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253:, which was called chloride of lime at that time. Instead, he believed that the construction of sewers in the watershed and a sewage disposal plant would be the preferable course of action. He also testified that chlorination did not remove organic matter, particulates and other filth, which could weaken the vital resistance of water consumers. However, the chlorination system was found to be safe, effective and reliable by the Special Master,
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vehicle to publish his epidemiological studies of typhoid fever. “In the Annual Report of the State Board of Health of
Massachusetts for 1892, Sedgwick presented studies on typhoid fever epidemics at Lowell and Lawrence, at Springfield and at Bondsville, which were classics in the field and which make this one of the most outstanding volumes in the history of epidemiology.”
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I, he was commissioned as
Assistant Surgeon General in the reserves of the U.S. Public Health Service. Also, in 1914, Sedgwick was appointed a member of the Massachusetts Public Health Council, which was a component of the State Department of Public Health. He served on the Committee on Sanitary Engineering and he was Chairman of the Committee on Food and Drugs.
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of New Jersey. Jersey City officials complained that the water served to the city was not "pure and wholesome." Sedgwick testified as an expert witness for the plaintiffs in both trials. In the first trial, he testified that the water that was supplied to the city was contaminated with bacteria from
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Sedgwick’s courses at MIT and his influence on civil engineering students there can be considered the first instructions in the field of public health. However, he and two colleagues felt that a more formal academic structure was needed. In 1913, he joined with George C. Whipple and Milton J. Rosenau
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In 1904, he was made an honorary member of the New
England Water Works Association. He was elected as a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1901 and became vice president of that organization in 1905. In 1906, sixty of his former students gathered to honor Sedgwick at a dinner and
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Sedgwick became a member of the
Advisory Committee of the U.S. Public Health Service in 1902 and was involved in the adoption of the first national standards on drinking water quality—elimination of the common cup in 1912 and bacteriological standards for interstate carriers in 1914. After World War
217:. Even though he was not known for his laboratory research studies, he was responsible, along with George W. Rafter in 1889, for developing the enumeration procedure and apparatus for examining microscopic organisms in surface water bodies. The Sedgwick-Rafter counting cell is still in use today.
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While he has been hailed as the first scientific
American epidemiologist, Sedgwick was also described as not having a mathematical mind. He taught ideas and principles to his students. He instilled in his students the need to develop three basic behaviors: a vision of the subject in relation to the
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Magie, William J. (1910). In
Chancery of New Jersey: Between the Mayor and Aldermen of Jersey City, Complainant, and the Jersey City Water Supply Co., Defendant. Report for Hon. W.J. Magie, special master on cost of sewers, etc., and on efficiency of sterilization plant at Boonton, Press Chronicle
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The
Lawrence Experiment Station annual reports highlighted Sedgwick’s role as an epidemiologist. “In epidemiology, Sedgwick played a more direct and personal role and he was, indeed, the first scientific American epidemiologist.” Sedgwick used the annual report covering the work done in 1891 as a
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at Yale
University. He studied for two years at the Yale School of Medicine, where he was also an instructor in physiological chemistry (1878–1879). He left Yale to take up studies at Johns Hopkins University in physiology. He became interested in biology and changed his course of study graduating
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In 1888, Sedgwick began giving lectures in bacteriology to students in the civil engineering curriculum. His students became the spokesmen and practitioners who brought the principles of public health into the practice of engineering beginning in the 1890s and lasting well into the 20th century.
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Sedgwick, William T. and J. Scott MacNutt. (1910). “On the Mills-Reincke
Phenomenon and Hazen’s Theorem Concerning the Decrease in Mortality from Diseases Other Than Typhoid Fever Following the Purification of Public Water-Supplies.” Journal of Infectious Diseases. 7:4 (August 24, 1910):
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Sedgwick, William T. (1893). “On Recent
Epidemics of Typhoid Fever in the Cities of Lowell and Lawrence Due to Infected Water Supply: With Observations on Typhoid Fever in Other Cities and Towns of the Merrimack Valley, Especially Newburyport.” In State Board of Health of Massachusetts,
237:, which included a dam, reservoir and 23-mile pipeline. The project was completed on May 23, 1904; however, no treatment was provided to the water supply, because the contract did not require it. The city, claiming that the contract provisions were not fulfilled, filed a lawsuit in the
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He joined the New England Water Works Association in 1890 and was elected president of that organization in 1905. In 1902, he joined the American Public Health Association and became its president in 1915. He helped found the Society of American Bacteriologists (now
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Sedgwick, William T. (1892). “The Purification of Drinking Water by Sand Filtration: Its Theory, Practice, and Results; with Special Reference to American Needs and European Experience.” Journal New England Water Works Association 7:2 (December 1892):
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Beginning in 1888, Sedgwick was appointed as consulting biologist to the Massachusetts State Board of Health. He directed bacteriological research at the Lawrence Experiment Station and sent his brightest engineering students to work there—including
123:. He was president of many scientific and professional organizations during his lifetime, including president of the American Public Health Association in 1915. He was one of three founders of the joint MIT-Harvard School of Public Health in 1913.
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Sedgwick, William T. (1890). “The Data of Filtration: I. Some Recent Experiments on the Removal of Bacteria from Drinking Water by Continuous Filtration Through Sand.” In Technology Quarterly Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Boston:MIT
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to establish the Harvard-MIT School for Public Health Officers. This was the first formal academic program designed to train public health professionals. The joint program lasted until 1922 when Harvard University decided to launch the
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In 1883, Sedgwick was appointed to the faculty at MIT. He was promoted to associate professor in 1884 and to full professor in 1891. He became head of what ultimately became known as the Department of Biology at MIT.
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Between the Mayor and Aldermen of Jersey City, Complainant, and Patrick H. Flynn and Jersey City Water Supply Company, Defendants: On Bill, etc. (In Chancery of New Jersey) 12 vols. n.p.:privately printed. 1908-10,
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Between the Mayor and Aldermen of Jersey City, Complainant, and Patrick H. Flynn and Jersey City Water Supply Company, Defendants: On Bill, etc. (In Chancery of New Jersey) 12 vol. n.p.: privately printed. 1908–10,
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William T. Sedgwick was born on December 29, 1855, in West Hartford, Connecticut. He was the son of William Sedgwick and Anne Thompson Sedgwick. In 1877, he received his undergraduate degree from the
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Sedgwick was a supporter of many causes that furthered the betterment of the public, and he volunteered his time for numerous charitable institutions, including his position of curator of the
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Sedgwick, William T. (1891). “Typhoid Fever in Its Relation to Water Supplies.” In State Board of Health of Massachusetts, Twenty-Second Annual Report. Boston:State of Massachusetts, 525-43.
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Sedgwick, William T. (1891). “Typhoid Fever in Its Relation to Water Supplies.” In State Board of Health of Massachusetts, Twenty-Second Annual Report. Boston:State of Massachusetts, 525-43.
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Sedgwick, William T. (1902). Principles of Sanitary Science and the Public Health: With Special Reference to the Causation and Prevention of Infectious Diseases. New York:McMillan.
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was contaminated with sewage and the death toll from typhoid fever was high. In 1899, the city contracted with a private company for the construction of a new water supply on the
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Jordan, E. O., George C. Whipple, and Charles-Edward A. Winslow (1924). A Pioneer of Public Health: William Thompson Sedgwick. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press.
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Garraty, John A. and Mark C. Carnes eds. (1999). William T. Sedgwick: American National Biography. Vol.10, 586–7. New York City, N.Y.: Oxford University Press.
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in 1929 in his honor, for distinguished service and advancement of public health knowledge and practice. It is considered the APHA's highest honor.
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In 1909, Yale University conferred upon him the honorary degree of Sc.D. and the University of Cincinnati gave him an honorary LL.D. in 1920.
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In 1922 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) established the Sedgwick Memorial Lecture in his honor. The inaugural lecture, entitled
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beginning in 1897. However, he opposed women’s suffrage and anything that smacked of equality of the sexes. In a long article in
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Sedgwick was a prolific writer who published several hundred papers and other writings. His two most influential books were
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Whipple, George C. (1921). “The Public Health Work of Professor Sedgwick.” American Journal of Public Health. 11:4, 361–7.
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broader world, an honest method of working to seek the truth and an enthusiasm for service to the profession the public.
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Winslow, Charles-Edward A. (1953). “They Were Giants in Those Days.” American Journal of Public Health. 43 (June): 15-9.
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would mean a degeneration and degradation of human fibre which would turn back the hands of time a thousand years."
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Marquis, Albert N. ed. (1910). “William T. Sedgwick.” Who’s Who in America. Vol. 6, Chicago:A.N. Marquis, 1710.
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317:) and was chosen as president in 1900. He was also president of the American Society of Naturalists in 1900.
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Whipple, George C. (1899). The Microscopy of Drinking-Water. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 4 & 15-22.
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574:”William Thompson Sedgwick.” 1921. Obituary Record of Yale Graduates. New Haven:Yale University, 203-6.
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269:. He married Mary Katrine Rice of New Haven, Connecticut, on December 29, 1881. They had no children.
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Pioneers in Food Science, Volume 1: Samuel Cate Prescott - M.I.T. Dean and Pioneer Food Technologist.
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with a PhD in biology in 1881. He remained at Hopkins for two years as an associate in biology.
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Sedgwick influenced many practitioners in the field of public health. Among the best known are
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Trumball, CT: Food and Nutrition Press. pp. 10, 21, 28, 33, 41, 49-50, 56-57.
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in 1911. A middle school has been named in his honor in West Hartford, CT.
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research with Underwood in 1895 – 6 that would lead to the growth of
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The Chlorine Revolution: Water Disinfection and the Fight to Save Lives.
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MacAdam, George. "Feminist Revolutionary Principle is Biological Bosh."
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In the second trial, Sedgwick disagreed strongly with the proposal by
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Twenty-Fourth Annual Report. Boston:State of Massachusetts, 667-704.
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Co., Jersey City, New Jersey, (Case Number 27/475-Z-45-314), 1-15.
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as a career, and was instrumental in Prescott's selection in the
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the authors include a complete list of Sedgwick's publications.
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Massachusetts Institute of Technology School of Science faculty
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William Thompson Sedgwick in the Journal of Bacteriology, 1921
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sewage discharges in the watershed above the reservoir.
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Yale School of Engineering & Applied Science alumni
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At the end of the 19th century, the water supply for
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Principles of Sanitary Science and the Public Health
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Principles of Sanitary Science and the Public Health
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Presidents of the American Society for Microbiology
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Presidents of the American Society for Microbiology
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709:Festschrift Celebration for William T. Sedgwick
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456:New York:Josiah Macy, Jr. Foundation. 222-3.
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681:American Society of Microbiology presidents
454:Founders: Harvard School of Public Health.
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105:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
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502:“George Chandler Whipple.” (1925).
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349:American Public Health Association
265:Sedgwick lived his entire life in
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538:McGuire, Michael J. (2013).
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632:"Sedgwick Memorial Lecture"
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342:The Physical Basis of Life
302:A Pioneer of Public Health
298:A Short History of Science
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353:Sedgwick Memorial Medal
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173:William Lyman Underwood
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103:Professor of biology,
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902:Edwin George Hastings
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830:Frederic Poole Gorham
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359:Selected publications
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937:Robert Stanley Breed
878:Samuel Cate Prescott
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818:Joseph James Kinyoun
776:Herbert William Conn
612:search.amphilsoc.org
608:"APS Member History"
251:calcium hypochlorite
169:Samuel Cate Prescott
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1003:Paul Franklin Clark
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770:William Henry Welch
587:. January 18, 1914.
34:William T. Sedgwick
18:William T. Sedgwick
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278:The New York Times
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1134:Harry Eagle
1045:Stuart Mudd
506:13:1, 93-4.
267:New England
215:Allen Hazen
1562:Categories
1098:René Dubos
656:2009-06-11
617:2023-11-30
388:References
78:Boston, MA
55:1855-12-29
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