William Howard Taft

12772: 6778:, Taft hoped to prevent war through an international association of nations. With World War I raging in Europe, Taft sent Wilson a note of support for his foreign policy in 1915. President Wilson accepted Taft's invitation to address the league, and spoke in May 1916 of a postwar international organization that could prevent a repetition. Taft supported the effort to get Justice Hughes to resign from the bench and accept the Republican presidential nomination. Once this was done, Hughes tried to get Roosevelt and Taft to reconcile, as a united effort was needed to defeat Wilson. This occurred on October 3 in New York, but Roosevelt allowed only a handshake, and no words were exchanged. This was one of many difficulties for the Republicans in the campaign, and Wilson narrowly won reelection. 5291: 6400: 5798:

predecessor" and to have had a part "in the reforms he has initiated. I should be untrue to myself, to my promises, and to the declarations of the party platform on which I was elected if I did not make the maintenance and enforcement of those reforms a most important feature of my administration". He pledged to make those reforms long-lasting, ensuring that honest businessmen did not suffer uncertainty through change of policy. He spoke of the need to reduce the 1897 Dingley tariff, of the need for antitrust reform, and for continued advancement of the Philippines toward full self-government. Roosevelt left office with regret that his tenure in the position he enjoyed so much was over and, to keep out of Taft's way, arranged for a year-long hunting trip to Africa.

56: 6872:, to advise him on appointments, and the two men conferred there on December 24, 1920. By Taft's later account, after some conversation, Harding casually asked if Taft would accept appointment to the Supreme Court; if Taft would, Harding would appoint him. Taft had a condition for Harding—having served as president, and having appointed two of the present associate justices and opposed Brandeis, he could accept only the chief justice position. Harding made no response, and Taft in a thank-you note reiterated the condition and stated that Chief Justice White had often told him he was keeping the position for Taft until a Republican held the White House. In January 1921, Taft heard through intermediaries that Harding planned to appoint him, if given the chance. 750: 5903: 17584: 5859: 7204:

had lengthy backlogs, as did the Supreme Court. Immediately on taking office, Taft made it a priority to confer with Attorney General Daugherty as to new legislation, and made his case before congressional hearings, in legal periodicals and in speeches across the country. When Congress convened in December 1921, a bill was introduced for 24 new judges, to empower the Chief Justice to move judges temporarily to eliminate the delays, and to have him chair a body consisting of the senior appellate judge of each circuit. Congress objected to some aspects, requiring Taft to get the agreement of the senior judge of each involved circuit before assigning a judge, but it passed the bill in September 1922, and the

7418:, concurred: "In Taft's case, the symbol, the tag, the label usually attached to him is 'conservative.' It is certainly not of itself a term of opprobrium even when bandied by the critics, but its use is too often confused with 'reactionary.'" Most commentators agree that Taft's most significant contribution as chief justice was his advocacy for reform of the high court, urging and ultimately gaining improvement in the Court's procedures and facilities. Mason cited enactment of the Judges' Bill of 1925 as Taft's major achievement on the Court. According to Anderson, as chief justice, Taft "was as aggressive in the pursuit of his agenda in the judicial realm as Theodore Roosevelt was in the presidential". 6684:. Taft knew he would lose, but concluded that through Roosevelt's loss at Chicago the party had been preserved as "the defender of conservative government and conservative institutions." He made his doomed run to preserve conservative control of the Republican Party. Governor Woodrow Wilson was the Democratic nominee. Seeing Roosevelt as the greater electoral threat, Wilson spent little time attacking Taft, arguing that Roosevelt had been lukewarm in opposing the trusts during his presidency, and that Wilson was the true reformer. Taft contrasted what he called his "progressive conservatism" with Roosevelt's Progressive democracy, which to Taft represented "the establishment of a benevolent despotism." 5882:, noting, "it is organized on the basis of the needs of the government in 1800 instead of 1900." The department was for the first time organized into geographical divisions, including desks for the Far East, Latin America and Western Europe. The department's first in-service training program was established, and appointees spent a month in Washington before going to their posts. Taft and Secretary of State Knox had a strong relationship, and the president listened to his counsel on matters foreign and domestic. According to historian Paolo E. Coletta, Knox was not a good diplomat, and had poor relations with the Senate, press, and many foreign leaders, especially those from Latin America. 16438: 6238: 7347: 15729: 7375:

the foresight and imagination to notice the storm brewing in the political sky until it broke and swamped him?" Adept at using the levers of power in a way his successor could not, Roosevelt generally got what was politically possible out of a situation. Taft was generally slow to act, and when he did, his actions often generated enemies, as in the Ballinger–Pinchot affair. Roosevelt was able to secure positive coverage in the newspapers; Taft was reticent talking to reporters, and, with no comment from the White House, hostile journalists filled the gaps with quotes from Taft opponents. Roosevelt engraved in public memory the image of Taft as a

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the contested delegates could not vote on their own seating, they could vote on the other contested delegates, a ruling that assured Taft's nomination, as the motion offered by the Roosevelt forces failed, 567–507. As it became clear Roosevelt would bolt the party if not nominated, some Republicans sought a compromise candidate to avert electoral disaster; they failed. Taft's name was placed in nomination by Warren Harding, whose attempts to praise Taft and unify the party were met with angry interruptions from progressives. Taft was nominated on the first ballot, though most Roosevelt delegates refused to vote.

6155:, but the Chinese revoked the agreement in 1904 after the company (which was indemnified for the revocation) breached the agreement by selling a majority stake outside the United States. The Chinese imperial government got the money for the indemnity from the British Hong Kong government, on condition British subjects would be favored if foreign capital was needed to build the railroad line, and in 1909, a British-led consortium began negotiations. This came to Knox's attention in May of that year, and he demanded that U.S. banks be allowed to participate. Taft appealed personally to the Prince Regent, 6625: 6844: 1036: 7422: 17473: 16793: 4950: 7387: 6648: 17798: 6029: 694: 12806: 7383:(which placed this view in enduring form) was published after both men had left the presidency (in 1913), was intended in part to justify Roosevelt's splitting of the Republican Party, and contains not a single positive reference to the man Roosevelt had hand-picked as his successor. While Roosevelt was biased, he was not alone: every major newspaper reporter of that time who left reminiscences of Taft's presidency was critical of him. Taft replied to his predecessor's criticism with his constitutional treatise on the powers of the presidency. 6771:

former president had never forgiven for his role in the Ballinger–Pinchot affair. When hearings led to nothing discreditable about Brandeis, Taft intervened with a letter signed by himself and other former ABA presidents, stating that Brandeis was not fit to serve on the Supreme Court. Nevertheless, the Democratic-controlled Senate confirmed Brandeis. Taft and Roosevelt remained embittered; they met only once in the first three years of the Wilson presidency, at a funeral at Yale. They spoke only for a moment, politely but formally.

5111:(often called Nellie), but it was no later than 1880, when she mentioned in her diary receiving an invitation to a party from him. By 1884, they were meeting regularly, and in 1885, after an initial rejection, she agreed to marry him. The wedding took place at the Herron home on June 19, 1886. William Taft remained devoted to his wife throughout their almost 44 years of marriage. Nellie Taft pushed her husband much as his parents had, and she could be very frank with her criticisms. The couple had three children, of whom the eldest, 6610:

White House with a mandate for progressive policies that would brook no opposition. In February, Roosevelt announced he would accept the Republican nomination if it was offered to him. Taft felt that if he lost in November, it would be a repudiation of the party, but if he lost renomination, it would be a rejection of himself. He was reluctant to oppose Roosevelt, who helped make him president, but having become president, he was determined to be president, and that meant not standing aside to allow Roosevelt to gain another term.

7013: 6724: 7196:, contrasted Taft's expansive view of the role of the chief justice with the narrow view of presidential power he took while in that office. Taft saw nothing wrong with making his views on possible appointments to the Court known to the White House, and was annoyed to be criticized in the press. He was initially a firm supporter of President Coolidge after Harding's death in 1923, but became disillusioned with Coolidge's appointments to office and to the bench; he had similar misgivings about Coolidge's successor, 7304: 7178: 22277: 6287:, the large manufacturer of farm equipment, in early 1912. As Roosevelt's administration had investigated International Harvester, but had taken no action (a decision Taft had supported), the suit became caught up in Roosevelt's challenge for the Republican presidential nomination. Supporters of Taft alleged that Roosevelt had acted improperly; the former president blasted Taft for waiting three and a half years, and until he was under challenge, to reverse a decision he had supported. 4764: 4750: 7407:

conservatism of thought and doctrine have an element of truth, but they fail to do justice to a shrewd commentator on the political scene, a man of consummate ambition, and a resourceful practitioner of the internal politics of his party." Anderson deemed Taft's success in becoming both president and chief justice "an astounding feat of inside judicial and Republican party politics, played out over years, the likes of which we are not likely to see again in American history".

7266: 6716:. He accepted, and after a month's vacation in Georgia, arrived in New Haven on April 1, 1913, to a rapturous reception. As it was too late in the semester for him to give an academic course, he instead prepared eight lectures on "Questions of Modern Government", which he delivered in May. He earned money with paid speeches and with articles for magazines, and would end his eight years out of office having increased his savings. While at Yale, he wrote the treatise, 5596: 22265: 5732: 22253: 15152: 14518: 13390: 20607: 5676: 6673: 5434: 6688: 5786: 15172: 15162: 14528: 6342:"was an utterly improper appeal from an executive subordinate to the legislative branch of the government and an unhappy president prepared to separate Pinchot from public office". Pinchot was dismissed, much to his delight, and he sailed for Europe to lay his case before Roosevelt. A congressional investigation followed, which cleared Ballinger by majority vote, but the administration was embarrassed when Glavis' attorney, 22241: 12791: 6660:

challenged the election of these delegates, but the RNC overruled most objections. Roosevelt's sole remaining chance was with a friendly convention chairman, who might make rulings on the seating of delegates that favored his side. Taft followed custom and remained in Washington, but Roosevelt went to Chicago to run his campaign and told his supporters in a speech, "we stand at Armageddon, and we battle for the Lord".

5961: 5282:, and taught international law at the Yale Law School. Taft advocated the establishment of a world court of arbitration supported by an international police force and is considered a major proponent of "world peace through law" movement. One of the reasons for his bitter break with Roosevelt in 1910–12 was Roosevelt's insistence that arbitration was naïve and that only war could decide major international disputes. 5139:, a former Secretary of State, had been a classmate of Alphonso Taft at Yale. Evarts called to see his friend's son as soon as Taft took office, and William and Nellie Taft were launched into Washington society. Nellie Taft was ambitious for herself and her husband, and was annoyed when the people he socialized with most were mainly Supreme Court justices, rather than the arbiters of Washington society such as 6530:

invited him to stay at the White House. The former president declined, and in private letters to friends expressed dissatisfaction at Taft's performance. Taft and Roosevelt met twice in 1910; the meetings, though outwardly cordial, did not display their former closeness. Nevertheless, he wrote that he expected Taft to be renominated by the Republicans in 1912, and did not speak of himself as a candidate.

6703:. But few electors chose Taft and Butler, who won only Utah and Vermont, for a total of eight electoral votes. Roosevelt won 88, and Wilson 435. Wilson won with a plurality—not a majority—of the popular vote. Taft finished with just under 3.5 million, over 600,000 less than the former president. Taft was not on the ballot in California, due to the actions of local Progressives, nor in South Dakota. 7471: 6516: 6183:

friendship and navigation entered into by the U.S. and Japan in 1911 granted broad reciprocal rights to Japanese people in America and Americans in Japan, but were premised on the continuation of the Gentlemen's Agreement. There was objection on the West Coast when the treaty was submitted to the Senate, but Taft informed politicians that there was no change in immigration policy.

6275:, a decision the former president defended when testifying at the hearings. Taft, as Secretary of War, had praised the acquisitions. Historian Louis L. Gould suggested that Roosevelt was likely deceived into believing that U.S. Steel did not want to purchase the Tennessee company, but it was in fact a bargain. For Roosevelt, questioning the matter went to his personal honesty. 22229: 5320:. The appointment would require Taft's resignation from the bench; the president assured him that if he fulfilled this task, McKinley would appoint him to the next vacancy on the high court. Taft accepted on condition he was made head of the commission, with responsibility for success or failure; McKinley agreed, and Taft sailed for the islands in April 1900. 6159:, and was successful in gaining U.S. participation, though agreements were not signed until May 1911. However, the Chinese decree authorizing the agreement also required the nationalization of local railroad companies in the affected provinces. Inadequate compensation was paid to the shareholders, and these grievances were among those which touched off the 5611:, a pledge he quickly regretted. But he felt bound by his word. Roosevelt believed Taft was his logical successor, although the War Secretary had initially been reluctant to run. Roosevelt used his control of the party machinery to aid his heir apparent. On pain of the loss of their jobs, political appointees were required to support Taft or remain silent. 6696:

block Roosevelt. The president issued a confident statement in September after the Republicans narrowly won Vermont's state elections in a three-way fight, but had no illusions he would win his race. He had hoped to send his cabinet officers out on the campaign trail, but found them reluctant to go. Senator Root agreed to give a single speech for him.

5096:. The appointment was good for just over a year, after which he would have to face the voters, and in April 1888, he sought election for the first of three times in his lifetime, the other two being for the presidency. He was elected to a full five-year term. Some two dozen of Taft's opinions as a state judge survive, the most significant being 6447:, who became the first associate justice to be promoted to chief justice. According to Lurie, Taft, who still had hopes of being chief justice, may have been more willing to appoint an older man than he (White) than a younger one (Hughes), who might outlive him, as indeed Hughes did. To fill White's seat as associate justice, Taft appointed 5672:, and Bryan proposed that contributions by officers and directors of corporations be similarly banned, or at least disclosed when made. Taft was only willing to see the contributions disclosed after the election, and tried to ensure that officers and directors of corporations litigating with the government were not among his contributors. 7371:

that he had never run for an important executive or legislative position, which would have allowed him to develop the skills to manipulate public opinion, as "the presidency is no place for on-the-job training". According to Coletta, "in troubled times in which the people demanded progressive change, he saw the existing order as good."

4917:, then a major source of governmental income, but the resulting bill was heavily influenced by special interests. His administration was filled with conflict between the Republican Party's conservative wing, with which Taft often sympathized, and its progressive wing, toward which Roosevelt moved more and more. Controversies 5158:, by which the U.S. government would concede a case in the Supreme Court that it had won in the court below but that the solicitor general thought it should have lost. At Taft's request, the Supreme Court reversed a murder conviction that Taft said had been based on inadmissible evidence. The policy continues to this day. 7200:. Taft advised the Republican presidents in office while he was chief justice to avoid "offside" appointments like Brandeis and Holmes. Nevertheless, by 1923, Taft was writing of his liking for Brandeis, whom he deemed a hard worker, and Holmes walked to work with him until age and infirmity required an automobile. 6178:, Taft was reluctant to recognize the new government, although American public opinion was in favor of it. The U.S. House of Representatives in February 1912 passed a resolution supporting a Chinese republic, but Taft and Knox felt recognition should come as a concerted action by Western powers. Taft in his final 6443:. Taft told Hughes that should the chief justiceship fall vacant during his term, Hughes would be his likely choice for the center seat. The Senate quickly confirmed Hughes, but then Chief Justice Fuller died on July 4, 1910. Taft took five months to replace Fuller, and when he did, it was with Justice 7460:

in Washington represent a suitable monument for Nellie Taft, there is no memorial to her husband, except perhaps the magnificent home for his Court—one for which he eagerly planned. But he died even before ground was broken for the structure. As he reacted to his overwhelming defeat for reelection in

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wrote that despite being "one of the most interesting, intellectual, and versatile presidents ... a chief justice of the United States, a wrestler at Yale, a reformer, a peace activist, and a baseball fan ... today, Taft is best remembered as the president who was so large that he got stuck

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Taft insisted on going to Cincinnati to attend the funeral of his brother Charles, who died on December 31, 1929; the strain did not improve his own health. When the court reconvened on January 6, 1930, Taft had not returned to Washington, and two opinions were delivered by Van Devanter that Taft had

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White by then was in failing health, but made no move to resign when Harding was sworn in on March 4, 1921. Taft called on the chief justice on March 26, and found White ill, but still carrying on his work and not talking of retiring. White did not retire, dying in office on May 19, 1921. Taft issued

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in Chicago, Taft heard that Roosevelt was there having dinner, and after he walked in, the two men embraced to the applause of the room, but the relationship did not progress; Roosevelt died in January 1919. Taft later wrote, "Had he died in a hostile state of mind toward me, I would have mourned the

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Taft had won over Root, who agreed to run for temporary chairman of the convention, and the delegates elected Root over Roosevelt's candidate. The Roosevelt forces moved to substitute the delegates they supported for the ones they argued should not be seated. Root made a crucial ruling, that although

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Roosevelt received many letters from supporters urging him to run, and Republican office-holders were organizing on his behalf. Thwarted on many policies by an unwilling Congress and courts in his full term in the White House, he saw manifestations of public support he believed would sweep him to the

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Taft had ordered government officials not to comment on the fracas. In January 1910, Pinchot forced the issue by sending a letter to Iowa Senator Dolliver alleging that but for the actions of the Forestry Service, Taft would have approved a fraudulent claim on public lands. According to Pringle, this

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Roosevelt had withdrawn much land from the public domain, including some in Alaska thought rich in coal. In 1902, Clarence Cunningham, an Idaho entrepreneur, had found coal deposits in Alaska, and made mining claims, and the government investigated their legality. This dragged on for the remainder of

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applied. The policy was unpopular among Latin American states that did not wish to become financial protectorates of the United States, as well as in the U.S. Senate, many of whose members believed the U.S. should not interfere abroad. No foreign affairs controversy tested Taft's policy more than the

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In the end, Taft won by a comfortable margin. Taft defeated Bryan by 321 electoral votes to 162; however, he garnered just 51.6 percent of the popular vote. Nellie Taft said regarding the campaign, "There was nothing to criticize, except his not knowing or caring about the way the game of politics is

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Inevitably linked with Roosevelt, who chose him to be president and took it away, Taft generally falls in the former's shadow. Yet, a portrait of Taft as a victim of betrayal by his best friend is incomplete: as Coletta put it, "Was he a poor politician because he was victimized or because he lacked

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When Taft became Chief Justice, the Court did not have its own building and met in the Capitol. Its offices were cluttered and overcrowded, but Fuller and White had been opposed to proposals to move the Court to its own building. In 1925, Taft began a fight to get the Court a building, and two years

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Believing that the Chief Justice should be responsible for the federal courts, Taft felt that he should have an administrative staff to assist him, and the chief justice should be empowered to temporarily reassign judges. He also believed the federal courts had been ill-run. Many of the lower courts

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of Georgia; he had in vain urged Theodore Roosevelt to appoint Lurton to the high court. Attorney General Wickersham objected that Lurton, a former Confederate soldier and a Democrat, was aged 65. Taft named Lurton anyway on December 13, 1909, and the Senate confirmed him by voice vote a week later.

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Due to his years in the Philippines, Taft was keenly interested as president in East Asian affairs. Taft considered relations with Europe relatively unimportant, but because of the potential for trade and investment, Taft ranked the post of minister to China as most important in the Foreign Service.

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for advice on his acceptance speech, saying that he needed "the President's judgment and criticism". Taft supported most of Roosevelt's policies. He argued that labor had a right to organize, but not boycott, and that corporations and the wealthy must also obey the law. Bryan wanted the railroads to

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According to historian Louis L. Gould, "while Taft shared the fears about social unrest that dominated the middle classes during the 1890s, he was not as conservative as his critics believed. He supported the right of labor to organize and strike, and he ruled against employers in several negligence

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The Supreme Court's docket was congested, swelled by war litigation and laws that allowed a party defeated in the circuit court of appeals to have the case decided by the Supreme Court if a constitutional question was involved. Taft believed an appeal should usually be settled by the circuit court,

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In addition to the judicial issue, Roosevelt called for "elimination of corporate expenditures for political purposes, physical valuation of railroad properties, regulation of industrial combinations, establishment of an export tariff commission, a graduated income tax", and "workmen's compensation

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During Roosevelt's fifteen months beyond the Atlantic, from March 1909 to June 1910, neither man wrote much to the other. Taft biographer Lurie suggested that each expected the other to make the first move to re-establish their relationship on a new footing. Upon Roosevelt's triumphant return, Taft

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In September 1909, Glavis made his allegations public in a magazine article, disclosing that Ballinger had acted as an attorney for Cunningham between his two periods of government service. This violated conflict of interest rules forbidding a former government official from advocacy on a matter he

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Taft was opposed to the traditional practice of rewarding wealthy supporters with key ambassadorial posts, preferring that diplomats not live in a lavish lifestyle and selecting men who, as Taft put it, would recognize an American when they saw one. High on his list for dismissal was the ambassador

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tariff had been enacted to protect American industry from foreign competition. The 1908 party platform had supported unspecified revisions to the Dingley Act, and Taft interpreted this to mean reduction. Taft called a special session of Congress to convene on March 15, 1909, to deal with the tariff

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in the Caribbean and Central America. Previous administrations had made efforts to promote American business interests overseas, but Taft went a step further and used the web of American diplomats and consuls abroad to further trade. Such ties, Taft hoped, would promote world peace. Taft pushed for

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Taft did not enjoy the easy relationship with the press that Roosevelt had, choosing not to offer himself for interviews or photo opportunities as often as his predecessor had. His administration marked a change in style from the charismatic leadership of Roosevelt to Taft's quieter passion for the

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should be amended to allow for an income tax, thus overruling decisions of the Supreme Court striking such a tax down. Roosevelt's expansive use of executive power had been controversial; Taft proposed to continue his policies, but place them on more solid legal underpinnings through the passage of

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in difficult situations, as a legal adviser, and to be able to give campaign speeches as he sought election in his own right. Taft strongly defended Roosevelt's record in his addresses, and wrote of the president's successful but strenuous efforts to gain election, "I would not run for president if

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Taft sought to make the Filipinos partners in a venture that would lead to their self-government; he saw independence as something decades off. Many Americans in the Philippines viewed the locals as racial inferiors, but Taft wrote soon before his arrival, "we propose to banish this idea from their

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in 1889, and Governor Foraker suggested President Harrison appoint Taft to fill it. Taft was 32 and his professional goal was always a seat on the Supreme Court. He actively sought the appointment, writing to Foraker to urge the governor to press his case, while stating to others it was unlikely he

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Mason called Taft's years in the White House "undistinguished". Coletta deemed Taft to have had a solid record of bills passed by Congress, but felt he could have accomplished more with political skill. Anderson noted that Taft's prepresidential federal service was entirely in appointed posts, and

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on March 4, 1929, Taft recited part of the oath incorrectly, later writing, "my memory is not always accurate and one sometimes becomes a little uncertain", misquoting again in that letter, differently. His health gradually declined over the near-decade of his chief justiceship. Worried that if he

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Taft was a supporter of settling international disputes by arbitration, and he negotiated treaties with Great Britain and with France providing that differences be arbitrated. These were signed in August 1911. Neither Taft nor Knox (a former senator) consulted with members of the Senate during the

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When opponents sought to modify the tariff bill to allow for an income tax, Taft opposed it on the ground that the Supreme Court would likely strike it down as unconstitutional, as it had before. Instead, they proposed a constitutional amendment, which passed both houses in early July, was sent to

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cases filed by the Taft administration served to further separate the two men. Roosevelt challenged Taft for renomination in 1912. Taft used his control of the party machinery to gain a bare majority of delegates and Roosevelt bolted the party. The split left Taft with little chance of reelection,

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Reverting to the pre-1888 custom that presidents seeking reelection did not campaign, Taft spoke publicly only once, making his nomination acceptance speech on August 1. He had difficulty in financing the campaign, as many industrialists had concluded he could not win, and would support Wilson to

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took a more militant stand for equality. Taft tended toward Washington's approach. According to Coletta, Taft let the African-American "be 'kept in his place' ... He thus failed to see or follow the humanitarian mission historically associated with the Republican party, with the result that

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In October 1911, Taft's Justice Department brought suit against U.S. Steel, demanding that over a hundred of its subsidiaries be granted corporate independence, and naming as defendants many prominent business executives and financiers. The pleadings in the case had not been reviewed by Taft, and

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Treaties among Panama, Colombia, and the United States to resolve disputes arising from the Panamanian Revolution of 1903 had been signed by the lame-duck Roosevelt administration in early 1909, and were approved by the Senate and also ratified by Panama. Colombia, however, declined to ratify the

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on March 4, 1909. Due to a winter storm that coated Washington with ice, Taft was inaugurated within the Senate Chamber rather than outside the Capitol as is customary. The new president stated in his inaugural address that he had been honored to have been "one of the advisers of my distinguished

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Taft remained involved in Philippine affairs. During Roosevelt's election campaign in 1904, he urged that Philippine agricultural products be admitted to the U.S. without duty. This caused growers of U.S. sugar and tobacco to complain to Roosevelt, who remonstrated with his Secretary of War. Taft

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would be chosen. Taft resigned as chief justice on February 3, 1930. Returning to Washington after his resignation, Taft had barely enough physical or emotional strength to sign a reply to a letter of tribute from the eight associate justices. He died at his home in Washington, D.C., on March 8,

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scandal subpoenaed records from his brother, Mally, who refused to provide them, alleging Congress had no power to obtain documents from him. Van Devanter ruled for a unanimous court against him, finding that Congress had the authority to conduct investigations as an auxiliary to its legislative

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Taft maintained a cordial relationship with Wilson. The former president privately criticized his successor on a number of issues, but made his views known publicly only on Philippine policy. Taft was appalled when, after Justice Lamar's death in January 1916, Wilson nominated Brandeis, whom the

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With no pension or other compensation to expect from the government after leaving the White House, Taft contemplated a return to the practice of law, from which he had long been absent. Given that Taft had appointed many federal judges, including a majority of the Supreme Court, this would raise

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in Chicago decided in that manner. Taft had control of the party machinery, and it came as no surprise that he gained the bulk of the delegates decided at district or state conventions. Taft did not have a majority, but was likely to have one once southern delegations committed to him. Roosevelt

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Roosevelt, frustrated by his own relative inaction, showered Taft with advice, fearing that the electorate would not appreciate Taft's qualities, and that Bryan would win. Roosevelt's supporters spread rumors that the president was in effect running Taft's campaign. This annoyed Nellie Taft, who

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had the upper hand by 1900. MacArthur felt the commission was a nuisance, and their mission a quixotic attempt to impose self-government on a people unready for it. The general was forced to co-operate with Taft, as McKinley had given the commission control over the islands' military budget. The

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appointed him Collector of Internal Revenue for Ohio's First District, an area centered on Cincinnati. Taft refused to dismiss competent employees who were politically out of favor, and resigned effective in March 1883, writing to Arthur that he wished to begin private practice in Cincinnati. In

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Taft is remembered as the heaviest president; he was 5 feet 11 inches (1.80 m) tall and his weight peaked at 335–340 pounds (152–154 kg) toward the end of his presidency, although by 1929 he weighed 244 pounds (111 kg). By the time Taft became chief justice in 1921, his

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to crown his career by being chief justice for six months before retiring. Taft felt, when he learned of this plan, that a short-term appointment would not serve the office well, and that once confirmed by the Senate, the memory of Day would grow dim. After Harding rejected Day's plan, Attorney

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Taft announced in his inaugural address that he would not appoint African Americans to federal jobs, such as postmaster, where this would cause racial friction. This differed from Roosevelt, who would not remove or replace black officeholders with whom local whites would not deal. Termed Taft's

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Although no general arbitration treaty was entered into, Taft's administration settled several disputes with Great Britain by peaceful means, often involving arbitration. These included a settlement of the boundary between Maine and New Brunswick, a long-running dispute over seal hunting in the

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and McKinley. Lurie catalogued progressive innovations that took place under Taft, and argued that historians have overlooked them because Taft was not an effective political writer or speaker. According to Gould, "the clichés about Taft's weight, his maladroitness in the White House, and his

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negotiating process. By then many Republicans were opposed to Taft and the president felt that lobbying too hard for the treaties might cause their defeat. He made some speeches supporting the treaties in October, but the Senate added amendments Taft could not accept, killing the agreements.

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Taft's opponent in the general election was Bryan, the Democratic nominee for the third time in four presidential elections. As many of Roosevelt's reforms stemmed from proposals by Bryan, the Democrat argued that he was the true heir to Roosevelt's mantle. Corporate contributions to federal

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Another colony lost by Spain in 1898 was Cuba, but as freedom for Cuba had been a major purpose of the war, it was not annexed by the U.S., but was, after a period of occupation, given independence in 1902. Election fraud and corruption followed, as did factional conflict. In September 1906,

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in December 1912 indicated that he was moving toward recognition once the republic was fully established, but by then he had been defeated for reelection and he did not follow through. Taft continued the policy against immigration from China and Japan as under Roosevelt. A revised treaty of

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Lurie argued that Taft did not receive the public credit for his policies that he should have. Few trusts had been broken up under Roosevelt (although the lawsuits received much publicity). Taft, more quietly than his predecessor, filed many more cases than did Roosevelt, and rejected his

5189:, successful in business, supplemented Taft's government salary, allowing William and Nellie Taft and their family to live in comfort. Taft's duties involved hearing trials in the circuit, which included Ohio, Michigan, Kentucky, and Tennessee, and participating with Supreme Court Justice 5941:, who urged Taft to say that the bill was not in accord with the party platform. Taft refused, angering them. Taft insisted that most imports from the Philippines be free of duty, and according to Anderson, showed effective leadership on a subject he was knowledgeable on and cared about. 6793:' executive committee, which occupied much of the former president's time. In August 1917, Wilson conferred military titles on executives of the Red Cross as a way to provide them with additional authority to use in carrying out their wartime responsibilities, and Taft was appointed a 4933:. In 1921, Harding appointed Taft chief justice, an office he had long sought. Chief Justice Taft was a conservative on business issues, and under him there were advances in individual rights. In poor health, he resigned in February 1930, and died the following month. He was buried at 5100:(1889) if only because it was used against him when he ran for president in 1908. The case involved bricklayers who refused to work for any firm that dealt with a company called Parker Brothers, with which they were in dispute. Taft ruled that the union's action amounted to a 7476: 7473: 6876:

a tribute to the man he had appointed to the center seat and waited and worried if he would be White's successor. Despite widespread speculation that Taft would be the pick, Harding made no quick announcement. Taft was lobbying for himself behind the scenes, especially with

6279:

alleged that Roosevelt "had fostered monopoly, and had been duped by clever industrialists". Roosevelt was offended by the references to him and his administration in the pleadings, and felt that Taft could not evade command responsibility by saying he did not know of them.

7486: 7472: 5751:

called on Taft and demanded to know his views. Taft and Roosevelt had agreed the party platform would take no position on the matter, and Nation left indignant, to allege that Taft was irreligious and against temperance. Taft, at Roosevelt's advice, ignored the issue.

714: 5246:

developed in 1894 and 1895, writing "I cannot find anybody in Washington who wants him". By March 1896, Taft realized that McKinley would likely be nominated, and was lukewarm in his support. He landed solidly in McKinley's camp after former Nebraska representative

5132:. When Taft arrived in Washington in February 1890, the office had been vacant for two months, with the work piling up. He worked to eliminate the backlog, while simultaneously educating himself on federal law and procedure he had not needed as an Ohio state judge. 6432:

Lurton is still the oldest person to be made an associate justice. Lurie suggested that Taft, already beset by the tariff and conservation controversies, desired to perform an official act which gave him pleasure, especially since he thought Lurton deserved it.

12082: 6605:

announced a presidential run as a Republican, and was backed by a convention of progressives. Roosevelt began to move into a position for a run in late 1911, writing that the tradition that presidents not run for a third term applied only to consecutive terms.

7477: 5410:, to purchase the lands and to arrange the withdrawal of the Spanish priests, with Americans replacing them and training locals as clergy. Taft did not succeed in resolving these issues on his visit to Rome, but an agreement on both points was made in 1903. 6282:

Taft sent a special message to Congress on the need for a revamped antitrust statute when it convened its regular session in December 1911, but it took no action. Another antitrust case that had political repercussions for Taft was that brought against the

5976:

accord with Canada. Britain at that time still handled Canada's foreign relations, and Taft found the British and Canadian governments willing. Many in Canada opposed an accord, fearing the U.S. would dump it when it became inconvenient, as it had the 1854

6557:, in calling for "judicial recall", which would theoretically enable popular majorities to remove judges from office by referendum and, in some cases, reverse unpopular judicial decisions. This attack horrified Taft, who, though he privately agreed that 6115:

treaties, and after the 1912 elections, Knox offered $ 10 million to the Colombians (later raised to $ 25 million). The Colombians felt the amount inadequate, and requested arbitration; the matter was not settled under the Taft administration.

6107:, the capital. The U.S. compelled Nicaragua to accept a loan, and sent officials to ensure it was repaid from government revenues. The country remained unstable, and after another coup in 1911 and more disturbances in 1912, Taft sent troops to begin the 7488: 5501:. Legislation authorizing construction did not specify which government department would be responsible, and Roosevelt designated the Department of War. Taft journeyed to Panama in 1904, viewing the canal site and meeting with Panamanian officials. The 12356: 7629:

Fuller's longevity was a source of frustration and some humor in the Roosevelt White House. Secretary Root originated a running joke that Fuller would be found alive and clinging to his seat on the Day of Judgment, and would then have to be shot. See

6374:, was a leader in the early 20th century of the favorable reappraisal of Catholicism's historic role. It tended to neutralize anti-Catholic sentiments, especially in the Far West where Protestantism was a weak force. In 1904 Taft gave a speech at the 7212:

with only cases of major import decided by the justices. He and other Supreme Court members proposed legislation to make most of the Court's docket discretionary, with a case getting full consideration by the justices only if they granted a writ of

5011:, which he entered in 1874, the heavyset, jovial Taft was popular and an intramural heavyweight wrestling champion. One classmate said he succeeded through hard work rather than by being the smartest, and had integrity. He was elected a member of 6484:. The Commerce Court, created in 1910, stemmed from a Taft proposal for a specialized court to hear appeals from the Interstate Commerce Commission. There was considerable opposition to its establishment, which grew only when one of its judges, 6196:, whom Taft knew and disliked from his visits to Europe. White's ousting caused other career State Department employees to fear that their jobs might be lost to politics. Taft also wanted to replace the Roosevelt-appointed ambassador in London, 7475: 6469:, the last person appointed to the Supreme Court who did not attend law school. Pitney had a stronger anti-labor record than Taft's other appointments, and was the only one to meet opposition, winning confirmation by a Senate vote of 50–26. 6378:. He praised the "enterprise, courage, and fidelity to duty that distinguished those heroes of Spain who braved the then frightful dangers of the deep to carry Christianity and European civilization into" the Philippines. In 1909 he praised 6632:

As Roosevelt became more radical in his progressivism, Taft was hardened in his resolve to achieve re-nomination, as he was convinced that the progressives threatened the very foundation of the government. One blow to Taft was the loss of

6577:

During the 1910 midterm election campaign, Roosevelt involved himself in New York politics. With donations and influence, Taft meanwhile tried to secure the election of Ohio's Republican gubernatorial nominee, former lieutenant governor

5981:

in 1866, and farm and fisheries interests in the United States were also opposed. After talks with Canadian officials in January 1911, Taft had the agreement, which was not a treaty, introduced into Congress. It passed in late July. The

6561:

and other decisions had been poorly decided, adamantly believed in the importance of judicial authority to constitutional government. His personal horror was shared by other prominent members of the nation's elite legal community, like

7286:

in 1929, "I am older and slower and less acute and more confused. However, as long as things continue as they are, and I am able to answer to my place, I must stay on the court in order to prevent the Bolsheviki from getting control".

19909: 19904: 6309:. Taft agreed with the need for conservation, but felt it should be accomplished by legislation rather than executive order. He did not retain Garfield, an Ohioan, as secretary, choosing instead a westerner, former Seattle mayor 15175: 10214: 6355:"Southern Policy", this stance effectively invited white protests against black appointees. Taft followed through, removing most black office holders in the South, and made few appointments of African Americans in the North. 5533:

expressed unwillingness to change his position, and threatened to resign; Roosevelt hastily dropped the matter. Taft returned to the islands in 1905, leading a delegation of congressmen, and again in 1907, to open the first

6346:, proved that the Wickersham report had been backdated, which Taft belatedly admitted. The Ballinger–Pinchot affair caused progressives and Roosevelt loyalists to feel that Taft had turned his back on Roosevelt's agenda. 5478:, who turned 75 in 1908. Taft believed Fuller likely to live many years. Roosevelt had indicated he was likely to appoint Taft if the opportunity came to fill the court's center seat, but some considered Attorney General 6574:

laws, state and national legislation to regulate the of women and children, and complete publicity of campaign expenditure". According to John Murphy, "As Roosevelt began to move to the left, Taft veered to the right."

713: 5929:, had held hearings in late 1908, and sponsored the resulting draft legislation. On balance, the bill reduced tariffs slightly, but when it passed the House in April 1909 and reached the Senate, the chairman of the 7026:

that Congress could not require the president to get Senate approval before removing an appointee. Taft noted that there is no restriction of the president's power to remove officials in the Constitution. Although

5430:, the incumbent, was willing to postpone his departure until 1904, allowing Taft time to wrap up his work in Manila. After consulting with his family, Taft agreed, and sailed for the United States in December 1903. 4560: 6313:. Roosevelt was surprised at the replacement, believing that Taft had promised to keep Garfield, and this change was one of the events that caused Roosevelt to realize that Taft would choose different policies. 6900:. Taft drew the objections of three progressive Republicans and one southern Democrat. When he was sworn in on July 11, he became the first and to date only person to serve both as president and chief justice. 6333:

dated two days previously. Pinchot was determined to dramatize the issue by forcing his own dismissal, which Taft tried to avoid, fearing that it might cause a break with Roosevelt (still overseas). Taft asked

7295:, for a rest, but by the end of January, he could barely speak and was hallucinating. Taft was afraid that Stone would be made chief justice; he did not resign until he had secured assurances from Hoover that 14573: 7114:, a unanimous court held that Oregon could regulate private schools, but could not eliminate them. The outcome supported the right of parents to control the education of their children, but also, since the 6896:, who supported Taft's candidacy, urged him to fill the vacancy, and he named Taft on June 30, 1921. The Senate confirmed Taft the same day, 61–4, without any committee hearings and after a brief debate in 7358:

predecessor's contention that there was such a thing as a "good" trust. This lack of flair marred Taft's presidency; according to Lurie, Taft "was boring—honest, likable, but boring". Scott Bomboy for the

4484: 5728:, where he irritated political advisors by spending more time on golf than strategy. After seeing a newspaper photo of Taft taking a large swing at a golf ball, Roosevelt warned him against candid shots. 4894:. In 1904, Roosevelt made him Secretary of War, and he became Roosevelt's hand-picked successor. Despite his personal ambition to become chief justice, Taft declined repeated offers of appointment to the 20282: 5234:, the Cincinnati Law School, a post that required him to prepare and give two hour-long lectures each week. He was devoted to his law school, and was deeply committed to legal education, introducing the 22372: 6699:

Vice President Sherman had been renominated at Chicago; seriously ill during the campaign, he died six days before the election, and was replaced on the ticket by the president of Columbia University,

715: 7087:, the Court, by a 6–2 vote with Taft in the majority, upheld Gitlow's conviction on criminal anarchy charges for advocating the overthrow of the government; his defense was freedom of speech. Justice 5422:, and Roosevelt desired that Taft fill it. Although this was Taft's professional goal, he refused as he felt his work as governor was not yet done. The following year, Roosevelt asked Taft to become 13035: 7009:

protection under the constitution. Taft held that as Puerto Rico was not a territory designated for statehood, only such constitutional protections as Congress decreed would apply to its residents.

6971:. Congress had decreed a minimum wage for women in the District of Columbia. A 5–3 majority of the Supreme Court struck it down. Justice Sutherland wrote for the majority that the recently ratified 6136:, whom McKinley and Roosevelt had sent on several foreign missions. Knox did not listen to Calhoun on policy, and there were often conflicts. Taft and Knox tried unsuccessfully to extend John Hay's 5076:(where Cincinnati is located), and took office the following January. Taft served for a year as assistant prosecutor, trying his share of routine cases. He resigned in January 1882 after President 7243:

health was starting to decline, and he carefully planned a fitness regimen, walking 3 miles (4.8 km) from his home to the Capitol each day. When he walked back, he would usually go by way of

6950:, with Taft writing the court's opinion for an 8–1 majority. He held that the tax was not intended to raise revenue, but rather was an attempt to regulate matters reserved to the states under the 6824:

to the Versailles Treaty were necessary angered both sides, causing some Republicans to call him a Wilson supporter and a traitor to his party. The Senate refused to ratify the Versailles pact.

6543:, he accused the federal courts of undermining democracy, branding the suspect jurists "fossilized judges", and comparing their tendency to strike down progressive reform legislation to Justice 17510: 7487: 6325:, investigated the Cunningham claims, and when Secretary Ballinger in 1909 approved them, Glavis broke governmental protocol by going outside the Interior Department to seek help from Pinchot. 6755:, which supported Taft and Bacon. The project went forward; Taft would dedicate the Lincoln Memorial as chief justice in 1922. In 1913, Taft was elected to a one-year term as president of the 6271:(U.S. Steel). That company had been expanded under Roosevelt, who had supported its acquisition of the Tennessee Coal, Iron, and Railroad Company as a means of preventing the deepening of the 5840:

that left her paralysed in one arm and one leg and deprived her of the power of speech. Taft spent several hours each day looking after her and teaching her to speak again, which took a year.

7190:

Taft exercised the power of his position to influence the decisions of his colleagues, urging unanimity and discouraging dissents. Alpheus Mason, in his article on Chief Justice Taft for the

5072:

full-time. Halstead was willing to take him on permanently at an increased salary if he would give up the law, but Taft declined. In October 1880, Taft was appointed assistant prosecutor for

6637:, one of the last links between the previous and present presidents, as Butt had formerly served Roosevelt. Ambivalent between his loyalties, Butt went to Europe on vacation; he died in the 8021: 7474: 6820:, Taft expressed public support. He was the leader of his party's activist wing, and was opposed by a small group of senators who vigorously opposed the League. Taft's flip-flop on whether 5471:, disliked the growing closeness between the two men, feeling that they were too much alike and that the president did not gain much from the advice of someone who rarely contradicted him. 22382: 22377: 6088:, two citizens were killed and almost a dozen injured, some as a result of gunfire across the border. Taft was against an aggressive response and so instructed the territorial governor. 5344:, who was designated only as commander of American forces. As Governor-General, Taft oversaw the final months of the primary phase of the Philippine–American War. He approved of General 22337: 22332: 10171: 10226: 21164: 20802: 14564: 6747:

Commission while still in office; when Democrats proposed removing him for one of their party, he quipped that unlike losing the presidency, such a removal would hurt. The architect,

4147: 6975:, guaranteeing women the vote, meant that the sexes were equal when it came to bargaining power over working conditions; Taft, in dissent, deemed this unrealistic. Taft's dissent in 6267:, initiated under Roosevelt, were decided in favor of the government by the Supreme Court in 1911. In June 1911, the Democrat-controlled House of Representatives began hearings into 5459:

Between 1905 and 1907, Taft came to terms with the likelihood he would be the next Republican nominee for president, though he did not plan to actively campaign for it. When Justice

5003:

William Taft was not seen as brilliant as a child, but was a hard worker; his demanding parents pushed him and his four brothers toward success, tolerating nothing less. He attended

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Secretary Root's record. "Marked severities" in Philippine warfare. An analysis of the law and facts bearing on the action and utterances of President Roosevelt and Secretary Root

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never trusted the Roosevelts. Nevertheless, Roosevelt supported the Republican nominee with such enthusiasm that humorists suggested "TAFT" stood for "Take advice from Theodore".

5651:

in Chicago in June, and gained a first-ballot victory. Yet Taft did not have things his own way: he had hoped his running mate would be a midwestern progressive like Iowa Senator

5379:

in September 1901, and was succeeded by Theodore Roosevelt. Taft and Roosevelt had first become friends around 1890 while Taft was Solicitor General and Roosevelt a member of the

5607:

Roosevelt had served almost three and a half years of McKinley's term. On the night of his own election in 1904, Roosevelt publicly declared that he would not run for reelection

5238:

to the curriculum. As a federal judge, Taft could not involve himself with politics, but followed it closely, remaining a Republican supporter. He watched with some disbelief as

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There was broad agreement between Taft and Knox on major foreign policy goals; the U.S. would not interfere in European affairs, and would use force if necessary to enforce the

6385:

A supporter of free immigration, Taft vetoed a bill passed by Congress and supported by labor unions that would have restricted unskilled laborers by imposing a literacy test.

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while the National Guard served on active duty. When Wilson asked Congress to declare war on Germany in April 1917, Taft was an enthusiastic supporter; he was chairman of the

6582:. The Republicans suffered losses in the 1910 elections as the Democrats took control of the House and slashed the Republican majority in the Senate. In New Jersey, Democrat 22447: 19933: 16747: 16731: 16715: 16683: 16635: 5312:

In January 1900, Taft was called to Washington to meet with McKinley. Taft hoped a Supreme Court appointment was in the works, but instead McKinley wanted to place Taft on

16699: 16651: 16619: 16603: 16587: 6533:

Roosevelt gave a series of speeches in the West in the late summer and early fall of 1910 in which he severely criticized the nation's judiciary. He not only attacked the

5267:, a policy that Taft saw as economic radicalism. Taft feared that people would hoard gold in anticipation of a Bryan victory, but he could do nothing but worry. McKinley 19286: 18148: 17539: 17503: 16812: 16667: 13757: 13075: 7414:

noted that this was "not so much on the basis of his opinions, perhaps because many of them ran counter to the ultimate sweep of history". A successor as chief justice,

6909: 5629:. The resulting coverage of the presidential message relegated Hughes to the back pages. Roosevelt reluctantly deterred repeated attempts to draft him for another term. 950: 706: 6712:

questions of conflict of interest at every federal court appearance and he was saved from this by an offer for him to become Kent Professor of Law and Legal History at

22407: 18089: 16523: 15562: 8345: 7099: 7095: 6944:. Congress thereafter attempted to end child labor by imposing a tax on certain corporations making use of it. That law was overturned by the Supreme Court in 1922 in 5867: 12945: 5043:

in his father's office; both activities gave him practical knowledge of the law that was not taught in class. Shortly before graduating from law school, Taft went to

861: 22322: 8052: 4878:, of which his father was a founding member. After becoming a lawyer, Taft was appointed a judge while still in his twenties. He continued a rapid rise, being named 3246: 6218:

that also involved Japan, and a similar disagreement regarding fishing off Newfoundland. The sealing convention remained in force until abrogated by Japan in 1940.

6099:. Nicaragua was in debt to foreign powers, and the U.S. was unwilling to let an alternate canal route fall into the hands of Europeans. Zelaya's elected successor, 22472: 19919: 19914: 19899: 19894: 19889: 19884: 19879: 7527: 7445:

and three times a major contender for the Republican nomination for president. A conservative, each time he was defeated by a candidate backed by the more liberal

7364: 6751:, wanted to use Colorado-Yule marble, while southern Democrats urged using Georgia marble. Taft lobbied for the western stone, and the matter was submitted to the 5372:

at official events, and treated the Filipinos as social equals. Nellie Taft recalled that "neither politics nor race should influence our hospitality in any way".

4130: 5278:

From the 1890s until his death, Taft played a major role in the international legal community. He was active in many organizations, was a leader in the worldwide

22512: 22487: 22462: 13030: 5724:(RNC), placing him in charge of the presidential campaign. Hitchcock was quick to bring in men closely allied with big business. Taft took an August vacation in 849: 827: 7262:

as a dietary advisor. The two men corresponded regularly for over twenty years, and Taft kept a daily record of his weight, food intake, and physical activity.

22457: 21157: 20795: 17496: 15155: 14557: 7395: 7166: 7078: 6972: 5894:

arbitration treaties with Great Britain and France, but the Senate was not willing to yield to arbitrators its constitutional prerogative to approve treaties.

5564:. It contained nothing new but instead reaffirmed official positions: Japan had no intention to invade the Philippines, and the U.S. that it did not object to 4938: 11300: 22317: 21534: 21126: 9833:

Searches run from page, "select research categories" then check "court type" and "nominating president", then select the court type and also William H. Taft.

7461:

1912, Taft had written that "I must wait for years if I would be vindicated by the people ... I am content to wait." Perhaps he has waited long enough.

6048:. There were a number of incidents in which Mexican rebels crossed the U.S. border to obtain horses and weapons; Taft sought to prevent this by ordering the 5946: 4535: 12719: 6462:

With the death of Justice Harlan in October 1911, Taft got to fill a sixth seat on the Supreme Court. After Secretary Knox declined appointment, Taft named

5451:

in January 1904, he was not called upon to spend much time administering the army, which the president was content to do himself—Roosevelt wanted Taft as a

22452: 22412: 13486: 12728: 7394:

Taft was convinced history would vindicate him. After he left office, he was estimated to be in the middle of U.S. presidents by greatness, and subsequent

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a seat on the Supreme Court and was waiting in the expectation that another place would become vacant. Harding was also considering a proposal by Justice

5395:. They met again when Taft went to Washington in January 1902 to recuperate after two operations caused by an infection. There, Taft testified before the 22427: 22387: 20514: 11928: 11353: 7218:. To Taft's frustration, Congress took three years to consider the matter. Taft and other members of the Court lobbied for the bill in Congress, and the 12899: 11269: 10088: 5957:

was immediately controversial. According to Coletta, "Taft had lost the initiative, and the wounds inflicted in the acrid tariff debate never healed".

5568:. There were U.S. concerns about the number of Japanese laborers coming to the American West Coast, and during Taft's second visit, in September 1907, 5260: 2972: 11885:

Collin, Richard H. "Symbiosis versus Hegemony: New Directions in the Foreign Relations Historiography of Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft."

5161:

Although Taft was successful as Solicitor General, winning 15 of the 18 cases he argued before the Supreme Court, he was glad when in March 1891, the

21150: 20788: 17583: 15557: 14853: 14849: 14845: 14805: 14550: 11015: 7141: 7092: 7006: 6951: 6481: 5396: 4651: 4499: 22542: 22532: 22422: 20301: 20294: 14433: 12663: 7132:. Lanza committed acts allegedly in violation of both state and federal law, and was first convicted in Washington state court, then prosecuted in 5953:, Taft won some victories, such as limiting the tax on lumber. The conference report passed both houses, and Taft signed it on August 6, 1909. The 4913:

on East Asia more than European affairs and repeatedly intervened to prop up or remove Latin American governments. Taft sought reductions to trade

4661: 1286: 1120: 822: 8013: 6206:, had backed Taft during the campaign, and both William and Nellie Taft enjoyed his gossipy reports. Reid remained in place until his 1912 death. 22547: 20504: 20384: 18164: 18111: 14443: 14152: 13179: 6980: 2907: 14132: 6064:, the first meeting between a U.S. and a Mexican president and also the first time an American president visited Mexico. The day of the summit, 22157: 21876: 20253: 18082: 18035: 14408: 12927: 11777:

Burns, Adam David. "Imperial vision: William Howard Taft and the Philippines, 1900–1921.". (PhD dissertation, University of Edinburgh, 2010)

11218: 9066:

Rouse, Robert (March 15, 2006). "Happy Anniversary to the first scheduled presidential press conference – 93 years young!". American Chronicle.

7457: 6593:, much to Taft's dismay. Roosevelt attacked his successor's administration, arguing that its guiding principles were not those of the party of 816: 12855: 10179: 9847: 8085: 6954:, and that allowing such taxation would eliminate the power of the states. One case in which Taft and his court upheld federal regulation was 5683:

Taft began the campaign on the wrong foot, fueling the arguments of those who said he was not his own man by traveling to Roosevelt's home at

22352: 21572: 20760: 19809: 17741: 14403: 13194: 12834: 11607: 5522: 5211: 2912: 12888: 6492:

for corruption and removed by the Senate the following January. Taft vetoed a bill to abolish the court, but the respite was short-lived as

6451:

of Wyoming, a federal appeals judge. By the time Taft nominated White and Van Devanter in December 1910, he had another seat to fill due to

22367: 21834: 21539: 21131: 18933: 18913: 18893: 18873: 18853: 18833: 18813: 18793: 18773: 18753: 18733: 18713: 18693: 18673: 18653: 18633: 18613: 18593: 18573: 18553: 18533: 18513: 18493: 18473: 18453: 18433: 18413: 18393: 18373: 15061: 14478: 14453: 14418: 14393: 13096: 12706: 12251:

Ponder, Stephen. "'Nonpublicity' and the Unmaking of a President: William Howard Taft and the Ballinger-Pinchot Controversy of 1909–1910."

5239: 5197:, and judges of the Sixth Circuit in hearing appeals. Taft spent these years, from 1892 to 1900, in personal and professional contentment. 4666: 2934: 6329:

had been responsible for. On September 13, 1909, Taft dismissed Glavis from government service, relying on a report from Attorney General

5463:

resigned in 1906, Taft would not accept the seat although Roosevelt offered it, a position Taft held to when another seat opened in 1906.

22537: 20341: 20229: 14825: 14765: 14398: 12754: 6056:, that "I am going to sit on the lid and it will take a great deal to pry me off". He showed his support for Díaz by meeting with him at 5760:

recalled that Taft came often to see Roosevelt during the campaign, but seldom between the election and Inauguration Day, March 4, 1909.

4002: 11629: 20431: 15121: 15051: 15011: 15001: 14991: 14863: 14775: 14448: 14438: 14423: 13144: 7430: 7379:-like figure, with a narrow view of the presidency that made him unwilling to act for the public good. Anderson noted that Roosevelt's 5998:

became the new prime minister. No cross-border agreement was concluded, and the debate deepened divisions within the Republican Party.

5625:

ran, but when he made a major policy speech, Roosevelt the same day sent a special message to Congress warning in strong terms against

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toward Latin America, believing U.S. investment would benefit all involved, while diminishing European influence in regions where the

2954: 22402: 19089: 18075: 16479: 15890: 15728: 15041: 14785: 14488: 14428: 14413: 13184: 12975: 6394: 5399:. Taft wanted Filipino farmers to have a stake in the new government through land ownership, but much of the arable land was held by 4795: 12199:

Murphy, John (1995). "'Back to the Constitution': Theodore Roosevelt, William Howard Taft and Republican Party Division 1910–1912".

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in the White House bathtub", a story that is not true. Taft similarly remains known for another physical characteristic—as the last

22312: 21800: 21182: 21178: 21174: 20820: 20816: 20812: 20524: 20356: 20351: 20093: 16050: 15542: 14981: 14971: 14967: 14957: 14953: 14943: 14933: 14923: 14903: 14893: 14883: 14873: 14835: 14815: 14795: 14755: 14745: 14735: 14725: 14715: 14705: 14695: 14685: 14675: 14671: 14667: 14657: 14647: 14637: 14627: 14617: 14613: 14603: 14593: 14521: 14473: 14458: 13767: 13763: 13225: 13215: 13123: 12436: 12426: 11778: 7205: 6801: 6505: 6489: 6095:, wanted to revoke commercial concessions granted to American companies, and American diplomats quietly favored rebel forces under 5608: 5585: 5268: 5215:

was upheld unanimously by the high court. Taft's opinion, in which he held that a pipe manufacturers' association had violated the

4906: 4828: 4820: 4671: 4394: 4324: 2967: 2313: 1110: 991: 932: 915: 21970: 21719: 5889:

in the Americas. The defense of the Panama Canal, which was under construction throughout Taft's term (it opened in 1914), guided

5521:

asked for U.S. intervention. Taft traveled to Cuba with a small American force, and on September 29, 1906, under the terms of the

5418:

In late 1902, Taft had heard from Roosevelt that a seat on the Supreme Court would soon fall vacant on the resignation of Justice

4929:

After leaving office, Taft returned to Yale as a professor, continuing his political activity and working against war through the

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Delahaye, Claire. "The New Nationalism and Progressive Issues: The Break with Taft and the 1912 Campaign", in Serge Ricard, ed.,

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Coletta, Paolo E. "The Diplomacy of Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft", in Gerald K. Haines and J. Samuel Walker, eds.,

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resigned from his office in February 1908 to lead the Taft effort. In April, Taft made a speaking tour, traveling as far west as

5633: 5615: 5024: 5004: 4844: 4489: 4177: 3256: 2253: 12518:

Rooney, William H., and Timothy G. Fleming. "William Howard Taft, the Origin of the Rule of Reason, and the Actavis Challenge."

12477:

Post, Robert. "Judicial Management and Judicial Disinterest: The Achievements and Perils of Chief Justice William Howard Taft."

6553:(1857). To ensure that the constitution served the public interest, Roosevelt joined other progressives, including the Democrat 5603:, taken just after a formal portrait session, as Taft learned in a telephone call from Roosevelt of his nomination for president 21812: 20741: 20562: 20484: 20464: 20239: 19988: 18016: 16111: 15111: 15101: 15021: 14463: 13460: 12910: 6857:

During the 1920 election campaign, Taft supported the Republican ticket—Harding (by then a senator) and Massachusetts Governor

5964:

Newton McConnell cartoon showing Canadian suspicions that Taft and others were only interested in Canada when it was prosperous

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Bryan urged a system of bank guarantees, so that depositors could be repaid if banks failed, but Taft opposed this, offering a

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retired his replacement would be chosen by President Herbert Hoover, whom he considered too progressive, he wrote his brother

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had prepared plans for the building, and was hired by the government as architect. Taft had hoped to see the Court move into

6923:

jurisprudence. This had the practical effect of making it difficult for the federal government to regulate industry, and the

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was a 1925 decision by the Taft Court striking down an Oregon law banning private schools. In a decision written by Justice

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Soon after the Republican convention, Taft and Roosevelt had discussed which cabinet officers would stay on. Taft kept only

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be owned by the government, but Taft preferred that they remain in the private sector, with their maximum rates set by the

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Pavord, Andrew C. (Summer 1996). "The Gamble for Power: Theodore Roosevelt's Decision to Run for the Presidency in 1912".

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With Roosevelt's help, Taft had little opposition for the Republican nomination for president in 1908 and easily defeated

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was rare both because he authored few dissents, and because it was one of the few times he took an expansive view of the

6804:, tasked with assuring good relations between industry owners and their workers. In February 1918, the new RNC chairman, 6656: 6619: 5794: 5780: 5648: 5392: 5337: 5252: 4910: 4891: 4034: 1629: 984: 927: 910: 807: 791: 320: 101: 10485: 10435: 6439:'s death on March 28, 1910, gave Taft a second opportunity to fill a seat on the high court; he chose New York Governor 6399: 4937:, the first president and first Supreme Court justice to be interred there. Taft is generally listed near the middle in 22482: 20449: 20214: 19799: 19770: 19042: 16502: 16489: 16102: 15208: 15081: 14252: 13691: 13514: 12877: 12858: 12575: 12493: 12374: 6534: 6408: 5659:

of New York, a conservative. Taft resigned as Secretary of War on June 30 to devote himself full-time to the campaign.

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of mostly Spanish priests, which were often resented by the Filipinos. Roosevelt had Taft go to Rome to negotiate with

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Crowe, Justin. "The forging of judicial autonomy: Political entrepreneurship and the reforms of William Howard Taft."

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Fish, Peter G. "William Howard Taft and Charles Evans Hughes: Conservative Politicians as Chief Judicial Reformers."

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Taft continued and expanded Roosevelt's efforts to break up business combinations through lawsuits brought under the

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Alphonso Taft died in 1891 in California, retired because of illness contracted during his diplomatic postings. See

5704:) was needed to allow flexibility in the government's response to poor economic times, that specific legislation on 5185:

was a lifetime appointment, and one from which promotion to the Supreme Court might come. Taft's older half-brother

22527: 22522: 22477: 22467: 22437: 22084: 21730: 21636: 21494: 21276: 21192: 21058: 20914: 20830: 20678: 20587: 20361: 19376: 19012: 18098: 17899: 17766: 17078: 16132: 15332: 14172: 13754: 12550: 11308: 7192: 7144:. Taft, for a unanimous court, allowed the second prosecution, holding that the state and federal governments were 7129: 6967: 5870: 5573: 4840: 4683: 4374: 4210: 4066: 3182: 3167: 3067: 3045: 2795: 2755: 546: 21784: 8422: 6570:, and solidified in Taft's mind that Roosevelt must not be permitted to regain the presidency, whatever the cost. 6301:

Roosevelt was an ardent conservationist, assisted in this by like-minded appointees, including Interior Secretary

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Hahn, Harlan. "The Republican Party Convention of 1912 and the Role of Herbert S. Hadley in National Politics."

6601:. The feud continued on and off through 1911, a year in which there were few elections of significance. Senator 20659: 20634: 20575: 20454: 20188: 20103: 20053: 19760: 19006: 18976: 18155: 17868: 17837: 17754: 16838: 15432: 15242: 15217: 14162: 14092: 14042: 13992: 13942: 13900: 13722: 13654: 12891: 12869: 7278: 7222:

became law in February 1925. By late the following year, Taft was able to show that the backlog was shrinking.

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commission took executive power in the Philippines on September 1, 1900; on July 4, 1901, Taft became civilian

5166: 4993: 4989: 4985: 4883: 4867: 4812: 4678: 4611: 4399: 4157: 4093: 3625: 2984: 1319: 208: 82: 11925: 11343: 11270:"Biography of William Howard Taft, President of the United States and Chief Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court" 6427:

in October 1909 gave Taft his first opportunity. He chose an old friend and colleague from the Sixth Circuit,

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In March 1917, Taft demonstrated public support for the war effort by joining the Connecticut State Guard, a

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was so closely tied to interstate commerce as to bring it within the ambit of Congress's power to regulate.

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in 1967, a vacancy in the office of vice president was not filled until the next election and inauguration.

7390:

The first postage issue for Taft, a 4-cent stamp, was issued in 1930, the second, a 50-cent stamp, in 1938.

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Alternatively, Taft wanted to be chief justice, and kept a close eye on the health of the aging incumbent,

4811:(September 15, 1857 – March 8, 1930) was an American politician and lawyer who was the 27th 4506: 4076: 3487: 1153: 866: 17: 12725: 12720:

Extensive essay on William Howard Taft and shorter essays on each member of his cabinet and the First Lady

11053: 7157:, Taft wrote for a unanimous Court that included liberals Holmes, Brandeis and Stone. The ruling held the 7056:. A congressional committee investigating possible complicity of former Attorney General Daugherty in the 6965:

A case in which the Taft Court struck down regulation that generated a dissent from the chief justice was

6476:. He also appointed judges to various specialized courts, including the first five appointees each to the 6103:, could not put down the rebellion as U.S. forces interfered, and in August 1910, the Estrada forces took 21452: 20987: 20401: 20316: 20270: 20098: 19993: 19973: 19300: 19060: 19048: 18956: 16892: 15607: 14609: 14312: 14282: 14022: 13952: 13884: 12990: 10215:"The Transformation of American Democracy: Teddy Roosevelt, the 1912 Election, and the Progressive Party" 7351: 7327: 7032: 6317:

the Roosevelt administration, including during the year (1907–1908) when Ballinger served as head of the

6076:

only a few feet from the two presidents. Before the election in Mexico, Díaz jailed opposition candidate

5426:. As the War Department administered the Philippines, Taft would remain responsible for the islands, and 5328: 5182: 4934: 4922: 4599: 4570: 4329: 4319: 4304: 4292: 4142: 4061: 3459: 2929: 881: 536: 362: 12105:

Korzi, Michael J., "William Howard Taft, the 1908 Election, and the Future of the American Presidency",

11824: 11820: 7091:

wrote the Court's opinion, and both majority and minority (Holmes, joined by Brandeis) assumed that the

6061: 5529:. In his time in Cuba, Taft worked to persuade Cubans that the U.S. intended stability, not occupation. 5525:, declared himself Provisional Governor of Cuba, a post he held for two weeks before being succeeded by 5173:, based in Cincinnati. In March 1892, Taft resigned as Solicitor General to resume his judicial career. 5092:

In 1887, Taft, then aged 29, was appointed to a vacancy on the Superior Court of Cincinnati by Governor

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felt that most blacks should be trained for industrial work, with only a few seeking higher education;

6259:, bringing 70 cases in four years (Roosevelt had brought 40 in seven years). Suits brought against the 6160: 5561: 4582: 4389: 4277: 4125: 4039: 3859: 3775: 3564: 3351: 3266: 3162: 3124: 3030: 1100: 1050: 17719: 14032: 12631: 6935:—sometimes protested, believing orderly progress essential, but often joined in the majority opinion. 6358:

At the time Taft was inaugurated, the way forward for African Americans was debated by their leaders.

5816:, who had served under McKinley and Roosevelt as Attorney General, as the new Secretary of State, and 22342: 20705: 20459: 20163: 20128: 20083: 20073: 20058: 20048: 20013: 19978: 19054: 18055: 17931: 17128: 16457: 16421: 16182: 15805: 14292: 12970: 12965: 12409:

Anderson, Donald F. (Winter 2000). "Building National Consensus: The Career of William Howard Taft".

12002:"Theodore Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, and the Disputed Delegates in 1912: Texas as a Test Case." 7292: 7145: 6928: 6459:, whom he had met while playing golf, and had subsequently learned had a good reputation as a judge. 6065: 5809: 5565: 5544:, Taft went to Japan, and met with officials there. The meeting in July 1905 came a month before the 5502: 5271:; when a place on the Supreme Court opened in 1898, the only one under McKinley, the president named 4621: 4550: 4530: 4441: 3445: 3417: 3197: 3114: 2895: 2715: 2486: 1589: 1339: 1329: 871: 12083:"Bench over Ballot: The Fight for Judicial Supremacy and the New Constitutional Politics, 1910–1916" 11210: 9898:"Bench over Ballot: The Fight for Judicial Supremacy and the New Constitutional Politics, 1910–1916" 8077: 5858: 20224: 20198: 20173: 20078: 20023: 20018: 19998: 19963: 19953: 17968: 17888: 17060: 16862: 16465: 16217: 16187: 15905: 15900: 15765: 15760: 15707: 15702: 15612: 15592: 15532: 14012: 13932: 13042: 9843: 7326:. On March 11, he became the first president and first member of the Supreme Court to be buried at 7005:

involved a Puerto Rico newspaper publisher who was prosecuted for libel but denied a jury trial, a

6756: 6463: 6375: 6264: 5930: 5700:, to stock speculation and other abuses, and felt some reform of the currency (the U.S. was on the 5482:

a better candidate. In any event, Fuller remained chief justice throughout Roosevelt's presidency.

4819:, serving from 1921 to 1930, the only person to have held both offices. Taft was elected president 4781: 4565: 4242: 4187: 4007: 3984: 3961: 3733: 3645: 2917: 2815: 2685: 1882: 1244: 1234: 1105: 1070: 656: 12563:

Taft, William Howard. "The Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court Under the Act of February 13, 1925."

12545:

Starr, Kenneth W. "The Supreme Court and Its Shrinking Docket: The Ghost of William Howard Taft."

11595: 6382:

as an "apostle, legislator, builder" who advanced "the beginning of civilization in California."

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Taft's decision for a worker injured in a railway accident violated the contemporary doctrine of

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Coletta, Paolo E. "The Election of 1908" in Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. and Fred L Israel, eds.,

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system instead. The issue of prohibition of alcohol entered the campaign when in mid-September,

5331:, as Filipinos fought for their independence, but U.S. forces, led by military governor General 22163: 22126: 22026: 21860: 21456: 21319: 20991: 20938: 20686: 20311: 20043: 20008: 19600: 19570: 18368: 18005: 17683: 17623: 17374: 17306: 17178: 16856: 16646: 16375: 16262: 16095: 15915: 15820: 15642: 15201: 14841: 14801: 14691: 13998: 13877: 13261: 12263: 12175: 7442: 7335: 7137: 7133: 7022: 6700: 6638: 6554: 6549: 6302: 6193: 6040:

When Taft entered office, Mexico was increasingly restless under the grip of longtime dictator

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Minger, Ralph Eldin (August 1961). "Taft's Missions to Japan: A Study in Personal Diplomacy".

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The Philippines Reader: A History of Colonialism, Neocolonialism, Dictatorship, and Resistance

7300:

1930, at age 72, likely of heart disease, inflammation of the liver, and high blood pressure.

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Schambra, William. "The Election of 1912 and the Origins of Constitutional Conservatism." in

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Hughes was 67 when he began his second period on the court, as chief justice succeeding Taft.

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Storey, Moorfield; Codman, Julian; YA Pamphlet Collection (Library of Congress) DLC (1902).

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Taft's eight electoral votes set a record for futility by a Republican candidate matched by

7691:

The "Bull Moose Party", named by Roosevelt's comment he felt as strong as a young bull moose

7581:

498 (1900). Only Justice Harlan dissented from the opinion for the Court written by Justice

6938:

The White Court had, in 1918, struck down an attempt by Congress to regulate child labor in

6092: 5812:(who was transferred to the Navy Department). Others appointed to the Taft cabinet included 1035: 22502: 22442: 22307: 22302: 22281: 21749: 20884: 20724: 20667: 20426: 20416: 19685: 19680: 19670: 19520: 19515: 19424: 19406: 19394: 19382: 19370: 19364: 18584: 18564: 18388: 18384: 18338: 17665: 17653: 17564: 17208: 17153: 17146: 17090: 17048: 16674: 16227: 16177: 16157: 15955: 15800: 15657: 15652: 15627: 15517: 15342: 14879: 14248: 13774: 13585: 13539: 13524: 11946:

The bully pulpit: Theodore Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, and the Golden Age of journalism

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Taft has been rated among the greatest of the chief justices; later Supreme Court Justice

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Schultz, L. Peter. "William Howard Taft: A constitutionalist's view of the presidency."

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appointed Taft to be chief justice, a position he held until a month before his death.

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Mason, Alpheus Thomas (January 1969). "President by Chance, Chief Justice by Choice".

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involved the removal of a postmaster, Taft in his opinion found invalid the repealed

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later Congress appropriated money to purchase the land, to the east of the Capitol.

6379: 5223:, his biographer, as having "definitely and specifically revived" that legislation. 22233: 22186: 22118: 22054: 21709: 21670: 21642: 21504: 21483: 21475: 21356: 21311: 21097: 21068: 21047: 21039: 20862: 20730: 20648: 19784: 19779: 19690: 19610: 19585: 19575: 19448: 19358: 19221: 19197: 19149: 19113: 18428: 18364: 18351: 18321: 18308: 18230: 18217: 17913: 17659: 17282: 17116: 16738: 16546: 16351: 16323: 16317: 16167: 16142: 16122: 16080: 16055: 16010: 15990: 15975: 15875: 15835: 15662: 15637: 15617: 15522: 15477: 15452: 15447: 15437: 15422: 15352: 15252: 14821: 14791: 14711: 14589: 14158: 14148: 14128: 14088: 14038: 13988: 13938: 13807: 13453: 12940: 12776: 12587: 12488:

Post, Robert C. "Chief Justice William Howard Taft and the concept of federalism."

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have largely sustained that verdict. Coletta noted that this places Taft alongside

7169:. This allowed states to extend segregation in public schools to Chinese students. 7162: 7012: 6744: 6736: 6723: 6428: 6338:(by then a senator) to look into the matter, and Root urged the firing of Pinchot. 6202: 6137: 6045: 6013: 6007: 5914:

through the use of tariffs was a fundamental position of the Republican Party. The

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Starr, Kenneth W. "William Howard Taft: The Chief Justice as Judicial Architect."

11983:

Four Hats in the Ring: The 1912 Election and the Birth of Modern American Politics

6800:

During the war, Taft took leave from Yale in order to serve as co-chairman of the

6759:(ABA), a trade group of lawyers. He removed opponents, such as Louis Brandeis and 6041: 6033: 5023:) to be a member. In 1878, Taft graduated second in his class of 121. He attended 22257: 22078: 22042: 22009: 21936: 21868: 21780: 21775: 21762: 21757: 21724: 21630: 21590: 21512: 21251: 19863: 19794: 19715: 19655: 19550: 19545: 19530: 19525: 19510: 19352: 19334: 19322: 19316: 19275: 19227: 19173: 18624: 18544: 18528: 18524: 18504: 18424: 18408: 18269: 18221: 18204: 18195: 18191: 17950: 17677: 17671: 17440: 17422: 17398: 17386: 17330: 17264: 17215: 17084: 17000: 16964: 16832: 16758: 16690: 16626: 16594: 16550: 16137: 16000: 15925: 15845: 15632: 15552: 15497: 15487: 15367: 15302: 15117: 15047: 15007: 14997: 14987: 14949: 14939: 14859: 14811: 14771: 14258: 14238: 14208: 14068: 14048: 13625: 13557: 13337: 13273: 13091: 12758: 12732: 12710: 12654: 12635: 11949: 11932: 11901: 11784: 11376: 11129: 11020: 10092: 9681: 8475: 8426: 8349: 7904: 7872: 7308: 7182: 7119: 6920: 6893: 6858: 6713: 6594: 6567: 6520: 6456: 6363: 6306: 6017: 5987: 5922: 5886: 5693: 5640: 5475: 5464: 5452: 5438: 5403: 5400: 5313: 5301: 5279: 5209:, and he was reversed by the Supreme Court. On the other hand, Taft's opinion in 5194: 5082: 5048: 5012: 4875: 4871: 4494: 4262: 4192: 4056: 3989: 3891: 3663: 3550: 3522: 3344: 3330: 3261: 3142: 2835: 2601: 2406: 2378: 2358: 2353: 2293: 2228: 2163: 2090: 2085: 2050: 2035: 2030: 1907: 1852: 1847: 1827: 1797: 1787: 1767: 1752: 1604: 1524: 1494: 1484: 1459: 1439: 1384: 1266: 1178: 1085: 645: 19834: 12179: 8388: 7526:

Vice President Sherman died in office. As this was prior to the adoption of the

6680:

Alleging Taft had stolen the nomination, Roosevelt and his followers formed the

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1884, Taft campaigned for the Republican candidate for president, Maine Senator

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Chief Executive to Chief Justice:Taft Betwixt the White House and Supreme Court

10497: 10447: 7438: 7411: 7376: 7197: 7115: 7036: 6888: 6732: 6634: 6583: 6544: 6493: 6175: 6080:, whose supporters took up arms. This resulted in both the ousting of Díaz and 6057: 6053: 5813: 5744: 5569: 5479: 5272: 5112: 5044: 5036: 5020: 4836: 4832: 4416: 4334: 4247: 4197: 3817: 3712: 3670: 3301: 3104: 2646: 2616: 2546: 2536: 2501: 2481: 2243: 2233: 2193: 2148: 2143: 2065: 2010: 2000: 1957: 1952: 1937: 1927: 1822: 1747: 1699: 1584: 1554: 1529: 1509: 1499: 1434: 1148: 1095: 832: 588: 145: 21172: 20810: 12371:

Present Day Problems: A Collection of Addresses Delivered on Various Occasions

12098: 12069:

Hindman, E. James. "The General Arbitration Treaties of William Howard Taft."

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drafted but had been unable to complete because of his illness. Taft went to

6998: 6466: 6424: 6272: 6197: 6128:

to view the facts on the ground. Taft considered Roosevelt's minister there,

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had deadlocked over the issue. Canadians turned Laurier out of office in the

5911: 5748: 5701: 5697: 5684: 5407: 5383:. Taft had, after McKinley's election, urged the appointment of Roosevelt as 5361: 4973: 4859: 4699: 3896: 3873: 3726: 3684: 3588: 3578: 3379: 3372: 3276: 2576: 2566: 2556: 2531: 2466: 2461: 2421: 2343: 2338: 2333: 2318: 2273: 2108: 2070: 1917: 1892: 1857: 1792: 1684: 1679: 1669: 1644: 1634: 1624: 1564: 1479: 1429: 1229: 1195: 1115: 614: 12017:

59.4 (1965): 407–423. Taft was willing to compromise with Missouri Governor

6147:

In 1898, an American company had gained a concession for a railroad between

21980: 21683: 21652: 20946: 19824: 19819: 19740: 19720: 19675: 19625: 19595: 19560: 19484: 19466: 19251: 19239: 19131: 19119: 19107: 18924: 18904: 18884: 18234: 17919: 17786: 17688: 17647: 17571: 17434: 17416: 17392: 17288: 17258: 17222: 16910: 16880: 16868: 16770: 16742: 16726: 16710: 16678: 16630: 16346: 16247: 16025: 15865: 15292: 15127: 15027: 14889: 14358: 14348: 14328: 14298: 13958: 13601: 13404: 13332: 12672: 11114: 11049: 8414:

John P. Campbell, "Taft, Roosevelt, and the Arbitration Treaties of 1911."

7876: 7227: 6869: 6805: 6371: 6322: 5494: 5341: 5227: 5008: 4953: 4421: 4359: 4108: 3994: 3901: 3831: 3768: 3630: 3480: 3473: 3438: 3224: 2641: 2631: 2496: 2491: 2476: 2451: 2436: 2416: 2368: 2308: 2303: 2283: 2248: 2223: 2218: 2213: 2173: 2128: 2060: 2020: 2015: 1975: 1942: 1922: 1782: 1737: 1654: 1599: 1579: 1569: 1539: 9820: 7492:

Speech: "The Farmer and the Republican Party", Kansas City, Missouri, 1908

7265: 6808:, approached Taft seeking his reconciliation with Roosevelt. While at the 6367:

Negroes both North and South began to drift toward the Democratic party."

22245: 22181: 22105: 21823: 21806: 21432: 21261: 21241: 21018: 19843: 19838: 19829: 19814: 19789: 19775: 19640: 19436: 19346: 19245: 19143: 18864: 18848: 18844: 18828: 18808: 18684: 18668: 18648: 18548: 17962: 17524: 17428: 17324: 17066: 16952: 16928: 16898: 16722: 16694: 16614: 16598: 16582: 16369: 16363: 16292: 16045: 15930: 15810: 15790: 15512: 15377: 15107: 15097: 15017: 14288: 13291: 13235: 13159: 12571: 11096: 8014:"10 birthday facts about President and Chief Justice William Howard Taft" 7415: 7252: 7153: 7057: 7016:

The U.S. Supreme Court in 1925. Taft is seated in the bottom row, middle.

6748: 6589:

After the election, Roosevelt continued to promote progressive ideals, a

6242: 6167: 5915: 5669: 5595: 5317: 5264: 5235: 5040: 4981: 4977: 4339: 4167: 3886: 3803: 3789: 2992: 2621: 2611: 2561: 2516: 2456: 2411: 2373: 2348: 2263: 2183: 2153: 2118: 1995: 1985: 1902: 1897: 1862: 1842: 1817: 1812: 1757: 1732: 1674: 1614: 1609: 1514: 1504: 1464: 1454: 1449: 1424: 1389: 1359: 1324: 1291: 1261: 786: 632: 619: 22252: 20570: 12752:

a National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places (TwHP) lesson plan

12470: 12340:

Solvick, Stanley D. "William Howard Taft and the Payne-Aldrich Tariff."

12334: 12244: 12219:

Noyes, John E. "William Howard Taft and the Taft Arbitration Treaties."

12212: 12074: 12007: 11890: 11752: 11739:

Anderson, Donald F. (Winter 1982). "The Legacy of William Howard Taft".

10750:. San Juan: Editorial de la Universidad de Puerto Rico. pp. 96–98. 8337:

John E. Noyes, "William Howard Taft and the Taft Arbitration Treaties."

6012:

Taft and his Secretary of State, Philander Knox, instituted a policy of

22269: 21975: 21850: 21840: 21625: 20899: 19765: 19735: 19695: 19580: 19269: 19263: 19233: 18908: 18888: 18768: 18748: 18488: 18484: 17845: 17820: 17780: 17749: 17336: 17234: 16662: 16302: 16030: 15870: 15855: 15770: 15587: 15457: 15322: 15257: 15087: 14929: 14721: 14663: 14633: 14599: 14008: 13928: 13647: 12796: 12345: 12167: 10748:

The Supreme Court and Puerto Rico: The Doctrine of Separate and Unequal

9683:

Booker T. Washington : Volume 2: The Wizard Of Tuskegee, 1901–1915

8419: 7710: 7643:

In one of which Secretary Knox was said to be a major stockholder. See

7214: 6927:

also scuttled many state laws. The few liberals on the court—Brandeis,

6924: 6833: 6655:

Roosevelt dominated the primaries, winning 278 of the 362 delegates to

6598: 6563: 6472:

Taft appointed 13 judges to the federal courts of appeal and 38 to the

6335: 6215: 5973: 5757: 5731: 5675: 5621:, tested the waters for a run but chose to stay out. New York Governor 5427: 5340:. MacArthur, until then the military governor, was relieved by General 5305: 4965: 4855: 4103: 3640: 2997: 2571: 2506: 2268: 2238: 2178: 2113: 1877: 1772: 1762: 1722: 1379: 508: 239: 16487: 14574:

Unsuccessful major party candidates for President of the United States

12812: 12599: 12140:

Bureaucracy Convicts Itself: The Ballinger-Pinchot Controversy of 1910

11817:

Taft and Roosevelt: The Intimate Letters of Archie Butt, Military Aide

11771: 11596:"Chapter 1: The Property: Its Development and Historical Associations" 6672: 5720:

Taft upset some progressives by choosing Hitchcock as Chairman of the

5456:

you guaranteed the office. It is awful to be afraid of one's shadow."

22018: 21918: 21882: 19472: 18868: 18788: 17042: 16518: 16312: 14368: 13279: 12955: 11897: 11766:

Ballard, Rene N. "The Administrative Theory of William Howard Taft."

11600:

William Howard Taft National Historic Site: An Administrative History

6877: 6687: 6141: 5433: 5065: 3796: 3087: 2586: 2441: 1912: 1867: 1704: 1396: 1301: 1060: 22264: 12781: 12159: 12027:

The Secret War in El Paso: Mexican Revolutionary Intrigue, 1906–1920

9730:

Katherine D. Moran, "Catholicism and the Making of the US Pacific."

7620:, would also become a general and famously fight in the Philippines. 6883:

It later emerged that Harding had also promised former Utah senator

5785: 21845: 20529: 19750: 19257: 18928: 18784: 18688: 18067: 17774: 16514: 15067: 14909: 12785: 12591: 11060: 9427: 9391: 7307:

the body of former President and Chief Justice William Howard Taft

6525:

magazine cover: Roosevelt departs, entrusting his policies to Taft.

5353: 5144: 5039:. Taft was assigned to cover the local courts, and also spent time 4646: 4628: 3907: 3838: 3824: 3810: 3782: 3635: 2431: 2328: 2298: 1947: 1872: 1777: 22373:

Judges of the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit

12750:"Growing into Public Service: William Howard Taft's Boyhood Home", 12609:

Conservatives in the Progressive Era: The Taft Republicans of 1912

11720:

William Howard Taft: A Conservative's Conception of the Presidency

11181: 11179: 8364:

World Peace Through Law. Replacing War with the Global Rule of Law

6958:. Taft ruled for a 7–1 majority that the processing of animals in 17518: 15216: 15077: 11500:

Scott Specialized Catologue of U.S. Stamps, 2024, pp. 90, 108–109

11407: 9463: 9367: 8729: 7258:

Taft followed a weight loss program and hired the British doctor

6959: 6455:'s retirement because of illness; he named a Louisiana Democrat, 6152: 6125: 6104: 6049: 5960: 4512: 3932: 3845: 3761: 10635: 10610: 10608: 9867: 9865: 7774:

258 U.S. 495 (1922) Justice Day did not participate and Justice

6052:

to the border areas for maneuvers. Taft told his military aide,

5836:

Early in Taft's term, in May 1909, his wife Nellie had a severe

5643:

before being recalled to straighten out a contested election in

5505:

had trouble keeping a chief engineer, and when in February 1907

12736: 11301:"Supreme Court at Arlington: Justices are Chummy Even in Death" 11176: 10896: 9516: 9514: 9355: 6919:

The Supreme Court under Taft compiled a conservative record in

6861:; they were elected. Taft was among those asked to come to the 5837: 5644: 5294: 4914: 4446: 11472: 11470: 11164: 11078: 10983: 9586: 9135: 9133: 7700:

Sherman was the last American vice president to die in office.

6813:

fact all my life. I loved him always and cherish his memory."

5509:

submitted his resignation, Taft recommended an army engineer,

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Electoral vote by state, 1912. States won by Taft are in red.

6021:

collapse of the Mexican regime and subsequent turmoil of the

4436: 11503: 11455: 10625: 10623: 10356: 9987: 9963: 9550: 9511: 9499: 9487: 9451: 9439: 9403: 9343: 9319: 9258: 9256: 9217: 9145: 9035: 8999: 8951: 8927: 8869: 8867: 8840: 8804: 8792: 8693: 8681: 8669: 8609: 8597: 8431: 8319: 8244: 8220: 8208: 6132:, as uninterested in the China trade, and replaced him with 6124:

Knox did not agree, and declined a suggestion that he go to

22383:

United States federal judges appointed by Warren G. Harding

22378:

United States federal judges appointed by Benjamin Harrison

21720:

Unknown Soldiers for World War II and the Korean War (1958)

13861: 12029:. Albuquerque, New Mexico: University of New Mexico Press. 11467: 10322: 10320: 10281: 9130: 8309: 8307: 8172: 7102:

clauses were protected against infringement by the states.

6910:

List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Taft Court

6515: 6166:

After the revolution broke out, the revolt's leaders chose

4969: 22338:

Candidates in the 1912 United States presidential election

22333:

Candidates in the 1908 United States presidential election

21451: 20986: 12628: 12504:. Washington, D.C.: Catholic University of America Press. 12366:

ed. by David H. Burton and A. E. Campbell (Ohio UP, 2000).

12282:

vol 2 covers the presidency after 1910 & Supreme Court

11539: 10788: 10727: 10647: 10569: 10545: 10516: 9598: 9562: 9205: 8782: 8780: 8196: 8160: 8136: 8124: 8112: 7429:

The house in Cincinnati in which Taft was born is now the

6676:

Campaign advertisement arguing Taft deserved a second term

6499: 4984:

was not wealthy, living in a modest home in the suburb of

12133:

TR and Will: A Friendship That Split the Republican Party

11939:

Reciprocity, 1911: A Study in Canadian-American Relations

11575: 11211:"William Taft: Life After the Presidency | Miller Center" 10908: 10620: 10593: 10557: 10504: 10233: 10148: 9941: 9939: 9749: 9613: 9475: 9331: 9307: 9297: 9295: 9253: 9181: 9169: 8891: 8864: 7172: 6084:

that would continue for another ten years. In the U.S.'s

11563: 11482: 11443: 11431: 11419: 10454: 10392: 10380: 10344: 10317: 10082:"1912 Republican Convention: Return of the Rough Rider" 9415: 9011: 8828: 8705: 8585: 8549: 8537: 8304: 8280: 7739:

of Idaho and La Follette of Wisconsin. The Democrat was

6767:(a supporter of the Progressive Party) from committees. 4988:. Alphonso served as a judge and an ambassador, and was 12444:

The Chief Justiceship of William Howard Taft, 1921–1930

12227:

covers his career in international law and arbitration.

10293: 10219:

First Principles Series Report #43 on Political Thought

9737: 9712: 9649: 9106: 9094: 9082: 9070: 8975: 8963: 8903: 8777: 8621: 8507:. Harvard University. Boston, G.H. Ellis co., printers. 8352:

covers his career in international law and arbitration.

8043:

Jackson, Abby; Sterbenz, Christina (December 6, 2015).

7575:

Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railway Co. v. Voight

7433:. Taft was one of the first Gold Medal Honorees of the 7234:, but it did not do so until 1935, after Taft's death. 7148:, each empowered to prosecute the conduct in question. 7035:, for violation of which his presidential predecessor, 5203:

Voight v. Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railway Co.

5128:

would get it. Instead, in 1890, Harrison appointed him

4926:

and he took only Utah and Vermont in Wilson's victory.

22328:

Republican Party (United States) presidential nominees

12277:

The Life and Times of William Howard Taft: A Biography

12265:

The Life and Times of William Howard Taft: A Biography

12064:

Insurgency: Personalities and Politics of the Taft Era

11848:

American Foreign Relations: A Historiographical Review

11527: 11378:

One thousand beards: a cultural history of facial hair

11131:

Democracy's Big Day: The Inauguration of Our President

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Schirmer, Daniel B.; Shalom, Stephen Rosskamm (1987).

8292: 7452:

Lurie concluded his account of William Taft's career:

7167:

Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

6415:

Taft made six appointments to the Supreme Court; only

5696:. Taft attributed blame for the recent recession, the 966: 22217: 12364:

Four Aspects of Civic Duty; and, Present Day Problems

11838:

History of American Presidential Elections: 1789–1968

11323: 10535: 10533: 10531: 10332: 10257: 10112: 10064: 10062: 10047: 9877: 9785: 9773: 9526: 8915: 8816: 8753: 7165:

from a whites-only public school did not violate the

4898:, believing his political work to be more important. 22448:

Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences

16110: 13487:

United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit

12387:. American Presidency. The Regents Press of Kansas. 12315:. Columbia, Missouri: University of Missouri Press. 10102: 10100: 9157: 8232: 7069:

In 1925, the Taft Court laid the groundwork for the

5513:. Under Goethals, the project moved ahead smoothly. 4964:

William Howard Taft was born September 15, 1857, in

385:

United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit

13899: 12297:

William Howard Taft: The American Presidents Series

10925: 10923: 10817: 10815: 10800: 10764: 10703: 10691: 10681: 10679: 10677: 10659: 8523:

Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines

8045:"The 13 most powerful members of "Skull and Bones"" 7722:

Sutherland was appointed to the high court in 1922.

7539:

1889 Ohio Misc. Lexis 119, 10 Ohio Dec. reprint 181

5599:One of a series of candid photographs known as the 839: 30:"William Taft" redirects here. For other uses, see 13025: 12502:A Constitutional History of the U.S. Supreme Court 11864: 11717: 11660: 11551: 10947: 10528: 10473: 10423: 10172:"Clearing Up the William Howard Taft Bathtub Myth" 10136: 10124: 10059: 10035: 9817:"Biographical Dictionary of the Federal Judiciary" 9059: 8645: 8573: 8443: 8268: 8256: 8184: 8148: 7954: 7859:Stone was made chief justice in 1941 by President 5668:political campaigns had been outlawed by the 1907 22408:Theodore Roosevelt administration cabinet members 21961: 17463:Also served as Chief Justice of the United States 12087:The Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 12048:. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. 12025:Harris, Charles H. III; Sadler, Louis R. (2009). 11791:. Philadelphia: Saint Joseph's University Press. 11688: 11515: 11374: 10212: 10097: 10023: 9999: 9902:The Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 9761: 9625: 9538: 8879: 8657: 7136:. He alleged the second prosecution violated the 6221: 5360:, and accepted the surrender of Filipino general 5054: 22323:Republican Party presidents of the United States 22289: 11985:. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. 11966:. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. 11871:. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. 10920: 10884: 10812: 10715: 10674: 8939: 6586:was elected governor, and Harding lost in Ohio. 5774: 5579: 5493:, the United States had secured rights to build 27:President of the United States from 1909 to 1913 22473:University of Cincinnati College of Law faculty 21315:(incumbent; nominated but died before election) 12313:The Foreign Policies of the Taft Administration 12310: 11344:"William Howard Taft Is Still Stuck in the Tub" 9469: 9433: 9397: 9373: 9361: 9124: 8717: 8633: 8561: 8455: 8078:"Obituary: Taft Gained Peaks in Unusual Career" 8042: 7994: 7982: 6785:organized to carry out the state duties of the 5655:, but instead the convention named Congressman 5437:Roosevelt introduces Taft as his crown prince: 796: 22513:Woodward High School (Cincinnati, Ohio) alumni 22488:University of Cincinnati College of Law alumni 22463:Members of the Sons of the American Revolution 13060: 12673:William Taft Edison Recordings Campaign - 1912 12380: 11724:. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. 11703: 10641: 8473: 7251:. After his death, the crossing was named the 7064: 7043:, though acquitted by the Senate. Taft valued 6651:Taft and Roosevelt – political enemies in 1912 6510: 5972:sent to Congress in December 1910, he urged a 5848: 5387:, and watched as Roosevelt became a war hero, 272:September 29, 1906 – October 13, 1906 22458:Members of the American Philosophical Society 21566: 21158: 20796: 20556: 18083: 17735: 17504: 16473: 16096: 15202: 14558: 13885: 13139: 12828: 12311:Scholes, Walter V; Scholes, Marie V. (1970). 12115:William Howard Taft: Progressive Conservative 12066:(1940), on Taft's Republican enemies in 1910. 12046:Theodore Roosevelt: Preacher of Righteousness 11858:. Westport, Connecticut: Meckler Corporation. 11807:Taft, Roosevelt, and the limits of friendship 11276:. Arlington National Cemetery. Archived from 11264: 11262: 10425:"Taft Joins Home Guard to Defend Connecticut" 9732:Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 9686:. USA: Oxford University Press. p. 341. 8366:. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. pp. 18–20. 8100: 7441:was a significant political figure, becoming 7341: 7237: 7077:to be applied against the states through the 6991:In 1922, Taft ruled for a unanimous court in 6706: 4789: 992: 781: 22318:20th-century presidents of the United States 13409: 13097:Insular Government of the Philippine Islands 12299:. New York: Time Books, Henry Holt & Co. 11829:Coletta, Paolo E. "William Howard Taft." in 7206:Judicial Conference of Senior Circuit Judges 6827: 6628:Taft with Archibald Butt (second from right) 6496:signed similar legislation in October 1913. 6170:as provisional president of what became the 6072:captured and disarmed an assassin holding a 5945:the states, and by 1913 was ratified as the 5662: 5614:A number of Republican politicians, such as 5212:United States v. Addyston Pipe and Steel Co. 5098:Moores & Co. v. Bricklayers' Union No. 1 22453:Members of the American Antiquarian Society 22413:Governors-general of the Philippine Islands 20342:National Republican Congressional Committee 12922: 12611:. Gainesville: University of Florida Press. 12381:Trani, Eugene P.; Wilson, David L. (1977). 6613: 6290: 5878:Taft made it a priority to restructure the 5226:In 1896, Taft became dean and Professor of 5031:in 1880. While in law school, he worked on 4944: 4815:, serving from 1909 to 1913, and the tenth 4003:National Federation of Independent Business 363:Chairman of the First Philippine Commission 333:March 16, 1900 – December 23, 1903 22428:Presidents of the American Bar Association 22388:Judges of the Superior Court of Cincinnati 21785:Unknown Soldier for the Vietnam War (1984) 21573: 21559: 21165: 21151: 20803: 20789: 20563: 20549: 20432:High School Republican National Federation 18090: 18076: 17742: 17728: 17511: 17497: 16480: 16466: 16103: 16089: 15209: 15195: 15171: 15161: 14565: 14551: 14527: 13892: 13878: 13435:Judge of the Superior Court of Cincinnati 12835: 12821: 12804: 12353:The Collected Works of William Howard Taft 11652: 11259: 11007: 7431:William Howard Taft National Historic Site 7020:In 1926, Taft wrote for a 6–3 majority in 5897: 5523:Cuban–American Treaty of Relations of 1903 4796: 4782: 4099:Federation for American Immigration Reform 999: 985: 450:February 4, 1890 – March 20, 1892 12976:North Pacific Fur Seal Convention of 1911 12408: 12355:(8 vol. Ohio University Press, 20012004) 12273: 12258: 12117:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 11819:(2 vols. 1930), valuable primary source. 11789:William Howard Taft, Confident Peacemaker 11738: 11715: 11581: 11476: 11197: 11185: 11170: 11104: 11079:Bivins, Roberta; Marland, Hilary (2016). 11066: 10989: 10977: 10941: 10914: 10902: 10833: 10794: 10745: 10733: 10629: 10614: 10599: 10563: 10410: 10374: 10326: 10311: 10275: 10251: 10239: 10154: 10017: 9871: 9819:. Federal Judicial Center. Archived from 9803: 9755: 9673: 9667: 9643: 9619: 9580: 9385: 9262: 9235: 9199: 9151: 9112: 9100: 9076: 9041: 9017: 9005: 8981: 8969: 8957: 8933: 8909: 8846: 8834: 8810: 8798: 8786: 8735: 8711: 8699: 8687: 8675: 8615: 8603: 8555: 8543: 8437: 8325: 8313: 8286: 8250: 8226: 8214: 8202: 8178: 8166: 8142: 8130: 8118: 8072: 8070: 7631: 7549: 7481:Collection of film clips of the president 6395:William Howard Taft judicial appointments 6241:Official White House portrait of Taft by 5763: 5590: 5316:to organize a civilian government in the 5068:, Taft devoted himself to his job at the 221:February 1, 1904 – June 30, 1908 166:July 11, 1921 – February 3, 1930 21179:1912 United States presidential election 20817:1908 United States presidential election 20525:Timeline of modern American conservatism 20357:Republican Attorneys General Association 20352:National Republican Senatorial Committee 12606: 12533:(1989). "Originalism: The Lesser Evil". 11862: 11853: 11761:William Howard Taft, an Intimate History 11569: 11545: 11509: 11488: 11461: 11449: 11437: 11425: 11413: 9993: 9969: 9743: 9718: 9655: 9607: 9592: 9568: 9556: 9520: 9505: 9493: 9457: 9445: 9421: 9409: 9349: 9325: 9247: 9223: 9211: 9187: 9175: 9139: 9053: 9029: 8993: 8897: 8873: 8858: 8627: 8298: 7644: 7484: 7469: 7420: 7385: 7345: 7302: 7264: 7176: 7011: 6842: 6816:When Wilson proposed establishment of a 6722: 6686: 6671: 6646: 6623: 6514: 6506:1912 United States presidential election 6398: 6388: 6236: 6027: 5959: 5901: 5784: 5730: 5674: 5594: 5586:1908 United States presidential election 5556:. Taft met with Japanese Prime Minister 5432: 5289: 5165:created a new judgeship for each of the 5059: 4948: 4395:Russell Kirk Center for Cultural Renewal 397:March 17, 1892 – March 15, 1900 22543:American people of Scotch-Irish descent 22533:People from Kalorama (Washington, D.C.) 22423:Solicitors general of the United States 21415: 21371: 21291: 20845: 20347:National Republican Redistricting Trust 13862:Articles related to William Howard Taft 12842: 11783: 11221:from the original on September 20, 2021 10165: 10163: 9481: 9337: 9313: 9286: 9274: 8591: 8519:"Proclamation No. 173. s. 2002 | GOVPH" 8386: 7128:was one of a series of cases involving 7122:, struck a blow for religious freedom. 6986: 6500:1912 presidential campaign and election 6321:. A special agent for the Land Office, 5873:engraved portrait of Taft as President 5831: 5574:agreed to issue fewer passports to them 5154:In 1891, Taft introduced a new policy: 4939:historians' rankings of U.S. presidents 941:10th Chief Justice of the United States 14: 22548:Burials at Arlington National Cemetery 22290: 21689:Unknown Soldier for World War I (1921) 20465:Republican National Coalition for Life 16811: 13461:Solicitor General of the United States 13071:Creation of the Supreme Court Building 12911:Solicitor General of the United States 12726:"Life Portrait of William Howard Taft" 12294: 12024: 11980: 11961: 11906:(Kindle ed.). Henry Holt and Co. 11533: 11381:. Arsenal pulp press. pp. 36–37. 11298: 11127: 10653: 10587: 10575: 10551: 10522: 10510: 10460: 10398: 10386: 10362: 10350: 10338: 10299: 10287: 10169: 10118: 9679: 9301: 9088: 8361: 8238: 8067: 7923:from the original on December 14, 2020 7208:held its first meeting that December. 7173:Administration and political influence 7050:The following year, the court decided 6667: 6482:United States Court of Customs Appeals 5647:. He had no serious opposition at the 5381:United States Civil Service Commission 5130:Solicitor General of the United States 4905:for the presidency in that November's 438:Solicitor General of the United States 95:March 4, 1909 – March 4, 1913 21554: 21450: 21146: 20985: 20784: 20544: 20407:Republican National Hispanic Assembly 18071: 17723: 17492: 16810: 16500: 16461: 16084: 15190: 14546: 13873: 13860: 13408: 13102:Philippines Civil Governor, 1901–1904 12816: 12773:Works by or about William Howard Taft 12704:William Howard Taft: A Resource Guide 12451:The Supreme Court From Taft to Burger 12080: 11867:The Presidency of William Howard Taft 11634:National Institute of Social Sciences 11356:from the original on November 3, 2020 11243:. US Architect of the Capitol (AOC). 11013: 10845: 10475:"Taft and Davison now Majors General" 9895: 9065: 8055:from the original on October 28, 2020 8024:from the original on October 20, 2020 7952: 7948: 7946: 7944: 7942: 7940: 7938: 7435:National Institute of Social Sciences 6761:University of Pennsylvania Law School 6109:United States occupation of Nicaragua 6044:. Many Mexicans backed his opponent, 5560:. After that meeting, the two signed 5259:. Bryan, both in that address and in 4138:American Center for Law & Justice 571: 22353:Progressive Era in the United States 18097: 13001:Commission on Economy and Efficiency 12342:Mississippi Valley Historical Review 12021:as presidential nominee; TR said no. 11594:Lee, Antoinette J. (December 1986). 10160: 7902: 6743:Taft had been made president of the 5756:played." Longtime White House usher 5118: 4892:civilian governor of the Philippines 4216:Parents Television and Media Council 3272:Project for the New American Century 3036:Conservative Party of New York State 892:Commission on Economy and Efficiency 22368:Chief justices of the United States 21601:State funerals in the United States 13760:for President of the United States 13593:Governor-General of the Philippines 13221:1912 Republican National Convention 13211:1908 Republican National Convention 13145:Birthplace, home, and historic site 12900:Governor-General of the Philippines 12742:American Presidents: Life Portraits 12668:Michigan State University Libraries 12629:William Taft National Historic Site 12576:"Chief Justice William Howard Taft" 12535:University of Cincinnati Law Review 12411:University of Cincinnati Law Review 12384:The Presidency of Warren G. Harding 12307:(Palgrave Macmillan, 2013). 95–119. 11958:(University Press of Kansas, 2009). 11856:William Howard Taft: A Bibliography 11831:The Presidents: A Reference History 11710:Bibliography of William Howard Taft 11658: 11593: 11341: 10213:Milkis, Sidney M. (June 11, 2012). 7503:Bibliography of William Howard Taft 7247:and use a particular crossing over 6880:who formed Harding's inner circle. 6718:Our Chief Magistrate and His Powers 6620:1912 Republican National Convention 5781:Inauguration of William Howard Taft 5649:1908 Republican National Convention 5572:, the foreign minister, informally 5540:On both of his Philippine trips as 5413: 5397:Senate Committee on the Philippines 5393:Vice President of the United States 5285: 5253:1896 Democratic National Convention 4035:National Association for Gun Rights 803:27th President of the United States 321:Governor-General of the Philippines 24: 22538:American people of English descent 20450:Republican Main Street Partnership 17471: 16791: 16501: 16490:Supreme Court of the United States 13515:Chief Justice of the United States 12859:Chief Justice of the United States 12570: 12529: 12446:(U of South Carolina Press, 2019). 12286:Republican campaign text-book 1912 12230: 12198: 12174: 12145: 12043: 11956:The William Howard Taft Presidency 11610:from the original on March 5, 2016 11557: 11395:from the original on March 7, 2021 11342:Coe, Alexis (September 15, 2017). 11152:from the original on April 7, 2015 11001: 10965: 10953: 10872:from the original on March 2, 2021 10539: 10488:from the original on March 8, 2021 10438:from the original on March 8, 2021 10200: 10170:Bomboy, Scott (February 6, 2013). 10142: 10068: 10041: 9981: 9957: 9945: 9850:from the original on March 9, 2016 8921: 8885: 8822: 8771: 8759: 8747: 8663: 7935: 6914: 6657:the Republican National Convention 6409:Chief Justice of the United States 5910:At the time of Taft's presidency, 5487:separation of Panama from Colombia 5169:and Harrison appointed him to the 4896:Supreme Court of the United States 4827:, but was defeated for reelection 4817:chief justice of the United States 4462:Society for American Civic Renewal 4452:Republican Main Street Partnership 4206:National Organization for Marriage 154:Chief Justice of the United States 25: 22559: 20392:Congressional Hispanic Conference 13011:United States Chamber of Commerce 12722:– Miller Center of Public Affairs 12688:collected news and commentary at 12679: 12648:Text of a number of Taft speeches 12616: 12499: 12456: 12201:Irish Journal of American Studies 12112: 12004:Southwestern Historical Quarterly 11922:A Companion to Theodore Roosevelt 11694: 11521: 11329: 11247:from the original on May 18, 2019 11014:Sotos, John G. (September 2003). 10929: 10890: 10821: 10806: 10770: 10721: 10709: 10697: 10685: 10668: 10263: 10106: 10053: 10029: 10005: 9883: 9791: 9779: 9767: 9631: 9544: 9532: 9163: 8945: 8723: 8651: 8639: 8579: 8567: 8461: 8449: 8274: 8262: 8190: 8154: 8106: 8088:from the original on July 1, 2017 8000: 7988: 7953:Gould, Louis L. (February 2000). 7586: 7425:Taft's boyhood home in Cincinnati 7334:sculpted his grave marker out of 7073:of many of the guarantees of the 6319:United States General Land Office 5843: 5770:Presidency of William Howard Taft 4221:Susan B. Anthony Pro-Life America 4018:United States Chamber of Commerce 3242:Intercollegiate Studies Institute 3148:Alexis de Tocqueville Institution 22403:United States secretaries of war 22275: 22263: 22251: 22239: 22227: 20605: 20362:Republican Governors Association 18901:2020 (Charlotte/other locations) 17796: 17582: 16436: 16112:United States Solicitors General 15727: 15720: 15218:United States Secretaries of War 15170: 15160: 15151: 15150: 14526: 14517: 14516: 13389: 13388: 12789: 12479:Journal of Supreme Court History 12459:American Bar Association Journal 12402: 11896: 11622: 11587: 11494: 11368: 11335: 11299:Gresko, Jessica (May 25, 2011). 11292: 11233: 11203: 11121: 11072: 10839: 10776: 10739: 10466: 10416: 10206: 10130: 10074: 9889: 9836: 9809: 9724: 9700:from the original on May 5, 2016 7866: 7853: 7844: 7835: 7826: 7817: 7808: 7799: 7790: 7781: 7768: 7755: 7746: 7725: 7716: 7703: 7694: 7685: 7668: 7659: 7650: 7637: 7193:American Bar Association Journal 6903: 6423:made more. The death of Justice 6403:Taft promoted Associate Justice 6001: 5857: 5323:The American takeover meant the 5300:with William Howard Taft of the 5176: 5085:, who lost to New York Governor 4762: 4748: 4375:National Association of Scholars 4211:National Right to Life Committee 4067:Council of Conservative Citizens 3183:Competitive Enterprise Institute 3168:Center for the National Interest 2796:The Closing of the American Mind 2756:The Conscience of a Conservative 1034: 972: 945: 748: 711: 692: 54: 22313:Presidents of the United States 22204:: Presidents and chief justices 20761:Secretary of Commerce and Labor 18036:Secretary of Commerce and Labor 13901:Presidents of the United States 13226:1912 U.S. presidential election 13216:1908 U.S. presidential election 13021:State of the Union Address 1912 12659:Miller Center of Public Affairs 12305:Toward an American Conservatism 12109:, 43 (May–August 2016), 227–54. 11659:Rae, Nicol C. (February 2000). 8511: 8494: 8467: 8408: 8380: 8355: 8331: 7623: 7610: 7601: 7592: 7568: 7555: 7542: 7533: 7047:as his most important opinion. 6349: 6285:International Harvester Company 5385:Assistant Secretary of the Navy 5123:There was a seat vacant on the 4707:Don't immanentize the eschaton! 4652:Bibliography of US conservatism 3193:Ethics and Public Policy Center 567: 20455:Republican Majority for Choice 20283:Steering and Policy Committees 16447:Acting officeholders shown in 13723:President of the United States 13655:United States Secretary of War 12892:United States Secretary of War 12870:President of the United States 12664:Audio clips of Taft's speeches 12331:Presidential Studies Quarterly 12233:Presidential Studies Quarterly 11863:Coletta, Paolo Enrico (1973). 11854:Coletta, Paolo Enrico (1989). 11741:Presidential Studies Quarterly 8036: 8006: 7896: 7520: 6947:Bailey v. Drexel Furniture Co. 6838: 6222:Domestic policies and politics 5927:House Ways and Means Committee 5690:Interstate Commerce Commission 5167:United States Courts of Appeal 5107:It is not clear when Taft met 5055:Rise in government (1880–1908) 4884:Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals 4847:candidate. In 1921, President 4813:president of the United States 4679:List of American conservatives 4400:Texas Public Policy Foundation 4158:Christian Coalition of America 4094:Center for Immigration Studies 2985:Intelligence and public policy 2903:"Disparate impact" controversy 209:United States Secretary of War 83:President of the United States 13: 1: 20520:International Democracy Union 13798:United States Capitol rotunda 13350:Backstairs at the White House 12996:Pinchot–Ballinger controversy 12961:Federal Corrupt Practices Act 12433:The Supreme Court Review 1975 12044:Hawley, Joshua David (2008). 10484:. August 8, 1917. p. 2. 10434:. March 25, 1917. p. 5. 8362:Ranney, James Taylor (2018). 7890: 7324:United States Capitol rotunda 7313:United States Capitol rotunda 7273:succeed him as chief justice. 6968:Adkins v. Children's Hospital 6848: 6474:United States district courts 6297:Pinchot–Ballinger controversy 6246: 6036:, Ciudad Juárez, Mexico, 1909 5775:Inauguration and appointments 5722:Republican National Committee 5708:was needed to supplement the 5580:Presidential election of 1908 5443:magazine cover cartoon, 1906. 4957: 3188:David Horowitz Freedom Center 3153:American Enterprise Institute 66: 32:William Taft (disambiguation) 22398:20th-century American judges 22393:19th-century American judges 13114:1906–1909 Occupation of Cuba 13006:U.S. occupation of Nicaragua 12881:Provisional Governor of Cuba 12782:Works by William Howard Taft 12764:Works by William Howard Taft 12607:Wilensky, Norman N. (1965). 12520:Columbia Business Law Review 12270:, detailed coverage, to 1910 11716:Anderson, Donald F. (1973). 11241:"Lying in State or in Honor" 10176:National Constitution Center 8018:National Constitution Center 7761:259 U.S. 20 (1922). Justice 7360:National Constitution Center 7159:exclusion on account of race 7107:Pierce v. Society of Sisters 6478:United States Commerce Court 6226: 6118: 5891:United States foreign policy 5368:minds". Taft did not impose 5064:After admission to the Ohio 4858:, Ohio in 1857. His father, 4507:Classical education movement 3488:The Imaginative Conservative 897:U.S. occupation of Nicaragua 260:Provisional Governor of Cuba 7: 22348:Politicians from Cincinnati 20402:Republican Jewish Coalition 20317:Republican Governance Group 17704:indicate military governors 15156:All presidential candidates 12991:Defense Secrets Act of 1911 12788:(public domain audiobooks) 12641: 12622: 12558:U. of Cincinnati Law Review 12135:(1969) covers 1910 to 1912. 12107:Congress and the Presidency 12081:Istre, Logan Stagg (2021). 11768:Western Political Quarterly 11704:Sources and further reading 9896:Istre, Logan Stagg (2021). 9846:. Federal Judicial Center. 9844:"Commerce Court, 1910–1913" 8416:Journal of American History 7508:Taft on U.S. postage stamps 7496: 7352:Arlington National Cemetery 7328:Arlington National Cemetery 7065:Individual and civil rights 6727:Taft (left) with President 6511:Moving apart from Roosevelt 6111:, which lasted until 1933. 5849:Organization and principles 5735:1908 electoral vote results 5546:Portsmouth Peace Conference 4935:Arlington National Cemetery 4330:Faith and Freedom Coalition 4320:Council for National Policy 4305:American Conservative Union 4293:Young Americans for Liberty 4143:American Family Association 4062:Concerned Women for America 3105:Rhode Island Suffrage Party 707:William Howard Taft's voice 537:Arlington National Cemetery 10: 22564: 22498:Members of Skull and Bones 22363:1910s in the United States 22358:1900s in the United States 21971:Chestnut and Gibson (1998) 21911:Herbert C. Hoover Building 20322:Republican Study Committee 13843:James Stillman Rockefeller 13180:High school (New York City 12731:December 25, 2018, at the 12500:Regan, Richard J. (2015). 12274:Pringle, Henry F. (1939). 12184:. New York: Random House. 12015:Missouri Historical Review 11931:December 14, 2020, at the 11707: 11375:Allan D. Peterkin (2001). 11085:Social History of Medicine 10091:November 28, 2020, at the 8389:"The Move to Institutions" 8387:Kennedy, David W. (1987). 7778:dissented without opinion. 7765:dissented without opinion. 7365:president with facial hair 7342:Legacy and historical view 7238:Declining health and death 6907: 6831: 6787:Connecticut National Guard 6707:Return to Yale (1913–1921) 6617: 6503: 6392: 6294: 6230: 6180:annual message to Congress 6161:Chinese Revolution of 1911 6005: 5986:led by Prime Minister Sir 5778: 5767: 5583: 4823:, the chosen successor of 4667:History of US conservatism 4485:Asian and Pacific Islander 4390:Republican Study Committee 4288:Young America's Foundation 4278:National Journalism Center 4126:Alliance Defending Freedom 4040:National Rifle Association 3860:The Washington Free Beacon 3776:Independent Journal Review 3352:New Hampshire Union Leader 3267:Pacific Research Institute 3163:Center for Security Policy 3063:Constitutional Union Party 3031:American Independent Party 29: 22483:Boston University faculty 22199: 22172: 22094: 22017: 22008: 21952: 21927: 21909: 21891: 21859: 21616: 21607: 21598: 21526: 21493: 21464: 21446: 21404: 21354: 21329: 21274: 21234: 21207: 21190: 21119: 21086: 21057: 21028: 20999: 20981: 20956: 20929: 20912: 20872: 20828: 20759: 20740: 20717:Secretary of the Interior 20715: 20706:George von Lengerke Meyer 20696: 20677: 20658: 20633: 20616:Secretary of the Treasury 20614: 20603: 20586: 20497: 20460:Republican Liberty Caucus 20440: 20370: 20332: 20263: 20252: 20207: 19946: 19932: 19872: 19503: 19494: 19285: 19088: 18951: 18147: 18107: 18034: 18015: 17992:Secretary of the Interior 17990: 17941: 17932:George von Lengerke Meyer 17898: 17867: 17836: 17807:Secretary of the Treasury 17805: 17794: 17765: 17710:indicate acting governors 17697: 17592: 17579: 17538: 17531: 17469: 16819: 16806: 16789: 16509: 16496: 16445: 16434: 16118: 15889: 15749: 15736: 15718: 15686: 15541: 15241: 15228: 15146: 14584: 14580: 14512: 14384: 13907: 13867: 13839: 13827: 13819: 13814: 13804: 13789: 13781: 13771: 13752: 13744: 13739: 13729: 13720: 13712: 13700: 13689: 13671: 13661: 13652: 13644: 13632: 13616: 13606: 13590: 13582: 13564: 13554: 13536: 13531: 13521: 13512: 13504: 13494: 13482: 13477: 13467: 13458: 13450: 13440: 13433: 13425: 13420: 13415: 13368: 13325: 13234: 13203: 13132: 13084: 13051: 12971:Apportionment Act of 1911 12966:Wireless Ship Act of 1910 12921: 12850: 12653:January 30, 2015, at the 12490:Constitutional Commentary 12148:Pacific Historical Review 12099:10.1017/S1537781420000079 11069:, pp. 963–964, 1072. 10846:White, G. Edward (2015). 9914:10.1017/S1537781420000079 9680:Harlan, Louis R. (1983). 7909:. CQ Press. p. 428. 7656:Son of the late president 7598:85 F. 271 (6th Cir. 1898) 7293:Asheville, North Carolina 6828:Chief Justice (1921–1930) 6735:at the dedication of the 6200:, but Reid, owner of the 6186: 6066:Frederick Russell Burnham 5810:George von Lengerke Meyer 5663:General election campaign 5566:Japanese control of Korea 5503:Isthmian Canal Commission 5447:When Taft took office as 5115:, became a U.S. senator. 5033:The Cincinnati Commercial 4909:. In the White House, he 4442:Pacific Justice Institute 4077:Independent Women's Forum 3446:Claremont Review of Books 3418:The American Conservative 3198:Family Research Institute 3115:National Republican Party 2716:The Managerial Revolution 872:Wireless Ship Act of 1910 735: 700: 688: 671: 638: 628: 607: 581: 552: 542: 532: 515: 495: 490: 486: 474: 462: 454: 443: 435: 423: 413: 401: 390: 382: 370: 349: 337: 326: 319: 307: 286: 276: 265: 257: 245: 233: 225: 214: 206: 194: 182: 170: 159: 151: 139: 127: 99: 88: 80: 76: 48: 41: 22508:Members of Phi Kappa Phi 20742:Secretary of Agriculture 20230:Northern Mariana Islands 18017:Secretary of Agriculture 17969:Charles Joseph Bonaparte 17889:Charles Joseph Bonaparte 13815:Awards and achievements 13740:Party political offices 13410:Offices and distinctions 13274:Robert Alphonso Taft Jr. 13124:National War Labor Board 12951:Payne–Aldrich Tariff Act 12697: 12113:Lurie, Jonathan (2011). 11981:Gould, Lewis L. (2008). 11962:Gould, Lewis L. (2014). 11416:, pp. 259, 264–265. 11034:10.1378/chest.124.3.1133 10746:Torruella, Juan (1988). 8738:, pp. 293–295, 301. 7906:The Supreme Court A to Z 7513: 7465: 6802:National War Labor Board 6757:American Bar Association 6614:Primaries and convention 6464:Chancellor of New Jersey 6376:University of Notre Dame 6291:Ballinger–Pinchot affair 6265:American Tobacco Company 6062:Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua 5931:Senate Finance Committee 5679:1908 Taft/Sherman poster 5491:Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty 5201:cases." Among these was 4945:Early life and education 4769:United States portal 4566:Parental rights movement 4243:Franklin News Foundation 4188:Foundation for Moral Law 4008:National Taxpayers Union 3985:Americans for Tax Reform 3962:Sinclair Broadcast Group 3646:One America News Network 2918:Griggs v. Duke Power Co. 2816:The Revolt of the Elites 2686:Democracy and Leadership 1014:This article is part of 867:Payne–Aldrich Tariff Act 757:This article is part of 657:University of Cincinnati 22528:20th-century Unitarians 22523:19th-century Unitarians 22478:Yale Law School faculty 22468:American legal scholars 22438:Lawyers from Cincinnati 13498:Henry Franklin Severens 13268:William Howard Taft III 13119:League to Enforce Peace 12634:April 25, 2006, at the 12295:Rosen, Jeffrey (2018). 11944:Goodwin, Doris Kearns. 11759:Anderson, Judith Icke. 10223:The Heritage Foundation 7458:the fabled cherry trees 6776:League to Enforce Peace 6753:Commission of Fine Arts 6091:Nicaragua's president, 5992:September 1911 election 5933:, Rhode Island Senator 5898:Tariffs and reciprocity 5808:and Postmaster General 5329:Philippine–American War 5027:, and graduated with a 4931:League to Enforce Peace 4755:Conservatism portal 4657:Conservative talk radio 4546:Libertarian republicans 4355:John M. Olin Foundation 4315:The Conservative Caucus 4173:Family Research Council 4045:Second Amendment Caucus 3387:The Wall Street Journal 3213:The Heritage Foundation 2726:Ideas Have Consequences 1355:America First Committee 1139:American exceptionalism 430:Henry Franklin Severens 22418:Colonial heads of Cuba 21861:National Statuary Hall 21320:Nicholas Murray Butler 20939:William Jennings Bryan 20687:Frank Harris Hitchcock 20312:Problem Solvers Caucus 18006:James Rudolph Garfield 17476: 16796: 15176:Third-party candidates 14802:Winfield Scott Hancock 14692:William Henry Harrison 13999:William Henry Harrison 13793:lain in state or honor 13318:(paternal grandfather) 13262:Charles Phelps Taft II 13109:Taft–Katsura agreement 13016:Ceremonial first pitch 12757:April 8, 2015, at the 12709:March 7, 2021, at the 12369:Taft, William Howard. 12351:Taft, William Howard. 11840:(1971) 3: 2049–2131. 11274:Historical Information 11134:. iUniverse. pp. 10785:, 272 U.S. at 166, 176 8425:March 7, 2021, at the 8418:53.2 (1966): 279–298. 8348:July 26, 2020, at the 8020:. September 15, 2018. 7903:Jost, Kenneth (1993). 7528:Twenty-fifth Amendment 7493: 7482: 7463: 7443:Senate Majority Leader 7426: 7396:rankings by historians 7391: 7354: 7315: 7274: 7187: 7138:Double Jeopardy Clause 7134:federal district court 7126:United States v. Lanza 7023:Myers v. United States 7017: 6854: 6740: 6701:Nicholas Murray Butler 6692: 6677: 6652: 6629: 6555:William Jennings Bryan 6550:Dred Scott v. Sandford 6526: 6412: 6252: 6037: 5965: 5907: 5790: 5764:Presidency (1909–1913) 5736: 5680: 5604: 5591:Gaining the nomination 5548:, which would end the 5444: 5309: 5251:in July stampeded the 5249:William Jennings Bryan 5163:United States Congress 4961: 4903:William Jennings Bryan 4226:Thomas More Law Center 3922:The Political Cesspool 3915:Million Dollar Extreme 3425:The American Spectator 3219:Mandate for Leadership 3173:Charles Koch Institute 3083:Conservative Democrats 3072:historically, factions 1350:Conservative coalition 1345:Conservative Manifesto 1250:Peace through strength 1225:Judeo-Christian values 962:National Historic Site 903:Presidential campaigns 21495:Socialist Labor Party 21342:Robert M. La Follette 21124:Other 1908 elections: 20890:Robert M. La Follette 20698:Secretary of the Navy 20397:Log Cabin Republicans 17943:Secretary of the Navy 17475: 16795: 16643:Edward Douglass White 15543:Assistant Secretaries 14229:Franklin D. Roosevelt 13704:Charles Edward Magoon 13636:Philippine Commission 13574:Philippine Commission 13508:Edward Douglass White 13066:Judiciary Act of 1925 13031:Judicial appointments 12565:The Yale Law Journal 12549:90 (2005): 1363–1385 12344:50#3 (1963): 424–442 12255:19.4 (1994): 111–120. 11889:19#3 (1995): 473–497 11663:Taft, Robert Alphonso 11630:"Gold Medal Honorees" 11604:National Park Service 11188:, pp. 1077–1079. 10905:, pp. 1057–1064. 10848:"The lost episode of 10365:, pp. 45, 57–69. 9734:12.4 (2013): 434–474. 9595:, pp. 85–86, 89. 7861:Franklin D. Roosevelt 7731:The Republicans were 7491: 7480: 7454: 7447:Eastern Establishment 7424: 7389: 7349: 7306: 7279:Hoover's inauguration 7268: 7180: 7015: 6908:Further information: 6846: 6832:Further information: 6726: 6690: 6675: 6650: 6627: 6618:Further information: 6518: 6504:Further information: 6445:Edward Douglass White 6421:Franklin D. Roosevelt 6405:Edward Douglass White 6402: 6389:Judicial appointments 6257:Sherman Antitrust Act 6240: 6031: 5963: 5939:Robert M. La Follette 5905: 5803:Agriculture Secretary 5795:sworn in as president 5788: 5779:Further information: 5734: 5726:Hot Springs, Virginia 5710:Sherman Antitrust Act 5678: 5598: 5527:Charles Edward Magoon 5436: 5325:Philippine Revolution 5302:Philippine Commission 5293: 5263:, strongly advocated 5217:Sherman Antitrust Act 5104:, which was illegal. 5060:Ohio lawyer and judge 5035:newspaper, edited by 5025:Cincinnati Law School 4990:U.S. Secretary of War 4952: 4886:. In 1901, President 4864:U.S. attorney general 4843:vote by running as a 4693:Barstool conservatism 4253:Media Research Center 4082:Log Cabin Republicans 4072:Gays Against Groomers 4030:Gun Owners of America 3720:Discover the Networks 3516:The National Interest 3366:The New York Observer 3307:Witherspoon Institute 3247:James Madison Program 3120:Native American Party 2925:Educational inflation 2856:Why Liberalism Failed 2826:The Death of the West 2786:A Conflict of Visions 2746:The Conservative Mind 2666:The Federalist Papers 2502:LaHaye (Beverly) 1402:Republican Revolution 1297:Supply-side economics 1154:Christian nationalism 726:Recorded October 1912 314:Charles Edward Magoon 189:Edward Douglass White 22433:American prosecutors 21593:in the United States 21531:Other 1912 elections 20885:Charles W. Fairbanks 20725:Richard A. Ballinger 20668:George W. Wickersham 20427:Republicans Overseas 20417:Teen Age Republicans 20220:District of Columbia 18621:1964 (San Francisco) 18581:1956 (San Francisco) 18117:National Union Party 16675:Charles Evans Hughes 14880:Charles Evans Hughes 14249:Dwight D. Eisenhower 13775:Charles Evans Hughes 13586:Arthur MacArthur Jr. 13540:Jacob Gould Schurman 13525:Charles Evans Hughes 13374:← Theodore Roosevelt 13250:Robert Alphonso Taft 13061:Supreme Court career 12946:Income Tax amendment 12580:The Yale Law Journal 12547:Minnesota Law Review 12333:9#4 (1979): 402–414 12221:Villanova Law Review 12062:Hechler, Kenneth W. 11815:Butt, Archibald W. 11173:, pp. 963, 967. 11128:Bendat, Jim (2012). 11056:on January 31, 2013. 10992:, pp. 996–1000. 10290:, pp. 132, 176. 10084:Smithsonian Magazine 9250:, pp. 185, 190. 8774:, pp. 285, 291. 8750:, pp. 269, 274. 8339:Villanova Law Review 7957:Taft, William Howard 7350:Taft's headstone at 7271:Charles Evans Hughes 7186:cover, June 30, 1924 7079:Fourteenth Amendment 7053:McGrain v. Daugherty 7033:Tenure of Office Act 6994:Balzac v. Porto Rico 6987:Powers of government 6973:Nineteenth Amendment 6878:the Ohio politicians 6847:Chief Justice Taft, 6774:As president of the 6765:William Draper Lewis 6441:Charles Evans Hughes 6360:Booker T. Washington 6331:George W. Wickersham 6311:Richard A. Ballinger 6261:Standard Oil Company 6157:Zaifeng, Prince Chun 5984:Parliament of Canada 5955:Payne-Aldrich tariff 5951:conference committee 5832:First Lady's illness 5627:corporate corruption 5623:Charles Evans Hughes 5601:Evolution of a Smile 5554:Treaty of Portsmouth 5461:Henry Billings Brown 5389:Governor of New York 5352:in the provinces of 5333:Arthur MacArthur Jr. 5280:arbitration movement 5257:Cross of Gold speech 5191:John Marshall Harlan 5005:Woodward High School 4956:photograph of Taft, 4600:Right-libertarianism 4595:Reactionary feminism 4380:Philadelphia Society 4272:Youth/student groups 4153:Chalcedon Foundation 3748:Front Porch Republic 3397:The Washington Times 3297:Sutherland Institute 3292:State Policy Network 3252:Leadership Institute 2930:Elite overproduction 2887:Demographic futures 2766:A Choice Not an Echo 2706:Our Enemy, the State 2676:Democracy in America 1164:Classical liberalism 1144:American nationalism 1027:in the United States 862:Income Tax amendment 356:Jacob Gould Schurman 201:Charles Evans Hughes 22518:American Unitarians 22493:Yale College alumni 22298:William Howard Taft 21763:J. E. Hoover (1972) 21301:William Howard Taft 20969:John Albert Johnson 20855:William Howard Taft 20579:William Howard Taft 20380:College Republicans 18801:2000 (Philadelphia) 18541:1948 (Philadelphia) 18501:1940 (Philadelphia) 18318:1900 (Philadelphia) 18227:1872 (Philadelphia) 18175:1856 (Philadelphia) 18127:Fourth Party System 18044:George B. Cortelyou 17957:William Henry Moody 17926:George B. Cortelyou 17908:Charles Emory Smith 17883:William Henry Moody 17852:William Howard Taft 17827:George B. Cortelyou 17540:Military government 16659:William Howard Taft 14870:William Howard Taft 14762:George B. McClellan 14654:William H. Crawford 14610:Charles C. Pinckney 14179:William Howard Taft 14099:Rutherford B. Hayes 13675:Tomás Estrada Palma 13624:as Chairman of the 13548:Schurman Commission 13546:as Chairman of the 13298:Charles Phelps Taft 13170:U.S. Postage stamps 12844:William Howard Taft 12797:William Howard Taft 12745:, September 6, 1999 12715:Library of Congress 12686:William Howard Taft 12425:69.1 (2007): 73–87 12423:Journal of Politics 12373:(Best Books, 1908) 12073:36.1 (1973): 52–65 12006:80.1 (1976): 33–56 11512:, pp. 255–256. 11464:, pp. 262–263. 11332:, pp. 196–197. 11305:The Huffington Post 11280:on December 6, 2006 11217:. October 4, 2016. 11200:, pp. 349–350. 11016:"Taft and Pickwick" 11004:, pp. 361–362. 10980:, pp. 995–996. 10968:, pp. 849–850. 10944:, pp. 973–974. 10836:, pp. 985–986. 10656:, pp. 170–171. 10617:, pp. 957–959. 10578:, pp. 166–168. 10554:, pp. 110–134. 10525:, pp. 107–110. 10431:The Washington Post 10413:, pp. 890–899. 10377:, pp. 859–860. 10314:, pp. 856–857. 10278:, pp. 836–841. 10266:, pp. 169–171. 10254:, pp. 832–835. 10229:on October 3, 2016. 10203:, pp. 213–218. 10056:, pp. 163–166. 10020:, pp. 183–185. 9996:, pp. 226–230. 9984:, pp. 635–640. 9972:, pp. 222–225. 9960:, pp. 117–119. 9948:, pp. 110–113. 9886:, pp. 129–130. 9874:, pp. 569–579. 9806:, pp. 339–340. 9794:, pp. 127–128. 9782:, pp. 123–127. 9670:, pp. 509–513. 9646:, pp. 507–509. 9583:, pp. 483–485. 9559:, pp. 160–163. 9535:, pp. 145–147. 9523:, pp. 157–159. 9508:, pp. 154–157. 9496:, pp. 168–169. 9470:Scholes and Scholes 9460:, pp. 199–200. 9448:, pp. 198–199. 9436:, pp. 217–221. 9434:Scholes and Scholes 9412:, pp. 194–195. 9400:, pp. 126–129. 9398:Scholes and Scholes 9388:, pp. 250–255. 9374:Scholes and Scholes 9362:Scholes and Scholes 9352:, pp. 186–187. 9328:, pp. 187–190. 9238:, pp. 593–595. 9226:, pp. 141–152. 9202:, pp. 102–108. 9166:, pp. 102–103. 9154:, pp. 276–278. 9142:, pp. 183–185. 9125:Scholes and Scholes 9044:, pp. 383–387. 9008:, pp. 393–395. 8960:, pp. 374–376. 8936:, pp. 358–360. 8924:, pp. 524–525. 8849:, pp. 348–353. 8825:, pp. 523–526. 8813:, pp. 337–338. 8801:, pp. 321–322. 8762:, pp. 281–282. 8702:, pp. 305–310. 8690:, pp. 279–283. 8678:, pp. 264–265. 8618:, pp. 251–255. 8606:, pp. 242–247. 8480:. South End Press. 8440:, pp. 159–162. 8328:, pp. 150–153. 8253:, pp. 120–123. 8229:, pp. 110–114. 8217:, pp. 106–111. 7841:260 U.S. 377 (1922) 7832:268 U.S. 510 (1925) 7823:268 U.S. 652 (1925) 7814:273 U.S. 135 (1927) 7796:258 U.S. 298 (1922) 7787:261 U.S. 525 (1923) 7776:James C. McReynolds 7752:247 U.S. 251 (1918) 7607:175 U.S. 211 (1899) 7565:561 (6th Cir. 1897) 7449:wing of the party. 7269:Taft insisted that 7112:James C. McReynolds 6983:of the government. 6956:Stafford v. Wallace 6941:Hammer v. Dagenhart 6783:state defense force 6668:Campaign and defeat 6639:sinking of the RMS 6597:, but those of the 6540:Lochner v. New York 6453:William Henry Moody 6449:Willis Van Devanter 6437:David Josiah Brewer 6305:and Chief Forester 6269:United States Steel 6174:, overthrowing the 6130:William W. Rockhill 6078:Francisco I. Madero 5947:Sixteenth Amendment 5535:Philippine Assembly 5519:Tomás Estrada Palma 5364:on April 16, 1902. 5350:concentration camps 5346:James Franklin Bell 5219:, was described by 5207:liberty of contract 5156:confession of error 5051:and easily passed. 4882:and a judge of the 4809:William Howard Taft 4605:Paleolibertarianism 4536:Hispanic and Latino 4412:America First Legal 4258:O'Keefe Media Group 4183:Focus on the Family 3974:Other organizations 3867:The Western Journal 3853:Washington Examiner 3692:Conservative Review 3610:The Weekly Standard 3603:Washington Examiner 3495:Jewish World Review 3338:Dallas Morning News 3257:Manhattan Institute 3208:Heartland Institute 3203:Gatestone Institute 3178:Claremont Institute 2968:Illegal immigration 2896:Population collapse 2846:The Benedict Option 2736:God and Man at Yale 1743:Bush (George H. W.) 1728:Adams (John Quincy) 1213:Gender essentialism 951:Supreme Court cases 882:Defense Secrets Act 766:William Howard Taft 293:Tomás Estrada Palma 43:William Howard Taft 21963:US Capitol rotunda 21929:Old Senate Chamber 21618:US Capitol rotunda 21381:Theodore Roosevelt 21337:Theodore Roosevelt 21257:Thomas R. Marshall 21225:Thomas R. Marshall 21077:John Temple Graves 21059:Independence Party 20679:Postmaster General 20643:Jacob M. Dickinson 20588:Secretary of State 20412:Republicans Abroad 20277:Legislative Digest 18741:1988 (New Orleans) 18681:1976 (Kansas City) 18661:1972 (Miami Beach) 18641:1968 (Miami Beach) 18441:1928 (Kansas City) 18305:1896 (Saint Louis) 18292:1892 (Minneapolis) 18137:Sixth Party System 18132:Fifth Party System 18122:Third Party System 18000:Ethan A. Hitchcock 17981:Truman H. Newberry 17900:Postmaster General 17858:Luke Edward Wright 17767:Secretary of State 17758:Theodore Roosevelt 17594:Insular Government 17477: 16813:Associate justices 16797: 14752:Stephen A. Douglas 14169:Theodore Roosevelt 13823:Hiram Wesley Evans 13748:Theodore Roosevelt 13716:Theodore Roosevelt 13665:Luke Edward Wright 13610:Luke Edward Wright 13599:Served alongside: 13532:Political offices 13471:Charles H. Aldrich 13444:Samuel Furman Hunt 13358:Theodore Roosevelt 13310:Horace Dutton Taft 13256:Helen Taft Manning 12691:The New York Times 12567:35.1 (1925): 1–12. 12522:(2018) 1#1: 1–24. 12449:Mason, Alpheus T. 12253:Journalism History 12138:Mason, Alpheus T. 12131:Manners, William. 11924:(2011) pp 452–67. 11887:Diplomatic History 11770:7.1 (1954): 65–74 11349:The New York Times 11097:10.1093/shm/hkw015 10642:Trani & Wilson 10513:, pp. 93, 95. 8397:Cardozo Law Review 8181:, pp. 95–105. 7850:275 U.S. 78 (1927) 7805:272 U.S. 52 (1926) 7676:Harlan Fiske Stone 7494: 7483: 7427: 7392: 7355: 7332:James Earle Fraser 7316: 7275: 7260:N. E. Yorke-Davies 7245:Connecticut Avenue 7188: 7118:(the society) ran 7084:Gitlow v. New York 7041:had been impeached 7018: 6933:Harlan Fiske Stone 6931:, and (from 1925) 6855: 6791:American Red Cross 6741: 6693: 6678: 6653: 6630: 6603:Robert La Follette 6527: 6486:Robert W. Archbald 6413: 6253: 6134:William J. Calhoun 6093:José Santos Zelaya 6038: 6023:Mexican Revolution 5979:Elgin-Marcy Treaty 5966: 5925:, chairman of the 5908: 5822:Treasury Secretary 5791: 5737: 5681: 5637:Frank H. Hitchcock 5634:Postmaster General 5616:Treasury Secretary 5605: 5550:Russo-Japanese War 5511:George W. Goethals 5445: 5370:racial segregation 5310: 5141:Theodore Roosevelt 5125:U.S. Supreme Court 5007:in Cincinnati. At 4962: 4825:Theodore Roosevelt 4714:Republicans pounce 4521:Dark Enlightenment 4427:Federalist Society 4365:Liberty University 4350:John Birch Society 4310:Bradley Foundation 4238:Econ Journal Watch 4013:Tea Party Patriots 3945:Regnery Publishing 3928:Passage Publishing 3741:FrontPage Magazine 3287:Rockford Institute 3282:R Street Institute 3232:Hoover Institution 3098:Southern Democrats 3058:Anti-Masonic Party 3041:Constitution Party 2696:I'll Take My Stand 2607:Schlafly (Phyllis) 1407:Tea Party movement 1365:Goldwater campaign 1335:Southern Agrarians 1287:Right to bear arms 1240:Limited government 1218:Complementarianism 506:September 15, 1857 481:Charles H. Aldrich 377:Luke Edward Wright 282:Theodore Roosevelt 252:Luke Edward Wright 229:Theodore Roosevelt 134:Theodore Roosevelt 22215: 22214: 22209: 22208: 22195: 22194: 22187:Lautenberg (2013) 22096:Great Hall of the 22004: 22003: 21948: 21947: 21715:R. A. Taft (1953) 21548: 21547: 21522: 21521: 21466:Prohibition Party 21442: 21441: 21400: 21399: 21357:Progressive Party 21350: 21349: 21270: 21269: 21140: 21139: 21115: 21114: 21030:Prohibition Party 20977: 20976: 20908: 20907: 20895:Joseph B. Foraker 20880:Philander C. Knox 20778: 20777: 20624:Franklin MacVeagh 20596:Philander C. Knox 20538: 20537: 20493: 20492: 20422:Young Republicans 20290:Senate Conference 20248: 20247: 19928: 19927: 18240:1876 (Cincinnati) 18065: 18064: 18050:Victor H. Metcalf 17975:Victor H. Metcalf 17877:Philander C. Knox 17717: 17716: 17521:governors-general 17486: 17485: 17482: 17481: 16802: 16801: 16755:William Rehnquist 16455: 16454: 16078: 16077: 16074: 16073: 15891:Under Secretaries 15716: 15715: 15688:Under Secretaries 15184: 15183: 15142: 15141: 15058:George H. W. Bush 14832:Benjamin Harrison 14702:Hugh Lawson White 14682:John Quincy Adams 14540: 14539: 14319:George H. W. Bush 14269:Lyndon B. Johnson 14199:Warren G. Harding 14139:Benjamin Harrison 14119:Chester A. Arthur 14109:James A. Garfield 13969:John Quincy Adams 13919:George Washington 13854: 13853: 13849: 13848: 13840:Succeeded by 13805:Succeeded by 13791:Persons who have 13785:Warren G. Harding 13772:Succeeded by 13730:Succeeded by 13701:Succeeded by 13687: 13683:President of Cuba 13662:Succeeded by 13630: 13607:Succeeded by 13597:1901–1904 13578: 13565:Succeeded by 13552: 13522:Succeeded by 13495:Succeeded by 13468:Succeeded by 13441:Succeeded by 13402: 13401: 13361:(2022 miniseries) 13353:(1979 miniseries) 13316:Peter Rawson Taft 13304:Henry Waters Taft 13244:Helen Herron Taft 13150:Malacañang Palace 13043:First Oval Office 12986:Radio Act of 1912 12936:1909 inauguration 12768:Project Gutenberg 12675:, audio recording 12511:978-0-8132-2721-4 12481:(1998) 1: 50–78. 12442:Lurie, Jonathan. 12394:978-0-7006-0152-3 12362:Taft, William H. 12322:978-0-8262-0094-5 12260:Pringle, Henry F. 12191:978-0-394-55509-6 12124:978-0-521-51421-7 12055:978-0-300-14514-4 12036:978-0-8263-4652-0 12019:Herbert S. Hadley 11992:978-0-7006-1564-3 11973:978-0-7006-2001-2 11937:Ellis, L. Ethan. 11913:978-0-8050-6956-3 11850:(Greenwood, 1981) 11805:Burton, David H. 11798:978-0-916101-51-0 11731:978-0-8014-0786-4 11674:978-0-679-80358-4 11479:, pp. 30–32. 11311:on August 6, 2010 11145:978-1-935278-48-1 10809:, pp. 95–96. 10773:, pp. 94–95. 10757:978-0-8477-3019-3 10712:, pp. 91–92. 10700:, pp. 90–91. 10671:, pp. 37–38. 10644:, pp. 48–49. 10463:, pp. 87–91. 10401:, pp. 69–71. 10389:, pp. 47–49. 10353:, pp. 19–20. 10133:, pp. 29–30. 9693:978-0-19-972909-8 9610:, pp. 89–92. 9571:, pp. 77–82. 9484:, pp. 82–83. 9472:, pp. 19–21. 9376:, pp. 21–23. 9340:, pp. 67–69. 9316:, pp. 66–67. 9214:, pp. 65–71. 9190:, pp. 60–65. 9178:, pp. 56–58. 9091:, pp. 61–62. 8900:, pp. 16–18. 8876:, pp. 15–16. 8654:, pp. 70–71. 8594:, pp. 35–37. 8582:, pp. 52–55. 8487:978-0-89608-275-5 8452:, pp. 41–42. 8373:978-1-138-56364-3 8277:, pp. 36–38. 8265:, pp. 28–30. 8205:, pp. 80–81. 8193:, pp. 13–15. 8169:, pp. 63–67. 8157:, pp. 10–11. 8145:, pp. 57–58. 8133:, pp. 54–55. 8121:, pp. 49–53. 8084:. March 9, 1930. 7968:978-0-679-80358-4 7881:Dwight Eisenhower 7680:William Rehnquist 7674:The others being 7618:Douglas MacArthur 7589:, pp. 33–34. 7489: 7478: 7404:John Quincy Adams 7151:In the 1927 case 7093:First Amendment's 7089:Edward T. Sanford 6898:executive session 6885:George Sutherland 6863:president-elect's 6818:League of Nations 6729:Warren G. Harding 6682:Progressive Party 6580:Warren G. Harding 6417:George Washington 6344:Louis D. Brandeis 6303:James R. Garfield 6172:Republic of China 6086:Arizona Territory 5935:Nelson W. Aldrich 5818:Franklin MacVeagh 5789:1909 inauguration 5653:Jonathan Dolliver 5499:Isthmus of Panama 5485:Through the 1903 5242:of Ohio Governor 5183:federal judgeship 5151:and their wives. 5149:Henry Cabot Lodge 5137:William M. Evarts 5135:New York Senator 5119:Solicitor General 5102:secondary boycott 5094:Joseph B. Foraker 5078:Chester A. Arthur 5017:George H. W. Bush 4919:over conservation 4880:solicitor general 4854:Taft was born in 4849:Warren G. Harding 4806: 4805: 4500:Reconstructionism 4385:Regent University 4345:Hillsdale College 4283:Turning Point USA 4051:Identity politics 3596:Southern Partisan 3572:The New Criterion 3391:(editorial board) 2943:Go woke, go broke 2935:Higher ed. bubble 2602:Schlafly (Andrew) 2537:Mercer (daughter) 2507:LaHaye (Tim) 1375:Southern strategy 1174:Constitutionalism 1009: 1008: 887:Radio Act of 1912 823:Executive actions 774: 773: 739: 738: 716: 458:Benjamin Harrison 408:Benjamin Harrison 177:Warren G. Harding 16:(Redirected from 22555: 22343:Ohio Republicans 22280: 22279: 22278: 22268: 22267: 22256: 22255: 22244: 22243: 22242: 22232: 22231: 22230: 22223: 22098:US Supreme Court 22015: 22014: 21959: 21958: 21737:MacArthur (1964) 21614: 21613: 21575: 21568: 21561: 21552: 21551: 21505:Arthur E. Reimer 21484:Aaron S. Watkins 21476:Eugene W. Chafin 21448: 21447: 21431:Vice President: 21413: 21412: 21389:Vice President: 21369: 21368: 21330:Other candidates 21312:James S. Sherman 21289: 21288: 21277:Republican Party 21235:Other candidates 21223:Vice President: 21205: 21204: 21193:Democratic Party 21167: 21160: 21153: 21144: 21143: 21098:Thomas E. Watson 21069:Thomas L. Hisgen 21048:Aaron S. Watkins 21040:Eugene W. Chafin 20983: 20982: 20957:Other candidates 20945:Vice President: 20927: 20926: 20915:Democratic Party 20873:Other candidates 20863:James S. Sherman 20861:Vice President: 20843: 20842: 20831:Republican Party 20805: 20798: 20791: 20782: 20781: 20731:Walter L. Fisher 20660:Attorney General 20649:Henry L. Stimson 20635:Secretary of War 20609: 20608: 20565: 20558: 20551: 20542: 20541: 20295:Policy Committee 20271:House Conference 20261: 20260: 19944: 19943: 19501: 19500: 18921:2024 (Milwaukee) 18881:2016 (Cleveland) 18781:1996 (San Diego) 18481:1936 (Cleveland) 18421:1924 (Cleveland) 18201:1864 (Baltimore) 18101: 18100:Republican Party 18092: 18085: 18078: 18069: 18068: 17914:Henry Clay Payne 17869:Attorney General 17838:Secretary of War 17800: 17799: 17744: 17737: 17730: 17721: 17720: 17703: 17587: 17586: 17574: 17567: 17560: 17553: 17513: 17506: 17499: 17490: 17489: 17465: 17365: 17219: 17157: 17113: 16829: 16808: 16807: 16739:Warren E. Burger 16547:Oliver Ellsworth 16498: 16497: 16488:Justices of the 16482: 16475: 16468: 16459: 16458: 16440: 16105: 16098: 16091: 16082: 16081: 15747: 15746: 15731: 15724: 15239: 15238: 15211: 15204: 15197: 15188: 15187: 15174: 15173: 15164: 15163: 15154: 15153: 14842:William J. Bryan 14822:Grover Cleveland 14792:Samuel J. Tilden 14712:Martin Van Buren 14590:Thomas Jefferson 14582: 14581: 14567: 14560: 14553: 14544: 14543: 14530: 14529: 14520: 14519: 14159:William McKinley 14149:Grover Cleveland 14129:Grover Cleveland 14089:Ulysses S. Grant 14039:Millard Fillmore 13989:Martin Van Buren 13939:Thomas Jefferson 13894: 13887: 13880: 13871: 13870: 13858: 13857: 13820:Preceded by 13808:John J. Pershing 13782:Preceded by 13745:Preceded by 13713:Preceded by 13692:Governor of Cuba 13678: 13672:Preceded by 13645:Preceded by 13621: 13617:Preceded by 13583:Preceded by 13572:as Chair of the 13569: 13543: 13537:Preceded by 13505:Preceded by 13489: 13454:Orlow W. Chapman 13451:Preceded by 13426:Preceded by 13418: 13417: 13406: 13405: 13392: 13391: 13381:Woodrow Wilson → 13076:Taft Court cases 12941:Dollar diplomacy 12914: 12903: 12895: 12884: 12873: 12862: 12837: 12830: 12823: 12814: 12813: 12808: 12793: 12792: 12777:Internet Archive 12612: 12603: 12574:(January 1958). 12560:60 (1991): 963+. 12542: 12515: 12474: 12435:(1975): 123–145 12418: 12398: 12326: 12300: 12281: 12269: 12248: 12223:56 (2011): 535+ 12216: 12195: 12171: 12128: 12102: 12059: 12040: 11996: 11977: 11954:Gould, Lewis L. 11917: 11882: 11870: 11859: 11802: 11785:Burton, David H. 11756: 11735: 11723: 11698: 11692: 11686: 11685: 11683: 11681: 11667:. Random House. 11666: 11656: 11650: 11649: 11647: 11645: 11636:. Archived from 11626: 11620: 11619: 11617: 11615: 11591: 11585: 11579: 11573: 11567: 11561: 11555: 11549: 11548:, p. xviii. 11543: 11537: 11531: 11525: 11519: 11513: 11507: 11501: 11498: 11492: 11486: 11480: 11474: 11465: 11459: 11453: 11447: 11441: 11435: 11429: 11423: 11417: 11411: 11405: 11404: 11402: 11400: 11372: 11366: 11365: 11363: 11361: 11339: 11333: 11327: 11321: 11320: 11318: 11316: 11307:. Archived from 11296: 11290: 11289: 11287: 11285: 11266: 11257: 11256: 11254: 11252: 11237: 11231: 11230: 11228: 11226: 11215:millercenter.org 11207: 11201: 11195: 11189: 11183: 11174: 11168: 11162: 11161: 11159: 11157: 11125: 11119: 11118: 11108: 11076: 11070: 11064: 11058: 11057: 11052:. Archived from 11028:(3): 1133–1142. 11011: 11005: 10999: 10993: 10987: 10981: 10975: 10969: 10963: 10957: 10951: 10945: 10939: 10933: 10927: 10918: 10912: 10906: 10900: 10894: 10888: 10882: 10881: 10879: 10877: 10871: 10856: 10850:Gong Lum v. Rice 10843: 10837: 10831: 10825: 10819: 10810: 10804: 10798: 10792: 10786: 10780: 10774: 10768: 10762: 10761: 10743: 10737: 10731: 10725: 10719: 10713: 10707: 10701: 10695: 10689: 10683: 10672: 10666: 10657: 10651: 10645: 10639: 10633: 10627: 10618: 10612: 10603: 10597: 10591: 10585: 10579: 10573: 10567: 10561: 10555: 10549: 10543: 10537: 10526: 10520: 10514: 10508: 10502: 10501: 10495: 10493: 10481:New-York Tribune 10477: 10470: 10464: 10458: 10452: 10451: 10445: 10443: 10427: 10420: 10414: 10408: 10402: 10396: 10390: 10384: 10378: 10372: 10366: 10360: 10354: 10348: 10342: 10336: 10330: 10324: 10315: 10309: 10303: 10302:, pp. 5–12. 10297: 10291: 10285: 10279: 10273: 10267: 10261: 10255: 10249: 10243: 10237: 10231: 10230: 10225:. Archived from 10210: 10204: 10198: 10192: 10191: 10189: 10187: 10178:. Archived from 10167: 10158: 10152: 10146: 10140: 10134: 10128: 10122: 10116: 10110: 10104: 10095: 10080:Lewis L. Gould, 10078: 10072: 10066: 10057: 10051: 10045: 10039: 10033: 10027: 10021: 10015: 10009: 10003: 9997: 9991: 9985: 9979: 9973: 9967: 9961: 9955: 9949: 9943: 9934: 9933: 9893: 9887: 9881: 9875: 9869: 9860: 9859: 9857: 9855: 9840: 9834: 9832: 9830: 9828: 9823:on July 30, 2016 9813: 9807: 9801: 9795: 9789: 9783: 9777: 9771: 9765: 9759: 9753: 9747: 9741: 9735: 9728: 9722: 9716: 9710: 9709: 9707: 9705: 9677: 9671: 9665: 9659: 9653: 9647: 9641: 9635: 9629: 9623: 9617: 9611: 9605: 9596: 9590: 9584: 9578: 9572: 9566: 9560: 9554: 9548: 9542: 9536: 9530: 9524: 9518: 9509: 9503: 9497: 9491: 9485: 9479: 9473: 9467: 9461: 9455: 9449: 9443: 9437: 9431: 9425: 9419: 9413: 9407: 9401: 9395: 9389: 9383: 9377: 9371: 9365: 9359: 9353: 9347: 9341: 9335: 9329: 9323: 9317: 9311: 9305: 9299: 9290: 9284: 9278: 9272: 9266: 9260: 9251: 9245: 9239: 9233: 9227: 9221: 9215: 9209: 9203: 9197: 9191: 9185: 9179: 9173: 9167: 9161: 9155: 9149: 9143: 9137: 9128: 9122: 9116: 9110: 9104: 9098: 9092: 9086: 9080: 9074: 9068: 9067: 9063: 9057: 9051: 9045: 9039: 9033: 9027: 9021: 9015: 9009: 9003: 8997: 8991: 8985: 8979: 8973: 8967: 8961: 8955: 8949: 8943: 8937: 8931: 8925: 8919: 8913: 8907: 8901: 8895: 8889: 8883: 8877: 8871: 8862: 8856: 8850: 8844: 8838: 8832: 8826: 8820: 8814: 8808: 8802: 8796: 8790: 8784: 8775: 8769: 8763: 8757: 8751: 8745: 8739: 8733: 8727: 8721: 8715: 8709: 8703: 8697: 8691: 8685: 8679: 8673: 8667: 8661: 8655: 8649: 8643: 8637: 8631: 8625: 8619: 8613: 8607: 8601: 8595: 8589: 8583: 8577: 8571: 8565: 8559: 8553: 8547: 8541: 8535: 8534: 8532: 8530: 8515: 8509: 8508: 8498: 8492: 8491: 8471: 8465: 8459: 8453: 8447: 8441: 8435: 8429: 8412: 8406: 8405: 8393: 8384: 8378: 8377: 8359: 8353: 8341:56 (2011): 535+ 8335: 8329: 8323: 8317: 8311: 8302: 8296: 8290: 8284: 8278: 8272: 8266: 8260: 8254: 8248: 8242: 8236: 8230: 8224: 8218: 8212: 8206: 8200: 8194: 8188: 8182: 8176: 8170: 8164: 8158: 8152: 8146: 8140: 8134: 8128: 8122: 8116: 8110: 8104: 8098: 8097: 8095: 8093: 8074: 8065: 8064: 8062: 8060: 8049:Business Insider 8040: 8034: 8033: 8031: 8029: 8010: 8004: 7998: 7992: 7986: 7980: 7979: 7977: 7975: 7961:. Random House. 7960: 7950: 7933: 7932: 7930: 7928: 7900: 7884: 7870: 7864: 7857: 7851: 7848: 7842: 7839: 7833: 7830: 7824: 7821: 7815: 7812: 7806: 7803: 7797: 7794: 7788: 7785: 7779: 7772: 7766: 7759: 7753: 7750: 7744: 7741:Thomas E. Watson 7737:William E. Borah 7729: 7723: 7720: 7714: 7707: 7701: 7698: 7692: 7689: 7683: 7672: 7666: 7663: 7657: 7654: 7648: 7641: 7635: 7627: 7621: 7614: 7608: 7605: 7599: 7596: 7590: 7572: 7566: 7559: 7553: 7546: 7540: 7537: 7531: 7524: 7490: 7479: 7232:the new building 7163:Chinese ancestry 7120:Catholic schools 6853: 6850: 6745:Lincoln Memorial 6737:Lincoln Memorial 6429:Horace H. Lurton 6251: 6248: 6203:New-York Tribune 6138:Open Door Policy 6046:Francisco Madero 6014:Dollar Diplomacy 6008:Dollar Diplomacy 5880:State Department 5861: 5714:the constitution 5657:James S. Sherman 5619:George Cortelyou 5542:Secretary of War 5449:Secretary of War 5424:Secretary of War 5414:Secretary of War 5404:religious orders 5308:(March 27, 1901) 5298:Jamalul Kiram II 5286:Philippine years 5244:William McKinley 5087:Grover Cleveland 5029:Bachelor of Laws 4998:Ulysses S. Grant 4996:under President 4994:Attorney General 4959: 4888:William McKinley 4870:. Taft attended 4868:secretary of war 4835:after Roosevelt 4798: 4791: 4784: 4771: 4767: 4766: 4765: 4757: 4753: 4752: 4751: 4617:Neo-Confederates 4578:Patriot movement 4551:Militia movement 4370:Moms for Liberty 4267: 4202: 4148:The American TFP 4114:Three Percenters 3999: 3956:The Rubin Report 3615: 3584: 3565:The New Atlantis 3558:The New American 3530:Public Discourse 3509:National Affairs 3432:American Thinker 3411:American Affairs 3359:The Jewish Voice 3237:Hudson Institute 3158:American Compass 3110:Federalist Party 3093:Reagan Democrats 3068:Democratic Party 3046:Republican Party 3005:Managerial state 2883:Multiculturalism 2861: 2851: 2841: 2831: 2821: 2811: 2801: 2791: 2781: 2771: 2761: 2751: 2741: 2731: 2721: 2711: 2701: 2691: 2681: 2671: 1748:Bush (George W.) 1590:Kuehnelt-Leddihn 1257:Moral absolutism 1169:Communitarianism 1038: 1028: 1011: 1010: 1001: 994: 987: 976: 975: 857:Dollar diplomacy 770: 769: 767: 760: 752: 745: 744: 741: 740: 723:abolition of war 718: 717: 696: 664: 575: 573: 569: 526:Washington, D.C. 522: 505: 503: 491:Personal details 477: 469:Orlow W. Chapman 465: 448: 426: 419:Seat established 416: 404: 395: 373: 352: 344:William McKinley 340: 331: 310: 289: 279: 270: 248: 236: 219: 197: 185: 173: 164: 142: 130: 111:James S. Sherman 104: 93: 71: 68: 58: 39: 38: 21: 22563: 22562: 22558: 22557: 22556: 22554: 22553: 22552: 22288: 22287: 22286: 22276: 22274: 22262: 22250: 22240: 22238: 22228: 22226: 22218: 22216: 22211: 22210: 22205: 22191: 22168: 22164:O'Connor (2023) 22155:Ginsburg (2020, 22132:Blackmun (1999) 22114:Marshall (1993) 22097: 22090: 22000: 21996:Williams (2022) 21986:Sicknick (2021) 21944: 21923: 21905: 21887: 21874:Ginsburg (2020, 21869:Cummings (2019) 21855: 21776:Humphrey (1978) 21710:Pershing (1948) 21679:L'Enfant (1909) 21603: 21594: 21579: 21549: 21544: 21518: 21513:August Gillhaus 21489: 21460: 21438: 21407:Socialist Party 21396: 21360: 21346: 21325: 21308:Vice President: 21280: 21266: 21252:Oscar Underwood 21230: 21196: 21186: 21171: 21141: 21136: 21111: 21106:Samuel Williams 21082: 21053: 21024: 21001:Socialist Party 20995: 20973: 20952: 20918: 20904: 20868: 20834: 20824: 20809: 20779: 20774: 20755: 20736: 20711: 20692: 20673: 20654: 20629: 20610: 20606: 20601: 20582: 20569: 20539: 20534: 20489: 20442: 20436: 20372: 20366: 20334: 20328: 20255: 20244: 20203: 19939: 19937: 19924: 19873:Chair elections 19868: 19490: 19389:D. B. Henderson 19377:T. J. Henderson 19302: 19299: 19297: 19292: 19288: 19281: 19099: 19096: 19094: 19091: 19084: 18957:administrations 18955: 18947: 18841:2008 (St. Paul) 18821:2004 (New York) 18166: 18163: 18161: 18157: 18154: 18150: 18143: 18103: 18099: 18096: 18066: 18061: 18030: 18011: 17986: 17951:John Davis Long 17937: 17894: 17863: 17832: 17801: 17797: 17792: 17761: 17748: 17718: 17713: 17701: 17693: 17596: 17588: 17581: 17577: 17570: 17563: 17556: 17549: 17542: 17534: 17527: 17517: 17487: 17478: 17467: 17466: 17460: 17458: 17360: 17301:J. M. Harlan II 17214: 17152: 17108: 16824: 16815: 16798: 16787: 16786: 16691:Harlan F. Stone 16627:Melville Fuller 16595:Salmon P. Chase 16505: 16492: 16486: 16456: 16451: 16441: 16432: 16114: 16109: 16079: 16070: 15892: 15885: 15752: 15742: 15739: 15732: 15726: 15725: 15712: 15689: 15682: 15544: 15537: 15244: 15234: 15231: 15224: 15215: 15185: 15180: 15138: 15137: 15118:Hillary Clinton 15048:Michael Dukakis 15008:George McGovern 14998:Hubert Humphrey 14988:Barry Goldwater 14964:Adlai Stevenson 14950:Thomas E. Dewey 14940:Wendell Willkie 14860:Alton B. Parker 14812:James G. Blaine 14772:Horatio Seymour 14742:John C. Frémont 14576: 14571: 14541: 14536: 14508: 14434:F. D. Roosevelt 14386: 14380: 14379: 14378: 14259:John F. Kennedy 14239:Harry S. Truman 14209:Calvin Coolidge 14069:Abraham Lincoln 14049:Franklin Pierce 13909: 13903: 13898: 13863: 13855: 13850: 13845: 13836: 13825: 13810: 13801: 13795: 13787: 13777: 13762: 13750: 13735: 13726: 13718: 13708: 13706: 13697: 13694: 13677: 13667: 13658: 13650: 13639: 13626:Taft Commission 13620: 13612: 13598: 13596: 13588: 13568: 13561: 13558:Taft Commission 13542: 13527: 13518: 13510: 13500: 13491: 13484: 13473: 13464: 13456: 13446: 13437: 13431: 13411: 13403: 13398: 13364: 13338:Progressive Era 13321: 13230: 13199: 13133:Life and legacy 13128: 13092:Taft Commission 13080: 13053: 13047: 12981:Mann–Elkins Act 12925: 12917: 12906: 12898: 12887: 12876: 12865: 12854: 12846: 12841: 12811: 12790: 12759:Wayback Machine 12733:Wayback Machine 12711:Wayback Machine 12700: 12682: 12655:Wayback Machine 12644: 12636:Wayback Machine 12625: 12619: 12531:Scalia, Antonin 12512: 12492:9 (1992): 199+ 12405: 12395: 12323: 12192: 12160:10.2307/3636924 12125: 12056: 12037: 12000:Gould, Lewis L. 11993: 11974: 11941:(Yale UP, 1939) 11933:Wayback Machine 11914: 11879: 11799: 11732: 11712: 11706: 11701: 11693: 11689: 11679: 11677: 11675: 11657: 11653: 11643: 11641: 11640:on July 2, 2019 11628: 11627: 11623: 11613: 11611: 11592: 11588: 11580: 11576: 11568: 11564: 11556: 11552: 11544: 11540: 11536:, pp. 3–4. 11532: 11528: 11520: 11516: 11508: 11504: 11499: 11495: 11487: 11483: 11475: 11468: 11460: 11456: 11448: 11444: 11436: 11432: 11424: 11420: 11412: 11408: 11398: 11396: 11389: 11373: 11369: 11359: 11357: 11340: 11336: 11328: 11324: 11314: 11312: 11297: 11293: 11283: 11281: 11268: 11267: 11260: 11250: 11248: 11239: 11238: 11234: 11224: 11222: 11209: 11208: 11204: 11196: 11192: 11184: 11177: 11169: 11165: 11155: 11153: 11146: 11126: 11122: 11077: 11073: 11065: 11061: 11012: 11008: 11000: 10996: 10988: 10984: 10976: 10972: 10964: 10960: 10952: 10948: 10940: 10936: 10928: 10921: 10913: 10909: 10901: 10897: 10889: 10885: 10875: 10873: 10869: 10854: 10844: 10840: 10832: 10828: 10820: 10813: 10805: 10801: 10797:, p. 1025. 10793: 10789: 10781: 10777: 10769: 10765: 10758: 10744: 10740: 10736:, p. 1049. 10732: 10728: 10720: 10716: 10708: 10704: 10696: 10692: 10684: 10675: 10667: 10660: 10652: 10648: 10640: 10636: 10628: 10621: 10613: 10606: 10598: 10594: 10586: 10582: 10574: 10570: 10562: 10558: 10550: 10546: 10538: 10529: 10521: 10517: 10509: 10505: 10491: 10489: 10472: 10471: 10467: 10459: 10455: 10441: 10439: 10422: 10421: 10417: 10409: 10405: 10397: 10393: 10385: 10381: 10373: 10369: 10361: 10357: 10349: 10345: 10337: 10333: 10325: 10318: 10310: 10306: 10298: 10294: 10286: 10282: 10274: 10270: 10262: 10258: 10250: 10246: 10238: 10234: 10211: 10207: 10199: 10195: 10185: 10183: 10182:on May 29, 2016 10168: 10161: 10153: 10149: 10141: 10137: 10129: 10125: 10117: 10113: 10105: 10098: 10093:Wayback Machine 10079: 10075: 10067: 10060: 10052: 10048: 10040: 10036: 10028: 10024: 10016: 10012: 10004: 10000: 9992: 9988: 9980: 9976: 9968: 9964: 9956: 9952: 9944: 9937: 9894: 9890: 9882: 9878: 9870: 9863: 9853: 9851: 9842: 9841: 9837: 9826: 9824: 9815: 9814: 9810: 9802: 9798: 9790: 9786: 9778: 9774: 9766: 9762: 9754: 9750: 9742: 9738: 9729: 9725: 9717: 9713: 9703: 9701: 9694: 9678: 9674: 9666: 9662: 9654: 9650: 9642: 9638: 9630: 9626: 9618: 9614: 9606: 9599: 9591: 9587: 9579: 9575: 9567: 9563: 9555: 9551: 9543: 9539: 9531: 9527: 9519: 9512: 9504: 9500: 9492: 9488: 9480: 9476: 9468: 9464: 9456: 9452: 9444: 9440: 9432: 9428: 9420: 9416: 9408: 9404: 9396: 9392: 9384: 9380: 9372: 9368: 9360: 9356: 9348: 9344: 9336: 9332: 9324: 9320: 9312: 9308: 9304:, pp. 1–2. 9300: 9293: 9285: 9281: 9273: 9269: 9261: 9254: 9246: 9242: 9234: 9230: 9222: 9218: 9210: 9206: 9198: 9194: 9186: 9182: 9174: 9170: 9162: 9158: 9150: 9146: 9138: 9131: 9123: 9119: 9111: 9107: 9099: 9095: 9087: 9083: 9075: 9071: 9064: 9060: 9052: 9048: 9040: 9036: 9028: 9024: 9016: 9012: 9004: 9000: 8992: 8988: 8980: 8976: 8968: 8964: 8956: 8952: 8944: 8940: 8932: 8928: 8920: 8916: 8908: 8904: 8896: 8892: 8884: 8880: 8872: 8865: 8857: 8853: 8845: 8841: 8833: 8829: 8821: 8817: 8809: 8805: 8797: 8793: 8785: 8778: 8770: 8766: 8758: 8754: 8746: 8742: 8734: 8730: 8722: 8718: 8710: 8706: 8698: 8694: 8686: 8682: 8674: 8670: 8662: 8658: 8650: 8646: 8638: 8634: 8630:, pp. 6–7. 8626: 8622: 8614: 8610: 8602: 8598: 8590: 8586: 8578: 8574: 8566: 8562: 8554: 8550: 8542: 8538: 8528: 8526: 8525:. April 9, 2002 8517: 8516: 8512: 8499: 8495: 8488: 8472: 8468: 8460: 8456: 8448: 8444: 8436: 8432: 8427:Wayback Machine 8413: 8409: 8391: 8385: 8381: 8374: 8360: 8356: 8350:Wayback Machine 8336: 8332: 8324: 8320: 8312: 8305: 8297: 8293: 8285: 8281: 8273: 8269: 8261: 8257: 8249: 8245: 8237: 8233: 8225: 8221: 8213: 8209: 8201: 8197: 8189: 8185: 8177: 8173: 8165: 8161: 8153: 8149: 8141: 8137: 8129: 8125: 8117: 8113: 8105: 8101: 8091: 8089: 8076: 8075: 8068: 8058: 8056: 8041: 8037: 8027: 8025: 8012: 8011: 8007: 8003:, pp. 4–7. 7999: 7995: 7991:, pp. 4–5. 7987: 7983: 7973: 7971: 7969: 7951: 7936: 7926: 7924: 7917: 7901: 7897: 7893: 7888: 7887: 7873:Wendell Willkie 7871: 7867: 7858: 7854: 7849: 7845: 7840: 7836: 7831: 7827: 7822: 7818: 7813: 7809: 7804: 7800: 7795: 7791: 7786: 7782: 7773: 7769: 7760: 7756: 7751: 7747: 7735:of California, 7730: 7726: 7721: 7717: 7708: 7704: 7699: 7695: 7690: 7686: 7673: 7669: 7664: 7660: 7655: 7651: 7642: 7638: 7628: 7624: 7615: 7611: 7606: 7602: 7597: 7593: 7573: 7569: 7560: 7556: 7547: 7543: 7538: 7534: 7525: 7521: 7516: 7499: 7485: 7470: 7468: 7344: 7240: 7175: 7146:dual sovereigns 7142:Fifth Amendment 7067: 7007:Sixth Amendment 6989: 6952:Tenth Amendment 6921:Commerce Clause 6917: 6915:Commerce Clause 6912: 6906: 6894:Harry Daugherty 6859:Calvin Coolidge 6851: 6841: 6836: 6830: 6714:Yale Law School 6709: 6670: 6622: 6616: 6591:New Nationalism 6568:Alton B. Parker 6535:Supreme Court's 6513: 6508: 6502: 6457:Joseph R. Lamar 6397: 6391: 6364:W. E. B. DuBois 6352: 6307:Gifford Pinchot 6299: 6293: 6249: 6235: 6233:Mann–Elkins Act 6229: 6224: 6189: 6121: 6018:Monroe Doctrine 6010: 6004: 5988:Wilfrid Laurier 5923:Sereno E. Payne 5900: 5887:Monroe Doctrine 5876: 5875: 5874: 5869: 5864: 5863: 5862: 5851: 5846: 5834: 5783: 5777: 5772: 5766: 5694:judicial review 5665: 5593: 5588: 5582: 5507:John F. Stevens 5476:Melville Fuller 5465:Edith Roosevelt 5416: 5288: 5195:circuit justice 5179: 5121: 5083:James G. Blaine 5074:Hamilton County 5062: 5057: 5049:bar examination 5013:Skull and Bones 4947: 4890:appointed Taft 4876:Skull and Bones 4874:and joined the 4802: 4763: 4761: 4760: 4749: 4747: 4746: 4739: 4738: 4688:Colloquialisms 4672:Modern timeline 4642: 4634: 4633: 4571:Fathers' rights 4495:Christian right 4480: 4472: 4471: 4457:The Right Stuff 4265: 4263:Project Veritas 4232:Watchdog groups 4200: 4193:Liberty Counsel 4163:Christian Voice 4057:ACT for America 3997: 3990:Club for Growth 3975: 3967: 3966: 3892:Encounter Books 3613: 3582: 3544:Taki's Magazine 3523:National Review 3345:The Epoch Times 3331:Chicago Tribune 3320: 3312: 3311: 3262:Mises Institute 3143:Acton Institute 3138: 3130: 3129: 3018: 3010: 3009: 2989:Legal theories 2955:Woke capitalism 2913:DEI controversy 2908:CRT controversy 2873: 2865: 2864: 2859: 2849: 2839: 2836:Hillbilly Elegy 2829: 2819: 2809: 2799: 2789: 2779: 2769: 2759: 2749: 2739: 2729: 2719: 2709: 2699: 2689: 2679: 2669: 2660: 2652: 2651: 2532:Mercer (father) 2392: 2384: 2383: 2104: 2096: 2095: 1971: 1963: 1962: 1718: 1710: 1709: 1420: 1412: 1411: 1385:Reagan Doctrine 1315: 1307: 1306: 1277:Property rights 1267:Ordered liberty 1179:Culture of life 1134: 1126: 1125: 1046: 1026: 1024: 1005: 973: 971: 958: 957:Post-presidency 955: 942: 939: 904: 901: 877:Mann–Elkins Act 840:Domestic policy 804: 801: 765: 763: 762: 761: 758: 756: 731: 730: 729: 728: 727: 725: 719: 712: 709: 684: 667: 655: 646:Yale University 624: 603: 599:Charles II 577: 565: 561: 543:Political party 524: 520: 507: 501: 499: 475: 463: 449: 444: 424: 414: 402: 396: 391: 371: 358: 350: 338: 332: 327: 308: 295: 287: 277: 271: 266: 246: 234: 220: 215: 195: 183: 171: 165: 160: 140: 128: 123: 113: 100: 94: 89: 72: 69: 63: 62: 61: 60: 59: 44: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 22561: 22551: 22550: 22545: 22540: 22535: 22530: 22525: 22520: 22515: 22510: 22505: 22500: 22495: 22490: 22485: 22480: 22475: 22470: 22465: 22460: 22455: 22450: 22445: 22440: 22435: 22430: 22425: 22420: 22415: 22410: 22405: 22400: 22395: 22390: 22385: 22380: 22375: 22370: 22365: 22360: 22355: 22350: 22345: 22340: 22335: 22330: 22325: 22320: 22315: 22310: 22305: 22300: 22285: 22284: 22272: 22260: 22248: 22236: 22213: 22212: 22207: 22206: 22200: 22197: 22196: 22193: 22192: 22190: 22189: 22184: 22178: 22176: 22174:Senate Chamber 22170: 22169: 22167: 22166: 22161: 22152: 22150:Stevens (2019) 22147: 22142: 22134: 22129: 22127:Brennan (1997) 22124: 22116: 22111: 22102: 22100: 22092: 22091: 22089: 22088: 22076: 22068: 22060: 22052: 22040: 22032: 22023: 22021: 22012: 22010:Lain in repose 22006: 22005: 22002: 22001: 21999: 21998: 21993: 21988: 21983: 21978: 21973: 21967: 21965: 21956: 21950: 21949: 21946: 21945: 21943: 21942: 21933: 21931: 21925: 21924: 21922: 21921: 21915: 21913: 21907: 21906: 21904: 21903: 21897: 21895: 21889: 21888: 21886: 21885: 21880: 21871: 21865: 21863: 21857: 21856: 21854: 21853: 21848: 21843: 21838: 21826: 21821: 21816: 21804: 21792: 21787: 21778: 21773: 21765: 21760: 21758:Dirksen (1969) 21755: 21747: 21739: 21734: 21722: 21717: 21712: 21707: 21699: 21691: 21686: 21681: 21676: 21668: 21663: 21655: 21650: 21645: 21643:Stevens (1868) 21640: 21628: 21622: 21620: 21611: 21605: 21604: 21599: 21596: 21595: 21578: 21577: 21570: 21563: 21555: 21546: 21545: 21543: 21542: 21537: 21527: 21524: 21523: 21520: 21519: 21517: 21516: 21508: 21499: 21497: 21491: 21490: 21488: 21487: 21479: 21470: 21468: 21462: 21461: 21444: 21443: 21440: 21439: 21437: 21436: 21428: 21425:Eugene V. Debs 21419: 21417: 21410: 21402: 21401: 21398: 21397: 21395: 21394: 21385: 21384: 21375: 21373: 21366: 21352: 21351: 21348: 21347: 21345: 21344: 21339: 21333: 21331: 21327: 21326: 21324: 21323: 21316: 21305: 21295: 21293: 21286: 21272: 21271: 21268: 21267: 21265: 21264: 21259: 21254: 21249: 21244: 21238: 21236: 21232: 21231: 21229: 21228: 21220: 21217:Woodrow Wilson 21211: 21209: 21202: 21188: 21187: 21170: 21169: 21162: 21155: 21147: 21138: 21137: 21135: 21134: 21129: 21120: 21117: 21116: 21113: 21112: 21110: 21109: 21101: 21092: 21090: 21088:Populist Party 21084: 21083: 21081: 21080: 21072: 21063: 21061: 21055: 21054: 21052: 21051: 21043: 21034: 21032: 21026: 21025: 21023: 21022: 21014: 21011:Eugene V. Debs 21005: 21003: 20997: 20996: 20979: 20978: 20975: 20974: 20972: 20971: 20966: 20960: 20958: 20954: 20953: 20951: 20950: 20942: 20933: 20931: 20924: 20910: 20909: 20906: 20905: 20903: 20902: 20897: 20892: 20887: 20882: 20876: 20874: 20870: 20869: 20867: 20866: 20858: 20849: 20847: 20840: 20826: 20825: 20808: 20807: 20800: 20793: 20785: 20776: 20775: 20773: 20772: 20765: 20763: 20757: 20756: 20754: 20753: 20746: 20744: 20738: 20737: 20735: 20734: 20728: 20721: 20719: 20713: 20712: 20710: 20709: 20702: 20700: 20694: 20693: 20691: 20690: 20683: 20681: 20675: 20674: 20672: 20671: 20664: 20662: 20656: 20655: 20653: 20652: 20646: 20639: 20637: 20631: 20630: 20628: 20627: 20620: 20618: 20612: 20611: 20604: 20602: 20600: 20599: 20592: 20590: 20584: 20583: 20568: 20567: 20560: 20553: 20545: 20536: 20535: 20533: 20532: 20527: 20522: 20517: 20512: 20507: 20501: 20499: 20495: 20494: 20491: 20490: 20488: 20487: 20482: 20477: 20475:Liberty Caucus 20472: 20470:ConservAmerica 20467: 20462: 20457: 20452: 20446: 20444: 20438: 20437: 20435: 20434: 20429: 20424: 20419: 20414: 20409: 20404: 20399: 20394: 20389: 20388: 20387: 20376: 20374: 20368: 20367: 20365: 20364: 20359: 20354: 20349: 20344: 20338: 20336: 20330: 20329: 20327: 20326: 20325: 20324: 20319: 20314: 20309: 20307:Freedom Caucus 20299: 20298: 20297: 20287: 20286: 20285: 20280: 20267: 20265: 20258: 20250: 20249: 20246: 20245: 20243: 20242: 20240:Virgin Islands 20237: 20232: 20227: 20222: 20217: 20215:American Samoa 20211: 20209: 20205: 20204: 20202: 20201: 20196: 20191: 20186: 20181: 20176: 20171: 20166: 20161: 20156: 20151: 20149:South Carolina 20146: 20141: 20136: 20131: 20126: 20121: 20116: 20114:North Carolina 20111: 20106: 20101: 20096: 20091: 20086: 20081: 20076: 20071: 20066: 20061: 20056: 20051: 20046: 20041: 20036: 20031: 20026: 20021: 20016: 20011: 20006: 20001: 19996: 19991: 19986: 19981: 19976: 19971: 19966: 19961: 19956: 19950: 19948: 19941: 19930: 19929: 19926: 19925: 19923: 19922: 19917: 19912: 19907: 19902: 19897: 19892: 19887: 19882: 19876: 19874: 19870: 19869: 19867: 19866: 19861: 19856: 19851: 19846: 19841: 19832: 19827: 19822: 19817: 19812: 19807: 19802: 19797: 19792: 19787: 19782: 19773: 19768: 19763: 19758: 19753: 19748: 19743: 19738: 19733: 19728: 19723: 19718: 19713: 19708: 19703: 19698: 19693: 19688: 19683: 19678: 19673: 19668: 19663: 19658: 19653: 19648: 19643: 19638: 19633: 19628: 19623: 19618: 19613: 19608: 19603: 19598: 19593: 19588: 19583: 19578: 19573: 19568: 19563: 19558: 19553: 19548: 19543: 19538: 19533: 19528: 19523: 19518: 19513: 19507: 19505: 19498: 19492: 19491: 19489: 19488: 19482: 19476: 19470: 19464: 19458: 19452: 19446: 19440: 19434: 19428: 19422: 19416: 19410: 19404: 19398: 19392: 19386: 19380: 19374: 19368: 19362: 19356: 19350: 19344: 19338: 19332: 19326: 19320: 19314: 19307: 19305: 19283: 19282: 19280: 19279: 19273: 19267: 19261: 19255: 19249: 19243: 19237: 19231: 19225: 19219: 19213: 19207: 19201: 19195: 19189: 19183: 19177: 19171: 19165: 19159: 19153: 19147: 19141: 19135: 19129: 19123: 19117: 19111: 19104: 19102: 19086: 19085: 19083: 19082: 19076: 19070: 19064: 19058: 19052: 19046: 19040: 19034: 19028: 19022: 19016: 19010: 19004: 18998: 18992: 18986: 18980: 18974: 18968: 18961: 18959: 18949: 18948: 18946: 18945: 18942:2028 (Houston) 18938: 18937: 18936: 18918: 18917: 18916: 18898: 18897: 18896: 18878: 18877: 18876: 18858: 18857: 18856: 18838: 18837: 18836: 18818: 18817: 18816: 18798: 18797: 18796: 18778: 18777: 18776: 18761:1992 (Houston) 18758: 18757: 18756: 18738: 18737: 18736: 18718: 18717: 18716: 18701:1980 (Detroit) 18698: 18697: 18696: 18678: 18677: 18676: 18658: 18657: 18656: 18638: 18637: 18636: 18618: 18617: 18616: 18601:1960 (Chicago) 18598: 18597: 18596: 18578: 18577: 18576: 18561:1952 (Chicago) 18558: 18557: 18556: 18538: 18537: 18536: 18521:1944 (Chicago) 18518: 18517: 18516: 18498: 18497: 18496: 18478: 18477: 18476: 18461:1932 (Chicago) 18458: 18457: 18456: 18438: 18437: 18436: 18418: 18417: 18416: 18401:1920 (Chicago) 18398: 18397: 18396: 18381:1916 (Chicago) 18378: 18377: 18376: 18357:1912 (Chicago) 18354: 18344:1908 (Chicago) 18341: 18331:1904 (Chicago) 18328: 18315: 18302: 18289: 18279:1888 (Chicago) 18276: 18266:1884 (Chicago) 18263: 18253:1880 (Chicago) 18250: 18237: 18224: 18214:1868 (Chicago) 18211: 18198: 18188:1860 (Chicago) 18185: 18171: 18169: 18145: 18144: 18142: 18141: 18140: 18139: 18134: 18129: 18124: 18119: 18108: 18105: 18104: 18095: 18094: 18087: 18080: 18072: 18063: 18062: 18060: 18059: 18053: 18047: 18040: 18038: 18032: 18031: 18029: 18028: 18021: 18019: 18013: 18012: 18010: 18009: 18003: 17996: 17994: 17988: 17987: 17985: 17984: 17978: 17972: 17966: 17960: 17954: 17947: 17945: 17939: 17938: 17936: 17935: 17929: 17923: 17917: 17911: 17904: 17902: 17896: 17895: 17893: 17892: 17886: 17880: 17873: 17871: 17865: 17864: 17862: 17861: 17855: 17849: 17842: 17840: 17834: 17833: 17831: 17830: 17824: 17818: 17811: 17809: 17803: 17802: 17795: 17793: 17791: 17790: 17784: 17778: 17771: 17769: 17763: 17762: 17747: 17746: 17739: 17732: 17724: 17715: 17714: 17712: 17711: 17705: 17698: 17695: 17694: 17692: 17691: 17686: 17681: 17674: 17669: 17662: 17657: 17650: 17645: 17638: 17633: 17626: 17621: 17616: 17611: 17606: 17600: 17598: 17590: 17589: 17580: 17578: 17576: 17575: 17568: 17561: 17554: 17546: 17544: 17536: 17535: 17532: 17529: 17528: 17516: 17515: 17508: 17501: 17493: 17484: 17483: 17480: 17479: 17470: 17468: 17459: 17457: 17456: 17455:(2022–present) 17450: 17449:(2020–present) 17444: 17443:(2018–present) 17438: 17437:(2017–present) 17432: 17431:(2010–present) 17426: 17425:(2009–present) 17420: 17419:(2006–present) 17414: 17408: 17402: 17401:(1991–present) 17396: 17390: 17384: 17378: 17372: 17366: 17358: 17352: 17346: 17340: 17334: 17328: 17322: 17316: 17310: 17304: 17298: 17292: 17286: 17280: 17274: 17268: 17262: 17256: 17250: 17244: 17238: 17232: 17226: 17220: 17212: 17206: 17200: 17194: 17188: 17182: 17176: 17170: 17164: 17158: 17150: 17144: 17138: 17132: 17126: 17120: 17114: 17106: 17100: 17094: 17088: 17082: 17076: 17070: 17064: 17058: 17052: 17046: 17040: 17034: 17028: 17022: 17016: 17010: 17004: 16998: 16992: 16986: 16980: 16974: 16968: 16962: 16956: 16950: 16944: 16938: 16932: 16926: 16920: 16914: 16908: 16902: 16896: 16890: 16884: 16878: 16872: 16866: 16860: 16854: 16848: 16842: 16836: 16830: 16821: 16820: 16817: 16816: 16804: 16803: 16800: 16799: 16790: 16788: 16785: 16784: 16768: 16752: 16736: 16720: 16707:Fred M. Vinson 16704: 16688: 16672: 16656: 16640: 16624: 16611:Morrison Waite 16608: 16592: 16579:Roger B. Taney 16576: 16560: 16544: 16528: 16511: 16510: 16507: 16506: 16503:Chief justices 16494: 16493: 16485: 16484: 16477: 16470: 16462: 16453: 16452: 16446: 16443: 16442: 16435: 16433: 16431: 16430: 16425: 16418: 16411: 16404: 16399: 16392: 16385: 16378: 16373: 16366: 16361: 16354: 16349: 16344: 16339: 16332: 16327: 16320: 16315: 16310: 16305: 16300: 16295: 16290: 16285: 16280: 16275: 16270: 16265: 16260: 16255: 16250: 16245: 16240: 16235: 16230: 16225: 16220: 16215: 16210: 16205: 16200: 16195: 16190: 16185: 16180: 16175: 16170: 16165: 16160: 16155: 16150: 16145: 16140: 16135: 16130: 16125: 16119: 16116: 16115: 16108: 16107: 16100: 16093: 16085: 16076: 16075: 16072: 16071: 16069: 16068: 16063: 16058: 16053: 16048: 16043: 16038: 16033: 16028: 16023: 16018: 16013: 16008: 16003: 15998: 15993: 15988: 15983: 15978: 15973: 15968: 15963: 15958: 15953: 15948: 15943: 15938: 15933: 15928: 15923: 15918: 15913: 15908: 15903: 15897: 15895: 15887: 15886: 15884: 15883: 15878: 15873: 15868: 15863: 15858: 15853: 15848: 15843: 15838: 15833: 15828: 15823: 15818: 15813: 15808: 15803: 15798: 15793: 15788: 15783: 15778: 15773: 15768: 15763: 15757: 15755: 15744: 15743:(1947–present) 15734: 15733: 15719: 15717: 15714: 15713: 15711: 15710: 15705: 15700: 15694: 15692: 15684: 15683: 15681: 15680: 15675: 15670: 15665: 15660: 15655: 15650: 15645: 15640: 15635: 15630: 15625: 15620: 15615: 15610: 15605: 15600: 15595: 15590: 15585: 15580: 15575: 15570: 15565: 15560: 15555: 15549: 15547: 15539: 15538: 15536: 15535: 15530: 15525: 15520: 15515: 15510: 15505: 15500: 15495: 15490: 15485: 15480: 15475: 15470: 15465: 15460: 15455: 15450: 15445: 15440: 15435: 15430: 15425: 15420: 15415: 15410: 15405: 15400: 15395: 15390: 15385: 15380: 15375: 15370: 15365: 15360: 15355: 15350: 15345: 15340: 15335: 15330: 15325: 15320: 15315: 15310: 15305: 15300: 15295: 15290: 15285: 15280: 15275: 15270: 15265: 15260: 15255: 15249: 15247: 15236: 15226: 15225: 15214: 15213: 15206: 15199: 15191: 15182: 15181: 15179: 15178: 15168: 15158: 15147: 15144: 15143: 15140: 15139: 15136: 15135: 15125: 15115: 15105: 15095: 15085: 15075: 15065: 15055: 15045: 15038:Walter Mondale 15035: 15025: 15015: 15005: 14995: 14985: 14975: 14961: 14947: 14937: 14927: 14920:Herbert Hoover 14917: 14907: 14897: 14887: 14877: 14867: 14857: 14839: 14829: 14819: 14809: 14799: 14789: 14782:Horace Greeley 14779: 14769: 14759: 14749: 14739: 14732:Winfield Scott 14729: 14719: 14709: 14699: 14689: 14679: 14661: 14651: 14644:Andrew Jackson 14641: 14631: 14624:DeWitt Clinton 14621: 14607: 14597: 14586: 14585: 14578: 14577: 14570: 14569: 14562: 14555: 14547: 14538: 14537: 14535: 14534: 14524: 14513: 14510: 14509: 14507: 14506: 14501: 14496: 14491: 14486: 14481: 14476: 14471: 14466: 14461: 14456: 14451: 14446: 14441: 14436: 14431: 14426: 14421: 14416: 14411: 14406: 14401: 14396: 14390: 14388: 14382: 14381: 14377: 14376: 14366: 14356: 14346: 14339:George W. Bush 14336: 14326: 14316: 14306: 14296: 14286: 14276: 14266: 14256: 14246: 14236: 14226: 14219:Herbert Hoover 14216: 14206: 14196: 14189:Woodrow Wilson 14186: 14176: 14166: 14156: 14146: 14136: 14126: 14116: 14106: 14096: 14086: 14079:Andrew Johnson 14076: 14066: 14059:James Buchanan 14056: 14046: 14036: 14029:Zachary Taylor 14026: 14016: 14006: 13996: 13986: 13979:Andrew Jackson 13976: 13966: 13956: 13946: 13936: 13926: 13915: 13914: 13913: 13911: 13908:Presidents and 13905: 13904: 13897: 13896: 13889: 13882: 13874: 13868: 13865: 13864: 13852: 13851: 13847: 13846: 13841: 13838: 13837:June 30, 1924 13826: 13821: 13817: 13816: 13812: 13811: 13806: 13803: 13788: 13783: 13779: 13778: 13773: 13770: 13751: 13746: 13742: 13741: 13737: 13736: 13733:Woodrow Wilson 13731: 13728: 13719: 13714: 13710: 13709: 13702: 13699: 13688: 13673: 13669: 13668: 13663: 13660: 13651: 13646: 13642: 13641: 13631: 13618: 13614: 13613: 13608: 13605: 13589: 13584: 13580: 13579: 13566: 13563: 13553: 13538: 13534: 13533: 13529: 13528: 13523: 13520: 13511: 13506: 13502: 13501: 13496: 13493: 13481: 13475: 13474: 13469: 13466: 13457: 13452: 13448: 13447: 13442: 13439: 13432: 13427: 13423: 13422: 13421:Legal offices 13416: 13413: 13412: 13400: 13399: 13397: 13396: 13385: 13384: 13377: 13369: 13366: 13365: 13363: 13362: 13354: 13346: 13340: 13335: 13329: 13327: 13323: 13322: 13320: 13319: 13313: 13307: 13301: 13295: 13289: 13283: 13277: 13271: 13265: 13259: 13253: 13247: 13240: 13238: 13232: 13231: 13229: 13228: 13223: 13218: 13213: 13207: 13205: 13201: 13200: 13198: 13197: 13192: 13187: 13182: 13177: 13172: 13167: 13162: 13157: 13155:Woodbury Point 13152: 13147: 13142: 13136: 13134: 13130: 13129: 13127: 13126: 13121: 13116: 13111: 13106: 13105: 13104: 13099: 13088: 13086: 13082: 13081: 13079: 13078: 13073: 13068: 13063: 13057: 13055: 13052:Chief Justice, 13049: 13048: 13046: 13045: 13040: 13039: 13038: 13028: 13023: 13018: 13013: 13008: 13003: 12998: 12993: 12988: 12983: 12978: 12973: 12968: 12963: 12958: 12953: 12948: 12943: 12938: 12932: 12930: 12919: 12918: 12916: 12915: 12904: 12896: 12885: 12874: 12863: 12851: 12848: 12847: 12840: 12839: 12832: 12825: 12817: 12810: 12809: 12794: 12779: 12770: 12761: 12746: 12723: 12717: 12699: 12696: 12695: 12694: 12681: 12680:Media coverage 12678: 12677: 12676: 12670: 12661: 12643: 12640: 12639: 12638: 12624: 12621: 12620: 12618: 12617:External links 12615: 12614: 12613: 12604: 12592:10.2307/793882 12586:(3): 353–362. 12568: 12561: 12554: 12543: 12527: 12516: 12510: 12497: 12486: 12475: 12454: 12453:(2nd ed. 1980) 12447: 12440: 12429: 12419: 12404: 12401: 12400: 12399: 12393: 12378: 12367: 12360: 12349: 12338: 12327: 12321: 12308: 12301: 12292: 12283: 12280:. Vol. 2. 12271: 12268:. Vol. 1. 12256: 12249: 12239:(3): 633–647. 12228: 12217: 12196: 12190: 12176:Morris, Edmund 12172: 12154:(3): 279–294. 12143: 12136: 12129: 12123: 12110: 12103: 12078: 12067: 12060: 12054: 12041: 12035: 12022: 12011: 11997: 11991: 11978: 11972: 11959: 11952: 11942: 11935: 11918: 11912: 11903:Warren Harding 11894: 11883: 11877: 11860: 11851: 11844: 11834: 11827: 11813: 11803: 11797: 11781: 11775: 11764: 11757: 11736: 11730: 11708:Main article: 11705: 11702: 11700: 11699: 11697:, p. 200. 11687: 11673: 11651: 11621: 11586: 11584:, p. 352. 11574: 11572:, p. 201. 11562: 11560:, p. 849. 11550: 11538: 11526: 11524:, p. 198. 11514: 11502: 11493: 11491:, p. 290. 11481: 11466: 11454: 11452:, p. 265. 11442: 11440:, p. 260. 11430: 11428:, p. 266. 11418: 11406: 11387: 11367: 11334: 11322: 11291: 11258: 11232: 11202: 11190: 11175: 11163: 11144: 11120: 11091:(4): 757–780. 11071: 11059: 11006: 10994: 10982: 10970: 10958: 10956:, p. 359. 10946: 10934: 10919: 10917:, p. 969. 10907: 10895: 10883: 10865:(2): 191–205. 10838: 10826: 10811: 10799: 10787: 10775: 10763: 10756: 10738: 10726: 10714: 10702: 10690: 10673: 10658: 10646: 10634: 10632:, p. 345. 10619: 10604: 10602:, p. 956. 10592: 10590:, p. 168. 10580: 10568: 10566:, p. 949. 10556: 10544: 10542:, p. 360. 10527: 10515: 10503: 10498:Newspapers.com 10465: 10453: 10448:Newspapers.com 10415: 10403: 10391: 10379: 10367: 10355: 10343: 10331: 10316: 10304: 10292: 10280: 10268: 10256: 10244: 10242:, p. 818. 10232: 10205: 10193: 10159: 10157:, p. 193. 10147: 10145:, p. 643. 10135: 10123: 10111: 10109:, p. 166. 10096: 10073: 10071:, p. 209. 10058: 10046: 10044:, p. 208. 10034: 10032:, p. 158. 10022: 10010: 10008:, p. 157. 9998: 9986: 9974: 9962: 9950: 9935: 9888: 9876: 9861: 9835: 9808: 9796: 9784: 9772: 9770:, p. 121. 9760: 9758:, p. 332. 9748: 9736: 9723: 9711: 9692: 9672: 9660: 9648: 9636: 9634:, p. 113. 9624: 9622:, p. 510. 9612: 9597: 9585: 9573: 9561: 9549: 9547:, p. 149. 9537: 9525: 9510: 9498: 9486: 9474: 9462: 9450: 9438: 9426: 9424:, p. 196. 9414: 9402: 9390: 9378: 9366: 9364:, p. 109. 9354: 9342: 9330: 9318: 9306: 9291: 9279: 9267: 9265:, p. 271. 9252: 9240: 9228: 9216: 9204: 9192: 9180: 9168: 9156: 9144: 9129: 9117: 9105: 9093: 9081: 9069: 9058: 9046: 9034: 9022: 9020:, p. 395. 9010: 8998: 8986: 8974: 8962: 8950: 8948:, p. 136. 8938: 8926: 8914: 8902: 8890: 8888:, p. 529. 8878: 8863: 8851: 8839: 8837:, p. 347. 8827: 8815: 8803: 8791: 8776: 8764: 8752: 8740: 8728: 8716: 8714:, p. 261. 8704: 8692: 8680: 8668: 8666:, p. 380. 8656: 8644: 8632: 8620: 8608: 8596: 8584: 8572: 8560: 8558:, p. 175. 8548: 8546:, p. 174. 8536: 8510: 8493: 8486: 8466: 8454: 8442: 8430: 8407: 8379: 8372: 8354: 8330: 8318: 8316:, p. 148. 8303: 8291: 8289:, p. 143. 8279: 8267: 8255: 8243: 8231: 8219: 8207: 8195: 8183: 8171: 8159: 8147: 8135: 8123: 8111: 8099: 8082:New York Times 8066: 8035: 8005: 7993: 7981: 7967: 7934: 7915: 7894: 7892: 7889: 7886: 7885: 7865: 7852: 7843: 7834: 7825: 7816: 7807: 7798: 7789: 7780: 7767: 7763:John H. Clarke 7754: 7745: 7724: 7715: 7702: 7693: 7684: 7667: 7658: 7649: 7647:, p. 188. 7636: 7634:, p. 328. 7622: 7609: 7600: 7591: 7567: 7554: 7552:, p. 119. 7541: 7532: 7518: 7517: 7515: 7512: 7511: 7510: 7505: 7498: 7495: 7467: 7464: 7412:Antonin Scalia 7377:James Buchanan 7343: 7340: 7309:lies in repose 7239: 7236: 7198:Herbert Hoover 7174: 7171: 7161:of a child of 7116:lead plaintiff 7075:Bill of Rights 7066: 7063: 7037:Andrew Johnson 6988: 6985: 6916: 6913: 6905: 6902: 6889:William R. Day 6840: 6837: 6829: 6826: 6739:, May 30, 1922 6733:Robert Lincoln 6708: 6705: 6669: 6666: 6635:Archibald Butt 6615: 6612: 6584:Woodrow Wilson 6537:1905 decision 6512: 6509: 6501: 6498: 6494:Woodrow Wilson 6488:, was in 1912 6393:Main article: 6390: 6387: 6380:Junípero Serra 6351: 6348: 6295:Main article: 6292: 6289: 6228: 6225: 6223: 6220: 6188: 6185: 6176:Manchu dynasty 6120: 6117: 6058:El Paso, Texas 6054:Archibald Butt 6003: 6000: 5970:annual message 5899: 5896: 5866: 5865: 5856: 5855: 5854: 5853: 5852: 5850: 5847: 5845: 5844:Foreign policy 5842: 5833: 5830: 5814:Philander Knox 5776: 5773: 5768:Main article: 5765: 5762: 5745:postal savings 5664: 5661: 5592: 5589: 5581: 5578: 5570:Tadasu Hayashi 5480:Philander Knox 5453:troubleshooter 5415: 5412: 5327:bled into the 5314:the commission 5287: 5284: 5273:Joseph McKenna 5178: 5175: 5120: 5117: 5061: 5058: 5056: 5053: 5037:Murat Halstead 5021:George W. Bush 4946: 4943: 4833:Woodrow Wilson 4804: 4803: 4801: 4800: 4793: 4786: 4778: 4775: 4774: 4773: 4772: 4758: 4741: 4740: 4737: 4736: 4735: 4734: 4724: 4717: 4710: 4703: 4696: 4686: 4681: 4676: 4675: 4674: 4664: 4659: 4654: 4649: 4643: 4640: 4639: 4636: 4635: 4632: 4631: 4626: 4625: 4624: 4619: 4609: 4608: 4607: 4597: 4592: 4587: 4586: 4585: 4575: 4574: 4573: 4563: 4558: 4553: 4548: 4543: 4538: 4533: 4528: 4523: 4518: 4517: 4516: 4504: 4503: 4502: 4492: 4487: 4481: 4478: 4477: 4474: 4473: 4470: 4469: 4464: 4459: 4454: 4449: 4444: 4439: 4434: 4429: 4424: 4419: 4417:ConservAmerica 4414: 4403: 4402: 4397: 4392: 4387: 4382: 4377: 4372: 4367: 4362: 4357: 4352: 4347: 4342: 4337: 4335:Freedom Caucus 4332: 4327: 4322: 4317: 4312: 4307: 4296: 4295: 4290: 4285: 4280: 4269: 4268: 4260: 4255: 4250: 4248:Judicial Watch 4245: 4240: 4229: 4228: 4223: 4218: 4213: 4208: 4203: 4198:Moral Majority 4195: 4190: 4185: 4180: 4178:The Fellowship 4175: 4170: 4165: 4160: 4155: 4150: 4145: 4140: 4135: 4134: 4133: 4117: 4116: 4111: 4106: 4101: 4096: 4085: 4084: 4079: 4074: 4069: 4064: 4059: 4048: 4047: 4042: 4037: 4032: 4021: 4020: 4015: 4010: 4005: 4000: 3992: 3987: 3976: 3973: 3972: 3969: 3968: 3965: 3964: 3959: 3952: 3947: 3942: 3935: 3930: 3925: 3918: 3911: 3904: 3899: 3894: 3889: 3878: 3877: 3870: 3863: 3856: 3849: 3842: 3835: 3828: 3821: 3814: 3807: 3800: 3793: 3786: 3779: 3772: 3765: 3758: 3755:Gateway Pundit 3751: 3744: 3737: 3734:The Federalist 3730: 3723: 3716: 3709: 3702: 3695: 3688: 3681: 3674: 3671:Breitbart News 3667: 3654: 3653: 3648: 3643: 3638: 3633: 3628: 3617: 3616: 3606: 3599: 3592: 3585: 3575: 3568: 3561: 3554: 3547: 3540: 3533: 3526: 3519: 3512: 3505: 3498: 3491: 3484: 3477: 3470: 3463: 3456: 3449: 3442: 3435: 3428: 3421: 3414: 3401: 3400: 3393: 3383: 3376: 3369: 3362: 3355: 3348: 3341: 3334: 3321: 3318: 3317: 3314: 3313: 3310: 3309: 3304: 3302:Tax Foundation 3299: 3294: 3289: 3284: 3279: 3274: 3269: 3264: 3259: 3254: 3249: 3244: 3239: 3234: 3229: 3228: 3227: 3222: 3210: 3205: 3200: 3195: 3190: 3185: 3180: 3175: 3170: 3165: 3160: 3155: 3150: 3145: 3139: 3136: 3135: 3132: 3131: 3128: 3127: 3122: 3117: 3112: 3107: 3102: 3101: 3100: 3095: 3090: 3085: 3080: 3065: 3060: 3049: 3048: 3043: 3038: 3033: 3028: 3026:American Party 3019: 3016: 3015: 3012: 3011: 3008: 3007: 3002: 3001: 3000: 2995: 2987: 2982: 2981: 2980: 2975: 2965: 2960: 2959: 2958: 2951: 2939: 2938: 2937: 2932: 2922: 2921: 2920: 2915: 2910: 2900: 2899: 2898: 2893: 2885: 2880: 2874: 2871: 2870: 2867: 2866: 2863: 2862: 2852: 2842: 2832: 2822: 2812: 2806:The Bell Curve 2802: 2792: 2782: 2772: 2762: 2752: 2742: 2732: 2722: 2712: 2702: 2692: 2682: 2672: 2661: 2658: 2657: 2654: 2653: 2650: 2649: 2644: 2639: 2634: 2629: 2624: 2619: 2614: 2609: 2604: 2599: 2594: 2589: 2584: 2579: 2574: 2569: 2564: 2559: 2554: 2549: 2544: 2539: 2534: 2529: 2524: 2519: 2514: 2509: 2504: 2499: 2494: 2489: 2484: 2479: 2474: 2469: 2464: 2459: 2454: 2449: 2444: 2439: 2434: 2429: 2424: 2419: 2414: 2409: 2404: 2399: 2393: 2390: 2389: 2386: 2385: 2382: 2381: 2376: 2371: 2366: 2361: 2356: 2351: 2346: 2341: 2336: 2331: 2326: 2321: 2316: 2311: 2306: 2301: 2296: 2291: 2286: 2281: 2276: 2271: 2266: 2261: 2256: 2251: 2246: 2241: 2236: 2231: 2226: 2221: 2216: 2211: 2206: 2201: 2196: 2191: 2186: 2181: 2176: 2171: 2166: 2161: 2156: 2151: 2146: 2141: 2136: 2131: 2126: 2121: 2116: 2111: 2105: 2102: 2101: 2098: 2097: 2094: 2093: 2088: 2083: 2078: 2073: 2068: 2063: 2058: 2053: 2048: 2043: 2038: 2033: 2028: 2023: 2018: 2013: 2008: 2003: 1998: 1993: 1988: 1983: 1978: 1972: 1969: 1968: 1965: 1964: 1961: 1960: 1955: 1950: 1945: 1940: 1935: 1933:Taft (William) 1930: 1925: 1920: 1915: 1910: 1905: 1900: 1895: 1890: 1885: 1880: 1875: 1870: 1865: 1860: 1855: 1850: 1845: 1840: 1835: 1830: 1825: 1820: 1815: 1810: 1805: 1800: 1795: 1790: 1785: 1780: 1775: 1770: 1765: 1760: 1755: 1750: 1745: 1740: 1735: 1730: 1725: 1719: 1716: 1715: 1712: 1711: 1708: 1707: 1702: 1697: 1692: 1687: 1682: 1677: 1672: 1667: 1662: 1657: 1652: 1647: 1642: 1637: 1632: 1627: 1622: 1617: 1612: 1607: 1602: 1597: 1592: 1587: 1582: 1577: 1572: 1567: 1562: 1557: 1552: 1547: 1542: 1537: 1532: 1527: 1522: 1517: 1512: 1507: 1502: 1497: 1492: 1487: 1482: 1477: 1472: 1467: 1462: 1457: 1452: 1447: 1442: 1437: 1432: 1427: 1421: 1418: 1417: 1414: 1413: 1410: 1409: 1404: 1399: 1394: 1393: 1392: 1387: 1377: 1372: 1367: 1362: 1357: 1352: 1347: 1342: 1337: 1332: 1327: 1322: 1316: 1313: 1312: 1309: 1308: 1305: 1304: 1299: 1294: 1289: 1284: 1279: 1274: 1269: 1264: 1259: 1254: 1253: 1252: 1242: 1237: 1232: 1227: 1222: 1221: 1220: 1210: 1209: 1208: 1206:States' rights 1198: 1193: 1188: 1187: 1186: 1176: 1171: 1166: 1161: 1159:Civil religion 1156: 1151: 1149:Anti-communism 1146: 1141: 1135: 1132: 1131: 1128: 1127: 1124: 1123: 1121:Traditionalist 1118: 1113: 1108: 1103: 1098: 1093: 1088: 1083: 1078: 1073: 1068: 1063: 1058: 1053: 1047: 1044: 1043: 1040: 1039: 1031: 1030: 1020: 1019: 1007: 1006: 1004: 1003: 996: 989: 981: 978: 977: 970: 969: 964: 956: 954: 953: 948: 940: 938: 937: 936: 935: 930: 921: 920: 919: 918: 913: 902: 900: 899: 894: 889: 884: 879: 874: 869: 864: 859: 853: 852: 847: 842: 837: 836: 835: 833:Taftian theory 828:Foreign policy 825: 820: 810: 802: 800: 799: 794: 789: 784: 776: 775: 772: 771: 759:a series about 755: 753: 737: 736: 733: 732: 720: 710: 705: 704: 703: 702: 701: 698: 697: 690: 686: 685: 683: 682: 679: 675: 673: 669: 668: 666: 665: 653: 642: 640: 636: 635: 630: 626: 625: 623: 622: 617: 611: 609: 605: 604: 602: 601: 596: 591: 585: 583: 579: 578: 563: 557: 556: 554: 550: 549: 544: 540: 539: 534: 530: 529: 523:(aged 72) 517: 513: 512: 497: 493: 492: 488: 487: 484: 483: 478: 472: 471: 466: 460: 459: 456: 452: 451: 441: 440: 433: 432: 427: 421: 420: 417: 411: 410: 405: 399: 398: 388: 387: 380: 379: 374: 368: 367: 353: 347: 346: 341: 335: 334: 324: 323: 317: 316: 311: 305: 304: 290: 284: 283: 280: 274: 273: 263: 262: 255: 254: 249: 243: 242: 237: 231: 230: 227: 223: 222: 212: 211: 204: 203: 198: 192: 191: 186: 180: 179: 174: 168: 167: 157: 156: 149: 148: 146:Woodrow Wilson 143: 137: 136: 131: 125: 124: 122: 121: 115: 107: 105: 102:Vice President 97: 96: 86: 85: 78: 77: 74: 73: 64: 53: 52: 51: 50: 49: 46: 45: 42: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 22560: 22549: 22546: 22544: 22541: 22539: 22536: 22534: 22531: 22529: 22526: 22524: 22521: 22519: 22516: 22514: 22511: 22509: 22506: 22504: 22501: 22499: 22496: 22494: 22491: 22489: 22486: 22484: 22481: 22479: 22476: 22474: 22471: 22469: 22466: 22464: 22461: 22459: 22456: 22454: 22451: 22449: 22446: 22444: 22441: 22439: 22436: 22434: 22431: 22429: 22426: 22424: 22421: 22419: 22416: 22414: 22411: 22409: 22406: 22404: 22401: 22399: 22396: 22394: 22391: 22389: 22386: 22384: 22381: 22379: 22376: 22374: 22371: 22369: 22366: 22364: 22361: 22359: 22356: 22354: 22351: 22349: 22346: 22344: 22341: 22339: 22336: 22334: 22331: 22329: 22326: 22324: 22321: 22319: 22316: 22314: 22311: 22309: 22306: 22304: 22301: 22299: 22296: 22295: 22293: 22283: 22282:United States 22273: 22271: 22266: 22261: 22259: 22254: 22249: 22247: 22237: 22235: 22225: 22224: 22221: 22203: 22198: 22188: 22185: 22183: 22180: 22179: 22177: 22175: 22171: 22165: 22162: 22159: 22156: 22153: 22151: 22148: 22146: 22145:Scalia (2016) 22143: 22141: 22139: 22135: 22133: 22130: 22128: 22125: 22123: 22121: 22117: 22115: 22112: 22110: 22108: 22104: 22103: 22101: 22099: 22093: 22086: 22083: 22081: 22077: 22075: 22073: 22069: 22067: 22065: 22061: 22059: 22057: 22053: 22050: 22047: 22045: 22041: 22039: 22037: 22033: 22031: 22029: 22025: 22024: 22022: 22020: 22016: 22013: 22011: 22007: 21997: 21994: 21992: 21989: 21987: 21984: 21982: 21981:Graham (2018) 21979: 21977: 21974: 21972: 21969: 21968: 21966: 21964: 21960: 21957: 21955: 21954:Lain in honor 21951: 21941: 21939: 21935: 21934: 21932: 21930: 21926: 21920: 21917: 21916: 21914: 21912: 21908: 21902: 21901:Hooper (1875) 21899: 21898: 21896: 21894: 21893:House Chamber 21890: 21884: 21881: 21878: 21875: 21872: 21870: 21867: 21866: 21864: 21862: 21858: 21852: 21849: 21847: 21844: 21842: 21839: 21836: 21833: 21831: 21827: 21825: 21824:McCain (2018) 21822: 21820: 21819:Inouye (2012) 21817: 21814: 21811: 21809: 21805: 21802: 21799: 21797: 21793: 21791: 21790:Pepper (1989) 21788: 21786: 21782: 21779: 21777: 21774: 21772: 21770: 21766: 21764: 21761: 21759: 21756: 21754: 21752: 21748: 21746: 21744: 21740: 21738: 21735: 21732: 21729: 21727: 21723: 21721: 21718: 21716: 21713: 21711: 21708: 21706: 21704: 21700: 21698: 21696: 21692: 21690: 21687: 21685: 21682: 21680: 21677: 21675: 21673: 21669: 21667: 21664: 21662: 21660: 21656: 21654: 21653:Wilson (1875) 21651: 21649: 21648:Sumner (1874) 21646: 21644: 21641: 21638: 21635: 21633: 21629: 21627: 21624: 21623: 21621: 21619: 21615: 21612: 21610: 21609:Lain in state 21606: 21602: 21597: 21592: 21588: 21584: 21583:lain in state 21576: 21571: 21569: 21564: 21562: 21557: 21556: 21553: 21541: 21538: 21536: 21532: 21529: 21528: 21525: 21515: 21514: 21509: 21507: 21506: 21501: 21500: 21498: 21496: 21492: 21486: 21485: 21480: 21478: 21477: 21472: 21471: 21469: 21467: 21463: 21458: 21454: 21449: 21445: 21435: 21434: 21429: 21427: 21426: 21421: 21420: 21418: 21414: 21411: 21409: 21408: 21403: 21393: 21392: 21391:Hiram Johnson 21387: 21386: 21383: 21382: 21377: 21376: 21374: 21370: 21367: 21364: 21359: 21358: 21353: 21343: 21340: 21338: 21335: 21334: 21332: 21328: 21322: 21321: 21317: 21314: 21313: 21309: 21306: 21303: 21302: 21297: 21296: 21294: 21290: 21287: 21284: 21279: 21278: 21273: 21263: 21260: 21258: 21255: 21253: 21250: 21248: 21247:Judson Harmon 21245: 21243: 21240: 21239: 21237: 21233: 21227: 21226: 21221: 21219: 21218: 21213: 21212: 21210: 21206: 21203: 21200: 21195: 21194: 21189: 21184: 21180: 21176: 21168: 21163: 21161: 21156: 21154: 21149: 21148: 21145: 21133: 21130: 21128: 21125: 21122: 21121: 21118: 21108: 21107: 21102: 21100: 21099: 21094: 21093: 21091: 21089: 21085: 21079: 21078: 21073: 21071: 21070: 21065: 21064: 21062: 21060: 21056: 21050: 21049: 21044: 21042: 21041: 21036: 21035: 21033: 21031: 21027: 21021: 21020: 21015: 21013: 21012: 21007: 21006: 21004: 21002: 20998: 20993: 20989: 20984: 20980: 20970: 20967: 20965: 20962: 20961: 20959: 20955: 20949: 20948: 20943: 20941: 20940: 20935: 20934: 20932: 20928: 20925: 20922: 20917: 20916: 20911: 20901: 20898: 20896: 20893: 20891: 20888: 20886: 20883: 20881: 20878: 20877: 20875: 20871: 20865: 20864: 20859: 20857: 20856: 20851: 20850: 20848: 20844: 20841: 20838: 20833: 20832: 20827: 20822: 20818: 20814: 20806: 20801: 20799: 20794: 20792: 20787: 20786: 20783: 20770: 20769:Charles Nagel 20767: 20766: 20764: 20762: 20758: 20751: 20748: 20747: 20745: 20743: 20739: 20732: 20729: 20726: 20723: 20722: 20720: 20718: 20714: 20707: 20704: 20703: 20701: 20699: 20695: 20688: 20685: 20684: 20682: 20680: 20676: 20669: 20666: 20665: 20663: 20661: 20657: 20650: 20647: 20644: 20641: 20640: 20638: 20636: 20632: 20625: 20622: 20621: 20619: 20617: 20613: 20597: 20594: 20593: 20591: 20589: 20585: 20580: 20577: 20573: 20566: 20561: 20559: 20554: 20552: 20547: 20546: 20543: 20531: 20528: 20526: 20523: 20521: 20518: 20516: 20513: 20511: 20508: 20506: 20503: 20502: 20500: 20496: 20486: 20485:The Wish List 20483: 20481: 20480:Ripon Society 20478: 20476: 20473: 20471: 20468: 20466: 20463: 20461: 20458: 20456: 20453: 20451: 20448: 20447: 20445: 20439: 20433: 20430: 20428: 20425: 20423: 20420: 20418: 20415: 20413: 20410: 20408: 20405: 20403: 20400: 20398: 20395: 20393: 20390: 20386: 20383: 20382: 20381: 20378: 20377: 20375: 20369: 20363: 20360: 20358: 20355: 20353: 20350: 20348: 20345: 20343: 20340: 20339: 20337: 20331: 20323: 20320: 20318: 20315: 20313: 20310: 20308: 20305: 20304: 20303: 20300: 20296: 20293: 20292: 20291: 20288: 20284: 20281: 20279: 20278: 20274: 20273: 20272: 20269: 20268: 20266: 20262: 20259: 20257: 20256:organizations 20251: 20241: 20238: 20236: 20233: 20231: 20228: 20226: 20223: 20221: 20218: 20216: 20213: 20212: 20210: 20206: 20200: 20197: 20195: 20192: 20190: 20189:West Virginia 20187: 20185: 20182: 20180: 20177: 20175: 20172: 20170: 20167: 20165: 20162: 20160: 20157: 20155: 20152: 20150: 20147: 20145: 20142: 20140: 20137: 20135: 20132: 20130: 20127: 20125: 20122: 20120: 20117: 20115: 20112: 20110: 20107: 20105: 20102: 20100: 20097: 20095: 20094:New Hampshire 20092: 20090: 20087: 20085: 20082: 20080: 20077: 20075: 20072: 20070: 20067: 20065: 20062: 20060: 20057: 20055: 20054:Massachusetts 20052: 20050: 20047: 20045: 20042: 20040: 20037: 20035: 20032: 20030: 20027: 20025: 20022: 20020: 20017: 20015: 20012: 20010: 20007: 20005: 20002: 20000: 19997: 19995: 19992: 19990: 19987: 19985: 19982: 19980: 19977: 19975: 19972: 19970: 19967: 19965: 19962: 19960: 19957: 19955: 19952: 19951: 19949: 19945: 19942: 19935: 19931: 19921: 19918: 19916: 19913: 19911: 19908: 19906: 19903: 19901: 19898: 19896: 19893: 19891: 19888: 19886: 19883: 19881: 19878: 19877: 19875: 19871: 19865: 19862: 19860: 19857: 19855: 19852: 19850: 19847: 19845: 19842: 19840: 19836: 19833: 19831: 19828: 19826: 19823: 19821: 19818: 19816: 19813: 19811: 19808: 19806: 19803: 19801: 19798: 19796: 19793: 19791: 19788: 19786: 19783: 19781: 19777: 19774: 19772: 19769: 19767: 19764: 19762: 19759: 19757: 19754: 19752: 19749: 19747: 19744: 19742: 19739: 19737: 19734: 19732: 19729: 19727: 19724: 19722: 19719: 19717: 19714: 19712: 19709: 19707: 19704: 19702: 19699: 19697: 19694: 19692: 19689: 19687: 19684: 19682: 19679: 19677: 19674: 19672: 19669: 19667: 19664: 19662: 19659: 19657: 19654: 19652: 19649: 19647: 19644: 19642: 19639: 19637: 19634: 19632: 19629: 19627: 19624: 19622: 19619: 19617: 19614: 19612: 19609: 19607: 19604: 19602: 19599: 19597: 19594: 19592: 19589: 19587: 19584: 19582: 19579: 19577: 19574: 19572: 19569: 19567: 19564: 19562: 19559: 19557: 19554: 19552: 19549: 19547: 19544: 19542: 19539: 19537: 19534: 19532: 19529: 19527: 19524: 19522: 19519: 19517: 19514: 19512: 19509: 19508: 19506: 19502: 19499: 19497: 19493: 19486: 19483: 19480: 19477: 19474: 19471: 19468: 19465: 19462: 19459: 19456: 19453: 19450: 19447: 19444: 19441: 19438: 19435: 19432: 19429: 19426: 19423: 19420: 19417: 19414: 19411: 19408: 19405: 19402: 19399: 19396: 19393: 19390: 19387: 19384: 19381: 19378: 19375: 19372: 19369: 19366: 19363: 19360: 19357: 19354: 19351: 19348: 19345: 19342: 19339: 19336: 19333: 19330: 19327: 19324: 19321: 19318: 19315: 19312: 19309: 19308: 19306: 19304: 19295: 19290: 19284: 19277: 19274: 19271: 19268: 19265: 19262: 19259: 19256: 19253: 19250: 19247: 19244: 19241: 19238: 19235: 19232: 19229: 19226: 19223: 19220: 19217: 19214: 19211: 19208: 19205: 19202: 19199: 19196: 19193: 19190: 19187: 19184: 19181: 19178: 19175: 19172: 19169: 19166: 19163: 19160: 19157: 19154: 19151: 19148: 19145: 19142: 19139: 19136: 19133: 19130: 19127: 19124: 19121: 19118: 19115: 19112: 19109: 19106: 19105: 19103: 19101: 19093: 19087: 19080: 19077: 19074: 19071: 19068: 19067:G. H. W. Bush 19065: 19062: 19059: 19056: 19053: 19050: 19047: 19044: 19041: 19038: 19035: 19032: 19029: 19026: 19023: 19020: 19017: 19014: 19011: 19008: 19005: 19002: 18999: 18996: 18993: 18990: 18987: 18984: 18981: 18978: 18975: 18972: 18969: 18966: 18963: 18962: 18960: 18958: 18954: 18950: 18944: 18943: 18939: 18935: 18932: 18931: 18930: 18926: 18922: 18919: 18915: 18912: 18911: 18910: 18906: 18902: 18899: 18895: 18892: 18891: 18890: 18886: 18882: 18879: 18875: 18872: 18871: 18870: 18866: 18862: 18859: 18855: 18852: 18851: 18850: 18846: 18842: 18839: 18835: 18832: 18831: 18830: 18826: 18822: 18819: 18815: 18812: 18811: 18810: 18806: 18802: 18799: 18795: 18792: 18791: 18790: 18786: 18782: 18779: 18775: 18772: 18771: 18770: 18766: 18765:G. H. W. Bush 18762: 18759: 18755: 18752: 18751: 18750: 18746: 18745:G. H. W. Bush 18742: 18739: 18735: 18732: 18731: 18730: 18729:G. H. W. Bush 18726: 18722: 18721:1984 (Dallas) 18719: 18715: 18712: 18711: 18710: 18709:G. H. W. Bush 18706: 18702: 18699: 18695: 18692: 18691: 18690: 18686: 18682: 18679: 18675: 18672: 18671: 18670: 18666: 18662: 18659: 18655: 18652: 18651: 18650: 18646: 18642: 18639: 18635: 18632: 18631: 18630: 18626: 18622: 18619: 18615: 18612: 18611: 18610: 18606: 18602: 18599: 18595: 18592: 18591: 18590: 18586: 18582: 18579: 18575: 18572: 18571: 18570: 18566: 18562: 18559: 18555: 18552: 18551: 18550: 18546: 18542: 18539: 18535: 18532: 18531: 18530: 18526: 18522: 18519: 18515: 18512: 18511: 18510: 18506: 18502: 18499: 18495: 18492: 18491: 18490: 18486: 18482: 18479: 18475: 18472: 18471: 18470: 18466: 18462: 18459: 18455: 18452: 18451: 18450: 18446: 18442: 18439: 18435: 18432: 18431: 18430: 18426: 18422: 18419: 18415: 18412: 18411: 18410: 18406: 18402: 18399: 18395: 18392: 18391: 18390: 18386: 18382: 18379: 18375: 18372: 18371: 18370: 18366: 18362: 18358: 18355: 18353: 18349: 18345: 18342: 18340: 18336: 18332: 18329: 18327: 18323: 18319: 18316: 18314: 18310: 18306: 18303: 18301: 18297: 18293: 18290: 18288: 18284: 18280: 18277: 18275: 18271: 18267: 18264: 18262: 18258: 18254: 18251: 18249: 18245: 18241: 18238: 18236: 18232: 18228: 18225: 18223: 18219: 18215: 18212: 18210: 18206: 18202: 18199: 18197: 18193: 18189: 18186: 18184: 18180: 18176: 18173: 18172: 18170: 18168: 18159: 18152: 18146: 18138: 18135: 18133: 18130: 18128: 18125: 18123: 18120: 18118: 18115: 18114: 18113: 18110: 18109: 18106: 18102: 18093: 18088: 18086: 18081: 18079: 18074: 18073: 18070: 18057: 18054: 18051: 18048: 18045: 18042: 18041: 18039: 18037: 18033: 18026: 18023: 18022: 18020: 18018: 18014: 18007: 18004: 18001: 17998: 17997: 17995: 17993: 17989: 17982: 17979: 17976: 17973: 17970: 17967: 17964: 17961: 17958: 17955: 17952: 17949: 17948: 17946: 17944: 17940: 17933: 17930: 17927: 17924: 17921: 17918: 17915: 17912: 17909: 17906: 17905: 17903: 17901: 17897: 17890: 17887: 17884: 17881: 17878: 17875: 17874: 17872: 17870: 17866: 17859: 17856: 17853: 17850: 17847: 17844: 17843: 17841: 17839: 17835: 17828: 17825: 17822: 17819: 17816: 17815:Lyman J. Gage 17813: 17812: 17810: 17808: 17804: 17788: 17785: 17782: 17779: 17776: 17773: 17772: 17770: 17768: 17764: 17759: 17756: 17752: 17745: 17740: 17738: 17733: 17731: 17726: 17725: 17722: 17709: 17706: 17700: 17699: 17696: 17690: 17687: 17685: 17682: 17680: 17679: 17675: 17673: 17670: 17668: 17667: 17663: 17661: 17658: 17656: 17655: 17651: 17649: 17646: 17644: 17643: 17639: 17637: 17634: 17632: 17631: 17627: 17625: 17622: 17620: 17617: 17615: 17612: 17610: 17607: 17605: 17602: 17601: 17599: 17595: 17591: 17585: 17573: 17569: 17566: 17562: 17559: 17555: 17552: 17548: 17547: 17545: 17541: 17537: 17530: 17526: 17522: 17514: 17509: 17507: 17502: 17500: 17495: 17494: 17491: 17474: 17464: 17454: 17451: 17448: 17445: 17442: 17439: 17436: 17433: 17430: 17427: 17424: 17421: 17418: 17415: 17412: 17409: 17406: 17403: 17400: 17397: 17394: 17391: 17388: 17385: 17382: 17379: 17376: 17373: 17370: 17367: 17364:* (1972–1986) 17363: 17359: 17356: 17353: 17350: 17347: 17344: 17341: 17338: 17335: 17332: 17329: 17326: 17323: 17320: 17317: 17314: 17311: 17308: 17305: 17302: 17299: 17296: 17293: 17290: 17287: 17284: 17281: 17278: 17275: 17272: 17269: 17266: 17263: 17260: 17257: 17254: 17251: 17248: 17245: 17242: 17239: 17236: 17233: 17230: 17227: 17224: 17221: 17218:* (1925–1941) 17217: 17213: 17210: 17207: 17204: 17201: 17198: 17195: 17192: 17189: 17186: 17183: 17180: 17177: 17174: 17171: 17168: 17165: 17162: 17159: 17156:* (1910–1916) 17155: 17151: 17148: 17145: 17142: 17139: 17136: 17133: 17130: 17127: 17124: 17121: 17118: 17115: 17112:* (1894–1910) 17111: 17107: 17104: 17101: 17098: 17095: 17092: 17089: 17086: 17083: 17080: 17077: 17074: 17071: 17068: 17065: 17062: 17059: 17056: 17053: 17050: 17047: 17044: 17041: 17038: 17035: 17032: 17029: 17026: 17023: 17020: 17017: 17014: 17011: 17008: 17005: 17002: 16999: 16996: 16993: 16990: 16987: 16984: 16981: 16978: 16975: 16972: 16969: 16966: 16963: 16960: 16957: 16954: 16951: 16948: 16945: 16942: 16939: 16936: 16933: 16930: 16927: 16924: 16921: 16918: 16915: 16912: 16909: 16906: 16903: 16900: 16897: 16894: 16891: 16888: 16885: 16882: 16879: 16876: 16873: 16870: 16867: 16864: 16861: 16858: 16855: 16852: 16849: 16846: 16843: 16840: 16837: 16834: 16831: 16828:* (1790–1791) 16827: 16823: 16822: 16818: 16814: 16809: 16805: 16794: 16782: 16781: 16776: 16772: 16769: 16766: 16765: 16760: 16756: 16753: 16750: 16749: 16744: 16740: 16737: 16734: 16733: 16728: 16724: 16721: 16718: 16717: 16712: 16708: 16705: 16702: 16701: 16696: 16692: 16689: 16686: 16685: 16680: 16676: 16673: 16670: 16669: 16664: 16660: 16657: 16654: 16653: 16648: 16644: 16641: 16638: 16637: 16632: 16628: 16625: 16622: 16621: 16616: 16612: 16609: 16606: 16605: 16600: 16596: 16593: 16590: 16589: 16584: 16580: 16577: 16574: 16573: 16568: 16564: 16563:John Marshall 16561: 16558: 16557: 16552: 16548: 16545: 16542: 16541: 16536: 16532: 16531:John Rutledge 16529: 16526: 16525: 16520: 16516: 16513: 16512: 16508: 16504: 16499: 16495: 16491: 16483: 16478: 16476: 16471: 16469: 16464: 16463: 16460: 16450: 16444: 16439: 16429: 16426: 16424: 16423: 16419: 16417: 16416: 16412: 16410: 16409: 16405: 16403: 16400: 16398: 16397: 16393: 16391: 16390: 16386: 16384: 16383: 16379: 16377: 16374: 16372: 16371: 16367: 16365: 16362: 16360: 16359: 16355: 16353: 16350: 16348: 16345: 16343: 16340: 16338: 16337: 16333: 16331: 16328: 16326: 16325: 16321: 16319: 16316: 16314: 16311: 16309: 16306: 16304: 16301: 16299: 16296: 16294: 16291: 16289: 16286: 16284: 16281: 16279: 16276: 16274: 16271: 16269: 16266: 16264: 16261: 16259: 16256: 16254: 16251: 16249: 16246: 16244: 16241: 16239: 16236: 16234: 16231: 16229: 16226: 16224: 16221: 16219: 16216: 16214: 16211: 16209: 16206: 16204: 16201: 16199: 16196: 16194: 16191: 16189: 16186: 16184: 16181: 16179: 16176: 16174: 16171: 16169: 16166: 16164: 16161: 16159: 16156: 16154: 16151: 16149: 16146: 16144: 16141: 16139: 16136: 16134: 16131: 16129: 16126: 16124: 16121: 16120: 16117: 16113: 16106: 16101: 16099: 16094: 16092: 16087: 16086: 16083: 16067: 16064: 16062: 16059: 16057: 16054: 16052: 16049: 16047: 16044: 16042: 16039: 16037: 16034: 16032: 16029: 16027: 16024: 16022: 16019: 16017: 16014: 16012: 16009: 16007: 16004: 16002: 15999: 15997: 15994: 15992: 15989: 15987: 15984: 15982: 15979: 15977: 15974: 15972: 15969: 15967: 15964: 15962: 15959: 15957: 15954: 15952: 15949: 15947: 15944: 15942: 15939: 15937: 15934: 15932: 15929: 15927: 15924: 15922: 15919: 15917: 15914: 15912: 15909: 15907: 15904: 15902: 15899: 15898: 15896: 15894: 15888: 15882: 15879: 15877: 15874: 15872: 15869: 15867: 15864: 15862: 15859: 15857: 15854: 15852: 15849: 15847: 15844: 15842: 15839: 15837: 15834: 15832: 15829: 15827: 15824: 15822: 15819: 15817: 15814: 15812: 15809: 15807: 15804: 15802: 15799: 15797: 15794: 15792: 15789: 15787: 15784: 15782: 15779: 15777: 15774: 15772: 15769: 15767: 15764: 15762: 15759: 15758: 15756: 15754: 15748: 15745: 15741: 15735: 15730: 15723: 15709: 15706: 15704: 15701: 15699: 15696: 15695: 15693: 15691: 15685: 15679: 15676: 15674: 15671: 15669: 15666: 15664: 15661: 15659: 15656: 15654: 15651: 15649: 15646: 15644: 15641: 15639: 15636: 15634: 15631: 15629: 15626: 15624: 15621: 15619: 15616: 15614: 15611: 15609: 15606: 15604: 15601: 15599: 15596: 15594: 15591: 15589: 15586: 15584: 15581: 15579: 15576: 15574: 15571: 15569: 15566: 15564: 15561: 15559: 15556: 15554: 15551: 15550: 15548: 15546: 15540: 15534: 15531: 15529: 15526: 15524: 15521: 15519: 15516: 15514: 15511: 15509: 15506: 15504: 15501: 15499: 15496: 15494: 15491: 15489: 15486: 15484: 15481: 15479: 15476: 15474: 15471: 15469: 15466: 15464: 15461: 15459: 15456: 15454: 15451: 15449: 15446: 15444: 15441: 15439: 15436: 15434: 15431: 15429: 15426: 15424: 15421: 15419: 15416: 15414: 15411: 15409: 15406: 15404: 15401: 15399: 15396: 15394: 15391: 15389: 15386: 15384: 15381: 15379: 15376: 15374: 15371: 15369: 15366: 15364: 15361: 15359: 15356: 15354: 15351: 15349: 15346: 15344: 15341: 15339: 15336: 15334: 15331: 15329: 15326: 15324: 15321: 15319: 15316: 15314: 15311: 15309: 15306: 15304: 15301: 15299: 15296: 15294: 15291: 15289: 15286: 15284: 15281: 15279: 15276: 15274: 15271: 15269: 15266: 15264: 15261: 15259: 15256: 15254: 15251: 15250: 15248: 15246: 15240: 15237: 15233: 15227: 15223: 15219: 15212: 15207: 15205: 15200: 15198: 15193: 15192: 15189: 15177: 15169: 15167: 15159: 15157: 15149: 15148: 15145: 15133: 15129: 15126: 15123: 15119: 15116: 15113: 15109: 15106: 15103: 15099: 15096: 15093: 15089: 15086: 15083: 15079: 15076: 15073: 15069: 15066: 15063: 15059: 15056: 15053: 15049: 15046: 15043: 15039: 15036: 15033: 15029: 15026: 15023: 15019: 15016: 15013: 15009: 15006: 15003: 14999: 14996: 14993: 14989: 14986: 14983: 14979: 14978:Richard Nixon 14976: 14973: 14969: 14965: 14962: 14959: 14955: 14951: 14948: 14945: 14941: 14938: 14935: 14931: 14928: 14925: 14921: 14918: 14915: 14911: 14908: 14905: 14901: 14900:John W. Davis 14898: 14895: 14891: 14888: 14885: 14881: 14878: 14875: 14871: 14868: 14865: 14861: 14858: 14855: 14851: 14847: 14843: 14840: 14837: 14833: 14830: 14827: 14823: 14820: 14817: 14813: 14810: 14807: 14803: 14800: 14797: 14793: 14790: 14787: 14783: 14780: 14777: 14773: 14770: 14767: 14763: 14760: 14757: 14753: 14750: 14747: 14743: 14740: 14737: 14733: 14730: 14727: 14723: 14720: 14717: 14713: 14710: 14707: 14703: 14700: 14697: 14693: 14690: 14687: 14683: 14680: 14677: 14673: 14669: 14665: 14662: 14659: 14655: 14652: 14649: 14645: 14642: 14639: 14635: 14632: 14629: 14625: 14622: 14619: 14615: 14611: 14608: 14605: 14601: 14598: 14595: 14591: 14588: 14587: 14583: 14579: 14575: 14568: 14563: 14561: 14556: 14554: 14549: 14548: 14545: 14533: 14525: 14523: 14515: 14514: 14511: 14505: 14502: 14500: 14497: 14495: 14492: 14490: 14487: 14485: 14482: 14480: 14479:G. H. W. Bush 14477: 14475: 14472: 14470: 14467: 14465: 14462: 14460: 14457: 14455: 14454:L. B. Johnson 14452: 14450: 14447: 14445: 14442: 14440: 14437: 14435: 14432: 14430: 14427: 14425: 14422: 14420: 14417: 14415: 14412: 14410: 14407: 14405: 14402: 14400: 14397: 14395: 14392: 14391: 14389: 14383: 14374: 14370: 14367: 14364: 14360: 14357: 14354: 14350: 14347: 14344: 14340: 14337: 14334: 14330: 14327: 14324: 14320: 14317: 14314: 14310: 14309:Ronald Reagan 14307: 14304: 14300: 14297: 14294: 14290: 14287: 14284: 14280: 14279:Richard Nixon 14277: 14274: 14270: 14267: 14264: 14260: 14257: 14254: 14250: 14247: 14244: 14240: 14237: 14234: 14230: 14227: 14224: 14220: 14217: 14214: 14210: 14207: 14204: 14200: 14197: 14194: 14190: 14187: 14184: 14180: 14177: 14174: 14170: 14167: 14164: 14160: 14157: 14154: 14150: 14147: 14144: 14140: 14137: 14134: 14130: 14127: 14124: 14120: 14117: 14114: 14110: 14107: 14104: 14100: 14097: 14094: 14090: 14087: 14084: 14080: 14077: 14074: 14070: 14067: 14064: 14060: 14057: 14054: 14050: 14047: 14044: 14040: 14037: 14034: 14030: 14027: 14024: 14020: 14019:James K. Polk 14017: 14014: 14010: 14007: 14004: 14000: 13997: 13994: 13990: 13987: 13984: 13980: 13977: 13974: 13970: 13967: 13964: 13960: 13957: 13954: 13950: 13949:James Madison 13947: 13944: 13940: 13937: 13934: 13930: 13927: 13924: 13920: 13917: 13916: 13912: 13906: 13902: 13895: 13890: 13888: 13883: 13881: 13876: 13875: 13872: 13866: 13859: 13844: 13835: 13834: 13833: 13824: 13818: 13813: 13809: 13800: 13799: 13794: 13786: 13780: 13776: 13769: 13765: 13761: 13759: 13756: 13749: 13743: 13738: 13734: 13725: 13724: 13717: 13711: 13705: 13696: 13693: 13686: 13685: 13684: 13676: 13670: 13666: 13657: 13656: 13649: 13643: 13638: 13637: 13634:Chair of the 13629: 13628: 13627: 13615: 13611: 13604: 13603: 13595: 13594: 13587: 13581: 13577: 13576: 13575: 13560: 13559: 13556:Chair of the 13551: 13550: 13549: 13541: 13535: 13530: 13526: 13517: 13516: 13509: 13503: 13499: 13490: 13488: 13485:Judge of the 13480: 13476: 13472: 13463: 13462: 13455: 13449: 13445: 13436: 13430: 13429:Judson Harmon 13424: 13419: 13414: 13407: 13395: 13387: 13386: 13383: 13382: 13378: 13376: 13375: 13371: 13370: 13367: 13360: 13359: 13355: 13352: 13351: 13347: 13344: 13343:Pauline Wayne 13341: 13339: 13336: 13334: 13331: 13330: 13328: 13324: 13317: 13314: 13311: 13308: 13305: 13302: 13299: 13296: 13293: 13290: 13287: 13286:Alphonso Taft 13284: 13281: 13278: 13275: 13272: 13269: 13266: 13263: 13260: 13257: 13254: 13251: 13248: 13245: 13242: 13241: 13239: 13237: 13233: 13227: 13224: 13222: 13219: 13217: 13214: 13212: 13209: 13208: 13206: 13202: 13196: 13193: 13191: 13188: 13186: 13183: 13181: 13178: 13176: 13175:Taft, Montana 13173: 13171: 13168: 13166: 13163: 13161: 13158: 13156: 13153: 13151: 13148: 13146: 13143: 13141: 13138: 13137: 13135: 13131: 13125: 13122: 13120: 13117: 13115: 13112: 13110: 13107: 13103: 13100: 13098: 13095: 13094: 13093: 13090: 13089: 13087: 13085:Other actions 13083: 13077: 13074: 13072: 13069: 13067: 13064: 13062: 13059: 13058: 13056: 13054:Supreme Court 13050: 13044: 13041: 13037: 13036:Supreme Court 13034: 13033: 13032: 13029: 13027: 13024: 13022: 13019: 13017: 13014: 13012: 13009: 13007: 13004: 13002: 12999: 12997: 12994: 12992: 12989: 12987: 12984: 12982: 12979: 12977: 12974: 12972: 12969: 12967: 12964: 12962: 12959: 12957: 12954: 12952: 12949: 12947: 12944: 12942: 12939: 12937: 12934: 12933: 12931: 12929: 12924: 12920: 12912: 12909: 12905: 12901: 12897: 12893: 12890: 12886: 12882: 12879: 12875: 12871: 12868: 12864: 12860: 12857: 12853: 12852: 12849: 12845: 12838: 12833: 12831: 12826: 12824: 12819: 12818: 12815: 12807: 12802: 12798: 12795: 12787: 12783: 12780: 12778: 12774: 12771: 12769: 12765: 12762: 12760: 12756: 12753: 12751: 12747: 12744: 12743: 12738: 12734: 12730: 12727: 12724: 12721: 12718: 12716: 12712: 12708: 12705: 12702: 12701: 12693: 12692: 12687: 12684: 12683: 12674: 12671: 12669: 12665: 12662: 12660: 12656: 12652: 12649: 12646: 12645: 12637: 12633: 12630: 12627: 12626: 12610: 12605: 12601: 12597: 12593: 12589: 12585: 12581: 12577: 12573: 12569: 12566: 12562: 12559: 12555: 12552: 12548: 12544: 12540: 12536: 12532: 12528: 12525: 12521: 12517: 12513: 12507: 12503: 12498: 12495: 12491: 12487: 12484: 12480: 12476: 12472: 12468: 12464: 12460: 12455: 12452: 12448: 12445: 12441: 12438: 12434: 12430: 12428: 12424: 12420: 12416: 12412: 12407: 12406: 12403:Supreme Court 12396: 12390: 12386: 12385: 12379: 12376: 12372: 12368: 12365: 12361: 12358: 12354: 12350: 12347: 12343: 12339: 12336: 12332: 12328: 12324: 12318: 12314: 12309: 12306: 12302: 12298: 12293: 12291: 12287: 12284: 12279: 12278: 12272: 12267: 12266: 12261: 12257: 12254: 12250: 12246: 12242: 12238: 12234: 12229: 12226: 12222: 12218: 12214: 12210: 12206: 12202: 12197: 12193: 12187: 12183: 12182: 12177: 12173: 12169: 12165: 12161: 12157: 12153: 12149: 12144: 12141: 12137: 12134: 12130: 12126: 12120: 12116: 12111: 12108: 12104: 12100: 12096: 12092: 12088: 12084: 12079: 12076: 12072: 12071:The Historian 12068: 12065: 12061: 12057: 12051: 12047: 12042: 12038: 12032: 12028: 12023: 12020: 12016: 12012: 12009: 12005: 12001: 11998: 11994: 11988: 11984: 11979: 11975: 11969: 11965: 11960: 11957: 11953: 11951: 11947: 11943: 11940: 11936: 11934: 11930: 11927: 11923: 11919: 11915: 11909: 11905: 11904: 11899: 11898:Dean, John W. 11895: 11892: 11888: 11884: 11880: 11878:9780700600960 11874: 11869: 11868: 11861: 11857: 11852: 11849: 11845: 11843: 11839: 11835: 11832: 11828: 11826: 11822: 11818: 11814: 11811: 11808: 11804: 11800: 11794: 11790: 11786: 11782: 11780: 11776: 11773: 11769: 11765: 11762: 11758: 11754: 11750: 11746: 11742: 11737: 11733: 11727: 11722: 11721: 11714: 11713: 11711: 11696: 11691: 11676: 11670: 11665: 11664: 11655: 11639: 11635: 11631: 11625: 11609: 11605: 11601: 11597: 11590: 11583: 11582:Anderson 2000 11578: 11571: 11566: 11559: 11554: 11547: 11542: 11535: 11530: 11523: 11518: 11511: 11506: 11497: 11490: 11485: 11478: 11477:Anderson 1982 11473: 11471: 11463: 11458: 11451: 11446: 11439: 11434: 11427: 11422: 11415: 11410: 11394: 11390: 11388:9781551521077 11384: 11380: 11379: 11371: 11355: 11351: 11350: 11345: 11338: 11331: 11326: 11310: 11306: 11302: 11295: 11279: 11275: 11271: 11265: 11263: 11246: 11242: 11236: 11225:September 20, 11220: 11216: 11212: 11206: 11199: 11198:Anderson 2000 11194: 11187: 11186:Pringle vol 2 11182: 11180: 11172: 11171:Pringle vol 2 11167: 11151: 11147: 11141: 11137: 11133: 11132: 11124: 11116: 11112: 11107: 11102: 11098: 11094: 11090: 11086: 11082: 11075: 11068: 11067:Pringle vol 2 11063: 11055: 11051: 11047: 11043: 11039: 11035: 11031: 11027: 11023: 11022: 11017: 11010: 11003: 10998: 10991: 10990:Pringle vol 2 10986: 10979: 10978:Pringle vol 2 10974: 10967: 10962: 10955: 10950: 10943: 10942:Pringle vol 2 10938: 10932:, p. 36. 10931: 10926: 10924: 10916: 10915:Pringle vol 2 10911: 10904: 10903:Pringle vol 2 10899: 10893:, p. 38. 10892: 10887: 10868: 10864: 10860: 10853: 10851: 10842: 10835: 10834:Pringle vol 2 10830: 10824:, p. 96. 10823: 10818: 10816: 10808: 10803: 10796: 10795:Pringle vol 2 10791: 10784: 10779: 10772: 10767: 10759: 10753: 10749: 10742: 10735: 10734:Pringle vol 2 10730: 10724:, p. 92. 10723: 10718: 10711: 10706: 10699: 10694: 10688:, p. 37. 10687: 10682: 10680: 10678: 10670: 10665: 10663: 10655: 10650: 10643: 10638: 10631: 10630:Anderson 2000 10626: 10624: 10616: 10615:Pringle vol 2 10611: 10609: 10601: 10600:Pringle vol 2 10596: 10589: 10584: 10577: 10572: 10565: 10564:Pringle vol 2 10560: 10553: 10548: 10541: 10536: 10534: 10532: 10524: 10519: 10512: 10507: 10499: 10487: 10483: 10482: 10476: 10469: 10462: 10457: 10449: 10437: 10433: 10432: 10426: 10419: 10412: 10411:Pringle vol 2 10407: 10400: 10395: 10388: 10383: 10376: 10375:Pringle vol 2 10371: 10364: 10359: 10352: 10347: 10341:, p. 14. 10340: 10335: 10329:, p. 27. 10328: 10327:Anderson 1982 10323: 10321: 10313: 10312:Pringle vol 2 10308: 10301: 10296: 10289: 10284: 10277: 10276:Pringle vol 2 10272: 10265: 10260: 10253: 10252:Pringle vol 2 10248: 10241: 10240:Pringle vol 2 10236: 10228: 10224: 10220: 10216: 10209: 10202: 10197: 10181: 10177: 10173: 10166: 10164: 10156: 10155:Anderson 1973 10151: 10144: 10139: 10132: 10127: 10121:, p. 72. 10120: 10115: 10108: 10103: 10101: 10094: 10090: 10087: 10085: 10077: 10070: 10065: 10063: 10055: 10050: 10043: 10038: 10031: 10026: 10019: 10018:Anderson 1973 10014: 10007: 10002: 9995: 9990: 9983: 9978: 9971: 9966: 9959: 9954: 9947: 9942: 9940: 9931: 9927: 9923: 9919: 9915: 9911: 9907: 9903: 9899: 9892: 9885: 9880: 9873: 9872:Pringle vol 2 9868: 9866: 9849: 9845: 9839: 9822: 9818: 9812: 9805: 9804:Anderson 2000 9800: 9793: 9788: 9781: 9776: 9769: 9764: 9757: 9756:Anderson 2000 9752: 9746:, p. 28. 9745: 9740: 9733: 9727: 9721:, p. 30. 9720: 9715: 9704:September 26, 9699: 9695: 9689: 9685: 9684: 9676: 9669: 9668:Pringle vol 1 9664: 9658:, p. 94. 9657: 9652: 9645: 9644:Pringle vol 1 9640: 9633: 9628: 9621: 9620:Pringle vol 1 9616: 9609: 9604: 9602: 9594: 9589: 9582: 9581:Pringle vol 1 9577: 9570: 9565: 9558: 9553: 9546: 9541: 9534: 9529: 9522: 9517: 9515: 9507: 9502: 9495: 9490: 9483: 9478: 9471: 9466: 9459: 9454: 9447: 9442: 9435: 9430: 9423: 9418: 9411: 9406: 9399: 9394: 9387: 9386:Anderson 1973 9382: 9375: 9370: 9363: 9358: 9351: 9346: 9339: 9334: 9327: 9322: 9315: 9310: 9303: 9298: 9296: 9289:, p. 72. 9288: 9283: 9277:, p. 70. 9276: 9271: 9264: 9263:Anderson 1973 9259: 9257: 9249: 9244: 9237: 9236:Pringle vol 2 9232: 9225: 9220: 9213: 9208: 9201: 9200:Anderson 1973 9196: 9189: 9184: 9177: 9172: 9165: 9160: 9153: 9152:Anderson 1973 9148: 9141: 9136: 9134: 9127:, p. 25. 9126: 9121: 9115:, p. 71. 9114: 9113:Anderson 1973 9109: 9103:, p. 68. 9102: 9101:Anderson 1973 9097: 9090: 9085: 9079:, p. 60. 9078: 9077:Anderson 1973 9073: 9062: 9056:, p. 50. 9055: 9050: 9043: 9042:Pringle vol 1 9038: 9032:, p. 45. 9031: 9026: 9019: 9018:Pringle vol 1 9014: 9007: 9006:Pringle vol 1 9002: 8996:, p. 19. 8995: 8990: 8984:, p. 58. 8983: 8982:Anderson 1973 8978: 8972:, p. 57. 8971: 8970:Anderson 1973 8966: 8959: 8958:Pringle vol 1 8954: 8947: 8942: 8935: 8934:Pringle vol 1 8930: 8923: 8918: 8912:, p. 45. 8911: 8910:Anderson 1973 8906: 8899: 8894: 8887: 8882: 8875: 8870: 8868: 8861:, p. 15. 8860: 8855: 8848: 8847:Pringle vol 1 8843: 8836: 8835:Pringle vol 1 8831: 8824: 8819: 8812: 8811:Pringle vol 1 8807: 8800: 8799:Pringle vol 1 8795: 8789:, p. 37. 8788: 8787:Anderson 1973 8783: 8781: 8773: 8768: 8761: 8756: 8749: 8744: 8737: 8736:Pringle vol 1 8732: 8726:, p. 67. 8725: 8720: 8713: 8712:Pringle vol 1 8708: 8701: 8700:Pringle vol 1 8696: 8689: 8688:Pringle vol 1 8684: 8677: 8676:Pringle vol 1 8672: 8665: 8660: 8653: 8648: 8642:, p. 64. 8641: 8636: 8629: 8624: 8617: 8616:Pringle vol 1 8612: 8605: 8604:Pringle vol 1 8600: 8593: 8588: 8581: 8576: 8570:, p. 50. 8569: 8564: 8557: 8556:Pringle vol 1 8552: 8545: 8544:Pringle vol 1 8540: 8524: 8520: 8514: 8506: 8505: 8497: 8489: 8483: 8479: 8478: 8470: 8464:, p. 44. 8463: 8458: 8451: 8446: 8439: 8438:Pringle vol 1 8434: 8428: 8424: 8421: 8417: 8411: 8403: 8399: 8398: 8390: 8383: 8375: 8369: 8365: 8358: 8351: 8347: 8344: 8340: 8334: 8327: 8326:Pringle vol 1 8322: 8315: 8314:Pringle vol 1 8310: 8308: 8301:, p. 23. 8300: 8295: 8288: 8287:Pringle vol 1 8283: 8276: 8271: 8264: 8259: 8252: 8251:Pringle vol 1 8247: 8241:, p. 27. 8240: 8235: 8228: 8227:Pringle vol 1 8223: 8216: 8215:Pringle vol 1 8211: 8204: 8203:Pringle vol 1 8199: 8192: 8187: 8180: 8179:Pringle vol 1 8175: 8168: 8167:Pringle vol 1 8163: 8156: 8151: 8144: 8143:Pringle vol 1 8139: 8132: 8131:Pringle vol 1 8127: 8120: 8119:Pringle vol 1 8115: 8108: 8103: 8087: 8083: 8079: 8073: 8071: 8054: 8050: 8046: 8039: 8023: 8019: 8015: 8009: 8002: 7997: 7990: 7985: 7970: 7964: 7959: 7958: 7949: 7947: 7945: 7943: 7941: 7939: 7922: 7918: 7916:9781608717446 7912: 7908: 7907: 7899: 7895: 7882: 7878: 7874: 7869: 7862: 7856: 7847: 7838: 7829: 7820: 7811: 7802: 7793: 7784: 7777: 7771: 7764: 7758: 7749: 7742: 7738: 7734: 7733:Hiram Johnson 7728: 7719: 7712: 7706: 7697: 7688: 7681: 7677: 7671: 7662: 7653: 7646: 7640: 7633: 7632:Anderson 2000 7626: 7619: 7613: 7604: 7595: 7588: 7584: 7583:George Shiras 7580: 7576: 7571: 7564: 7558: 7551: 7550:Pringle vol 1 7545: 7536: 7529: 7523: 7519: 7509: 7506: 7504: 7501: 7500: 7462: 7459: 7453: 7450: 7448: 7444: 7440: 7436: 7432: 7423: 7419: 7417: 7413: 7408: 7405: 7401: 7400:James Madison 7397: 7388: 7384: 7382: 7381:Autobiography 7378: 7372: 7368: 7366: 7361: 7353: 7348: 7339: 7337: 7333: 7329: 7325: 7321: 7314: 7310: 7305: 7301: 7298: 7294: 7288: 7285: 7280: 7272: 7267: 7263: 7261: 7256: 7254: 7250: 7246: 7235: 7233: 7229: 7223: 7221: 7217: 7216: 7209: 7207: 7201: 7199: 7195: 7194: 7185: 7184: 7179: 7170: 7168: 7164: 7160: 7156: 7155: 7149: 7147: 7143: 7139: 7135: 7131: 7127: 7123: 7121: 7117: 7113: 7109: 7108: 7103: 7101: 7097: 7094: 7090: 7086: 7085: 7080: 7076: 7072: 7071:incorporation 7062: 7059: 7055: 7054: 7048: 7046: 7042: 7038: 7034: 7030: 7025: 7024: 7014: 7010: 7008: 7004: 7000: 6999:Insular Cases 6997:. One of the 6996: 6995: 6984: 6982: 6978: 6974: 6970: 6969: 6963: 6961: 6957: 6953: 6949: 6948: 6943: 6942: 6936: 6934: 6930: 6926: 6922: 6911: 6904:Jurisprudence 6901: 6899: 6895: 6890: 6886: 6881: 6879: 6873: 6871: 6867: 6864: 6860: 6845: 6835: 6825: 6823: 6819: 6814: 6811: 6807: 6803: 6798: 6796: 6795:major general 6792: 6788: 6784: 6779: 6777: 6772: 6768: 6766: 6762: 6758: 6754: 6750: 6746: 6738: 6734: 6730: 6725: 6721: 6719: 6715: 6704: 6702: 6697: 6689: 6685: 6683: 6674: 6665: 6661: 6658: 6649: 6645: 6643: 6642: 6636: 6626: 6621: 6611: 6607: 6604: 6600: 6596: 6592: 6587: 6585: 6581: 6575: 6571: 6569: 6565: 6560: 6556: 6552: 6551: 6546: 6545:Roger Taney's 6542: 6541: 6536: 6531: 6524: 6523: 6517: 6507: 6497: 6495: 6491: 6487: 6483: 6479: 6475: 6470: 6468: 6467:Mahlon Pitney 6465: 6460: 6458: 6454: 6450: 6446: 6442: 6438: 6433: 6430: 6426: 6425:Rufus Peckham 6422: 6418: 6410: 6406: 6401: 6396: 6386: 6383: 6381: 6377: 6373: 6368: 6365: 6361: 6356: 6347: 6345: 6339: 6337: 6332: 6326: 6324: 6320: 6314: 6312: 6308: 6304: 6298: 6288: 6286: 6280: 6276: 6274: 6273:Panic of 1907 6270: 6266: 6262: 6258: 6244: 6239: 6234: 6219: 6217: 6211: 6207: 6205: 6204: 6199: 6198:Whitelaw Reid 6195: 6184: 6181: 6177: 6173: 6169: 6164: 6162: 6158: 6154: 6150: 6145: 6143: 6139: 6135: 6131: 6127: 6116: 6112: 6110: 6106: 6102: 6098: 6094: 6089: 6087: 6083: 6079: 6075: 6071: 6067: 6063: 6059: 6055: 6051: 6047: 6043: 6042:Porfirio Díaz 6035: 6034:Porfirio Díaz 6030: 6026: 6024: 6019: 6015: 6009: 6002:Latin America 5999: 5997: 5996:Robert Borden 5993: 5989: 5985: 5980: 5975: 5971: 5962: 5958: 5956: 5952: 5948: 5942: 5940: 5936: 5932: 5928: 5924: 5920: 5917: 5913: 5912:protectionism 5904: 5895: 5892: 5888: 5883: 5881: 5872: 5868: 5860: 5841: 5839: 5829: 5828:rule of law. 5825: 5823: 5819: 5815: 5811: 5807: 5804: 5799: 5796: 5787: 5782: 5771: 5761: 5759: 5753: 5750: 5749:Carrie Nation 5746: 5741: 5733: 5729: 5727: 5723: 5718: 5717:legislation. 5715: 5711: 5707: 5703: 5702:gold standard 5699: 5698:Panic of 1907 5695: 5692:, subject to 5691: 5686: 5685:Sagamore Hill 5677: 5673: 5671: 5660: 5658: 5654: 5650: 5646: 5642: 5638: 5635: 5630: 5628: 5624: 5620: 5617: 5612: 5610: 5602: 5597: 5587: 5577: 5575: 5571: 5567: 5563: 5559: 5555: 5551: 5547: 5543: 5538: 5536: 5530: 5528: 5524: 5520: 5514: 5512: 5508: 5504: 5500: 5496: 5492: 5488: 5483: 5481: 5477: 5472: 5470: 5466: 5462: 5457: 5454: 5450: 5442: 5441: 5435: 5431: 5429: 5425: 5421: 5420:George Shiras 5411: 5409: 5408:Pope Leo XIII 5405: 5402: 5398: 5394: 5390: 5386: 5382: 5378: 5375:McKinley was 5373: 5371: 5365: 5363: 5362:Miguel Malvar 5359: 5355: 5351: 5347: 5343: 5339: 5334: 5330: 5326: 5321: 5319: 5315: 5307: 5303: 5299: 5296: 5292: 5283: 5281: 5276: 5274: 5270: 5266: 5262: 5258: 5254: 5250: 5245: 5241: 5237: 5233: 5229: 5224: 5222: 5221:Henry Pringle 5218: 5214: 5213: 5208: 5204: 5198: 5196: 5192: 5188: 5184: 5177:Federal judge 5174: 5172: 5171:Sixth Circuit 5168: 5164: 5159: 5157: 5152: 5150: 5146: 5142: 5138: 5133: 5131: 5126: 5116: 5114: 5110: 5105: 5103: 5099: 5095: 5090: 5088: 5084: 5079: 5075: 5071: 5067: 5052: 5050: 5046: 5042: 5038: 5034: 5030: 5026: 5022: 5018: 5014: 5010: 5006: 5001: 4999: 4995: 4991: 4987: 4983: 4979: 4978:Louise Torrey 4975: 4974:Alphonso Taft 4971: 4967: 4955: 4951: 4942: 4940: 4936: 4932: 4927: 4924: 4920: 4916: 4912: 4908: 4904: 4899: 4897: 4893: 4889: 4885: 4881: 4877: 4873: 4869: 4865: 4861: 4860:Alphonso Taft 4857: 4852: 4850: 4846: 4842: 4838: 4834: 4830: 4826: 4822: 4818: 4814: 4810: 4799: 4794: 4792: 4787: 4785: 4780: 4779: 4777: 4776: 4770: 4759: 4756: 4745: 4744: 4743: 4742: 4732: 4730: 4725: 4723: 4722: 4718: 4716: 4715: 4711: 4708: 4704: 4701: 4700:Cuckservative 4697: 4694: 4690: 4689: 4687: 4685: 4682: 4680: 4677: 4673: 4670: 4669: 4668: 4665: 4663: 4660: 4658: 4655: 4653: 4650: 4648: 4645: 4644: 4638: 4637: 4630: 4627: 4623: 4620: 4618: 4615: 4614: 4613: 4610: 4606: 4603: 4602: 4601: 4598: 4596: 4593: 4591: 4590:Radical right 4588: 4584: 4581: 4580: 4579: 4576: 4572: 4569: 4568: 4567: 4564: 4562: 4559: 4557: 4554: 4552: 4549: 4547: 4544: 4542: 4539: 4537: 4534: 4532: 4529: 4527: 4524: 4522: 4519: 4515: 4514: 4510: 4509: 4508: 4505: 4501: 4498: 4497: 4496: 4493: 4491: 4488: 4486: 4483: 4482: 4476: 4475: 4468: 4465: 4463: 4460: 4458: 4455: 4453: 4450: 4448: 4445: 4443: 4440: 4438: 4435: 4433: 4430: 4428: 4425: 4423: 4420: 4418: 4415: 4413: 4410: 4409: 4408: 4407: 4401: 4398: 4396: 4393: 4391: 4388: 4386: 4383: 4381: 4378: 4376: 4373: 4371: 4368: 4366: 4363: 4361: 4358: 4356: 4353: 4351: 4348: 4346: 4343: 4341: 4338: 4336: 4333: 4331: 4328: 4326: 4323: 4321: 4318: 4316: 4313: 4311: 4308: 4306: 4303: 4302: 4301: 4300: 4299:Miscellaneous 4294: 4291: 4289: 4286: 4284: 4281: 4279: 4276: 4275: 4274: 4273: 4264: 4261: 4259: 4256: 4254: 4251: 4249: 4246: 4244: 4241: 4239: 4236: 4235: 4234: 4233: 4227: 4224: 4222: 4219: 4217: 4214: 4212: 4209: 4207: 4204: 4199: 4196: 4194: 4191: 4189: 4186: 4184: 4181: 4179: 4176: 4174: 4171: 4169: 4166: 4164: 4161: 4159: 4156: 4154: 4151: 4149: 4146: 4144: 4141: 4139: 4136: 4132: 4129: 4128: 4127: 4124: 4123: 4122: 4121: 4115: 4112: 4110: 4107: 4105: 4102: 4100: 4097: 4095: 4092: 4091: 4090: 4089: 4083: 4080: 4078: 4075: 4073: 4070: 4068: 4065: 4063: 4060: 4058: 4055: 4054: 4053: 4052: 4046: 4043: 4041: 4038: 4036: 4033: 4031: 4028: 4027: 4026: 4025: 4019: 4016: 4014: 4011: 4009: 4006: 4004: 4001: 3996: 3993: 3991: 3988: 3986: 3983: 3982: 3981: 3980: 3971: 3970: 3963: 3960: 3958: 3957: 3953: 3951: 3948: 3946: 3943: 3941: 3940: 3936: 3934: 3931: 3929: 3926: 3924: 3923: 3919: 3917: 3916: 3912: 3910: 3909: 3905: 3903: 3900: 3898: 3897:Evie Magazine 3895: 3893: 3890: 3888: 3885: 3884: 3883: 3882: 3876: 3875: 3874:WorldNetDaily 3871: 3869: 3868: 3864: 3862: 3861: 3857: 3855: 3854: 3850: 3848: 3847: 3843: 3841: 3840: 3836: 3834: 3833: 3829: 3827: 3826: 3822: 3820: 3819: 3815: 3813: 3812: 3808: 3806: 3805: 3801: 3799: 3798: 3794: 3792: 3791: 3787: 3785: 3784: 3780: 3778: 3777: 3773: 3771: 3770: 3766: 3764: 3763: 3759: 3757: 3756: 3752: 3750: 3749: 3745: 3743: 3742: 3738: 3736: 3735: 3731: 3729: 3728: 3727:Drudge Report 3724: 3722: 3721: 3717: 3715: 3714: 3710: 3708: 3707: 3703: 3701: 3700: 3696: 3694: 3693: 3689: 3687: 3686: 3685:Campus Reform 3682: 3680: 3679: 3675: 3673: 3672: 3668: 3666: 3665: 3661: 3660: 3659: 3658: 3652: 3649: 3647: 3644: 3642: 3639: 3637: 3634: 3632: 3629: 3627: 3624: 3623: 3622: 3621: 3612: 3611: 3607: 3605: 3604: 3600: 3598: 3597: 3593: 3591: 3590: 3589:Spectator USA 3586: 3581: 3580: 3579:Policy Review 3576: 3574: 3573: 3569: 3567: 3566: 3562: 3560: 3559: 3555: 3553: 3552: 3548: 3546: 3545: 3541: 3539: 3538: 3534: 3532: 3531: 3527: 3525: 3524: 3520: 3518: 3517: 3513: 3511: 3510: 3506: 3504: 3503: 3499: 3497: 3496: 3492: 3490: 3489: 3485: 3483: 3482: 3478: 3476: 3475: 3471: 3469: 3468: 3464: 3462: 3461: 3457: 3455: 3454: 3450: 3448: 3447: 3443: 3441: 3440: 3436: 3434: 3433: 3429: 3427: 3426: 3422: 3420: 3419: 3415: 3413: 3412: 3408: 3407: 3406: 3405: 3399: 3398: 3394: 3392: 3389: 3388: 3384: 3382: 3381: 3380:The Spotlight 3377: 3375: 3374: 3373:New York Post 3370: 3368: 3367: 3363: 3361: 3360: 3356: 3354: 3353: 3349: 3347: 3346: 3342: 3340: 3339: 3335: 3333: 3332: 3328: 3327: 3326: 3325: 3316: 3315: 3308: 3305: 3303: 3300: 3298: 3295: 3293: 3290: 3288: 3285: 3283: 3280: 3278: 3277:Ripon Society 3275: 3273: 3270: 3268: 3265: 3263: 3260: 3258: 3255: 3253: 3250: 3248: 3245: 3243: 3240: 3238: 3235: 3233: 3230: 3226: 3223: 3221: 3220: 3216: 3215: 3214: 3211: 3209: 3206: 3204: 3201: 3199: 3196: 3194: 3191: 3189: 3186: 3184: 3181: 3179: 3176: 3174: 3171: 3169: 3166: 3164: 3161: 3159: 3156: 3154: 3151: 3149: 3146: 3144: 3141: 3140: 3134: 3133: 3126: 3123: 3121: 3118: 3116: 3113: 3111: 3108: 3106: 3103: 3099: 3096: 3094: 3091: 3089: 3086: 3084: 3081: 3079: 3076: 3075: 3073: 3069: 3066: 3064: 3061: 3059: 3056: 3055: 3054: 3053: 3047: 3044: 3042: 3039: 3037: 3034: 3032: 3029: 3027: 3024: 3023: 3022: 3014: 3013: 3006: 3003: 2999: 2996: 2994: 2991: 2990: 2988: 2986: 2983: 2979: 2978:Border crisis 2976: 2974: 2971: 2970: 2969: 2966: 2964: 2963:Homeschooling 2961: 2956: 2952: 2950: 2947: 2946: 2945: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2933: 2931: 2928: 2927: 2926: 2923: 2919: 2916: 2914: 2911: 2909: 2906: 2905: 2904: 2901: 2897: 2894: 2892: 2889: 2888: 2886: 2884: 2881: 2879: 2876: 2875: 2869: 2868: 2858: 2857: 2853: 2848: 2847: 2843: 2838: 2837: 2833: 2828: 2827: 2823: 2818: 2817: 2813: 2808: 2807: 2803: 2798: 2797: 2793: 2788: 2787: 2783: 2778: 2777: 2776:Losing Ground 2773: 2768: 2767: 2763: 2758: 2757: 2753: 2748: 2747: 2743: 2738: 2737: 2733: 2728: 2727: 2723: 2718: 2717: 2713: 2708: 2707: 2703: 2698: 2697: 2693: 2688: 2687: 2683: 2678: 2677: 2673: 2668: 2667: 2663: 2662: 2656: 2655: 2648: 2645: 2643: 2640: 2638: 2635: 2633: 2630: 2628: 2625: 2623: 2620: 2618: 2615: 2613: 2610: 2608: 2605: 2603: 2600: 2598: 2595: 2593: 2590: 2588: 2585: 2583: 2580: 2578: 2575: 2573: 2570: 2568: 2565: 2563: 2560: 2558: 2555: 2553: 2550: 2548: 2545: 2543: 2540: 2538: 2535: 2533: 2530: 2528: 2527:Mellon Scaife 2525: 2523: 2520: 2518: 2515: 2513: 2510: 2508: 2505: 2503: 2500: 2498: 2495: 2493: 2490: 2488: 2485: 2483: 2480: 2478: 2475: 2473: 2470: 2468: 2465: 2463: 2460: 2458: 2455: 2453: 2450: 2448: 2445: 2443: 2440: 2438: 2435: 2433: 2430: 2428: 2425: 2423: 2420: 2418: 2415: 2413: 2410: 2408: 2405: 2403: 2400: 2398: 2395: 2394: 2388: 2387: 2380: 2377: 2375: 2372: 2370: 2367: 2365: 2362: 2360: 2357: 2355: 2352: 2350: 2347: 2345: 2342: 2340: 2337: 2335: 2332: 2330: 2327: 2325: 2322: 2320: 2317: 2315: 2312: 2310: 2307: 2305: 2302: 2300: 2297: 2295: 2292: 2290: 2287: 2285: 2282: 2280: 2277: 2275: 2272: 2270: 2267: 2265: 2262: 2260: 2257: 2255: 2252: 2250: 2247: 2245: 2242: 2240: 2237: 2235: 2232: 2230: 2227: 2225: 2222: 2220: 2217: 2215: 2212: 2210: 2207: 2205: 2202: 2200: 2197: 2195: 2192: 2190: 2187: 2185: 2182: 2180: 2177: 2175: 2172: 2170: 2167: 2165: 2162: 2160: 2157: 2155: 2152: 2150: 2147: 2145: 2142: 2140: 2137: 2135: 2132: 2130: 2127: 2125: 2122: 2120: 2117: 2115: 2112: 2110: 2107: 2106: 2100: 2099: 2092: 2089: 2087: 2084: 2082: 2079: 2077: 2074: 2072: 2069: 2067: 2064: 2062: 2059: 2057: 2054: 2052: 2049: 2047: 2044: 2042: 2039: 2037: 2034: 2032: 2029: 2027: 2024: 2022: 2019: 2017: 2014: 2012: 2009: 2007: 2004: 2002: 1999: 1997: 1994: 1992: 1989: 1987: 1984: 1982: 1979: 1977: 1974: 1973: 1967: 1966: 1959: 1956: 1954: 1951: 1949: 1946: 1944: 1941: 1939: 1936: 1934: 1931: 1929: 1928:Taft (Robert) 1926: 1924: 1921: 1919: 1916: 1914: 1911: 1909: 1906: 1904: 1901: 1899: 1896: 1894: 1891: 1889: 1886: 1884: 1881: 1879: 1876: 1874: 1871: 1869: 1866: 1864: 1861: 1859: 1856: 1854: 1851: 1849: 1846: 1844: 1841: 1839: 1836: 1834: 1831: 1829: 1826: 1824: 1821: 1819: 1816: 1814: 1811: 1809: 1806: 1804: 1801: 1799: 1796: 1794: 1791: 1789: 1786: 1784: 1781: 1779: 1776: 1774: 1771: 1769: 1766: 1764: 1761: 1759: 1756: 1754: 1751: 1749: 1746: 1744: 1741: 1739: 1736: 1734: 1731: 1729: 1726: 1724: 1721: 1720: 1714: 1713: 1706: 1703: 1701: 1698: 1696: 1693: 1691: 1688: 1686: 1683: 1681: 1678: 1676: 1673: 1671: 1668: 1666: 1663: 1661: 1658: 1656: 1653: 1651: 1648: 1646: 1643: 1641: 1638: 1636: 1633: 1631: 1628: 1626: 1623: 1621: 1618: 1616: 1613: 1611: 1608: 1606: 1603: 1601: 1598: 1596: 1593: 1591: 1588: 1586: 1583: 1581: 1578: 1576: 1573: 1571: 1568: 1566: 1563: 1561: 1558: 1556: 1553: 1551: 1548: 1546: 1543: 1541: 1538: 1536: 1533: 1531: 1528: 1526: 1523: 1521: 1518: 1516: 1513: 1511: 1508: 1506: 1503: 1501: 1498: 1496: 1493: 1491: 1488: 1486: 1483: 1481: 1478: 1476: 1473: 1471: 1468: 1466: 1463: 1461: 1458: 1456: 1453: 1451: 1448: 1446: 1443: 1441: 1438: 1436: 1433: 1431: 1428: 1426: 1423: 1422: 1419:Intellectuals 1416: 1415: 1408: 1405: 1403: 1400: 1398: 1395: 1391: 1388: 1386: 1383: 1382: 1381: 1378: 1376: 1373: 1371: 1368: 1366: 1363: 1361: 1358: 1356: 1353: 1351: 1348: 1346: 1343: 1341: 1338: 1336: 1333: 1331: 1328: 1326: 1323: 1321: 1318: 1317: 1311: 1310: 1303: 1300: 1298: 1295: 1293: 1290: 1288: 1285: 1283: 1282:Republicanism 1280: 1278: 1275: 1273: 1270: 1268: 1265: 1263: 1260: 1258: 1255: 1251: 1248: 1247: 1246: 1243: 1241: 1238: 1236: 1235:Law and order 1233: 1231: 1230:Individualism 1228: 1226: 1223: 1219: 1216: 1215: 1214: 1211: 1207: 1204: 1203: 1202: 1199: 1197: 1196:Family values 1194: 1192: 1189: 1185: 1182: 1181: 1180: 1177: 1175: 1172: 1170: 1167: 1165: 1162: 1160: 1157: 1155: 1152: 1150: 1147: 1145: 1142: 1140: 1137: 1136: 1130: 1129: 1122: 1119: 1117: 1114: 1112: 1109: 1107: 1104: 1102: 1099: 1097: 1094: 1092: 1089: 1087: 1084: 1082: 1079: 1077: 1074: 1072: 1069: 1067: 1064: 1062: 1059: 1057: 1054: 1052: 1051:Compassionate 1049: 1048: 1042: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1032: 1029: 1022: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1012: 1002: 997: 995: 990: 988: 983: 982: 980: 979: 968: 965: 963: 960: 959: 952: 949: 947: 944: 943: 934: 931: 929: 926: 925: 923: 922: 917: 914: 912: 909: 908: 906: 905: 898: 895: 893: 890: 888: 885: 883: 880: 878: 875: 873: 870: 868: 865: 863: 860: 858: 855: 854: 851: 848: 846: 843: 841: 838: 834: 831: 830: 829: 826: 824: 821: 818: 814: 811: 809: 806: 805: 798: 795: 793: 790: 788: 785: 783: 780: 779: 778: 777: 768: 754: 751: 747: 746: 743: 742: 734: 724: 708: 699: 695: 691: 687: 680: 677: 676: 674: 670: 662: 658: 654: 651: 647: 644: 643: 641: 637: 634: 631: 627: 621: 620:Louise Torrey 618: 616: 615:Alphonso Taft 613: 612: 610: 606: 600: 597: 595: 592: 590: 587: 586: 584: 580: 560: 555: 551: 548: 545: 541: 538: 535: 533:Resting place 531: 527: 519:March 8, 1930 518: 514: 510: 498: 494: 489: 485: 482: 479: 473: 470: 467: 461: 457: 453: 447: 442: 439: 434: 431: 428: 422: 418: 412: 409: 406: 400: 394: 389: 386: 383:Judge of the 381: 378: 375: 369: 365: 364: 357: 354: 348: 345: 342: 336: 330: 325: 322: 318: 315: 312: 306: 302: 301: 294: 291: 285: 281: 275: 269: 264: 261: 256: 253: 250: 244: 241: 238: 232: 228: 224: 218: 213: 210: 205: 202: 199: 193: 190: 187: 181: 178: 175: 169: 163: 158: 155: 150: 147: 144: 138: 135: 132: 126: 119: 116: 112: 109: 108: 106: 103: 98: 92: 87: 84: 79: 75: 57: 47: 40: 37: 33: 19: 22201: 22137: 22119: 22106: 22079: 22071: 22063: 22055: 22043: 22035: 22027: 21991:Evans (2021) 21976:Parks (2005) 21937: 21919:Brown (1996) 21883:Young (2022) 21841:Lewis (2020) 21829: 21807: 21795: 21768: 21750: 21742: 21725: 21702: 21701: 21694: 21684:Dewey (1917) 21671: 21666:Logan (1886) 21658: 21631: 21581:Individuals 21530: 21511:VP nominee: 21510: 21502: 21482:VP nominee: 21481: 21473: 21430: 21422: 21405: 21388: 21378: 21355: 21318: 21310: 21307: 21300: 21298: 21275: 21222: 21214: 21191: 21183:→ 1916 21175:← 1908 21123: 21104:VP nominee: 21103: 21095: 21075:VP nominee: 21074: 21066: 21046:VP nominee: 21045: 21037: 21017:VP nominee: 21016: 21008: 20947:John W. Kern 20944: 20936: 20913: 20860: 20854: 20852: 20829: 20821:→ 1912 20813:← 1904 20750:James Wilson 20578: 20515:Bibliography 20275: 20154:South Dakota 20144:Rhode Island 20139:Pennsylvania 20119:North Dakota 18953:Presidential 18940: 18861:2012 (Tampa) 18360: 18347: 18165:presidential 18149:Presidential 18056:Oscar Straus 18025:James Wilson 17920:Robert Wynne 17851: 17787:Robert Bacon 17707: 17676: 17664: 17652: 17640: 17628: 17603: 17462: 17161:Van Devanter 17049:J. M. Harlan 16778: 16775:2005–present 16771:John Roberts 16762: 16746: 16730: 16714: 16698: 16682: 16666: 16658: 16650: 16634: 16618: 16602: 16586: 16570: 16554: 16538: 16522: 16448: 16420: 16413: 16406: 16394: 16387: 16380: 16368: 16356: 16334: 16322: 16147: 15916:A. Alexander 15821:C. Alexander 15608:Breckinridge 15462: 15128:Donald Trump 15028:Jimmy Carter 14890:James M. Cox 14869: 14404:T. Roosevelt 14373:2021–present 14359:Donald Trump 14349:Barack Obama 14329:Bill Clinton 14299:Jimmy Carter 14178: 13959:James Monroe 13910:presidencies 13831: 13828: 13790: 13753: 13721: 13690: 13680: 13679: 13653: 13633: 13623: 13622: 13602:Adna Chaffee 13600: 13591: 13571: 13570: 13555: 13545: 13544: 13513: 13483: 13478: 13459: 13434: 13379: 13372: 13356: 13348: 13333:Billy Possum 13195:San Antonio) 13165:Bibliography 12843: 12749: 12740: 12689: 12608: 12583: 12579: 12572:Warren, Earl 12564: 12557: 12546: 12538: 12534: 12519: 12501: 12489: 12478: 12465:(1): 35–39. 12462: 12458: 12450: 12443: 12432: 12422: 12414: 12410: 12383: 12370: 12363: 12352: 12341: 12330: 12312: 12304: 12296: 12285: 12276: 12264: 12252: 12236: 12232: 12220: 12204: 12200: 12181:Theodore Rex 12180: 12151: 12147: 12139: 12132: 12114: 12106: 12090: 12086: 12070: 12063: 12045: 12026: 12014: 12003: 11982: 11963: 11955: 11945: 11938: 11921: 11902: 11886: 11866: 11855: 11847: 11837: 11830: 11825:vol 2 online 11821:vol 1 online 11816: 11806: 11788: 11767: 11760: 11747:(1): 26–33. 11744: 11740: 11719: 11690: 11680:February 26, 11678:. Retrieved 11662: 11654: 11642:. Retrieved 11638:the original 11624: 11614:February 26, 11612:. Retrieved 11599: 11589: 11577: 11570:Coletta 1989 11565: 11553: 11546:Coletta 1989 11541: 11529: 11517: 11510:Coletta 1973 11505: 11496: 11489:Coletta 1973 11484: 11462:Coletta 1973 11457: 11450:Coletta 1973 11445: 11438:Coletta 1973 11433: 11426:Coletta 1973 11421: 11414:Coletta 1973 11409: 11399:November 16, 11397:. Retrieved 11377: 11370: 11360:December 28, 11358:. Retrieved 11347: 11337: 11325: 11315:February 24, 11313:. Retrieved 11309:the original 11304: 11294: 11284:February 24, 11282:. Retrieved 11278:the original 11273: 11251:September 1, 11249:. Retrieved 11235: 11223:. Retrieved 11214: 11205: 11193: 11166: 11154:. Retrieved 11130: 11123: 11088: 11084: 11074: 11062: 11054:the original 11025: 11019: 11009: 10997: 10985: 10973: 10961: 10949: 10937: 10910: 10898: 10886: 10874:. Retrieved 10862: 10858: 10849: 10841: 10829: 10802: 10790: 10782: 10778: 10766: 10747: 10741: 10729: 10717: 10705: 10693: 10649: 10637: 10595: 10583: 10571: 10559: 10547: 10518: 10506: 10496:– via 10490:. Retrieved 10479: 10468: 10456: 10446:– via 10440:. Retrieved 10429: 10418: 10406: 10394: 10382: 10370: 10358: 10346: 10334: 10307: 10295: 10283: 10271: 10259: 10247: 10235: 10227:the original 10218: 10208: 10196: 10184:. Retrieved 10180:the original 10150: 10138: 10126: 10114: 10083: 10076: 10049: 10037: 10025: 10013: 10001: 9994:Coletta 1973 9989: 9977: 9970:Coletta 1973 9965: 9953: 9905: 9901: 9891: 9879: 9854:February 13, 9852:. Retrieved 9838: 9827:February 13, 9825:. Retrieved 9821:the original 9811: 9799: 9787: 9775: 9763: 9751: 9744:Coletta 1973 9739: 9731: 9726: 9719:Coletta 1973 9714: 9702:. Retrieved 9682: 9675: 9663: 9656:Coletta 1973 9651: 9639: 9627: 9615: 9608:Coletta 1973 9593:Coletta 1973 9588: 9576: 9569:Coletta 1973 9564: 9557:Coletta 1973 9552: 9540: 9528: 9521:Coletta 1973 9506:Coletta 1973 9501: 9494:Coletta 1973 9489: 9477: 9465: 9458:Coletta 1973 9453: 9446:Coletta 1973 9441: 9429: 9422:Coletta 1973 9417: 9410:Coletta 1973 9405: 9393: 9381: 9369: 9357: 9350:Coletta 1973 9345: 9333: 9326:Coletta 1973 9321: 9309: 9282: 9270: 9248:Coletta 1973 9243: 9231: 9224:Coletta 1973 9219: 9212:Coletta 1973 9207: 9195: 9188:Coletta 1973 9183: 9176:Coletta 1973 9171: 9159: 9147: 9140:Coletta 1973 9120: 9108: 9096: 9084: 9072: 9061: 9054:Coletta 1973 9049: 9037: 9030:Coletta 1973 9025: 9013: 9001: 8994:Coletta 1973 8989: 8977: 8965: 8953: 8941: 8929: 8917: 8905: 8898:Coletta 1973 8893: 8881: 8874:Coletta 1973 8859:Coletta 1973 8854: 8842: 8830: 8818: 8806: 8794: 8767: 8755: 8743: 8731: 8719: 8707: 8695: 8683: 8671: 8659: 8647: 8635: 8628:Coletta 1973 8623: 8611: 8599: 8587: 8575: 8563: 8551: 8539: 8527:. 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Retrieved 7905: 7898: 7879:in 1948 and 7877:Thomas Dewey 7868: 7855: 7846: 7837: 7828: 7819: 7810: 7801: 7792: 7783: 7770: 7757: 7748: 7727: 7718: 7705: 7696: 7687: 7670: 7661: 7652: 7645:Coletta 1973 7639: 7625: 7612: 7603: 7594: 7574: 7570: 7557: 7544: 7535: 7522: 7455: 7451: 7428: 7409: 7393: 7380: 7373: 7369: 7356: 7320:lay in state 7317: 7289: 7276: 7257: 7241: 7228:Cass Gilbert 7224: 7220:Judges' Bill 7213: 7210: 7202: 7191: 7189: 7181: 7152: 7150: 7125: 7124: 7105: 7104: 7082: 7068: 7051: 7049: 7044: 7028: 7021: 7019: 7002: 6992: 6990: 6981:police power 6976: 6966: 6964: 6955: 6945: 6939: 6937: 6918: 6882: 6874: 6870:Marion, Ohio 6856: 6822:reservations 6815: 6810:Palmer House 6806:Will H. 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Rutledge 16723:Earl Warren 16382:Gershengorn 15893:of the Army 15753:of the Army 15751:Secretaries 15740:of the Army 15358:G. Crawford 15298:W. Crawford 15243:Secretaries 15235:(1789–1947) 15108:Mitt Romney 15098:John McCain 15018:Gerald Ford 14289:Gerald Ford 13292:Louise Taft 13190:Los Angeles 13160:Taft Bridge 12913:(1890–1892) 12902:(1901–1904) 12894:(1904–1908) 12872:(1909–1913) 12861:(1921–1930) 12207:: 109–126. 12093:(1): 2–23. 11346:. Opinion. 11156:October 17, 9908:(1): 2–23. 9482:Burton 2004 9338:Burton 2004 9314:Burton 2004 9302:Harris 2009 9287:Burton 2004 9275:Burton 2004 8592:Burton 2004 8059:December 6, 8028:January 28, 7743:of Georgia. 7416:Earl Warren 7336:Stony Creek 7253:Taft Bridge 7154:Lum v. Rice 7130:Prohibition 7096:Free Speech 7058:Teapot Dome 6852: 1921 6839:Appointment 6749:Henry Bacon 6250: 1911 6243:Anders Zorn 6194:Henry White 6192:to France, 6168:Sun Yat-sen 6101:José Madriz 6074:palm pistol 5916:Dingley Act 5712:, and that 5670:Tillman Act 5318:Philippines 5269:was elected 5265:free silver 5236:case method 5041:reading law 4982:Taft family 4845:third-party 4340:The 85 Fund 4168:Eagle Forum 4131:Court cases 3887:Blaze Media 3804:NewsBusters 3790:Jihad Watch 3678:The Bulwark 3664:Babylon Bee 3620:TV channels 3137:Think tanks 2993:Originalism 2680:(1835–1840) 2397:Agostinelli 2259:Krauthammer 1868:Paul (Rand) 1717:Politicians 1575:Kirkpatrick 1445:Baskerville 1390:Reaganomics 1360:McCarthyism 1325:Solid South 1292:Rule of law 1262:Natural law 1191:Familialism 1106:Progressive 1096:Postliberal 1071:Libertarian 946:Appointment 633:Taft family 464:Preceded by 415:Preceded by 351:Preceded by 288:Preceded by 235:Preceded by 184:Preceded by 129:Preceded by 120:(1912–1913) 114:(1909–1912) 70: 1908 22292:Categories 21751:Eisenhower 21703:W. H. Taft 21459:candidates 21363:Convention 21283:Convention 21199:Convention 20994:candidates 20921:Convention 20900:L. M. Shaw 20837:Convention 20184:Washington 20104:New Mexico 20099:New Jersey 19974:California 19785:Fahrenkopf 19780:Fahrenkopf 19701:Gabrielson 19311:Pennington 19301:Conference 19287:U.S. House 19108:J. P. Hale 19098:Conference 19073:G. W. Bush 19043:Eisenhower 18825:G. W. Bush 18805:G. W. Bush 18585:Eisenhower 18565:Eisenhower 17846:Elihu Root 17821:L. M. Shaw 17781:Elihu Root 17453:K. Jackson 17271:R. Jackson 17223:O. Roberts 17197:Sutherland 17179:McReynolds 17103:H. Jackson 17073:Blatchford 16893:Livingston 16887:W. Johnson 16875:Washington 16857:T. Johnson 15926:E. Johnson 15738:Department 15663:L. Johnson 15628:Wainwright 15593:Meiklejohn 15428:R. Lincoln 15413:J. Cameron 15383:S. Cameron 15253:B. Lincoln 15230:Department 15166:Presidents 15088:John Kerry 14930:Alf Landon 14722:Lewis Cass 14664:Henry Clay 14634:Rufus King 14600:John Adams 14489:G. W. Bush 14444:Eisenhower 14394:Washington 14385:Presidency 14009:John Tyler 13929:John Adams 13755:Republican 13727:1909–1913 13659:1904–1908 13648:Elihu Root 13640:1901–1903 13562:1900–1901 13519:1921–1930 13492:1892–1900 13465:1890–1892 13438:1887–1890 13282:(grandson) 13276:(grandson) 13270:(grandson) 13258:(daughter) 13140:Early life 12923:Presidency 12541:: 849–864. 12417:: 323–356. 11534:Gould 2014 10654:Gould 2014 10588:Gould 2014 10576:Gould 2014 10552:Gould 2014 10523:Gould 2014 10511:Gould 2014 10461:Gould 2014 10399:Gould 2014 10387:Gould 2014 10363:Gould 2014 10351:Gould 2014 10339:Gould 2014 10300:Gould 2014 10288:Gould 2008 10119:Gould 2008 10086:(Aug 2009) 9089:Rosen 2018 8239:Rosen 2018 7927:January 2, 7891:References 7711:Alf Landon 7437:. His son 7249:Rock Creek 7215:certiorari 7100:Free Press 7061:function. 6960:stockyards 6925:Taft Court 6834:Taft Court 6599:Gilded Age 6564:Elihu Root 6547:ruling in 6336:Elihu Root 6231:See also: 6216:Bering Sea 6006:See also: 5974:free trade 5968:In Taft's 5919:question. 5758:Ike Hoover 5632:Assistant 5584:See also: 5517:President 5469:First Lady 5428:Elihu Root 5348:'s use of 5306:Jolo, Sulu 5232:alma mater 5070:Commercial 4966:Cincinnati 4856:Cincinnati 4841:Republican 4731:Republican 4729:South Park 4556:Monarchism 4104:NumbersUSA 4024:Gun rights 3713:Daily Wire 3641:Newsmax TV 3502:Modern Age 3467:Chronicles 3453:Commentary 3324:Newspapers 3125:Whig Party 3088:Dixiecrats 2998:Textualism 2659:Literature 2637:Washington 2407:Andreessen 2279:Mac Donald 2164:Derbyshire 2076:Sutherland 1873:Paul (Ron) 1690:Washington 1380:Reagan era 1272:Patriotism 1245:Militarism 1201:Federalism 1133:Principles 1116:Straussian 928:convention 911:convention 813:Presidency 782:Early life 678:Politician 672:Occupation 547:Republican 509:Cincinnati 502:1857-09-15 240:Elihu Root 65:Portrait, 22234:Biography 22138:Rehnquist 22072:Roosevelt 22019:East Room 21810:(2006–07, 21743:H. Hoover 21591:in repose 21503:Nominee: 21474:Nominee: 21096:Nominee: 21067:Nominee: 21038:Nominee: 21009:Nominee: 20576:President 20505:Primaries 20441:Factional 20371:Sectional 20208:Territory 20194:Wisconsin 20159:Tennessee 20064:Minnesota 20039:Louisiana 19940:territory 19938:state and 19825:Gillespie 19810:Nicholson 19746:R. Morton 19726:T. Morton 19611:Rosewater 19601:Hitchcock 19591:Cortelyou 19413:Longworth 19276:McConnell 19156:Gallinger 19013:Roosevelt 18934:primaries 18914:primaries 18894:primaries 18874:primaries 18854:primaries 18834:primaries 18814:primaries 18794:primaries 18774:primaries 18754:primaries 18734:primaries 18714:primaries 18694:primaries 18674:primaries 18654:primaries 18634:primaries 18625:Goldwater 18614:primaries 18594:primaries 18574:primaries 18554:primaries 18534:primaries 18514:primaries 18494:primaries 18474:primaries 18454:primaries 18434:primaries 18414:primaries 18394:primaries 18389:Fairbanks 18374:primaries 18339:Fairbanks 18335:Roosevelt 18326:Roosevelt 18167:primaries 17755:President 17702:Smallcaps 17684:Roosevelt 17565:MacArthur 17533:1898–1935 17519:American 17441:Kavanaugh 17423:Sotomayor 17362:Rehnquist 17313:Whittaker 16759:1986–2005 16743:1969–1986 16727:1953–1969 16711:1946–1953 16695:1941–1946 16679:1930–1941 16663:1921–1930 16647:1910–1921 16631:1888–1910 16615:1874–1888 16599:1864–1873 16583:1836–1864 16567:1801–1835 16551:1796–1800 16519:1789–1795 16402:Francisco 16389:Francisco 16336:Underwood 16324:Dellinger 16066:Camarillo 16061:McPherson 15981:Augustine 15961:McGiffert 15921:Bendetsen 15698:Patterson 15668:Patterson 15528:Patterson 15473:Dickinson 15393:Schofield 15343:J. Porter 15313:P. Porter 15288:Armstrong 15263:Pickering 14387:timelines 14369:Joe Biden 14363:2017–2021 14353:2009–2017 14343:2001–2009 14333:1993–2001 14323:1989–1993 14313:1981–1989 14303:1977–1981 14293:1974–1977 14283:1969–1974 14273:1963–1969 14263:1961–1963 14253:1953–1961 14243:1945–1953 14233:1933–1945 14223:1929–1933 14213:1923–1929 14203:1921–1923 14193:1913–1921 14183:1909–1913 14173:1901–1909 14163:1897–1901 14153:1893–1897 14143:1889–1893 14133:1885–1889 14123:1881–1885 14103:1877–1881 14093:1869–1877 14083:1865–1869 14073:1861–1865 14063:1857–1861 14053:1853–1857 14043:1850–1853 14033:1849–1850 14023:1845–1849 14013:1841–1845 13993:1837–1841 13983:1829–1837 13973:1825–1829 13963:1817–1825 13953:1809–1817 13943:1801–1809 13933:1797–1801 13923:1789–1797 13830:Cover of 13312:(brother) 13306:(brother) 13300:(brother) 13280:Seth Taft 13204:Elections 12956:Weeks Act 12928:timeline) 12713:from the 11644:April 23, 11042:0012-3692 10859:Green Bag 10492:March 21, 10442:March 21, 9930:225450487 9922:1537-7814 8529:April 25, 7875:in 1940, 7616:His son, 7367:to date. 7338:granite. 6490:impeached 6372:Unitarian 6227:Antitrust 6142:Manchuria 6119:East Asia 6032:Taft and 5949:. In the 5793:Taft was 5552:with the 5255:with his 4923:antitrust 4583:Christian 4479:Movements 4266:(defunct) 4201:(defunct) 3998:(defunct) 3979:Economics 3939:Red Scare 3902:The First 3797:LifeZette 3614:(defunct) 3583:(defunct) 2973:and crime 2512:Lindbergh 2487:Krikorian 2391:Activists 2344:Robertson 2324:Podhoretz 2294:Nekrasova 2244:Khachiyan 2169:DiLorenzo 2124:Breitbart 2056:Rehnquist 2031:Kavanaugh 2026:Harlan II 2011:Goldsmith 1958:Wolfowitz 1888:Roosevelt 1853:McConnell 1798:Goldwater 1665:Schaeffer 1660:Santayana 1620:Mansfield 1605:Lovecraft 1530:Gottfried 1510:Eberstadt 1397:Redeemers 1370:New Right 1340:Old Right 1320:Loyalists 1302:Tradition 850:Judiciary 689:Signature 639:Education 629:Relatives 455:President 446:In office 393:In office 329:In office 300:President 268:In office 226:President 217:In office 162:In office 91:In office 81:27th 22258:Politics 22056:McKinley 22028:Harrison 21672:McKinley 21659:Garfield 21587:in honor 21416:Nominees 21372:Nominees 21292:Nominees 21208:Nominees 20930:Nominees 20846:Nominees 20530:Trumpism 20385:Chairmen 20302:Factions 20264:Congress 20179:Virginia 20129:Oklahoma 20109:New York 20084:Nebraska 20074:Missouri 20059:Michigan 20049:Maryland 20034:Kentucky 20014:Illinois 19989:Delaware 19979:Colorado 19969:Arkansas 19859:McDaniel 19835:Martínez 19771:Richards 19686:Brownell 19681:Spangler 19666:Hamilton 19661:Fletcher 19571:Campbell 19566:Clarkson 19536:Chandler 19479:McCarthy 19455:Gingrich 19294:Speakers 19222:Knowland 19031:Coolidge 19007:McKinley 19001:Harrison 18989:Garfield 18425:Coolidge 18409:Coolidge 18322:McKinley 18309:McKinley 18296:Harrison 18283:Harrison 18257:Garfield 18156:national 17775:John Hay 17636:Harrison 17405:Ginsburg 17375:O'Connor 17349:Blackmun 17331:Goldberg 17325:B. White 17185:Brandeis 17167:J. Lamar 17110:E. White 17079:L. Lamar 17061:Matthews 17001:Clifford 16995:Campbell 16977:Woodbury 16959:McKinley 16917:Thompson 16869:S. Chase 16863:Paterson 16515:John Jay 16428:Prelogar 16422:Fletcher 16415:Prelogar 16376:Verrilli 16358:Kneedler 16288:Griswold 16283:Marshall 16268:Sobeloff 16263:Cummings 16213:Mitchell 16203:Frierson 16168:Richards 16128:Phillips 16056:McCarthy 16041:Westphal 16026:Brownlee 16021:Dahlberg 15951:Ignatius 15936:Finucane 15911:Voorhees 15876:McCarthy 15816:Hoffmann 15811:Callaway 15806:Froehlke 15678:Petersen 15658:Woodring 15638:MacNider 15633:D. Davis 15623:Williams 15613:Ingraham 15518:Woodring 15498:D. Davis 15483:Garrison 15433:Endicott 15368:J. 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