to be buried in this cathedral (privately) and would have forbidden that instance of human vanity, the erecting a monument to his memory, but a sum which with the interest has amounted to two thousand five hundred pounds was left for that purpose by A. Bailey Esqr. of Lyon's Inn, which at least well meant mark of esteem he had no previous knowledge or suspicion of and had no power to prevent being executed. He was the fourth son of David, fifth Viscount Stormont, and married the Lady Elizabeth Finch, daughter to Daniel, Earl of Nottingham by whom he had no issue. Born at Scone 2nd March 1704. Died at Kenwood 20th March 1793.

1984: 2100: 1756: 918: 52: 1954:, but he did not. Various comments he made before and during the case also suggest that complete emancipation was not his intent; in a preliminary judgment he said that "the setting 14,000 or 15,000 men at once free loose by a solemn opinion, is much disagreeable in the effect it threatens", which one modern legal scholar interprets as indicative of his reluctance to make a decision for fear of economic consequences. Various comments he made to Thomas Hutchinson in private letters, along with his comments about the 1000:. Some of the aristocrats thought that the bride had married way below her status, and they also accused the groom (at the time just Mr. Murray) of social climbing into one of the great English families which the Finches belonged to. Indeed, Mansfield's marriage helped him be accepted by the highest level of the aristocracy. Murray's connection with the Marquess of Rockingham especially had a significant positive influence on his future career. After a short holiday, Murray returned to his work as a barrister. 737: 1425:. Mansfield, in summing up the jury's verdict, said "The Case of Slaves was the same as if Horses had been thrown over board", and endeavoured to uphold the notion that slaves were property which could be destroyed in situations of "absolute necessity". But, new information was introduced in the case, and he ruled against the owners of the ship. In doing this, he achieved his aim of preventing maritime insurance law from becoming more complicated. 1369:. In English law, consideration is a vital part of the contract; without valid consideration, almost any contract is void. But, Mansfield argued in his judgment that it should only be treated as evidence of a contract, not as a vital element. Mansfield failed to make clear that he was referring only to consideration in commercial contracts, not general contracts, and as a result his judgment read that consideration was not required for 1864:, who said, "It is revolting to have no better reason for a rule of law than that so it was laid down in the time of Henry IV. It is more revolting still if the grounds upon which it was laid down have vanished long since, and the rule simply persists from blind imitation of the past." He made his judgements on the principle that "as the usages of society alter, the law must adapt itself to the various situations of mankind", leading 1575: 1296:

retained because they are dictates of common sense drawn from the truth of the case". In most European countries, the principle was that a merchant was bound by his promises, not just his signed legal documents, while English lawyers maintained that a merchant could only be legally bound by documents that he signed. The European principle was based on the assumption of good faith on the part of the merchants, or

2179:, described him as "not only the greatest common law judge but the greatest judge in Anglo-American legal history", while Joseph Story himself said that Mansfield "broke down the narrow barrier of the common law, redeemed it from feudal selfishness and barbarity" and that "he was one of those great men raised up by Providence, at a fortunate moment, to effect a salutary revolution in the world". 1262:. Although in a small number of cases this was useful, in the majority of cases it simply made coming to court more expensive and wasted time. As soon as Mansfield became Lord Chief Justice, he changed the rules so that, unless the court had doubts over the evidence presented to them, a judgment was to be made immediately. This had a far-reaching effect on the English courts. Judges from the 1292:, a medieval series of customs and principles used to regulate trading. Other countries in Europe had reformed and modernised their law, resulting in English merchant law being about a century behind mercantile law of other European countries. A merchant was, by his very nature, international, and the inconsistencies between English law and the law of other nations made business difficult. 1674:, which preserves its force long after the reasons, occasion, and time itself from whence it was created, is erased from memory: it's so odious, that nothing can be suffered to support it, but positive law. Whatever inconveniences, therefore, may follow from a decision, I cannot say this case is allowed or approved by the law of England; and therefore the black must be discharged. 1662:

law passed in 1765 said that all lands, forts and slaves owned by the Africa Company were a property of the Crown, which could be interpreted to mean that the Crown accepted slavery. When the two lawyers for Charles Stewart put their case, they argued that a contract for the sale of a slave was recognised in England, and therefore the existence of slaves must be legally valid.

1009: 1109:. In an attempt to reach a compromise the government introduced a bill to Parliament declaring that Augusta was to be a regent along with a council of others, and that George would become the heir when he reached maturity. Murray made a speech supporting the government's proposal, but despite this, Parliament was not convinced that a council was necessary. 640:, English grammar, and essay writing skills. He later said that this gave him a great advantage at university, as those students educated in England had been taught Greek and Latin but not how to write properly in English. While at Perth Grammar School, it became apparent that Murray was particularly intelligent. In 1718, his father and older brother, 1872: 1332:. He took out an insurance policy with Boehm against the fort's being taken by a foreign enemy. A witness called Captain Tryon testified that Carter knew the fort was built to resist attacks from natives but not European enemies, and the French were likely to attack. The French did attack, and Boehm refused to fulfil the insurance claim. 1554:"Sir, if in future you indulge the ill-founded asperity of your Pen, may be called to answer for your Conduct, in a way that may cause you to regret that ever you was born, or, at least, that Nature has given you Abilities, which, if guided by Discretion, would have made you as much a Blessing, as you are now a Curse to Mankind." 1533:

of printing and publishing only", and innocent of seditious libel. Miller was tried on 13 July 1770, and after six hours of discussion, the jury found him innocent. As a result of these two trials, it became clear that no jury would convict a printer for printing these letters, leaving Junius free to continue publishing them.

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his knowledge, to mislead the underwriter into a belief that the circumstance does not exist, and to induce him to estimate the risque as if it did not exist. Good faith forbids either party by concealing what he privately knows, to draw the other into a bargain from his ignorance of that fact, and his believing the contrary.

1494:, and as a result, the press were free to print material attacking the government. Although there were eight attempts to force a new Licensing Act through Parliament between 1697 and 1713, none of them succeeded. Despite the freedom of the press from pre-censorship by the government, the judiciary regularly tried people for 1352:), it is still used in insurance contracts. In insurance agreements, the insuree inevitably knows more about the risk involved than the insurer; without the requirement for pre-contractual "good faith," the insuree would have no reason to tell the truth, and insurance companies would be loath to make contracts. 1233:, due to an old custom that the Lord Chief Justice took the position when it was empty. He only served until 8 April, and there is no evidence of his performing anything more than the standard day-to-day duties. He became a cabinet minister in 1757, still serving as Lord Chief Justice, and stayed until 1765. 1070:. His argument (that it was the prerogative of the King to decide how a war should be fought, and he should not be second-guessed by politicians with no experience of warfare) defeated the motion to cease employing the Hanoverian troops by 231 votes to 181. Murray became popular with both the government and 1149:. It was customary for all Lord Chief Justices to be given a peerage, and Murray responded by saying that in that situation he would refuse to become either Lord Chief Justice or Attorney General. Newcastle gave in, and promised to allow him to become Lord Chief Justice and to recommend him for a peerage. 1566:, advised that the publishers should again be prosecuted, Mansfield disagreed, saying that if they failed to respond to Junius, he would become bored and stop writing. Mansfield was evidently correct, because other than a letter printed on 5 October 1771, Junius ceased to write at the beginning of 1772. 1532:

by Mansfield and a jury on 2 June 1770. He was found guilty, although it is unclear in what fashion he was punished, if at all. Woodfall was tried on 13 June 1770, by Mansfield and a jury. While Mansfield believed that the language used was libellous, the jury disagreed, and held that he was "guilty

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Mansfield's judgment has been criticised as being unusually short-sighted because he failed to see that while his decision was correct for that particular case, the precedent it would set would create an unfair monopoly for the booksellers and publishers. This was one of only a small number of cases

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Insurance is a contract based upon speculation. The special facts, upon which the contingent chance is to be computed, lie most commonly in the knowledge of the insured only; the underwriter trusts to his representation and proceeds upon the confidence that he does not keep back any circumstance in

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Murray's first contact when he moved to London was William Hamilton, a Scottish-born barrister who was said to be the first Scot to practise at the English Bar, and one of the few people who was qualified to act as a barrister in both England and Scotland. Hamilton had been one of Murray's sponsors

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remained a slave in his household, until his 1793 will allowed her to be considered a free woman. (She had been born into slavery as the illegitimate daughter of his nephew in the West Indies but lived with him and his wife for 30 years.) In addition, advertisements from the 1770s show that slaves

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recognised the existence of slavery, and slavery was therefore illegal. Moreover, English contract law did not allow for any person to enslave himself, nor could any contract be binding without the person's consent. The arguments thus focused on legal details rather than humanitarian principles. A

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were allowed to submit their motions, it was normally the end of the day. This meant that almost all the work went to the senior barristers, who were so overworked that they often did not have time to prepare properly before going to court. In addition it meant that work for junior barristers was

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This was seen as an excellent result by Murray, who had no interest in politics except as a stepping stone to become a member of the judiciary. Murray was not suited to politics, as he was far too calculating and independent of thought to accept any one party's doctrine. His Scottish and Jacobite

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and fulfilled in the year 1793 when William Earl of Mansfield died full of years and of honours: of honours he declined many: those which he accepted were the following: he was appointed Solicitor General 1742, Attorney General 1754, Lord Chief Justice and Baron Mansfield 1756, Earl of Mansfield

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Mansfield ordered a hearing for 22 January 1772. Following an adjournment, the case was not heard until 7 February 1772. In the meantime, the case had attracted a great deal of attention in the press, and members of the public were forthcoming with donations to fund lawyers for both sides of the

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Mansfield made a great effort to bring English merchant law up to the same standards as that of other European nations, defining his position by saying that "the daily negotiations and property of merchants ought not to depend on subtleties and niceties, but upon rules easily learned and easily

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is mixed, with the current prevailing view being that he did not intend to free the slaves. The judgment was particularly narrow, as it ruled only that a master could not carry his slave out of England by force, not that slaves who came to England were emancipated. This is seen as particularly

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continued to be bought and sold in England. Mansfield referred to slaves in his judgment in a later case. Although slavery was not completely abolished in the British Empire until 1834, Mansfield's decision is considered to have been a significant step in recognising the illegality of slavery.

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After the attorneys for both sides had given their arguments, Mansfield called a recess, saying that " required ... consultation ... among the twelve Judges". Finally, on 22 June 1772 Mansfield gave his judgment, which ruled that a master could not carry his slave out of England by force, and

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Lord Mansfield is frequently mentioned in modern legal settings as the originator of "Lord Mansfield's Rule", in his own words: "...the law of England is clear, that the declarations of a father or mother, cannot be admitted to bastardize the issue born after marriage." This quote comes from

1246:, and was completely unsuited to the 18th century, when Britain was "the greatest manufacturing and commercial country in the world". Mansfield immediately began to reform the way the law and courts worked. One of his first acts as Lord Chief Justice was to change the system for submitting 1468:. This was a massive victory for booksellers and publishers, as it meant that they could effectively make it impossible for new companies to compete, as in the absence of new texts, there was nothing they could print. Mansfield's judgment was finally overruled by the House of Lords in 1847:

saw significant changes during Mansfield's career. As lord chief justice, Mansfield had done much to reform the way the courts worked, making it easier for people to gain access to legal aid, and also making the process much less expensive. He was also noted for his insistence that

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died, and Murray was asked to replace him; he declined, however, as he "did not want to leave His Majesty's service". After Ryder died unexpectedly on 25 May 1756, however, Murray could not turn down the opportunity, and immediately applied to replace him as Lord Chief Justice.

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as a possible successor. Mansfield clung to office until 1788 (despite not sitting in court for two years), in the hope that the government would fall before he was forced to retire. This was not to be, and on 3 June, he wrote a letter of resignation effective the next day.

1627:, who continually sought test cases against the legal justifications for slavery, was Somersett's real backer. When the case was heard, no fewer than five advocates appeared for the slave, speaking at three separate hearings between February and May. These lawyers included 1746:

Mansfield had been made earl of Mansfield, in the County of Nottingham, on 31 October 1776. He attended the Lords as Lord Speaker, and the last record of him attending (other than his presence at the state opening of Parliament on 23 March 1784) was in December 1783.

1805:. On 10 March 1793, he complained of feeling sleepy, and although he recovered the next day, by 12 March, he was again complaining of a need for sleep. He went to bed early and remained asleep until 18 March, when he finally died. His body was buried in the north 1059:, and by custom, the Attorney General was allowed to become Lord Chief Justice if a vacancy arose. Although many barristers were not good politicians, Murray became a successful Member of Parliament, and one noted for his oratorical skills and logical arguments. 800:

was for him to have eaten five dinners a term at Lincoln's Inn, and to have read the first sentence of a paper prepared for him by the steward. Thus, most of Murray's practical training came from reading the papers in Hamilton's chambers, and listening to

1860:, which allowed all courts to take cases of equity. He also established the principle that rather than blindly following precedent, judges should seek to find loopholes in rules that were no longer applicable, something that later received the support of 1255:

scarce, hindering their careers. Mansfield changed the system so that barristers were allowed to submit only one motion a day, and if not all barristers had been heard by the end of the day, they could continue where they left off the next morning.

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Mansfield also enforced a previous judgement of the Court of King's Bench made in 1645, in which they allowed a special jury of merchants to sit in cases involving commercial law. He built up a special corps of these jurymen, some of whom, such as

716:, who was a constant rival to Murray until Pitt's death in 1778. There is very little information about Murray's time at Oxford. It is known that he studied ancient and modern history, became fluent in French, and gained a good understanding of 964:

and a diamond, which is still in the possession of his family. Murray's reputation continued to grow; in 1738, he was involved in 11 of the 16 cases heard in the House of Lords, and in 1739 and 1740 he acted as legal counsel in 30 cases there.

1145:, in addition to the position of Attorney General, an extra £6,000 a year, and a pension, and finally attempted to blackmail him by saying that if he accepted the office of Lord Chief Justice, the government would refuse to grant him a 2115:

described him as "beyond comparison the best speaker" in the House of Commons. He was also a hard worker; he would sometimes do court paperwork himself, as well as do his judicial duties, in an attempt to speed up the legal process.

652:.Thirteen year old Murray travelled alone with a pony given by his father, The distance from Perth to London was around 400 miles (640 km), and the journey took Murray 54 days. Murray flourished at Westminster and was made a 2147:; when asked about this he replied that "I would not have made Sir Edward Coke's speech to gain all Sir Edward Coke's estates and all his reputation". There are conflicting reports about his temperament and attitude as a judge; 775:

was baptized November 1766 in London, 8 months after Lady Elizabeth's arrival. It has been hypothesized that Mansfield took Dido in to provide grieving Lady Elizabeth with a companion who would later be her personal attendant.

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Mansfield first sat in court on 11 November 1756, and at the time had "a very low estimate of the Common Law of England which he was to administer". The legal system had been put together in the period immediately after the

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in which Mansfield was overruled; in his entire career only six of his judgments were overturned by a higher court. Mansfield's judgement here has been seen as part of a wider agenda; along with other legal figures such as

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Unlike other barristers, Mansfield was noted for always keeping a cool head and being "prudent to the point of timidity". He was criticised for being "moderate and dispassionate", unlike more aggressive barristers such as

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Reports of Cases Argued and Determined in the Court of King's Bench: In the Nineteenth, Twentieth, and Twenty-first [twenty-second, Twenty-third, Twenty-fourth, and Twenty-fifth] Years of the Reign of George III.

532:, Mansfield became the main spokesman for the government in the House of Commons, where he was noted for his "great powers of eloquence" and was described as "beyond comparison the best speaker". With the promotion of 1942:

telling because this was the primary argument of Davy and Hargrave. If Murray had wanted to emancipate the slaves completely, there were various bits of judicial precedent he could have based his decision on, such as

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On 19 December 1769, Junius wrote a letter attacking the King, and incensed at this, the government ordered several people to be arrested and tried for seditious libel, including Woodfall for publishing the letters,

1250:. Every day the court was in session, all barristers were invited to submit motions, in order of their seniority as barristers. Because they were allowed to submit as many motions as they wanted, by the time junior 1613:. Stewart intended to sell him there. However, three people claiming to be Somersett's godparents, John Marlow, Thomas Walkin and Elizabeth Cade, made an application before the Court of King's Bench for a writ of 1459:

expired, Robert Taylor began publishing his own competing publication, which contained Thomson's poem. Mansfield, sitting with three other judges, concluded that despite the Statute of Anne there was a perpetual

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have questioned his reputation as a universally successful judge, saying that "the reputation of Lord Mansfield as a commercial lawyer should not blind us to the fact that he was not equally great in the law of

5909: 867:). Lady Stormont may have provided Murray with some financial support while he was a law student, on top of sending him food packages, including his favorite Scottish marmalade, when he was a young lawyer. 1136:

He was accepted, and although his appointment delighted Murray, the government was very concerned at the loss of a good Attorney General. In an attempt to persuade him to stay, the new Prime Minister, the

551:. He advanced commercial law in ways that helped establish Britain as world leader in industry, finance, and trade; modernised both English law and England's courts; rationalised the system for submitting 2155:

said he was "offensive and unpopular". Both opinions are suspect, however; Pitt's because he was a constant rival to Mansfield and Yorke's because he was attempting to beat Mansfield to the position of

1605:, an American customs officer who sailed to Britain for business, landing on 10 November 1769. A few days later Somersett attempted to escape. He was recaptured in November and imprisoned on the ship 1886:

His most important contributions were to commercial, merchant and common law. Mansfield spent much time bringing the law of England on par with that of other countries, particularly in cases such as

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William Lord Mansfield, "An Answer to the Letter Signed Junius, in the Public Advertiser of Wednesday, 14 November 1770" (London, 1770), 25 (available on eighteenth-century collections online).

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said that "there has never been a judge more venerated by his contemporaries, nor whose memory is regarded with greater respect and affection", and described him as "the great oracle of law".

628:" into exile, this left the family's finance relatively impoverished. The Jacobite sympathies of Murray's family were glossed over by contemporaries, who claimed that he had been educated at 1790:

visited Kenwood in June 1792, she was unable to see Lord Mansfield, because he was too infirm and hasn't been downstairs for 4 years, she asked after Miss Murrays and left her respects but '

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3rd. ed. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Office of Child Support Enforcement; Ch. 8, Section: "Disestablishment of Paternity", at note 50.

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This was an attempt by Mansfield to introduce the assumption of good faith into English law, and although it failed for the most part (as most areas of English commercial law no longer use

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and his assignment in the West Indies, he brought his illegitimate daughter, Dido, whose mother, Maria Bell, was an enslaved woman of African descent. Dido was born into slavery in 1761.

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at the time was overcrowded, which made it difficult for a young barrister to build a reputation, yet qualifying for the English Bar was extremely expensive. Thanks to the patronage of

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This was not an end to slavery, as this only confirmed it was illegal to transport a slave out of England and Wales against his or her will. Slavery also persisted in the rest of the

1739:. In an attempt to speed up the process of passing the bill, Mansfield left his position as speaker to debate directly on 15 December; when this failed to help he returned to the 783:. Later, his nieces and unmarried sisters of Lord Stormont, Lady Anne and Lady Marjory Murray, would come to live at Kenwood to care for Lord and Lady Mansfield in their old age. 2319: 2123:

as "Conservative, urbane, silver-tongued, energetic, cultivated and well read; a highly imaginative lawyer who looked to reason and was not overawed by the legacy of the past".

1389:, became noted experts on commercial law. "Lord Mansfield's jurymen" acted as an effective liaison between the merchants and the courts. Mansfield was personally a supporter of 2521: 4773: 3710: 5005: 5376: 712:

sympathies of his family. He probably did this because, having no private income, he wished to secure patronage to help him advance politically. Another entrant was

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case, Lord Mansfield expressed the view that his ruling in the Somerset case decided only that a slave could not be forcibly removed from England against his will.

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now give reserved judgments in only a minority of cases. His reforms led to the Court of King's Bench becoming one of the most active courts, at the expense of the

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died on 11 June 1727, Murray entered and won a competition to write a Latin poem titled "The Death of the King". His actions were seen as a show of support for the

2061: 1550:, and finally for attempting to suppress the freedom of the press. In a response to Junius' letter dated 16 November 1770, Mansfield made the following threat: 5894: 5884: 5869: 5180: 4895: 1138: 262: 208: 92: 5889: 2863: 5198: 4930: 997: 863:

Murray used his first professional earnings to purchase a china and silver-plate tea set for his kind sister in-law, Lady Stormont (mother of his nephew

592:, it played an important role in the early stages of the British abolitionist movement and inspired challenges to slavery on both sides of the Atlantic. 675:

rather than Perth, as the person recording the names of the new students was unable to understand his Scottish accent. His older brother, James, was an

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in Scotland (the Scottish equivalent of a barrister in England), and his family decided that a career as a barrister was best for Murray. The Scottish

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that "Much may be made of a , if he be caught young" was directed at Mansfield, and Johnson also described him as "more than a mere lawyer", while

1619:, and Captain Knowles was ordered to produce Somersett before the Court of King's Bench, which would determine whether his imprisonment was legal. 1078:

write and pass an act to abolish the old hereditary positions in Scotland. In 1751 he drafted the government response to an attempt by the King of

146: 1418:, regarding the payment of an insurance claim for slaves killed when thrown overboard by the captain of a slave-ship – an event now known as the 1153:

roots also allowed for endless insinuation and controversy—in 1753 he was accused by the Bishop of Gloucester of "having drunk the health of the

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the next day. The failure of the bill caused the government to be immediately dismissed, and Mansfield left his position on 23 December 1783.

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on his knees". Although the story was proven to be false, it embarrassed Murray, and was used to taunt him as late as 1770. His rivalry with

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On behalf of Somersett, it was argued that while colonial laws might permit slavery, neither the common law of England, nor any law made by

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he was without a rival. He excelled in the statement of a case. This, of itself, was worth the argument of any other man". The comment by

956:, and eventually whittled down the bill so much that, by the time it was voted on, it simply proposed to fine the city and disqualify the 5289: 1177:, but it would have "set in a false environment", and he declined all opportunities to return to politics except as Lord Chief Justice. 4081: 5660: 5500: 5304: 4888: 4749: 1049: 540:

in 1754, Mansfield became Attorney General and, when Ryder unexpectedly died several months later, he took his place as Chief Justice.

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looked after by his nieces Lady Anne and Lady Marjory Murray and Dido Belle. Most of his time was spent maintaining the grounds. When

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after his retirement. He was also criticised as a politician for his support of a government antagonistic to the colonies; in 1829

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since 1553, and by 1768, ships registered in Liverpool, Bristol and London carried more than half the slaves shipped in the world.

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as a result, and in the absence of a strong Attorney General, Murray spoke for the government in most matters. In 1747, he helped

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to deal with these cases, and Murray found his niche acting in Scottish cases in the House of Lords as early as 1733. His work in

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became the highest court of appeal in both English and Scottish law and, as a result, from 1707 Scottish cases on appeal from the

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3 Burr 1905. As a result of his work, he was described by a later judge as "the founder of the commercial law of this country".

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The state of slavery is of such a nature, that it is incapable of being introduced on any reasons, moral or political; but only

4683: 4625: 4615: 4091: 3517:, United States Social Security Administration Program Operations Manual System (POMS) Compilation of the Social Security Laws. 3405: 2219: 1736: 1559: 1121: 1056: 981: 945: 922: 848:, which helped him enormously in court. His first two cases were in the English Court of Sessions in 1733, where he was led by 641: 621: 613: 529: 420: 286: 239: 1169:, he did not have the temperament to resist "the vehemence of Pitt's invective". It was widely felt that he could have become 1097:, the heir to the British throne on 20 March 1751, caused constitutional chaos; George II wished to appoint his favourite son 840:

around this time, and through his friendship met members of the aristocracy, some of whom later became his clients, including

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in England, and therefore was not binding in law. Though the judgement did not explicitly outlaw slavery in either Britain or

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United States Social Security Administration Program Operations Manual System (POMS) Compilation of the Social Security Laws.

2567: 1563: 989: 914:, Murray was involved in almost every case in the House of Lords, whether it had been appealed from a Scottish court or not. 5879: 5824: 5814: 5625: 5605: 5595: 5530: 5440: 5160: 5110: 4734: 2176: 1857: 1263: 1170: 1142: 1029: 969: 752: 1498:

if they printed material attacking the government. From 21 November 1768, letters written by a man under the pseudonym of

5402: 5150: 5125: 4849: 4659: 4506: 1972: 1829: 1814: 1162: 1128:, became Lord Chief Justice of the King's Bench, and Murray became Attorney General in his place. A few months later the 1075: 864: 853: 780: 760: 836:

Murray was called to the Bar on 23 November 1730, taking a set of chambers at 5 King's Bench Walk. He was introduced to

5904: 5859: 5854: 5849: 5450: 5350: 5140: 5130: 2172: 2025: 1651: 1602: 1098: 973: 548: 3918: 1546:, a newspaper run by John Miller. In it, Junius attacked Mansfield, first for being Scottish, then for being a lapsed 5223: 5065: 4581: 4441: 2311: 2148: 1647: 1166: 1158: 1041: 802: 764: 713: 629: 513: 328: 174: 158: 796:

at No. 1 Old Square. There was no formal legal education at this time, and the only requirement for a person to be

5213: 5208: 5203: 5105: 1960: 1767: 1513: 1218:. He qualified as a Serjeant-at-law on 8 November 1756, and was sworn in as Lord Chief Justice at the house of the 1102: 1083: 849: 3526: 5424: 5245: 5188: 5170: 5095: 5040: 4763: 4344:

Lowry, Todd (December 1973). "Lord Mansfield and the Law Merchant: Law and Economics in the Eighteenth Century".

4131: 3401: 2108: 1971:

Mansfield and Lady Finch did not have any children. His title, which succeeds to this day, passed to his nephew,

1910: 1875: 1833: 1771: 1448: 1271: 1185: 993: 903: 3026: 1856:, a view that provoked much disagreement during his lifetime, but was eventually confirmed by Parliament in the 1312:, Mansfield got a chance to reform the law relating to the assumption of good faith. Carter was the Governor of 465:(2 March 1705 – 20 March 1793), was a British judge, politician, lawyer, and peer best known for his reforms to 5844: 5839: 5615: 5418: 4787: 4778: 4768: 4758: 4738: 4644: 4307:

Leslie, William (October 1957). "Similarities in Lord Mansfield's and Joseph Story's View of Fundamental Law".

1775: 1646:, who was later to become a noted barrister based on his work in this case. Charles Stewart was represented by 1226: 1106: 1067: 461: 116: 41: 1828:

Mansfield left a large amount of money after his death, including Estate worth £500,000 to his nephew now the

5535: 5520: 5080: 4259:

Lord Mansfield: A Biography of William Murray 1st Earl of Mansfield 1705–1793 Lord Chief Justice for 32 years

2345: 1801:

who informed him of the goings-on at court. On 1 August 1792 he was made Earl of Mansfield, in the County of

1724: 687:, who gave Murray £200 a year to live on, Murray could afford to study at the bar, and he became a member of 1195: 4190: 4027: 1865: 1366: 3711:"The Will and 19 Codicils of the 1st Earl of Mansfield, with particular reference to Dido Elizabeth Belle" 2139:, who is considered one of the most important lawyers in the history of English law, was "only a lawyer". 5829: 5314: 5256: 5050: 4904: 4725: 4707: 4546: 4075: 3133: 1822: 1658: 1373:

contract. His judgment has been much criticised by legal academics, and was effectively overruled by the

1230: 1154: 1033: 887: 625: 185: 792:

when he joined Lincoln's Inn in 1724 and, when Murray came to London, Hamilton helped find him a set of

663:, having scored higher in the examination than any other King's Scholar that year. He was admitted as a 3129: 3027:"House of Lords – Manifest Shipping Company Limited v. Uni-Polaris Shipping Company Limited and Others" 2111:, in Parliament, and while sitting as a judge, for his eloquence and skill as a speaker; in particular 1452: 1321: 1243: 1190: 1094: 1071: 1689:

Mansfield believed that his decision meant that slavery continued, because his mixed-race great-niece

5030: 4598: 3437: 1861: 1766:

Despite failing health, Mansfield refused to officially leave his post as Lord Chief Justice because

1727:, taking up his post in February 1783. The main item of debate during the Coalition Ministry was the 1055:

Although the Solicitor General was the lowest legal appointment, a successful one could be appointed

1040:. With this added political influence, Murray hoped to be appointed to a government office, and when 1021: 695: 517: 340: 3731: 2151:

described him as "a very bad judge, proud, haughty to the Bar and hasty in his determinations", and

5344: 5334: 5324: 5090: 4799: 2039: 1983: 555:, and reformed the way judgments were delivered to reduce expense for the parties. For his work in 3856: 5525: 5505: 5495: 5475: 5460: 2349: 2099: 1491: 793: 632:

with many other members of the English judiciary. This was incorrect, as Murray was educated at

616:

and his wife Margaret as one of eleven children. Both his parents were strong supporters of the

497:, in May 1723, Mansfield graduated four years later and returned to London, where he was he was 5465: 5075: 3479:"Prohibiting Nonaccess Testimony by Spouses: Does Lord Mansfield's Rule Protect Illegitimates?" 2127:, a contemporary, said that "he had some superiors in force, some equals in persuasion; but in 1509: 902:

in 1734 established Murray as a brilliant young barrister praised for his performance by Lords

5100: 4920: 3718: 3542:"California's Conclusive Presumption of Paternity and the Expansion of Unwed Fathers' Rights" 2202: 2167:

Mansfield has been called "the legal genius of his generation", and compared favourably with

2120: 2050: 1628: 1267: 1199: 1063: 934: 756: 744: 660: 543:

As the most powerful British jurist of the 18th century, Mansfield's decisions reflected the

494: 444: 57: 3904: 2562:. Internet Archive. Montreal & Kingston; Ithaca : McGill-Queen's University Press. 5914: 5809: 5804: 5408: 4980: 4965: 4745: 4608: 2207: 2087: 1992: 1902: 1888: 1755: 1690: 1594: 1461: 1357: 1125: 1117: 1037: 772: 633: 563: 544: 533: 274: 104: 32: 917: 8: 5610: 5590: 5329: 5319: 5000: 3541: 3453: 2175:

noted for his brilliance. Other Americans such as Julian S. Waterman, the founder of the

1922: 1720: 1586: 1542: 1470: 1129: 961: 879: 826: 768: 609: 478: 3849: 755:

and Anne Hatton. They had no children of their own, but took care of their great niece,

5655: 5575: 5560: 5550: 5284: 5272: 5262: 5234: 4990: 4717: 4700: 4534: 4493: 4447: 4398: 4369: 4332: 4295: 4223: 4215: 4119: 3498: 1938: 1774:

to the position after Mansfield resigned. The government of the time instead suggested

1479: 1410: 1013: 875: 871: 645: 572: 490: 232: 220: 51: 4550: 3642: 2557: 2056:

Mansfield has been portrayed as a character several times in television and film – in

5670: 5600: 5480: 5470: 5455: 5309: 4985: 4835: 4812: 4526: 4485: 4464: 4437: 4418: 4402: 4361: 4324: 4287: 4264: 4243: 4227: 4207: 4171: 4151: 4123: 4111: 4058: 4035: 3648: 2563: 2315: 2188: 2074: 2004: 1926: 1918: 1853: 1810: 1708: 1610: 1504: 1440: 1415: 1362: 1309: 1259: 1215: 857: 797: 653: 649: 498: 402: 20: 4257: 3478: 3438:

Recent Cases – Evidence – Divorce – Competency of Spouse to Testify as to Non-Access

856:. The support of Talbot and Yorke allowed him to gain a respectable practice in the 5730: 5650: 5565: 5485: 5361: 5299: 5010: 4995: 4970: 4518: 4390: 4357: 4353: 4316: 4199: 4185: 4143: 4103: 3691: 3490: 2868: 2857: 2046: 1950: 1643: 1578: 1536:

On 14 November 1770, a letter by Junius directed at Mansfield was published by the

1529: 1528:

for selling them, and John Miller for republishing them. Almon's case was heard at

1313: 1211: 949: 822: 725: 699: 688: 512:

He became involved in British politics in 1742, beginning with his election to the

502: 4049:

Butcher, Christopher (2008). "Good faith in insurance law: a redundant concept?".

3898: 3887:

illustration accompanying "The New Houses of Parliament", 2 February 1856, p. 121.

3848:

Court of King's Bench, Great Britain; Glenbervie, Sylvester Douglas Baron (1831).

2887: 1995:, where he and other notable Parliamentarians look on at visitors to Parliament. 1871: 5675: 5635: 5585: 5339: 5155: 5070: 5055: 4950: 4858: 4410: 4278:

Jones, Gareth (November 1980). "Book Reviews - Lord Mansfield by Edmund Heward".

4163: 2157: 1728: 1639: 1631: 1624: 1598: 1499: 1495: 1456: 1435: 1219: 1207: 985: 957: 948:

that sought to punish the City of Edinburgh for the behaviour of its citizens by

882:

into one national entity, but they retained separate legal systems. However, the

818: 810: 680: 482: 178: 162: 4074: 3514: 3465: 3389:

Why did Black Londoners not join the Sierra Leone Resettlement Scheme 1783–1815?

3363:

Why did Black Londoners not join the Sierra Leone Resettlement Scheme 1783–1815?

1335:

Mansfield decided in favour of Boehm, saying that Carter had failed his duty of

5760: 5740: 5735: 5720: 5690: 5640: 5445: 5413: 5396: 5240: 5218: 5085: 4945: 4873: 2872: 2132: 2029: 1894: 1787: 1732: 1679: 1304: 1298: 1288: 1283: 1247: 1025: 953: 837: 806: 672: 637: 589: 557: 552: 4147: 4107: 5798: 5770: 5755: 5715: 5700: 5620: 5555: 5510: 5228: 5060: 5045: 5035: 5025: 4955: 4940: 4925: 4530: 4489: 4365: 4328: 4291: 4247: 4211: 4155: 4115: 4085:. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 600–601. 4070: 4062: 2194: 2152: 2079: 1987:

Monument to Mansfield in Westminster Abbey, with a figure representing Wisdom

1944: 1931: 1783: 1759: 1615: 1465: 1444: 1419: 1024:, saying he had no interest in politics. In 1742, however, the government of 830: 668: 432: 388: 1161:

highlighted his unsuitability for politics—unlike such other politicians as

1052:

on 15 December 1742 and immediately succeeded Strange as Solicitor General.

5725: 5705: 5695: 5685: 5665: 5250: 4975: 4673: 4451: 2168: 2124: 2069: 2012: 2000: 1849: 1818: 1671: 1174: 1113: 952:

the city. Murray represented the City in both the House of Commons and the

891: 601: 585: 470: 368: 123: 4468: 1516:

and Mansfield. As his letters were wildly popular, the circulation of the

5765: 5750: 5745: 5680: 5630: 5490: 5430: 5020: 4394: 4235: 2161: 2144: 2136: 1844: 977: 921:

Lady Elizabeth Finch (Later Countess of Mansfield) (left) and her sister

895: 466: 1062:

In 1745, Murray defended the actions of the government in hiring 16,000

5710: 5645: 5145: 4538: 4373: 4299: 4219: 3502: 1635: 1547: 1525: 1390: 1090:

described it as a "résponse sans réplique" (response without a reply).

968:

On 20 September 1738, he married Lady Elizabeth Finch, the daughter of

740: 736: 709: 704: 617: 605: 581: 474: 439: 372: 4497: 4336: 1229:. He suspended his duties temporarily on 5 April 1757, when appointed 5910:

Members of the Parliament of Great Britain for English constituencies

5570: 3923: 1802: 1798: 1394: 1329: 1251: 1222:

that evening. Immediately afterwards he was created Baron Mansfield.

930: 717: 506: 4522: 4203: 3494: 1792:

Miss Murrays were upstairs with Lord Mansfield, whom they never left

1447:

was a bookseller who in 1729 had purchased the publishing rights to

567:, Mansfield has been called the founder of English commercial law. 4320: 3847: 1906: 1806: 1740: 1574: 1402: 1317: 960:. In exchange for his work, the citizens of Edinburgh gave him the 676: 664: 2277:

Abolition! The Struggle to Abolish Slavery in the British Colonies

1105:, was only a child), while the public favoured the child's mother 4551:"Lord Mansfield; Judicial Integrity or Its Lack; Somerset's Case" 2020:'Here Murray long enough his country's pride is now no more than 1590: 1325: 1146: 1079: 1008: 938: 728:

degree in 1727, and travelled to London to train as a barrister.

577: 505:

in November 1730 and quickly gained a reputation as an excellent

4240:

A Biographical Dictionary of the Justices of England (1066–1870)

4381:

Krikler, Jeremy (2007). "The Zong and the Lord Chief Justice".

4134:(2009). "Conserving culture and copyright: a partial history". 3515:

GN 00306.026 State Laws on Applicability of Lord Mansfield Rule

3402:"The National Archives – Exhibitions – Black presence – rights" 2021: 2008: 1905:

and his refusal to go against the King, as well as for blatant

1398: 845: 753:

Daniel Finch, 2nd Earl of Nottingham and 7th Earl of Winchilsea

721: 486: 392: 2007:; it shows a seated Murray flanked by the personifications of 724:'s works into English and then back into Latin. He gained his 4092:"Somerset's Case and Its Antecedents in Imperial Perspective" 1964:

also suggest that emancipation was not his goal. In the 1785

1868:

to describe him as "one of the boldest of judicial spirits".

1512:. In them, Junius attacked many political leaders, including 1086:

called "the foundation of the modern law of neutrality", and

4476:

Shaw, Thomas (1926). "The Enlightenment of Lord Mansfield".

1455:". After the term of the exclusive rights granted under the 1258:

At the time it was also traditional for all judgments to be

970:

Daniel Finch, 2nd Earl of Nottingham, 7th Earl of Winchilsea

3331: 3329: 3327: 2858:"Oxford DNB article: Murray, William (subscription needed)" 659:

After an examination in May 1723, Murray was accepted into

2867:. Vol. 1 (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 1609:, owned by Captain John Knowles and bound for the British 890:

were sent there. A barrister had to be familiar with both

813:. Murray also studied various texts, including the French 759:(born 1760), the daughter of Mansfield's nephew and heir, 751:

Murray married Lady Elizabeth Finch, youngest daughter of

4478:

Journal of Comparative Legislation and International Law

3324: 1482:, he was personally in favour of a perpetual copyright. 763:, after her mother died. When Mansfield's other nephew, 3527:"Essentials for Attorneys in Child Support Enforcement" 4188:(October 1943). "Granville Sharp and Lord Mansfield". 3900:

The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States

1901:

He was, however, criticised for his resistance to the

1770:

was opposed to the appointment of Mansfield's protégé

1206:

Anyone wishing to become a judge was required to be a

1464:, and therefore that no works can ever be considered 1937:

Opinion over Mansfield's intention in his ruling in

1443: (20 April 1769), in relation to copyright law. 3647:. Internet Archive. London : William Collins. 3126:"History of Penn Law – medallions and inscriptions" 1365:, Mansfield had tried to challenge the doctrine of 998:

Thomas Watson-Wentworth, 1st Marquess of Rockingham

16:

British barrister, politician and judge (1705–1793)

4256: 2856: 2559:Lord Mansfield : justice in the age of reason 1813:. His monument at Westminster was commissioned by 1302:, something completely lacking in English law. In 779:Mansfield also helped mentor his nephew and heir, 4463:(5 ed.). Boston: Little, Brown and Company. 1593:in England. The English had been involved in the 929:In 1737, Murray acted as Counsel for the City of 19:For descendants of the first Lord Mansfield, see 5796: 4903: 3873:"Architecture of the Palace – St Stephen's Hall" 671:on 18 June. The records say that he came from 2103:Cameo of William Murray, 1st Earl of Mansfield 1852:should be applied by all courts, not just the 1731:, which provoked bitter arguments in both the 1581:, who represented James Somersett in this case 1274:, which was described as the "sleepy hollow". 720:. He also became fluent in Latin, translating 5895:People educated at Westminster School, London 5885:Members of the Privy Council of Great Britain 5870:Chancellors of the Exchequer of Great Britain 4889: 4436:. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press. 1889:Pillans & Rose v Van Mierop & Hopkins 1782:Mansfield spent the remainder of his life at 1358:Pillans & Rose v Van Mierop & Hopkins 1048:, Murray was made a Member of Parliament for 4434:Lord Mansfield: Justice in the Age of Reason 3644:Belle : the true story behind the movie 2264:Lord Mansfield: Justice in the Age of Reason 1585:Mansfield is best known for his judgment in 1397:and ancient Roman and Greek writers such as 829:, and "crabbed and uncouth compositions" on 767:, returned to Britain in 1765 following the 570:Mansfield is also known for his judgment in 5890:Peers of Great Britain created by George II 4263:. Chichester: Barry Rose (publishers) Ltd. 3903:. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 2342:"William Murray (Lord Mansfield) 1705–1793" 1921:described him as "more responsible for the 1797:In the summer, he was visited by groups of 1433:Mansfield made another notable judgment in 595: 4896: 4882: 4409: 3365:(London: Open University, 2014), pp. 20–1. 2045:Because of his reputation as a barrister, 1999:In 1801 a large marble monument to him by 1020:Murray had repeatedly refused to become a 50: 4507:"Mansfield and Blackstone's Commentaries" 4089: 3678:Dictionary of British Sculptors 1660–1851 1277: 1210:, which Murray was not; as such, he left 136:February 1783 – 23 December 1783 5900:Solicitors general for England and Wales 5875:Lord chief justices of England and Wales 5784:Interim Chancellor of the Exchequer, as 4504: 4458: 4069: 4032:An Introduction to English Legal History 3989: 3987: 3768: 3766: 3764: 3754: 3752: 3750: 3689: 3627: 3625: 3623: 3621: 3611: 3609: 3572: 3570: 3568: 3566: 3539: 3317: 3315: 3313: 3311: 3309: 3278: 3276: 3274: 3272: 3270: 3268: 3266: 3256: 3254: 3244: 3242: 3240: 3238: 3236: 3234: 3215: 3213: 3211: 3209: 3199: 3197: 3195: 3185: 3183: 3181: 3162: 3160: 3111: 3109: 3107: 3105: 3103: 3101: 3059: 3057: 3055: 3053: 3012: 3010: 3000: 2998: 2996: 2986: 2984: 2982: 2972: 2970: 2968: 2940: 2938: 2936: 2934: 2932: 2930: 2928: 2926: 2924: 2836: 2834: 2832: 2830: 2802: 2800: 2798: 2796: 2786: 2784: 2782: 2772: 2770: 2768: 2742: 2740: 2738: 2736: 2726: 2724: 2722: 2703: 2701: 2699: 2689: 2687: 2685: 2683: 2673: 2671: 2669: 2667: 2421: 2419: 2417: 2415: 2098: 1982: 1870: 1754: 1697: 1573: 1184: 1007: 944:As a result, a bill was proposed in the 916: 735: 306:15 December 1742 – 6 March 1754 4380: 4130: 4048: 4001: 3999: 3896: 3866: 3816: 3814: 3082: 3080: 3078: 2864:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 2850: 2848: 2846: 2820: 2818: 2816: 2814: 2812: 2758: 2756: 2754: 2752: 2657: 2655: 2653: 2625: 2623: 2613: 2611: 2609: 2607: 2605: 2595: 2593: 2591: 2581: 2579: 2507: 2505: 2495: 2493: 2483: 2481: 2479: 2469: 2467: 2457: 2455: 2433: 2431: 2405: 2403: 2369: 2367: 2244: 2242: 2240: 2238: 2236: 2234: 1750: 1490:In 1695 Parliament failed to renew the 1339:. In his judgment Mansfield said that: 1028:fell, and Murray's brother-in-law, the 1003: 842:Sarah Churchill, Duchess of Marlborough 708:, something odd considering the strong 547:and moved the country onto the path to 294:Solicitor General for England and Wales 252:6 March 1754 – 8 November 1756 5797: 4635:Lord Chief Justice of the King's Bench 4545: 4306: 4254: 4184: 4162: 3939: 3878: 3444:Vol. III, No. 1, January 1934, p. 112. 3290: 3288: 2854: 2445: 2443: 2381: 2379: 2306: 2304: 2302: 2300: 2298: 2220:List of cases involving Lord Mansfield 2049:offer a series of scholarship for the 1925:than any other man". Scholars such as 1101:, as Regent (since the heir apparent, 805:speak in court along with tutoring by 421:David Murray, 5th Viscount of Stormont 240:Attorney General for England and Wales 82:8 November 1756 – 4 June 1788 70:Lord Chief Justice of the King's Bench 4877: 4431: 4343: 4309:The American Journal of Legal History 4277: 4026: 3984: 3761: 3747: 3640: 3618: 3606: 3597: 3579: 3563: 3339:(London: BBC Books, 2005), pp. 51–61. 3306: 3263: 3251: 3231: 3206: 3192: 3178: 3157: 3098: 3050: 3007: 2993: 2979: 2965: 2921: 2827: 2793: 2779: 2765: 2733: 2719: 2696: 2680: 2664: 2643: 2641: 2639: 2637: 2635: 2555: 2551: 2549: 2412: 2322:from the original on 12 December 2020 2182: 2053:named the Lord Mansfield Scholarship. 1909:—highlighted by his attempts to have 1408:In 1783, Mansfield heard the case of 1225:On 19 November, he was sworn in as a 1180: 1082:to frustrate neutral shipping, which 786: 457:William Murray, 1st Earl of Mansfield 4511:The University of Chicago Law Review 4475: 4417:(7th ed.). Palgrave Macmillan. 4234: 3996: 3811: 3708: 3391:London: Open University, 2014, p. 4. 3118: 3075: 2843: 2809: 2749: 2650: 2620: 2602: 2588: 2576: 2502: 2490: 2476: 2464: 2452: 2428: 2400: 2393: 2391: 2364: 2279:(Oxford: Lion Hudson, 2007), p. 142. 2258: 2256: 2254: 2231: 2177:University of Arkansas School of Law 1858:Supreme Court of Judicature Act 1873 1143:Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster 1112:On 6 March 1754, the Prime Minister 923:Lady Henrietta, Duchess of Cleveland 600:Murray was born on 2 March 1705, at 198:5 April 1757 – 8 April 1757 4461:A Concise History of the Common Law 3378:London: Fontana, 1993), pp. 12, 16. 3285: 3029:. House of Lords Information Office 2440: 2376: 2295: 1973:David Murray, 2nd Earl of Mansfield 1569: 1282:In the eighteenth century, English 1016:assistant of Jean-Baptiste van Loo. 996:, and Lady Mary who was married to 865:David Murray, 7th Viscount Stormont 781:David Murray, 7th Viscount Stormont 761:David Murray, 7th Viscount Stormont 13: 4505:Waterman, Julian S. (March 1934). 3861:1785 Lord Mansfield Thames Ditton. 2632: 2546: 2173:Supreme Court of the United States 1703:Mansfield's appellate decision in 1099:Prince William, Duke of Cumberland 584:and had never been established by 14: 5926: 4566: 4090:Van Cleve, George (Autumn 2006). 4076:"Mansfield, William Murray" 2388: 2251: 2015:, with an inscription that reads: 1714: 933:in the aftermath of the death of 4008: 3975: 3966: 3957: 3948: 3911: 3890: 3841: 3832: 3823: 3802: 3793: 3784: 3696:The remarkable story of John Way 3690:Trackman, Ian (1 January 2021). 3466:GN 00306.025 Lord Mansfield Rule 2312:"William Murray, Lord Mansfield" 1961:R v Inhabitants of Thames Ditton 1428: 5835:Alumni of Christ Church, Oxford 5820:Nobility from Perth and Kinross 4020: 3775: 3738: 3702: 3683: 3670: 3661: 3634: 3588: 3532: 3520: 3508: 3471: 3459: 3447: 3431: 3419: 3394: 3381: 3368: 3355: 3342: 3297: 3222: 3169: 3148: 3089: 3066: 3041: 3019: 2956: 2947: 2912: 2903: 2894: 2710: 2514: 1878:, whom Mansfield tried to make 1012:Murray circa 1737; portrait by 4358:10.1080/00213624.1973.11503137 4034:(4th ed.). Butterworths. 2334: 2282: 2269: 1623:argument. An activist layman, 1393:who was heavily influenced by 1116:died, and this necessitated a 1068:War of the Austrian Succession 731: 1: 3095:Krikler (2007), pp. 36–7, 43. 2346:Washington and Lee University 2225: 1991:Mansfield is immortalised in 1725:Speaker of the House of Lords 1723:, Mansfield agreed to act as 1520:doubled in just five months. 1439: (1769) 4 Burr 2303, 1361: (1765) 3 Burr 1663, 1308: (1746) 3 Burr 1905, 988:. Her other sisters included 685:Thomas Foley, 1st Baron Foley 620:cause, and his older brother 528:. In the absence of a strong 489:at the age of 13 to study at 5865:Burials at Westminster Abbey 4905:Chancellors of the Exchequer 4242:. Spottiswoode and Company. 4191:The Journal of Negro History 3919:"Inns of Court Scholarships" 3885:The Illustrated London News, 2888:UK public library membership 2094: 1966:Inhabitants of Thames Ditton 1707: (1777) 2 Cowp 591, 1508:, a London newspaper run by 1414: (1783) 3 Doug 232, 1066:troops to help fight in the 7: 5825:18th-century English judges 5815:People from Perth, Scotland 4726:Parliament of Great Britain 4708:Chancellor of the Exchequer 4459:Plunkett, Theodore (1956). 3855:. Reed and Hunter. p. 3540:Smernoff, Batya F. (1996). 2213: 2107:Mansfield was noted at the 1719:After the formation of the 1589:on the legality of keeping 1231:Chancellor of the Exchequer 1034:First Lord of the Admiralty 186:Chancellor of the Exchequer 10: 5931: 4555:Journal of Comparative Law 4346:Journal of Economic Issues 3456:USLegal Legal Definitions. 3130:University of Pennsylvania 1978: 1322:British East India Company 1320:), which was built by the 1244:Norman conquest of England 1191:Portrait of Lord Mansfield 819:Napoleonic Commercial Code 18: 5905:Younger sons of viscounts 5779: 5375: 5179: 4911: 4856: 4846: 4833: 4823: 4810: 4805: 4798: 4784: 4743: 4731: 4724: 4714: 4705: 4697: 4680: 4671: 4656: 4651: 4641: 4632: 4622: 4613: 4605: 4595: 4586: 4578: 4573: 4432:Poser, Norman S. (2013). 4280:The Cambridge Law Journal 4148:10.3366/E1364980908000942 4108:10.1017/S073824800000081X 3927:. London. 8 December 2008 3442:Mercer Beasley Law Review 3428:, p. 851 (Fifth Edition). 3352:(London: 1971), pp. 25-7. 3072:McKendrick (2007), p. 87. 2556:Poser, Norman S. (2013). 2292:(London: 1971), pp. 25–7. 2206:, Murray is portrayed by 2193:, Murray is portrayed by 2058:The Fight Against Slavery 1862:Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. 1839: 1832:. He also gave £2,000 to 1485: 1236: 644:, decided to send him to 450: 438: 428: 416: 408: 398: 378: 355: 350: 346: 334: 322: 310: 299: 292: 280: 268: 256: 245: 238: 226: 214: 202: 191: 184: 168: 152: 140: 129: 122: 110: 98: 86: 75: 68: 64: 56:Portrait of Mansfield by 49: 30: 5880:Members of Lincoln's Inn 4800:Peerage of Great Britain 4769:Hon. Lewis Monson Watson 4383:History Workshop Journal 4014:Waterman (1934), p. 549. 3799:Waterman (1934), p. 557. 3790:Waterman (1934), p. 552. 2647:Plunkett (1956), p. 249. 2397:Plunkett (1956), p. 248. 2040:Mansfield, Massachusetts 1684:An Interesting Narrative 1141:offered him the post of 648:as James knew the Dean, 630:Lichfield Grammar School 614:5th Viscount of Stormont 612:, the fourth son of the 596:Early life and education 4684:The Earl of Northington 4255:Heward, Edmund (1979). 4082:Encyclopædia Britannica 4051:Journal of Business Law 3897:Gannett, Henry (1905). 3820:Van Cleve (2006), p. 4. 3808:Van Cleve (2006), p. 1. 3303:Van Cleve (2006), p. 3. 3294:Van Cleve (2006), p. 2. 3047:Butcher (2008), p. 380. 1355:In the earlier case of 1286:was still based on the 844:. Pope also taught him 4096:Law and History Review 4005:Leslie (1957), p. 279. 3945:Heward (1979), p. 178. 3838:Van Ceve (2006), p. 6. 3772:Heward (1979), p. 171. 3758:Heward (1979), p. 170. 3726:Cite journal requires 3667:Heward (1979), p. 161. 3631:Heward (1979), p. 168. 3615:Heward (1979), p. 166. 3585:Heward (1979), p. 163. 3576:Heward (1979), p. 162. 3489:(7): 1457–1487, 1977, 3426:Black's Law Dictionary 3321:Heward (1979), p. 141. 3282:Heward (1979), p. 140. 3248:Heward (1979), p. 139. 3219:Heward (1979), p. 129. 3203:Heward (1979), p. 128. 3189:Heward (1979), p. 127. 3175:Heward (1979), p. 126. 3166:Heward (1979), p. 125. 3115:Heward (1979), p. 105. 3063:Heward (1979), p. 104. 3016:Heward (1979), p. 103. 3004:Heward (1979), p. 102. 2990:Heward (1979), p. 101. 2873:10.1093/ref:odnb/19655 2855:Oldham, James (2004). 2104: 2035: 1988: 1883: 1763: 1676: 1582: 1510:Henry Sampson Woodfall 1502:were published in the 1480:Sir William Blackstone 1346: 1278:Mercantile law changes 1203: 1017: 926: 817:(a predecessor to the 815:Ordinance de la Marine 748: 636:, where he was taught 317:The Earl of Wilmington 5860:British MPs 1754–1761 5855:British MPs 1747–1754 5850:British MPs 1741–1747 5845:British legal writers 5840:Black British history 4921:Eustace of Fauconberg 4660:The Earl of Hardwicke 3993:Fifoot (1936), p. 48. 3981:Jones (1980), p. 375. 3972:Jones (1980), p. 373. 3963:Fifoot (1936), p. 33. 3781:Baker (2002), p. 200. 3744:Fifoot (1936), p. 50. 3641:Byrne, Paula (2014). 3594:Fifoot (1936), p. 46. 3546:Golden Gate U. L. Rev 3454:Lord Mansfield's Rule 3406:The National Archives 3154:Cornish (2009), p. 9. 3086:Lowry (1973), p. 609. 2976:Heward (1979), p. 99. 2953:Heward (1979), p. 47. 2944:Heward (1979), p. 46. 2918:Lowry (1973), p. 606. 2909:Lowry (1973), p. 605. 2900:Fifoot (1936), p. 40. 2840:Heward (1979), p. 45. 2824:Fifoot (1936), p. 38. 2806:Heward (1979), p. 42. 2790:Heward (1979), p. 40. 2776:Heward (1979), p. 33. 2762:Fifoot (1936), p. 37. 2746:Heward (1979), p. 31. 2730:Heward (1979), p. 24. 2716:Heward (1979), p. 23. 2707:Heward (1979), p. 20. 2693:Heward (1979), p. 15. 2661:Heward (1979), p. 14. 2629:Fifoot (1936), p. 34. 2617:Heward (1979), p. 13. 2599:Fifoot (1936), p. 29. 2511:Heward (1979), p. 10. 2499:Fifoot (1936), p. 28. 2409:Fifoot (1936), p. 27. 2248:Heward (1979), p. 30. 2203:The Scandalous Lady W 2119:He was summarised by 2102: 2084:The Scandalous Lady W 2051:Bar Vocational Course 2018: 1986: 1882:after his retirement. 1874: 1821:RA (by suggestion of 1817:. It was sculpted by 1758: 1698:Lord Mansfield's Rule 1668: 1601:was a slave owned by 1577: 1341: 1272:Court of Common Pleas 1268:High Court of Justice 1200:John Singleton Copley 1188: 1011: 980:, home of her sister 935:Captain John Porteous 920: 900:Moncrieff v Moncrieff 757:Lady Elizabeth Murray 745:Lady Elizabeth Murray 739: 667:on 15 June 1723, and 661:Christ Church, Oxford 495:Christ Church, Oxford 481:, he was educated in 445:Christ Church, Oxford 263:The Duke of Newcastle 209:The Duke of Newcastle 93:The Duke of Newcastle 58:Jean-Baptiste van Loo 37:The Earl of Mansfield 4746:Member of Parliament 4136:Edinburgh Law Review 3954:Jones (198), p. 374. 3829:Watson (2006), p. 3. 3603:Foss (1870), p. 472. 2962:Baker (2002), p. 50. 2677:Foss (1870), p. 470. 2487:Heward (1979), p. 9. 2473:Heward (1979), p. 8. 2461:Heward (1979), p. 7. 2449:Heward (1979), p. 4. 2437:Heward (1979), p. 3. 2425:Foss (1870), p. 469. 2385:Heward (1979), p. 2. 2042:was named after him. 1903:freedom of the press 1823:Sir William Hamilton 1762:, Hampstead, London. 1751:Retirement and death 1691:Dido Elizabeth Belle 1462:common law copyright 1022:Member of Parliament 1004:Member of Parliament 994:Duchess of Roxburghe 982:Duchess of Cleveland 794:barristers' chambers 773:Dido Elizabeth Belle 634:Perth Grammar School 564:Pillans v Van Mierop 545:Age of Enlightenment 518:Member of Parliament 147:The Duke of Portland 33:The Right Honourable 4170:. Clarendon Press. 3852:[1778–1785] 3483:Michigan Law Review 2585:Heward (1979) p. 12 1721:Fox-North Coalition 1543:London Evening Post 1471:Donaldson v Beckett 1196:parliamentary robes 1173:after the death of 1130:Master of the Rolls 990:Duchess of Somerset 962:Freedom of the City 880:Kingdom of Scotland 576:where he held that 524:and appointment as 5830:Earls of Mansfield 5786:Lord Chief Justice 4718:Henry Bilson Legge 4701:Henry Bilson Legge 4690:as Lord Chancellor 4666:as Lord Chancellor 4652:Political offices 4395:10.1093/hwj/dbm035 3350:The Black Presence 3260:Foss (1870) p. 471 3136:on 24 October 2008 2373:Shaw (1926), p. 2. 2352:on 20 October 2011 2290:The Black Presence 2183:In popular culture 2105: 1989: 1915:Lord Chief Justice 1884: 1880:Lord Chief Justice 1876:Sir Francis Buller 1764: 1583: 1411:Gregson v. Gilbert 1204: 1181:Lord Chief Justice 1030:Earl of Nottingham 1026:Sir Robert Walpole 1018: 1014:John Giles Eccardt 927: 876:Kingdom of England 787:At the English bar 749: 702:and the political 691:on 23 April 1724. 646:Westminster School 573:Somerset v Stewart 549:abolishing slavery 538:Lord Chief Justice 491:Westminster School 233:Henry Bilson Legge 221:Henry Bilson Legge 5792: 5791: 4872: 4871: 4847:Succeeded by 4836:Earl of Mansfield 4824:Succeeded by 4813:Earl of Mansfield 4788:Sir Cecil Bishopp 4785:Succeeded by 4779:Sir Cecil Bishopp 4715:Succeeded by 4693: 4681:Succeeded by 4669: 4642:Succeeded by 4626:Sir Robert Henley 4623:Succeeded by 4599:Sir Richard Lloyd 4596:Succeeded by 4589:Solicitor General 4424:978-0-230-01883-9 4270:978-0-85992-163-3 4186:Fisher, Ruth Anna 4177:978-3-511-09053-1 4041:978-0-406-93053-8 3654:978-0-00-754272-7 2886:(Subscription or 2569:978-0-7735-4183-2 2522:"Wayback Machine" 2316:Westminster Abbey 2262:Norman S. Poser, 2200:In the 2015 film 2187:In the 2013 film 2171:, a judge of the 2113:Lord Chesterfield 2005:Westminster Abbey 2003:was installed in 1993:St Stephen's Hall 1927:John Chipman Gray 1919:John Quincy Adams 1892:3 Burr 1663, and 1854:Court of Chancery 1811:Westminster Abbey 1611:colony of Jamaica 1538:Public Advertiser 1518:Public Advertiser 1505:Public Advertiser 1139:Duke of Newcastle 1046:Solicitor General 858:Court of Chancery 811:special pleadings 798:called to the Bar 650:Francis Atterbury 626:The Old Pretender 526:Solicitor General 499:called to the Bar 485:before moving to 479:Scottish nobility 477:, to a family of 454: 453: 403:Westminster Abbey 341:Sir Richard Lloyd 287:Sir Robert Henley 21:Earl of Mansfield 5922: 5181:of Great Britain 4898: 4891: 4884: 4875: 4874: 4764:Earl of Dalkeith 4732:Preceded by 4698:Preceded by 4687: 4663: 4657:Preceded by 4616:Attorney General 4609:Sir Dudley Ryder 4606:Preceded by 4579:Preceded by 4571: 4570: 4562: 4542: 4501: 4472: 4455: 4428: 4411:McKendrick, Ewan 4406: 4377: 4340: 4303: 4274: 4262: 4251: 4231: 4181: 4159: 4132:Cornish, William 4127: 4086: 4078: 4066: 4045: 4015: 4012: 4006: 4003: 3994: 3991: 3982: 3979: 3973: 3970: 3964: 3961: 3955: 3952: 3946: 3943: 3937: 3936: 3934: 3932: 3915: 3909: 3908: 3894: 3888: 3882: 3876: 3875:, UK Parliament. 3870: 3864: 3863: 3845: 3839: 3836: 3830: 3827: 3821: 3818: 3809: 3806: 3800: 3797: 3791: 3788: 3782: 3779: 3773: 3770: 3759: 3756: 3745: 3742: 3736: 3735: 3729: 3724: 3722: 3714: 3706: 3700: 3699: 3692:"John Way story" 3687: 3681: 3674: 3668: 3665: 3659: 3658: 3638: 3632: 3629: 3616: 3613: 3604: 3601: 3595: 3592: 3586: 3583: 3577: 3574: 3561: 3560: 3558: 3556: 3536: 3530: 3524: 3518: 3512: 3506: 3505: 3475: 3469: 3463: 3457: 3451: 3445: 3435: 3429: 3423: 3417: 3416: 3414: 3412: 3398: 3392: 3385: 3379: 3372: 3366: 3359: 3353: 3346: 3340: 3333: 3322: 3319: 3304: 3301: 3295: 3292: 3283: 3280: 3261: 3258: 3249: 3246: 3229: 3226: 3220: 3217: 3204: 3201: 3190: 3187: 3176: 3173: 3167: 3164: 3155: 3152: 3146: 3145: 3143: 3141: 3132:. Archived from 3122: 3116: 3113: 3096: 3093: 3087: 3084: 3073: 3070: 3064: 3061: 3048: 3045: 3039: 3038: 3036: 3034: 3023: 3017: 3014: 3005: 3002: 2991: 2988: 2977: 2974: 2963: 2960: 2954: 2951: 2945: 2942: 2919: 2916: 2910: 2907: 2901: 2898: 2892: 2891: 2883: 2881: 2879: 2860: 2852: 2841: 2838: 2825: 2822: 2807: 2804: 2791: 2788: 2777: 2774: 2763: 2760: 2747: 2744: 2731: 2728: 2717: 2714: 2708: 2705: 2694: 2691: 2678: 2675: 2662: 2659: 2648: 2645: 2630: 2627: 2618: 2615: 2600: 2597: 2586: 2583: 2574: 2573: 2553: 2544: 2543: 2541: 2539: 2534:on 24 March 2020 2533: 2527:. Archived from 2526: 2518: 2512: 2509: 2500: 2497: 2488: 2485: 2474: 2471: 2462: 2459: 2450: 2447: 2438: 2435: 2426: 2423: 2410: 2407: 2398: 2395: 2386: 2383: 2374: 2371: 2362: 2361: 2359: 2357: 2348:. Archived from 2338: 2332: 2331: 2329: 2327: 2308: 2293: 2286: 2280: 2275:Richard Reddie, 2273: 2267: 2260: 2249: 2246: 1951:Shanley v Harvey 1737:House of Commons 1705:Goodright v Moss 1644:Francis Hargrave 1587:Somersett's Case 1579:Francis Hargrave 1570:Somersett's Case 1560:Attorney General 1530:Westminster Hall 1314:Fort Marlborough 1227:Privy Counsellor 1194:. Murray in his 1126:Sir Dudley Ryder 1122:Attorney General 1107:Princess Augusta 1057:Attorney General 1042:Sir John Strange 950:disenfranchising 946:House of Commons 888:Court of Session 821:), the works of 809:on how to write 769:Seven Years' War 765:Sir John Lindsay 726:Bachelor of Arts 700:House of Hanover 656:on 21 May 1719. 590:British colonies 580:had no basis in 534:Sir Dudley Ryder 530:Attorney General 514:House of Commons 493:. Accepted into 464: 385: 365: 363: 351:Personal details 337: 329:Sir John Strange 325: 313: 304: 283: 275:Sir Dudley Ryder 271: 259: 250: 229: 217: 205: 196: 175:The Lord Thurlow 171: 159:The Lord Thurlow 155: 143: 134: 113: 105:Sir Dudley Ryder 101: 89: 80: 54: 44: 28: 27: 5930: 5929: 5925: 5924: 5923: 5921: 5920: 5919: 5795: 5794: 5793: 5788: 5775: 5661:Heathcoat-Amory 5378: 5371: 5175: 4907: 4902: 4862: 4859:Baron Mansfield 4852: 4843: 4839: 4829: 4820: 4816: 4794: 4790: 4777: 4772: 4767: 4762: 4755: 4754:1742–56 4753: 4741: 4737: 4720: 4711: 4703: 4686: 4677: 4662: 4647: 4638: 4628: 4619: 4611: 4601: 4592: 4584: 4569: 4523:10.2307/1596998 4444: 4425: 4271: 4204:10.2307/2714946 4178: 4042: 4023: 4018: 4013: 4009: 4004: 3997: 3992: 3985: 3980: 3976: 3971: 3967: 3962: 3958: 3953: 3949: 3944: 3940: 3930: 3928: 3917: 3916: 3912: 3895: 3891: 3883: 3879: 3871: 3867: 3846: 3842: 3837: 3833: 3828: 3824: 3819: 3812: 3807: 3803: 3798: 3794: 3789: 3785: 3780: 3776: 3771: 3762: 3757: 3748: 3743: 3739: 3727: 3725: 3716: 3715: 3709:Trackman, Ian. 3707: 3703: 3688: 3684: 3676:Rupert Gunnis, 3675: 3671: 3666: 3662: 3655: 3639: 3635: 3630: 3619: 3614: 3607: 3602: 3598: 3593: 3589: 3584: 3580: 3575: 3564: 3554: 3552: 3537: 3533: 3525: 3521: 3513: 3509: 3495:10.2307/1287807 3477: 3476: 3472: 3464: 3460: 3452: 3448: 3436: 3432: 3424: 3420: 3410: 3408: 3400: 3399: 3395: 3386: 3382: 3373: 3369: 3360: 3356: 3347: 3343: 3337:Rough Crossings 3334: 3325: 3320: 3307: 3302: 3298: 3293: 3286: 3281: 3264: 3259: 3252: 3247: 3232: 3227: 3223: 3218: 3207: 3202: 3193: 3188: 3179: 3174: 3170: 3165: 3158: 3153: 3149: 3139: 3137: 3124: 3123: 3119: 3114: 3099: 3094: 3090: 3085: 3076: 3071: 3067: 3062: 3051: 3046: 3042: 3032: 3030: 3025: 3024: 3020: 3015: 3008: 3003: 2994: 2989: 2980: 2975: 2966: 2961: 2957: 2952: 2948: 2943: 2922: 2917: 2913: 2908: 2904: 2899: 2895: 2885: 2877: 2875: 2853: 2844: 2839: 2828: 2823: 2810: 2805: 2794: 2789: 2780: 2775: 2766: 2761: 2750: 2745: 2734: 2729: 2720: 2715: 2711: 2706: 2697: 2692: 2681: 2676: 2665: 2660: 2651: 2646: 2633: 2628: 2621: 2616: 2603: 2598: 2589: 2584: 2577: 2570: 2554: 2547: 2537: 2535: 2531: 2524: 2520: 2519: 2515: 2510: 2503: 2498: 2491: 2486: 2477: 2472: 2465: 2460: 2453: 2448: 2441: 2436: 2429: 2424: 2413: 2408: 2401: 2396: 2389: 2384: 2377: 2372: 2365: 2355: 2353: 2340: 2339: 2335: 2325: 2323: 2310: 2309: 2296: 2287: 2283: 2274: 2270: 2261: 2252: 2247: 2232: 2228: 2216: 2185: 2158:Lord Chancellor 2097: 2028:'. Foretold by 1981: 1939:Somerset's Case 1842: 1753: 1729:East India Bill 1717: 1700: 1640:James Mansfield 1625:Granville Sharp 1603:Charles Stewart 1599:James Somersett 1572: 1564:William de Grey 1496:seditious libel 1488: 1457:Statute of Anne 1436:Millar v Taylor 1431: 1280: 1264:Court of Appeal 1239: 1220:Lord Chancellor 1208:Serjeant-at-law 1198:as an earl, by 1183: 1120:reshuffle. The 1006: 874:had merged the 852:and opposed by 789: 734: 598: 460: 424:Margaret Murray 423: 412:Elizabeth Finch 387: 383: 367: 361: 359: 335: 323: 311: 305: 300: 281: 269: 257: 251: 246: 227: 215: 203: 197: 192: 179:Lord Chancellor 169: 163:Lord Chancellor 153: 141: 135: 130: 111: 99: 87: 81: 76: 60: 45: 40: 38: 35: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5928: 5918: 5917: 5912: 5907: 5902: 5897: 5892: 5887: 5882: 5877: 5872: 5867: 5862: 5857: 5852: 5847: 5842: 5837: 5832: 5827: 5822: 5817: 5812: 5807: 5790: 5789: 5780: 5777: 5776: 5774: 5773: 5768: 5763: 5758: 5753: 5748: 5743: 5738: 5733: 5728: 5723: 5718: 5713: 5708: 5703: 5698: 5693: 5688: 5683: 5678: 5673: 5668: 5663: 5658: 5653: 5648: 5643: 5638: 5633: 5628: 5623: 5618: 5613: 5611:N. Chamberlain 5608: 5603: 5598: 5593: 5591:N. Chamberlain 5588: 5583: 5578: 5576:A. Chamberlain 5573: 5568: 5563: 5558: 5553: 5551:A. Chamberlain 5548: 5543: 5538: 5533: 5528: 5523: 5518: 5513: 5508: 5503: 5498: 5493: 5488: 5483: 5478: 5473: 5468: 5463: 5458: 5453: 5448: 5443: 5438: 5433: 5428: 5421: 5416: 5411: 5406: 5399: 5394: 5389: 5383: 5381: 5379:United Kingdom 5373: 5372: 5370: 5369: 5364: 5359: 5354: 5347: 5342: 5337: 5332: 5327: 5322: 5317: 5312: 5307: 5302: 5297: 5292: 5287: 5282: 5275: 5270: 5265: 5260: 5253: 5248: 5243: 5238: 5231: 5226: 5221: 5216: 5211: 5206: 5201: 5196: 5191: 5185: 5183: 5177: 5176: 5174: 5173: 5168: 5163: 5158: 5153: 5148: 5143: 5138: 5133: 5128: 5123: 5118: 5113: 5108: 5103: 5098: 5093: 5088: 5083: 5078: 5073: 5068: 5063: 5058: 5053: 5048: 5043: 5038: 5033: 5028: 5023: 5018: 5013: 5008: 5003: 4998: 4993: 4988: 4983: 4978: 4973: 4968: 4963: 4958: 4953: 4948: 4943: 4938: 4933: 4928: 4923: 4917: 4915: 4909: 4908: 4901: 4900: 4893: 4886: 4878: 4870: 4869: 4864: 4854: 4853: 4848: 4845: 4831: 4830: 4825: 4822: 4809: 4803: 4802: 4796: 4795: 4792:Earl of Euston 4786: 4783: 4759:George Gregory 4742: 4739:George Gregory 4733: 4729: 4728: 4722: 4721: 4716: 4713: 4704: 4699: 4695: 4694: 4682: 4679: 4670: 4658: 4654: 4653: 4649: 4648: 4643: 4640: 4630: 4629: 4624: 4621: 4612: 4607: 4603: 4602: 4597: 4594: 4585: 4580: 4576: 4575: 4574:Legal offices 4568: 4567:External links 4565: 4564: 4563: 4543: 4517:(4): 549–571. 4502: 4473: 4456: 4442: 4429: 4423: 4407: 4378: 4352:(4): 605–622. 4341: 4321:10.2307/844022 4315:(4): 278–307. 4304: 4275: 4269: 4252: 4232: 4198:(4): 381–389. 4182: 4176: 4168:Lord Mansfield 4160: 4128: 4102:(3): 601–646. 4087: 4073:, ed. (1911). 4071:Chisholm, Hugh 4067: 4046: 4040: 4022: 4019: 4017: 4016: 4007: 3995: 3983: 3974: 3965: 3956: 3947: 3938: 3910: 3889: 3877: 3865: 3840: 3831: 3822: 3810: 3801: 3792: 3783: 3774: 3760: 3746: 3737: 3728:|journal= 3701: 3682: 3669: 3660: 3653: 3633: 3617: 3605: 3596: 3587: 3578: 3562: 3531: 3519: 3507: 3470: 3458: 3446: 3430: 3418: 3393: 3387:Michael Siva, 3380: 3374:James Walvin, 3367: 3361:Michael Siva, 3354: 3348:James Walvin, 3341: 3335:Simon Schama, 3323: 3305: 3296: 3284: 3262: 3250: 3230: 3221: 3205: 3191: 3177: 3168: 3156: 3147: 3117: 3097: 3088: 3074: 3065: 3049: 3040: 3018: 3006: 2992: 2978: 2964: 2955: 2946: 2920: 2911: 2902: 2893: 2842: 2826: 2808: 2792: 2778: 2764: 2748: 2732: 2718: 2709: 2695: 2679: 2663: 2649: 2631: 2619: 2601: 2587: 2575: 2568: 2545: 2513: 2501: 2489: 2475: 2463: 2451: 2439: 2427: 2411: 2399: 2387: 2375: 2363: 2333: 2294: 2288:James Walvin, 2281: 2268: 2250: 2229: 2227: 2224: 2223: 2222: 2215: 2212: 2184: 2181: 2133:Samuel Johnson 2096: 2093: 2092: 2091: 2054: 2043: 2017: 2016: 1980: 1977: 1911:Francis Buller 1895:Carter v Boehm 1841: 1838: 1834:Francis Buller 1772:Francis Buller 1752: 1749: 1733:House of Lords 1716: 1715:House of Lords 1713: 1699: 1696: 1680:British Empire 1571: 1568: 1556: 1555: 1492:Licensing Acts 1487: 1484: 1430: 1427: 1375:House of Lords 1350:uberrima fides 1337:uberrima fides 1305:Carter v Boehm 1299:uberrima fides 1289:Lex mercatoria 1279: 1276: 1238: 1235: 1216:Serjeant's Inn 1182: 1179: 1171:Prime Minister 1167:Edward Thurlow 1076:Lord Hardwicke 1005: 1002: 954:House of Lords 884:House of Lords 850:Charles Talbot 838:Alexander Pope 807:Thomas Denison 788: 785: 733: 730: 654:King's Scholar 597: 594: 558:Carter v Boehm 452: 451: 448: 447: 442: 436: 435: 430: 426: 425: 418: 414: 413: 410: 406: 405: 400: 396: 395: 386:(aged 88) 380: 376: 375: 357: 353: 352: 348: 347: 344: 343: 338: 332: 331: 326: 320: 319: 314: 312:Prime Minister 308: 307: 297: 296: 290: 289: 284: 278: 277: 272: 266: 265: 260: 258:Prime Minister 254: 253: 243: 242: 236: 235: 230: 224: 223: 218: 212: 211: 206: 204:Prime Minister 200: 199: 189: 188: 182: 181: 172: 166: 165: 156: 150: 149: 144: 142:Prime Minister 138: 137: 127: 126: 120: 119: 114: 108: 107: 102: 96: 95: 90: 88:Prime Minister 84: 83: 73: 72: 66: 65: 62: 61: 55: 47: 46: 39: 36: 31: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5927: 5916: 5913: 5911: 5908: 5906: 5903: 5901: 5898: 5896: 5893: 5891: 5888: 5886: 5883: 5881: 5878: 5876: 5873: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5818: 5816: 5813: 5811: 5808: 5806: 5803: 5802: 5800: 5787: 5783: 5778: 5772: 5769: 5767: 5764: 5762: 5759: 5757: 5754: 5752: 5749: 5747: 5744: 5742: 5739: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5719: 5717: 5714: 5712: 5709: 5707: 5704: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5694: 5692: 5689: 5687: 5684: 5682: 5679: 5677: 5674: 5672: 5669: 5667: 5664: 5662: 5659: 5657: 5654: 5652: 5649: 5647: 5644: 5642: 5639: 5637: 5634: 5632: 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5212: 5210: 5207: 5205: 5202: 5200: 5197: 5195: 5192: 5190: 5187: 5186: 5184: 5182: 5178: 5172: 5169: 5167: 5164: 5162: 5159: 5157: 5154: 5152: 5149: 5147: 5144: 5142: 5139: 5137: 5134: 5132: 5129: 5127: 5124: 5122: 5119: 5117: 5114: 5112: 5109: 5107: 5104: 5102: 5099: 5097: 5094: 5092: 5089: 5087: 5084: 5082: 5079: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5069: 5067: 5064: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5054: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5039: 5037: 5034: 5032: 5029: 5027: 5024: 5022: 5019: 5017: 5014: 5012: 5009: 5007: 5004: 5002: 4999: 4997: 4994: 4992: 4989: 4987: 4984: 4982: 4979: 4977: 4974: 4972: 4969: 4967: 4964: 4962: 4959: 4957: 4954: 4952: 4949: 4947: 4944: 4942: 4939: 4937: 4934: 4932: 4929: 4927: 4924: 4922: 4919: 4918: 4916: 4914: 4910: 4906: 4899: 4894: 4892: 4887: 4885: 4880: 4879: 4876: 4868: 4865: 4861: 4860: 4855: 4851: 4842: 4838: 4837: 4832: 4828: 4827:Louisa Murray 4819: 4815: 4814: 4808: 4804: 4801: 4797: 4793: 4789: 4782: 4780: 4775: 4770: 4765: 4760: 4752: 4751: 4750:Boroughbridge 4747: 4740: 4736: 4735:James Tyrrell 4730: 4727: 4723: 4719: 4710: 4709: 4702: 4696: 4692: 4691: 4685: 4676: 4675: 4668: 4667: 4661: 4655: 4650: 4646: 4637: 4636: 4631: 4627: 4618: 4617: 4610: 4604: 4600: 4591: 4590: 4583: 4577: 4572: 4561:(2): 225–234. 4560: 4556: 4552: 4548: 4544: 4540: 4536: 4532: 4528: 4524: 4520: 4516: 4512: 4508: 4503: 4499: 4495: 4491: 4487: 4483: 4479: 4474: 4470: 4466: 4462: 4457: 4453: 4449: 4445: 4443:9780773541832 4439: 4435: 4430: 4426: 4420: 4416: 4412: 4408: 4404: 4400: 4396: 4392: 4388: 4384: 4379: 4375: 4371: 4367: 4363: 4359: 4355: 4351: 4347: 4342: 4338: 4334: 4330: 4326: 4322: 4318: 4314: 4310: 4305: 4301: 4297: 4293: 4289: 4285: 4281: 4276: 4272: 4266: 4261: 4260: 4253: 4249: 4245: 4241: 4237: 4233: 4229: 4225: 4221: 4217: 4213: 4209: 4205: 4201: 4197: 4193: 4192: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4173: 4169: 4165: 4164:Fifoot, Cecil 4161: 4157: 4153: 4149: 4145: 4141: 4137: 4133: 4129: 4125: 4121: 4117: 4113: 4109: 4105: 4101: 4097: 4093: 4088: 4084: 4083: 4077: 4072: 4068: 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3106: 3104: 3102: 3092: 3083: 3081: 3079: 3069: 3060: 3058: 3056: 3054: 3044: 3028: 3022: 3013: 3011: 3001: 2999: 2997: 2987: 2985: 2983: 2973: 2971: 2969: 2959: 2950: 2941: 2939: 2937: 2935: 2933: 2931: 2929: 2927: 2925: 2915: 2906: 2897: 2889: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2865: 2859: 2851: 2849: 2847: 2837: 2835: 2833: 2831: 2821: 2819: 2817: 2815: 2813: 2803: 2801: 2799: 2797: 2787: 2785: 2783: 2773: 2771: 2769: 2759: 2757: 2755: 2753: 2743: 2741: 2739: 2737: 2727: 2725: 2723: 2713: 2704: 2702: 2700: 2690: 2688: 2686: 2684: 2674: 2672: 2670: 2668: 2658: 2656: 2654: 2644: 2642: 2640: 2638: 2636: 2626: 2624: 2614: 2612: 2610: 2608: 2606: 2596: 2594: 2592: 2582: 2580: 2571: 2565: 2561: 2560: 2552: 2550: 2530: 2523: 2517: 2508: 2506: 2496: 2494: 2484: 2482: 2480: 2470: 2468: 2458: 2456: 2446: 2444: 2434: 2432: 2422: 2420: 2418: 2416: 2406: 2404: 2394: 2392: 2382: 2380: 2370: 2368: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2337: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2307: 2305: 2303: 2301: 2299: 2291: 2285: 2278: 2272: 2265: 2259: 2257: 2255: 2245: 2243: 2241: 2239: 2237: 2235: 2230: 2221: 2218: 2217: 2211: 2209: 2205: 2204: 2198: 2196: 2195:Tom Wilkinson 2192: 2191: 2180: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2165: 2163: 2160:at the time. 2159: 2154: 2153:Charles Yorke 2150: 2146: 2140: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2117: 2114: 2110: 2101: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2080:Tom Wilkinson 2077: 2076: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2062:John Richmond 2059: 2055: 2052: 2048: 2047:Lincoln's Inn 2044: 2041: 2037: 2036: 2034: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1997: 1996: 1994: 1985: 1976: 1974: 1969: 1967: 1963: 1962: 1957: 1953: 1952: 1947: 1946: 1945:Smith v Gould 1940: 1935: 1933: 1932:real property 1928: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1899: 1897: 1896: 1891: 1890: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1846: 1837: 1835: 1831: 1826: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1795: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1784:Kenwood House 1780: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1761: 1760:Kenwood House 1757: 1748: 1744: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1712: 1710: 1706: 1695: 1692: 1687: 1685: 1681: 1675: 1673: 1667: 1663: 1660: 1655: 1653: 1652:James Wallace 1649: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1630: 1626: 1620: 1618: 1617: 1616:habeas corpus 1612: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1580: 1576: 1567: 1565: 1561: 1558:Although the 1553: 1552: 1551: 1549: 1545: 1544: 1539: 1534: 1531: 1527: 1521: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1506: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1483: 1481: 1475: 1473: 1472: 1467: 1466:public domain 1463: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1449:James Thomson 1446: 1445:Andrew Millar 1442: 1438: 1437: 1429:Copyright law 1426: 1424: 1422: 1417: 1413: 1412: 1406: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1382: 1381:7 T. R. 350. 1380: 1379:Rann v Hughes 1376: 1372: 1368: 1367:consideration 1364: 1360: 1359: 1353: 1351: 1345: 1340: 1338: 1333: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1306: 1301: 1300: 1293: 1291: 1290: 1285: 1275: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1256: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1234: 1232: 1228: 1223: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1212:Lincoln's Inn 1209: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1192: 1187: 1178: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1155:Old Pretender 1150: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1134: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1110: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1093:The death of 1091: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1060: 1058: 1053: 1051: 1050:Boroughbridge 1047: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1015: 1010: 1001: 999: 995: 991: 987: 983: 979: 975: 971: 966: 963: 959: 955: 951: 947: 942: 940: 936: 932: 924: 919: 915: 913: 909: 905: 901: 897: 893: 889: 885: 881: 877: 873: 872:Acts of Union 868: 866: 861: 859: 855: 851: 847: 843: 839: 834: 832: 831:municipal law 828: 824: 820: 816: 812: 808: 804: 799: 795: 784: 782: 777: 774: 770: 766: 762: 758: 754: 746: 742: 738: 729: 727: 723: 719: 715: 711: 707: 706: 701: 697: 692: 690: 689:Lincoln's Inn 686: 682: 678: 674: 670: 666: 662: 657: 655: 651: 647: 643: 639: 635: 631: 627: 623: 619: 615: 611: 607: 603: 593: 591: 587: 583: 579: 575: 574: 568: 566: 565: 560: 559: 554: 550: 546: 541: 539: 535: 531: 527: 523: 522:Boroughbridge 519: 515: 510: 508: 504: 503:Lincoln's Inn 500: 496: 492: 488: 484: 480: 476: 472: 468: 463: 458: 449: 446: 443: 441: 437: 434: 433:Kenwood House 431: 427: 422: 419: 415: 411: 407: 404: 401: 399:Resting place 397: 394: 390: 389:Kenwood House 382:20 March 1793 381: 377: 374: 370: 358: 354: 349: 345: 342: 339: 333: 330: 327: 321: 318: 315: 309: 303: 298: 295: 291: 288: 285: 279: 276: 273: 267: 264: 261: 255: 249: 244: 241: 237: 234: 231: 225: 222: 219: 213: 210: 207: 201: 195: 190: 187: 183: 180: 176: 173: 167: 164: 160: 157: 151: 148: 145: 139: 133: 128: 125: 121: 118: 115: 109: 106: 103: 97: 94: 91: 85: 79: 74: 71: 67: 63: 59: 53: 48: 43: 34: 29: 26: 22: 5781: 5656:Thorneycroft 5601:W. Churchill 5561:Lloyd George 5526:R. Churchill 5423: 5401: 5351:Ellenborough 5349: 5285:Bilson-Legge 5278: 5277: 5273:Bilson-Legge 5263:Bilson-Legge 5255: 5233: 4866: 4857: 4850:David Murray 4841:2nd creation 4840: 4834: 4818:1st creation 4817: 4811: 4807:New creation 4806: 4757: 4744: 4706: 4689: 4688: 4674:Lord Speaker 4672: 4665: 4664: 4645:Lloyd Kenyon 4633: 4614: 4587: 4582:John Strange 4558: 4554: 4547:Watson, Alan 4514: 4510: 4481: 4477: 4460: 4433: 4415:Contract Law 4414: 4386: 4382: 4349: 4345: 4312: 4308: 4283: 4279: 4258: 4239: 4236:Foss, Edward 4195: 4189: 4167: 4139: 4135: 4099: 4095: 4080: 4054: 4050: 4031: 4021:Bibliography 4010: 3977: 3968: 3959: 3950: 3941: 3929:. Retrieved 3922: 3913: 3899: 3892: 3884: 3880: 3868: 3860: 3850: 3843: 3834: 3825: 3804: 3795: 3786: 3777: 3740: 3719:cite journal 3704: 3695: 3685: 3677: 3672: 3663: 3643: 3636: 3599: 3590: 3581: 3553:. Retrieved 3549: 3545: 3534: 3522: 3510: 3486: 3482: 3473: 3461: 3449: 3441: 3433: 3425: 3421: 3409:. Retrieved 3396: 3388: 3383: 3375: 3370: 3362: 3357: 3349: 3344: 3336: 3299: 3224: 3171: 3150: 3138:. Retrieved 3134:the original 3120: 3091: 3068: 3043: 3031:. Retrieved 3021: 2958: 2949: 2914: 2905: 2896: 2876:. Retrieved 2862: 2712: 2558: 2538:11 September 2536:. Retrieved 2529:the original 2516: 2354:. Retrieved 2350:the original 2336: 2324:. Retrieved 2289: 2284: 2276: 2271: 2263: 2208:David Calder 2201: 2199: 2189: 2186: 2169:Joseph Story 2166: 2149:William Pitt 2141: 2128: 2125:Edmund Burke 2121:Gareth Jones 2118: 2106: 2088:David Calder 2083: 2073: 2070:Timothy West 2065: 2057: 2038:The town of 2019: 2001:John Flaxman 1990: 1970: 1965: 1959: 1958:decision in 1955: 1949: 1943: 1936: 1900: 1893: 1887: 1885: 1843: 1827: 1819:John Flaxman 1796: 1791: 1788:Fanny Burney 1781: 1776:Lloyd Kenyon 1765: 1745: 1718: 1704: 1701: 1688: 1683: 1677: 1672:positive law 1669: 1664: 1656: 1648:John Dunning 1629:William Davy 1621: 1614: 1607:Ann and Mary 1606: 1584: 1557: 1541: 1537: 1535: 1522: 1517: 1503: 1489: 1476: 1469: 1434: 1432: 1420: 1409: 1407: 1383: 1378: 1370: 1356: 1354: 1349: 1347: 1342: 1336: 1334: 1303: 1297: 1294: 1287: 1284:merchant law 1281: 1257: 1240: 1224: 1205: 1189: 1175:Henry Pelham 1163:Philip Yorke 1159:William Pitt 1151: 1135: 1114:Henry Pelham 1111: 1092: 1084:Lord Stowell 1061: 1054: 1044:resigned as 1019: 967: 943: 928: 911: 899: 869: 862: 854:Philip Yorke 835: 814: 803:Lord Raymond 790: 778: 750: 714:William Pitt 703: 693: 669:matriculated 658: 602:Scone Palace 599: 586:positive law 571: 569: 562: 556: 542: 511: 471:Scone Palace 456: 455: 384:(1793-03-20) 369:Scone Palace 366:2 March 1705 336:Succeeded by 301: 282:Succeeded by 247: 228:Succeeded by 193: 170:Succeeded by 131: 124:Lord Speaker 112:Succeeded by 77: 25: 5915:Clan Murray 5810:1793 deaths 5805:1705 births 5541:Hicks Beach 5516:Hicks Beach 5436:Spring Rice 4936:Westminster 4774:John Fuller 4452:j.ctt32b79b 4142:(1): 8–26. 4057:: 375–384. 4028:Baker, John 3376:Black Ivory 2162:Edward Foss 2145:Edward Coke 2137:Edward Coke 2129:insinuation 2066:The British 1845:English law 1666:concluded: 1595:slave trade 1514:Lord Granby 1453:The Seasons 1387:Edward Vaux 1088:Montesquieu 1036:in the new 978:Raby Castle 974:Anne Hatton 896:English law 743:(left) and 732:Family life 467:English law 324:Preceded by 270:Preceded by 216:Preceded by 154:Preceded by 117:Lord Kenyon 100:Preceded by 5799:Categories 5387:Vansittart 5367:Vansittart 5305:Dowdeswell 5290:Barrington 5121:Cottington 4991:Harvington 4966:Willoughby 4961:de la Leye 4951:G. Giffard 4946:W. Giffard 4913:of England 4863:1756–1793 4844:1792–1793 4821:1776–1793 4484:(1): 1–8. 2890:required.) 2226:References 2086:(2015) by 2078:(2013) by 2068:(2012) by 2060:(1975) by 1923:Revolution 1866:John Baker 1815:his nephew 1799:barristers 1768:George III 1709:98 ER 1257 1659:Parliament 1636:John Glynn 1526:John Almon 1391:free trade 1363:97 ER 1035 1252:barristers 1103:George III 1064:Hanoverian 741:Dido Belle 705:status quo 624:followed " 606:Perthshire 582:common law 475:Perthshire 469:. Born in 440:Alma mater 373:Perthshire 362:1705-03-02 5676:Callaghan 5651:Macmillan 5641:Gaitskell 5506:Gladstone 5501:Northcote 5496:Gladstone 5476:Gladstone 5461:Gladstone 5403:Tenterden 5340:Addington 5330:Cavendish 5320:Cavendish 5310:Townshend 5300:Grenville 5279:Mansfield 5268:Lyttelton 5126:Colepeper 5091:Fortescue 5081:Sackville 5001:Stratford 4996:Wodehouse 4931:Leicester 4531:0041-9494 4490:1479-5949 4403:144154697 4389:: 29–47. 4366:0021-3624 4329:0002-9319 4292:0008-1973 4248:181068114 4228:149909453 4212:1548-1867 4156:1364-9809 4124:145793676 4116:0738-2480 4063:0021-9460 3924:The Times 3680:, p. 150. 2095:Character 1956:Somersett 1803:Middlesex 1686:(1789).) 1474:in 1774. 1451:'s poem " 1441:98 ER 201 1416:99 ER 629 1395:Roman law 1330:Indonesia 1310:96 ER 342 1095:Frederick 1072:George II 1032:, became 931:Edinburgh 912:Moncrieff 870:The 1707 827:Littleton 718:Roman Law 507:barrister 429:Residence 417:Parent(s) 302:In office 248:In office 194:In office 132:In office 78:In office 5761:Kwarteng 5671:Maudling 5626:Anderson 5536:Harcourt 5521:Harcourt 5511:Childers 5481:Disraeli 5471:Disraeli 5456:Disraeli 5446:Goulburn 5414:Goulburn 5392:Robinson 5362:Perceval 5295:Dashwood 5229:Aislabie 5224:Stanhope 5141:Duncombe 5111:Portland 5106:Greville 5071:Cromwell 5041:Thwaites 5026:Somerset 4971:Benstead 4956:Chishull 4941:Chishull 4926:Maunsell 4867:Extinct 4781:1755–56 4639:1756–88 4620:1754–56 4593:1742–54 4549:(2006). 4413:(2007). 4238:(1870). 4166:(1936). 4030:(2002). 3931:25 April 3555:24 March 3411:25 April 3140:25 April 2356:25 April 2326:25 April 2320:Archived 2214:See also 2030:Ar. Pope 2024:or than 1907:nepotism 1830:2nd Earl 1807:transept 1741:Woolsack 1548:Jacobite 1540:and the 1423:massacre 1403:Xenophon 1318:Bengkulu 1260:reserved 1214:to join 925:(right). 910:. 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William Murray, 1st Earl of Mansfield

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