William of Tyre - Knowledge

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birth, and a man of most exemplary life and character". A few chapters later, William reports that when the Patriarch Stephen died (in 1130), "he was succeeded by William, prior of the church of the Sepulchre of the Lord…He was Flemish by birth, a native of Mesines." Two Williams were prior of the Holy Sepulchre at an early time then, with William of Mesines (Flanders) probably directly succeeding William the Englishman as Prior of the Holy Sepulchre. This also means that William of Mesines could only have been prior from 1127 (the year of the election of William the Englishman to the archbishopric of Tyre) to 1130, the year of his own election as Patriarch. See William of Tyre, A History of Deeds Done Beyond the Sea", Vol. 1, trans. Emily Babcock and A.C. Krey, Bk. XIII, Ch. 23 and Bk. XIII, Ch. 26.

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shows that he did not play a large political role, but concentrated on ecclesiastical affairs and the writing of his history. The story of his excommunication, and the unlikely detail that he was poisoned, were probably an invention of the Old French continuators. William remained in the kingdom and continued to write up until 1184, but by then Jerusalem was internally divided by political factions and externally surrounded by the forces of Saladin, and "the only subjects that present themselves are the disasters of a sorrowing country and its manifold misfortunes, themes which can serve only to draw forth lamentations and tears."

1176:; he did not approve of John's attempts to bring the crusader Principality of Antioch under Byzantine control, but John's military expeditions against the Muslim states, the common enemy of both Greeks and Latins, were considered admirable. Emperor Manuel, whom William met during his visits to Constantinople, was portrayed more ambivalently, much like King Amalric. William admired him personally, but recognized that the Empire was powerless to help Jerusalem against the Muslim forces of Nur ad-Din and Saladin. William was especially disappointed in the failure of the joint campaign against Egypt in 1169. The end of the 661:. When Baldwin was thirteen years old, he was playing with some children, who were trying to cause each other pain by scratching each other's arms. "The other boys gave evidence of pain by their outcries," wrote William, "but Baldwin, although his comrades did not spare him, endured it altogether too patiently, as if he felt nothing ... It is impossible to refrain from tears while speaking of this great misfortune." William inspected Baldwin's arms and recognized the possible symptoms of 1152:, whom he believed to be arrogant and disrespectful of both secular and ecclesiastical hierarchies, as they were not required to pay tithes and were legally accountable only to the Pope. Although he was writing decades later, he is the earliest author to describe the actual foundation of the Templar order. He was generally favourable towards them when discussing their early days, but resented the power and influence they held in his own time. William accused them of hindering the 861:, infant son of Sibylla and William of Montferrat. Baldwin was a sickly child and he died the next year. In 1186 he was succeeded by his mother Sibylla and her second husband Guy of Lusignan, ruling jointly. William was probably in failing health by this point. Rudolf Hiestand discovered that the date of William's death was 29 September, but the year was not recorded; whatever the year, there was a new chancellor in May 1185 and a new archbishop of Tyre by 21 October 1186. 826:

fairly evenly matched in background and education, but politically they were allied with opposite parties, as Heraclius was one of Agnes of Courtenay's supporters. It seems that the canons of the Holy Sepulchre were unable to decide, and asked the king for advice; due to Agnes' influence, Heraclius was elected. There were rumours that Agnes and Heraclius were lovers, but this information comes from the partisan 13th-century continuations of the

969:, whose library was looted by Baldwin III from a shipwreck in 1154. Alan V. Murray, however, has argued that, at least for the accounts of Persia and the Turks in his chronicle, William relied on Biblical and earlier medieval legends rather than actual history, and his knowledge "may be less indicative of eastern ethnography than of western mythography." William had access to the chronicles of the First Crusade, including 629: 1127:, who originally conceived the crusade. Godfrey of Bouillon, the first ruler of crusader Jerusalem, was also depicted as the leader of the crusade from the beginning, and William attributed to him legendary strength and virtue. This reflected the almost mythological status that Godfrey and the other first crusaders held for the inhabitants of Jerusalem in the late twelfth century. 1119:, William did not place much emphasis on the intervention of God in human affairs, resulting in a somewhat "secular" history. Nevertheless, he included much information that is clearly legendary, especially when referring to the First Crusade, which even in his own day was already considered an age of great Christian heroes. Expanding on the accounts of Albert of Aix, 927:

commendable or open to criticism. Possibly descendants of these monarchs, while perusing this work, may find this treatment difficult to brook and be angry with the chronicler beyond his just deserts. They will regard him as either mendacious or jealous—both of which charges, as God lives, we have endeavored to avoid as we would a pestilence.

1328:, made around 1223, was particularly well-circulated and had many anonymous additions made to it in the 13th century. In contrast to the surviving Latin manuscripts, there are "at least fifty-nine manuscripts or fragments of manuscripts" containing the Old French translation. There are also independent French continuations attributed to 685:, and it was taken as fact by later historians. Peter W. Edbury, however, has more recently argued that William must be considered extremely partisan as he was naturally allied with Raymond, who was responsible for his later advancement in political and religious offices. The accounts of the 13th-century authors who continued the 1131:

commander, he could not stop the increasing threat from the neighbouring Muslim states. On a personal level, William admired the king's education and his interest in history and law, but also noted that Amalric had "breasts like those of a woman hanging down to his waist" and was shocked when the king questioned the

1145:, a literary defense, for the kingdom, and more specifically for Baldwin's rule. By the 1170s and 1180s, western Europeans were reluctant to support the kingdom, partly because it was far away and there were more pressing concerns in Europe, but also because leprosy was usually considered divine punishment. 953:

and the subsequent political history of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. It is arranged, but was not written, chronologically; the first sections to be written were probably the chapters about the invasion of Egypt in 1167, which are extremely detailed and were likely composed before the Fatimid dynasty was

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The dispute affected William, since he had been appointed chancellor by Raymond and may have fallen out of favour after Raymond was removed from the regency. When Patriarch Amalric died on 6 October 1180, the two most obvious choices for his successor were William and Heraclius of Caesarea. They were

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As a medieval Christian author William could hardly avoid hostility towards the kingdom's Muslim neighbours, but as an educated man who lived among Muslims in the east, he was rarely polemical or completely dismissive of Islam. He did not think Muslims were pagans, but rather that they belonged to a

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William gave a more nuanced picture of the kings of his own day. He claimed to have been commissioned to write by King Amalric himself, but William did not allow himself to praise the king excessively; for example, Amalric did not respect the rights of the church, and although he was a good military

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William's great work is a Latin chronicle, written between 1170 and 1184. It contains twenty-three books; the final book, which deals with the events of 1183 and the beginning of 1184, has only a prologue and one chapter, so it is either unfinished or the rest of the pages were lost before the whole

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In the present work we seem to have fallen into manifold dangers and perplexities. For, as the series of events seemed to require, we have included in this study on which we are now engaged many details about the characters, lives, and personal traits of kings, regardless of whether these facts were

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21, 1962), p. 813. It is unknown why no other manuscript has this chapter, but Huygens suggests an early copyist considered it out of place within the rest of book nineteen and excised it, and thus all subsequent copies also lacked it (ibid., p. 820). It was included in Huygen's critical edition of

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In his history, William of Tyre writes, "in the fourth year after Tyre had been (that is, in 1127/28), the king, patriarch, and other leading men elected (as archbishop of Tyre) William, the venerable prior of the church of the Sepulchre of the Lord", adding that this William was "an Englishman by

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claim that Heraclius excommunicated William in 1183, but it is unknown why Heraclius would have done this. They also claim that William went to Rome to appeal to the Pope, where Heraclius had him poisoned. According to {{Q{11815922}} and John Rowe, the obscurity of William's life during these years

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in 1176 and Raymond III had been removed from the regency, but as a leper Baldwin could have no children and could not be expected to rule much longer. After the death of William of Montferrat in 1177, King Baldwin's widowed sister Sibylla required a new husband. At Easter in 1180, the two factions

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for short. It was translated into French soon after his death, and thereafter into numerous other languages. Because it is the only source for the history of twelfth-century Jerusalem written by a native, historians have often assumed that William's statements could be taken at face value. However,

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William's neutrality as an historian was often taken for granted until the late twentieth century. August C. Krey, for example, believed that "his impartiality ... is scarcely less impressive than his critical skill." Despite this excellent reputation, D. W. T. C. Vessey has shown that

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was finished before William left to attend the Lateran Council, but new additions and corrections were made after his return in 1180, perhaps because he now realized that European readers would also be interested in the history of the kingdom. In 1184 he wrote the Prologue and the beginning of the

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and William of Tyre, the latter of whom had been entrusted by our lord the pope with the office of legate in the affairs of the crusade in the western part of Europe." Roger was however mistaken; he knew that an unnamed archbishop of Tyre was present and assumed it must have been the William whose

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William's family probably originated in either France or Italy, since he was very familiar with both countries. His parents were likely merchants who had settled in the kingdom and were "apparently well-to-do", although it is unknown whether they participated in the First Crusade or arrived later.

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Amalric died in 1174, and Baldwin IV succeeded him as king. Nur ad-Din also died in 1174, and his general Saladin spent the rest of the decade consolidating his hold on both Egypt and Nur ad-Din's possessions in Syria, which allowed him to completely encircle Jerusalem. The subsequent events have

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that they would become in the 13th century, but by the end of the 11th century both had numerous schools for the arts and sciences. They were separate from the cathedral schools, and were established by independent professors who were masters of their field of study. Students from all over Europe

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His depiction of Baldwin IV as a hero is an attempt "to vindicate the politics of his own party and to blacken those of its opponents." As mentioned above, William was opposed to Baldwin's mother Agnes of Courtenay, Patriarch Heraclius, and their supporters; his interpretation of events during

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About Amalric's son Baldwin IV, however, "there was no ambiguity". Baldwin was nothing but heroic in the face of his debilitating leprosy, and he led military campaigns against Saladin even while still underaged; William tends to gloss over campaigns where Baldwin was not actually in charge,

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says, "William's achievements in assembling and evaluating sources, and in writing in excellent and original Latin a critical and judicious (if chronologically faulty) narrative, make him an outstanding historian, superior by medieval, and not inferior by modern, standards of scholarship."

810:. Raymond and Bohemond were King Baldwin's nearest male relatives in the paternal line, and could have claimed the throne if the king died without an heir or a suitable replacement. Before Raymond and Bohemond arrived, however, Agnes and King Baldwin arranged for Sibylla to be married to a 999:. From the end of Fulcher's chronicle in 1127, William is the only source of information from an author living in Jerusalem. For events that happened in William's own lifetime, he interviewed older people who had witnessed the events about which he was writing, and drew on his own memory. 1435:

is William's poor memory for dates. "Chronology is sometimes confused, and dates are given wrongly", even for basic information such as the regnal dates of the kings of Jerusalem. For example, William gives the date of Amalric's death as 11 July 1173, when it actually occurred in 1174.

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Compared to other Latin authors of the twelfth century, William is surprisingly favourable to the Byzantine Empire. He had visited the Byzantine court as an official ambassador and probably knew more about Byzantine affairs than any other Latin chronicler. He shared the poor opinion of

785:. William does not mention exactly what happened during these embassies, but he probably discussed the Byzantine alliance with Jerusalem, and Manuel's protectorate over Antioch, where, due to pressure from Rome and Jerusalem, the emperor was forced to give up his attempts to restore a 527:

The highest religious and political offices in Jerusalem were usually held by Europeans who had arrived on pilgrimage or crusade. William was one of the few natives with a European education, and he quickly rose through the ranks. After his return to the Holy Land in 1165, he became

47: 625:, possibly to answer accusations made against him by Archbishop Frederick, although if so, the charge is unknown. It is also possible that while Frederick was away on a diplomatic mission in Europe, a problem within the diocese forced William to seek the archbishop's assistance. 2240:

F.4.22 ("W") have an English provenance. The aforementioned Vatican lat. 2002 ("V") and a related fragment ("Fr") were also used. Two manuscripts, Bibliothèque nationale lat. 17153 ("L") and Vatican Reginensis lat. 690 ("R") were not used in Huygens' edition. Huygens,

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Despite his biases and errors, William "has always been considered one of the greatest medieval writers." Runciman wrote that "he had a broad vision; he understood the significance of the great events of his time and the sequence of cause and effect in history."

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more recent historians have shown that William's involvement in the kingdom's political disputes resulted in detectable biases in his account. Despite this, he is considered the greatest chronicler of the crusades, and one of the best authors of the

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in their own chronicles. However, there are only ten known manuscripts that contain the Latin chronicle, all of which come from France and England, so William's work may not have been very widely read in its original form. In England, however, the

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William's classical education allowed him to compose Latin superior to that of many medieval writers. He used numerous ancient Roman and early Christian authors, either for quotations or as inspiration for the framework and organization of the

707:, and on 6 June 1175, William was elected archbishop of Tyre to replace Frederick de la Roche, who had died in October 1174. William's duties as chancellor probably did not take up too much of his time; the scribes and officials in the 830:, and there is no other evidence to substantiate such a claim. William himself says almost nothing about the election and Heraclius' character or his subsequent patriarchate, probably reflecting his disappointment at the outcome. 1406:

William was certainly not an impartial observer, especially when dealing with the events of the 1170s and 1180s. Vessey believes that William's claim to have been commissioned by Amalric is a typical ancient and medieval

693:. The general consensus among recent historians is that although there was a dynastic struggle, "the division was not between native barons and newcomers from the West, but between the king's maternal and paternal kin." 1192:

heretical sect of Christianity and followed the teachings of a false prophet. He often praised the Muslim leaders of his own day, even if he lamented their power over the Christian kingdom; thus Muslim rulers such as

3074: 252:. As he was involved in the dynastic struggle that developed during Baldwin IV's reign, his importance waned when a rival faction gained control of royal affairs. He was passed over for the prestigious 1312:. The RHC edition was translated into English by Emily A. Babcock and August C. Krey in 1943 as "A History of Deeds Done Beyond the Sea," although the translation is sometimes incomplete or inexact. 1428:

were influential in perpetuating this point of view, although the more recent re-evaluations of this period by Vessey, Peter Edbury and Bernard Hamilton have undone much of William's influence.

1412:, or literary theme, in which a wise ruler, a lover of history and literature, wishes to preserve for posterity the grand deeds of his reign. William's claims of impartiality are also a typical 1015:

devices, but he was prone to repetition of a number of words and phrases. His writing also shows phrasing and spelling which is unusual or unknown in purely classical Latin but not uncommon in

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calls him "the historian's historian", and "the greatest crusade historian of all," and Bernard Hamilton says he "is justly considered one of the finest historians of the Middle Ages". As the

595:. Nur ad-Din, however, also wished to acquire Egypt, and sent his army to hinder Amalric's plans. This was the situation in the east when William returned from Europe. In 1167 Amalric married 876:

and almost every other city of the kingdom, except the seat of William's archdiocese, Tyre. News of the fall of Jerusalem shocked Europe and plans were made to send assistance. According to

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drafted documents and it may not have even been necessary for him to be present to sign them. Instead he focused on his duties as archbishop. In 1177 he performed the funeral services for

533: 1482: 1200:, and even Jerusalem's ultimate conqueror Saladin are presented as honourable and pious men, characteristics that William did not bestow on many of his own Christian contemporaries. 606:, and in 1168 the king sent William to finalize a treaty for a joint Byzantine-crusader campaign against Egypt. The expedition, Amalric's fourth, was the first with support from the 669:

often been interpreted as a struggle between two opposing factions, a "court party" and a "noble party." The "court party" was led by Baldwin's mother, Amalric's first wife

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was forced to pay yearly tribute to Jerusalem. Amalric turned towards Egypt because Muslim territory to the east of Jerusalem had fallen under the control of the powerful

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briefly held the regency for the underaged Baldwin IV. Miles was assassinated in October 1174, and Raymond III was soon appointed to replace him. Raymond named William

348:. During the kingdom's early decades, the population was swelled by pilgrims visiting the holiest sites of Christendom. Merchants from the Mediterranean city-states of 2568:(Leiden: Brill, 1993), repr. in Kingdoms of the Crusaders: From Jerusalem to Cyprus (Aldershot: Ashgate, Variorum Collected Series Studies, 1999), pp. 173–189. 1078:

a single "s" is often doubled, for example in the adjectival place-name ending which he often spells "-enssis"; this spelling is also used to represent the Arabic "

677:, as well as recent arrivals from Europe who were inexperienced in the affairs of the kingdom and were in favour of war with Saladin. The "noble party" was led by 1172:

that had developed during the First Crusade, although he was also critical of some of the crusaders' dealings with Alexius. He was more impressed by Alexius' son

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William reports that he wrote an account of the Third Council of the Lateran, which does not survive. He also wrote a history of the Holy Land from the time of

1188:, and in his description of those events, William was certainly not immune to the extreme anti-Greek rhetoric that was often found in Western European sources. 657:

On his return from Rome in 1170 he may have been commissioned by Amalric to write a history of the kingdom. He also became the tutor of Amalric's son and heir,

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lat. 17801 ("N"), Bibliothèque de la faculté de médecine de Montpellier 91 ("M"), and Bibliothèque nationale lat. 6066 ("P") have a French provenance, and

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and the native nobility of the kingdom, who favoured peaceful co-existence with the Muslims. This is the interpretation offered by William himself in the

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of the need for a new crusade. William was, however, sent by Alexander as an ambassador to Emperor Manuel, and Manuel then sent him on a mission to the

2012:, introduction, pp. 41–42. William himself translates the Arabic "zarra"; William of Tyre, trans. Babcock and Krey, vol. 1, book 5, chapter 11, p. 241. 1647:(book 19, chapter 12, pp. 879–881.) As the chapter had not yet been discovered, it is not included in the 1943 English translation by Babcock and Krey. 1363: 455:, among others. In Orléans, one of the pre-eminent centres of classical studies, he read ancient Roman literature (known simply as "the Authors") with 1309: 712: 2975: 1538:

Hans E. Mayer, "Guillaume de Tyr à l'école" (Mémoires de l'Académie des sciences, arts et belles-lettres de Dijon 117, 1985–86), p. 264; repr.

511:. William's list of professors "gives us almost a who's who of the grammarians, philosophers, theologians, and law teachers of the so-called 3099: 3084: 2790:

Crusader Syria in the Thirteenth Century: The Rothelin Continuation of the History of William of Tyre with part of the Eracles or Acre text

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Loud and Cox, p. 1306. Loud and Cox also give an English translation of the chapter. It has also been translated online by Paul R. Hyams, "

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William remained archbishop of Tyre and chancellor of the kingdom, but the details of his life at this time are obscure. The 13th-century

2826: 1007:. His vocabulary is almost entirely classical, with only a few medieval constructions such as "loricator" (someone who makes armour, a 2047:(gen. ed. Kenneth M. Setton), vol. 1: The First Hundred Years (ed. Marshall W. Baldwin, University of Wisconsin Press, 1969), p. 258. 868:

William's foresight about the misfortunes of his country was proven correct less than a year later. Saladin defeated King Guy at the

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preferring to direct his praise towards the afflicted king rather than subordinate commanders. William's history can be seen as an

1111:. By William's time, Godfrey was seen as the heroic leader of the First Crusade, and his strength and virtue had become legendary. 364:, a non-noble leader of the merchant community. Nothing more is known about his family, except that his mother died before 1165. 3089: 1660: 1156:

in 1153; of poorly defending a cave-fortress in 1165, for which twelve Templars were hanged by King Amalric; of sabotaging the

2959: 2684: 2539:(gen. ed. Kenneth M. Setton), vol. 1: The First Hundred Years (ed. Marshall W. Baldwin). University of Wisconsin Press, 1969. 2726: 1272: 700: 245: 2688:, vol. 1: Universities in the Middle Ages, ed. Hilde de Ridder-Symoens. Cambridge University Press, 1992, pp. 47–55. 1420:

Baldwin's reign was previously taken as fact almost without question. In the mid twentieth century, Marshall W. Baldwin,

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and archbishop of Tyre, two of the highest offices in the kingdom, and in 1179 William led the eastern delegation to the

418:, "the two most important intellectual centers of twelfth-century Christendom." These schools were not yet the official 410:

Around 1145 William went to Europe to continue his education in the schools of France and Italy, especially in those of

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Porphyrogenita: Essays on the History and Literature of Byzantium and the Latin East in Honour of Julian Chrysostomides

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Alan V. Murray, "William of Tyre and the origin of the Turks: on the sources of the Gesta Orientalium Principum," in

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Alan V. Murray, "William of Tyre and the origin of the Turks: on the sources of the Gesta Orientalium Principum," in

1601:, vol. 1: Universities in the Middle Ages, ed. Hilde de Ridder-Symoens (Cambridge University Press, 1992), pp. 47–50. 336:(1118–1131), expanded and secured the kingdom's borders, which encompassed roughly the same territory as modern-day 3069: 1397:

as his main source. This work seems to have been known in Europe in the 13th century but it also does not survive.

1104: 735: 201:, a former prior of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, who was Archbishop of Tyre from 1127 to 1135. He grew up in 2625:

Dei gesta Per Francos: Études sur les crioisades dédiées à Jean Richard/Crusade Studies in Honour of Jean Richard

1979:

Dei gesta Per Francos: Études sur les crioisades dédiées à Jean Richard/Crusade Studies in Honour of Jean Richard

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of the Arabic "zarra") and "assellare" (to empty one's bowels). He was capable of clever word-play and advanced

2651:, volume 1: The First Crusade and the Foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. Cambridge University Press, 1951. 747: 2627:, edd. Michel Balard, Benjamin Z. Kedar and Jonathan Riley-Smith (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2001), pp. 217–229. 2609:

G. A. Loud and J. W. Cox, "The 'Lost' Autobiographical Chapter of William of Tyre's Chronicle (Book XIX.12)."

2398:"Depuis toujours, Guillaume de Tyr a été considéré comme l'un des meilleurs écrivains du moyen âge." Huygens, 1584:

G. A. Loud and J. W. Cox, "The 'Lost' Autobiographical Chapter of William of Tyre's Chronicle (Book XIX.12)",

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in 1855. The now-standard Latin critical edition, based on six of the surviving manuscripts, was published as

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detailing his education in Europe was lost until Robert Huygens discovered it 1961, in a manuscript in the

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William was born in Jerusalem around 1130. He had at least one brother, Ralph, who was one of the city's

98: 2859:, eds. Charalambos Dendrinos, Jonathan Harris, Eirene Harvalia-Crook, and Judith Herrin (Ashgate, 2003). 1894:, ed. Kelly Boyd (Taylor & Francis, 1999), vol. 2, p. 1301), and Alan V. Murray ("William of Tyre", 3079: 2576: 2025:, introduction, pp. 40–47. Huygens continues with a lengthy discussion of William's style and language. 1350: 786: 771: 708: 308:

The Kingdom of Jerusalem was founded in 1099 at the end of the First Crusade. It was the third of four

1890:, (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1989), vol. 12, p. 643), Helen J. Nicholson ("William of Tyre", 3005: 2834: 1239: 873: 259:

William wrote an account of the Lateran Council and a history of the Islamic states from the time of

2613:, ed. Alan V. Murray (ABC-Clio, 2006), vol. 4, Appendix: Texts and Documents #4, pp. 1305–1308. 2358:, vol. 2: The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Frankish East (Cambridge University Press, 1952), p. 404. 2225: 1250:

It is unknown what title William himself gave his chronicle, although one group of manuscripts uses

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His importance had dwindled with the victory of Agnes and her supporters, and with the accession of

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were unable to attend, and William and the other bishops did not have sufficient weight to persuade

56: 1132: 942: 755: 580: 2525:), vol. 1: The First Hundred Years (ed. Marshall W. Baldwin). University of Wisconsin Press, 1969. 379:, or school-master, John the Pisan, taught William to read and write, and first introduced him to 267:. He is famous today as the author of a history of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. William composed his 2560:

Peter W. Edbury, "Propaganda and faction in the Kingdom of Jerusalem: the background to Hattin."

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Peter W. Edbury, "Propaganda and faction in the Kingdom of Jerusalem: the background to Hattin",

1394: 1345: 996: 803: 782: 658: 496: 492: 341: 333: 317: 2719:, vols. 63 & 63a. Turnholt: Brepols, 1986. Latin text with introduction and notes in French. 1822:

Hamilton, pp. 162–163; Edbury and Rowe, "William of Tyre and the Patriarchal election of 1180",

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R. B. C. Huygens, "Guillaume de Tyr étudiant: un chapître (XIX, 12) de son Histoire retrouvé."

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In 1179, William was one of the delegates from Jerusalem and the other crusader states at the

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in French must also be considered suspect, as they were allied to Raymond's supporters in the

3059: 2658:, volume 2: The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Frankish East. Cambridge University Press, 1952. 2582: 1638:

2002); Huygens, "Guillaume de Tyr étudiant: un chapître (XIX, 12) de son Histoire retrouvé" (

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chronicle he possessed, although the archbishop in question was actually William's successor

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The Chronicle of the Third Crusade: The Itinerarium Peregrinorum and the Gesta Regis Ricardi

2224:, introduction, pp. 87–91. The manuscripts used by Huygens are from two related traditions; 2196:

The Chronicle of the Third Crusade: The Itinerarium Peregrinorum and the Gesta Regis Ricardi

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is given prominence in the preaching of the First Crusade, to the point that it was he, not

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During William's absence a crisis had developed in Jerusalem. King Baldwin had reached the

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Peter W. Edbury and John G. Rowe, "William of Tyre and the Patriarchal election of 1180."

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González Cristina, La tercera crónica de Alfonso X: "La Gran Conquista de Ultramar", 1992.

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thought William's Arabic sources may have come from the library of the Damascene diplomat

896:: "Thereupon the king of the English first took the sign of the cross at the hands of the 865:

concluded that William died in 1186, and this is the year generally accepted by scholars.

8: 2762: 2749: 1588:, ed. Alan V. Murray (ABC-Clio, 2006), vol. 4, Appendix: Texts and Documents #4, p. 1306. 1441: 1425: 1368: 1325: 1100: 1028: 978: 970: 889: 885: 819: 508: 468: 452: 440: 432: 419: 325: 222: 52: 2167:, ed. Michael Gervers and James M. Powell (Syracuse University Press, 2001), pp. 126–27. 3029: 2264:

Edbury and Rowe, 1988, p. 4; For a more updated and detailed historiographical analysis

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in 1148. Jerusalem could now expand only to the southwest, towards Egypt, and in 1153

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This article is about the archbishop and historian. For his predecessor at Tyre, see

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R. C. Schwinges, "William of Tyre, the Muslim enemy, and the problem of tolerance."

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R. C. Schwinges, "William of Tyre, the Muslim enemy, and the problem of tolerance."

1657: 2565: 1747: 1499:

Emily Atwater Babcock and August C. Krey, trans., introduction to William of Tyre,

1341: 1173: 1161: 1153: 1120: 869: 759: 751: 724: 592: 572: 515:", and shows that he was as well-educated as any European cleric. His contemporary 476: 400: 392: 368: 313: 233: 2819: 2897:(Aldershot: Ashgate, Variorum Collected Studies Series, 1994), pp. 257–265. 2804: 2644: 2233: 1876:(Aldershot: Ashgate, Variorum Collected Studies Series, 1983)), p. 201. Huygens ( 1664: 1631: 1542:(Aldershot: Ashgate, Variorum Collected Series Studies, 1994). John later became 1477: 1421: 1267: 1221: 1149: 1035: 987: 815: 798: 696: 645: 456: 448: 404: 388: 361: 309: 237: 2841:, ed. Derek Baker (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1973), pp. 64–76. 1373:

translated it back into Latin, unaware that a Latin original already existed. A

621:

Meanwhile, William continued his advancement in the kingdom. In 1169 he visited

610:. Amalric, however, did not wait for the fleet to arrive. He managed to capture 2511: 2482: 1887: 1408: 1378: 1374: 1217: 1213: 1016: 982: 962: 607: 584: 568: 541: 529: 504: 396: 164: 300: 3053: 2879: 2815: 2550:(Aldershot: Ashgate, Variorum Collected Series Studies, 1999), pp. 1–25. 2069:

William of Tyre, trans. Babcock and Krey, vol. 2, book 19, chapter 3, p. 300.

1720:

William of Tyre, trans. Babcock and Krey, vol. 2, book 21, chapter 1, p. 398.

1305: 1244: 1225: 1124: 1079: 1039: 974: 950: 893: 862: 690: 472: 210: 133: 3008:

by E.A. Babcock and A.C. Krey, from ACLS Humanities E-Books (login required)

949:

in the seventh century, but otherwise the work deals with the advent of the

838: 2665:, ed. Michael Gervers and James M. Powell, Syracuse University Press, 2001. 1850:

William of Tyre, trans. Babcock and Krey, vol. 2, book 23, preface, p. 505.

1731:

The Leper King and His Heirs: Baldwin IV and the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem

842:

Saladin burning a town, from a manuscript of the French translation of the

789:. William was absent from Jerusalem for two years, returning home in 1180. 424: 229: 214: 2389:

William of Tyre, trans. Babcock and Krey, vol. 2, book 20, ch. 31, p. 395.

2984: 1920: 1832:(Aldershot: Ashgate, Variorum Collected Series Studies, 1999), pp. 23–25. 1359: 1348:

had a copy of it. The French was further translated into Spanish, as the

1336:; it was known by this name throughout Europe as well as in the crusader 1072: 1043: 850: 460: 289: 179: 2830:. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 677. 1358:

in the late 13th century. The French version was so widespread that the

991:, as well as other documents located in the kingdom's archives. He used 2920: 2060:(Indiana University Publications, Social Science Series 5, 1947), p. 5. 767: 537: 186: 436: 2691:

D. W. T. C. Vessey, "William of Tyre and the art of historiography."

2663:

Tolerance and Intolerance. Social Conflict in the Age of the Crusades

2517:

Marshall W. Baldwin, "The Decline and Fall of Jerusalem, 1174–1189."

2341:

Marshall W. Baldwin, "The Decline and Fall of Jerusalem, 1174–1189",

2310:

D. W. T. C. Vessey, "William of Tyre and the art of historiography."

2165:

Tolerance and Intolerance: Social Conflict in the Age of the Crusades

1617:(Harvard University Press, 1927; repr. Meridian Books, 1966), p. 103. 1220:

had access to a copy while he was bishop of Acre, and it was used by

1053: 632:

William of Tyre discovers Baldwin's first symptoms of leprosy (MS of

563:

had been invaded by King Baldwin I fifty years earlier, and the weak

484: 268: 218: 202: 116: 2891:

Mémoires de l'Académie des sciences, arts et belles-lettres de Dijon

1258:. The Latin text was printed for the first time in Basel in 1549 by 423:

gathered there to hear lectures from these masters. William studied

3075:

12th-century Roman Catholic archbishops in the Kingdom of Jerusalem

2723:

L'Estoire d'Eracles empereur et la conqueste de la terre d'Outremer

2535:

Frederic Duncalf, "The First Crusade: Clermont to Constantinople."

2043:

Frederic Duncalf, "The First Crusade: Clermont to Constantinople",

1390: 1332:

and Bernard le Trésorier. The translation was sometimes called the

1141: 1012: 704: 611: 576: 500: 428: 395:, but there is not enough evidence to determine whether he learned 260: 1941:

William of Tyre, trans. Babcock and Krey, vol. 1, prologue, p. 54.

1575:, Continuatio Medievalis, vol. 38 (Turnhout: Brepols, 1986), p. 2. 46: 2925:

Neues Archiv der Gesellschaft für ältere deutsche Geschichtskunde

2620:, 2nd ed., trans. John Gillingham. Oxford University Press, 1988. 2501:. Indiana University Publications, Social Science Series 5, 1947. 1197: 662: 615: 588: 415: 345: 182: 2915:

The Chronicle of Ernoul and the Continuations of William of Tyre

1804:

Edbury and Rowe, 1988, pp. 54–55, 146–47; Hamilton, pp. 147–149.

1329: 1083: 1008: 881: 811: 763: 649: 464: 353: 337: 271:

in excellent Latin for his time, with numerous quotations from

2869:

Rudolf Hiestand, "Zum Leben und Laufbahn Wilhelms von Tyrus."

2855:

Bernard Hamilton, "William of Tyre and the Byzantine Empire."

2844:

Peter W. Edbury, "The French translation of William of Tyre's

1702:, 2nd ed., trans. John Gillingham (Oxford: 1988), pp. 119–120. 555:

Amalric had come to power in 1164 and had made it his goal to

439:

for about ten years, with professors who had been students of

2589:. Harvard University Press, 1927; repr. Meridian Books, 1966. 1116: 941:

chronicle began to be copied. The first book begins with the

560: 411: 380: 349: 241: 60: 1880:, introduction, p. 1), Susan M. Babbitt, "William of Tyre", 1237:

was expanded in Latin, with additional information from the

628: 522: 1216:

and was eventually brought to Europe. In the 13th century,

1115:

Despite his quotations from Christian authors and from the

946: 622: 1184:

in Constantinople and the chaos that followed the coup of

356:

were eager to exploit the rich trade markets of the east.

51:

William of Tyre writing his history, from a 13th-century

2882:, "William of Tyre, Livy and the Vocabulary of Class." 750:

and William's future successor in Tyre, the bishops of

1898:, vol. 4, p. 1281), among others, accept Mayer's date. 1476:

The most up-to-date works about the First Crusade are

1082:", a sound which Latin lacks, for example in the name 802:

were divided even further when Raymond and his cousin

618:, who would later become Jerusalem's greatest threat. 16:

12th-century clergyman, writer, and Archbishop of Tyre

2641:, ed. Kelly Boyd. Taylor & Francis, 1999, vol. 2. 1103:

from the group of heroes surrounding the memorial to

367:

As a child William was educated in Jerusalem, at the

236:. William became tutor to the king's son, the future 2729:, Historiens occidentaux, vols. I–II (1844, 1859). 2548:

Kingdoms of the Crusaders: From Jerusalem to Cyprus

2514:. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1989, vol. 12. 1830:

Kingdoms of the Crusaders: From Jerusalem to Cyprus

2839:Relations Between East and West in the Middle Ages 2198:(Aldershot: Ashgate, 1997), introduction, pp. 3–4. 312:to be established by the crusaders, following the 2895:Kings and Lords in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem 2682:Jacques Verger, "The birth of the universities". 2639:Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing 1892:Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing 1597:Jacques Verger, "The birth of the universities". 1540:Kings and Lords in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem 228:Following William's return to Jerusalem in 1165, 3051: 2746:La Chronique d'Ernoul et de Bernard le Trésorier 1729:Edbury and Rowe, 1988, p. 17; Bernard Hamilton, 1503:(Columbia University Press, 1943), vol. 1, p. 7. 1284:in 1844, and Bongars' text was reprinted in the 1252:Historia rerum in partibus transmarinis gestarum 995:and other now-lost works for the history of the 277:Historia rerum in partibus transmarinis gestarum 2773:La continuation de Guillaume de Tyr (1184–1197) 1203: 792: 548:, archbishop of Tyre, with the support of King 209:, which had been established in 1099 after the 2903:Hans E. Mayer, "Zum Tode Wilhelms von Tyrus." 2634:, ed. Alan V. Murray (ABC-Clio, 2006), vol. 4. 2562:Crusaders and Muslims in Twelfth-Century Syria 1744:Crusaders and Moslems in Twelfth-Century Syria 1733:(Cambridge University Press, 2000), pp. 27–28. 2889:Hans E. Mayer, "Guillaume de Tyr à l'école." 2602:R. B. C. Huygens, "Editing William of Tyre." 1932:Babcock and Krey, introduction, p. 25, n. 24. 1512:R. B. C. Huygens, "Editing William of Tyre", 1090: 665:, which was confirmed as Baldwin grew older. 275:. The chronicle is sometimes given the title 2555:William of Tyre: Historian of the Latin East 2499:The Ancestry and Life of Godfrey of Bouillon 2441:(University of Toronto Press, 1998), p. 126. 2058:The Ancestry and Life of Godfrey of Bouillon 1527:William of Tyre: Historian of the Latin East 1416:in ancient and medieval historical writing. 1304:in 1986, by R. B. C. Huygens, with notes by 822:was already an established figure at court. 279:("History of Deeds Done Beyond the Sea") or 2717:Corpus Christianorum Continuatio Medievalis 256:, and died in obscurity, probably in 1186. 178: – 29 September 1186) was a 2118:(Cambridge University Press, 1993), p. 11. 1868:Hans Mayer, "Zum Tod Wilhelms von Tyrus" ( 1529:(Cambridge University Press, 1988), p. 14. 471:. For six years, he studied theology with 45: 1315: 1296:Willelmi Tyrensis Archiepiscopi Chronicon 639:(French translation of William of Tyre's 591:, the last Fatimid outpost in Palestine, 523:Religious and political life in Jerusalem 213:, and he spent twenty years studying the 197:to distinguish him from his predecessor, 131:29 September 1186 (aged 55–56) 2814: 2713:Willemi Tyrensis Archiepiscopi Chronicon 2677:God's War: A New History of the Crusades 1569:Willemi Tyrensis Archiepiscopi Chronicon 1488:God's War: A New History of the Crusades 1486:(Oxford: 2004) and Christopher Tyerman, 1247:; this version was written around 1220. 1148:William was famously biased against the 1094: 837: 627: 579:in 1154, six years after the disastrous 299: 244:. After Amalric's death, William became 2994:Old French translation and continuation 2637:Helen J. Nicholson, "William of Tyre." 1567:R. B. C. Huygens, ed., introduction to 1344:, and 14th-century Venetian geographer 3052: 2587:The Renaissance of the Twelfth Century 2479:A History of Deeds Done Beyond the Sea 2301:Babcock and Krey, introduction, p. 32. 2254:Babcock and Krey, introduction, p. 44. 1968:Babcock and Krey, introduction, p. 16. 1917:Roger of Wendover's Flowers of History 1615:The Renaissance of the Twelfth Century 1501:A History of Deeds Done Beyond the Sea 1377:translation of the French was made by 2956:from the Internet Medieval Sourcebook 2759:Guillaume de Tyr et ses continuateurs 2685:A History of the University in Europe 2504:Susan M. Babbitt, "William of Tyre." 1599:A History of the University in Europe 2923:, "Studien über Wilhelm von Tyrus." 2797: 2727:Recueil des historiens des croisades 2672:. University of Toronto Press, 1998. 1658:William of Tyre's Education, 1145/65 1400: 1273:Recueil des historiens des croisades 1075:"mihi" ("to me") is spelled "michi"; 806:attempted to force Sibylla to marry 447:. He also spent time studying under 3100:Ambassadors to the Byzantine Empire 3085:Medieval writers about the Crusades 2907:5–6 (1959–1960), pp. 182–201. 2821:"William, archbishop of Tyre" 2630:Alan V. Murray, "William of Tyre." 2557:. Cambridge University Press, 1988. 2532:. Cambridge University Press, 1993. 2154:Edbury and Rowe, 1988, pp. 141–150. 2145:Edbury and Rowe, 1988, pp. 137–141. 1676:Alan V. Murray, "William of Tyre". 1099:Sixteenth-century bronze statue of 13: 2705: 2700: 2553:Peter W. Edbury and John G. Rowe, 2485:. Columbia University Press, 1943. 2136:Edbury and Rowe, 1988, pp. 132–34. 1525:Peter W. Edbury and John G. Rowe, 920: 575:. Nur ad-Din had taken control of 324:. Jerusalem's first three rulers, 240:, whom William discovered to be a 14: 3111: 2935: 2292:Edbury and Rowe, 1988, pp. 23–24. 2078:Edbury and Rowe, 1988, pp. 75–76. 2034:Edbury and Rowe, 1988, pp. 42–43. 1999:Edbury and Rowe, 1988, pp. 32–33. 1990:Edbury and Rowe, 1988, pp. 44–46. 1959:Edbury and Rowe, 1988, pp. 28–31. 1841:Edbury and Rowe, 1988, pp. 20–22. 1786:Edbury and Rowe, 1988, pp. 19–20. 1777:Edbury and Rowe, 1988, pp. 18–19. 1711:Edbury and Rowe, 1988, pp. 16–17. 1689:Edbury and Rowe, 1988, pp. 15–16. 1212:was copied and circulated in the 932:William of Tyre, prologue to the 715:, husband of Baldwin IV's sister 283:("History of Jerusalem"), or the 2917:. Oxford University Press, 1973. 2811:. Oxford University Press, 2004. 2809:The First Crusade: A New History 2715:, ed. R. B. C. Huygens. 2 vols. 1874:Kreuzzüge und lateinischer Osten 1483:The First Crusade: A New History 1105:Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor 954:overthrown in 1171. Much of the 2978:from Crusades-Encyclopedia.com 2884:Journal of the History of Ideas 2453: 2444: 2431: 2418: 2405: 2392: 2383: 2374: 2361: 2348: 2335: 2326: 2317: 2304: 2295: 2286: 2283:Edbury and Rowe, 1988, pp. 4–5. 2277: 2268: 2257: 2248: 2214: 2201: 2188: 2185:Edbury and Rowe, 1988, pp. 3–4. 2179: 2170: 2157: 2148: 2139: 2130: 2121: 2108: 2099: 2090: 2081: 2072: 2063: 2050: 2037: 2028: 2015: 2002: 1993: 1984: 1971: 1962: 1953: 1944: 1935: 1926: 1923:(London, 1849), vol. II, p. 63. 1910: 1901: 1862: 1853: 1844: 1835: 1816: 1807: 1798: 1789: 1780: 1771: 1762: 1753: 1750:, Leiden: Brill, 1993), p. 174. 1736: 1723: 1714: 1705: 1692: 1683: 1670: 1650: 1620: 1604: 1262:; it was also published in the 519:had many of the same teachers. 154:Medieval chronicler, chancellor 2985:Latin version with concordance 2864:The Old French William of Tyre 1591: 1578: 1561: 1532: 1519: 1506: 1493: 1470: 1460: 1393:up to 1184, for which he used 1384: 1034:confusion over the use of the 387:it is clear that he also knew 332:(1100–1118), and their cousin 232:made him an ambassador to the 1: 3090:12th-century writers in Latin 2873:34 (1978), pp. 345–380. 2848:: the manuscript tradition." 2670:The Invention of the Crusades 2632:The Crusades: An Encyclopedia 2611:The Crusades: An Encyclopedia 2596:21 (1962), pp. 811–829. 2544:The English Historical Review 2507:Dictionary of the Middle Ages 2439:The Invention of the Crusades 2380:Edbury and Rowe, 1988, p. 26. 2105:Edbury and Rowe, 1988, p. 65. 2096:Edbury and Rowe, 1988, p. 78. 2087:Edbury and Rowe, 1988, p. 76. 1950:Edbury and Rowe, 1988, p. 26. 1896:The Crusades: An Encyclopedia 1883:Dictionary of the Middle Ages 1859:Edbury and Rowe, 1988, p. 22. 1825:The English Historical Review 1678:The Crusades: An Encyclopedia 1586:The Crusades: An Encyclopedia 1454: 1447:Dictionary of the Middle Ages 643:), painted in France, 1250s. 295: 172: 2998:Internet Medieval Sourcebook 2949:Internet Medieval Sourcebook 2695:35 (1973), pp. 433–455. 2606:27 (1984), pp. 461–473. 2573:The Leper King and his Heirs 2490: 1204:Circulation of the chronicle 793:Patriarchal election of 1180 373:Church of the Holy Sepulchre 250:Third Council of the Lateran 7: 2927:8 (1883), pp. 91–132. 2792:. Aldershot: Ashgate, 1999. 2785:. Aldershot: Ashgate, 1997. 1431:An often-noted flaw in the 1356:Alfonso the Wise of Castile 1056:(i.e. the Latin diphthongs 913: 703:, as well as archdeacon of 536:. In 1167 he was appointed 513:Twelfth-Century Renaissance 407:, as is sometimes claimed. 304:The Crusader states in 1165 193:, he is sometimes known as 99:Joscius, Archbishop of Tyre 10: 3116: 2577:Cambridge University Press 2481:, trans. E.A. Babcock and 2470: 2465: 2211:, introduction, pp. 32–34. 1351:Gran conquista de Ultramar 1208:After William's death the 1160:in 1168; and of murdering 1091:Literary themes and biases 727:, was too sick to attend. 18: 3036: 3027: 3019: 3014: 2656:A History of the Crusades 2649:A History of the Crusades 2537:A History of the Crusades 2530:The Trial of the Templars 2519:A History of the Crusades 2413:A History of the Crusades 2356:A History of the Crusades 2343:A History of the Crusades 2245:, introduction, pp. 3–31. 2194:Helen J. Nicholson, ed., 2116:The Trial of the Templars 2045:A History of the Crusades 1240:Itinerarium Regis Ricardi 1086:which he spells "Ssauar". 880:, William was present at 479:. Afterwards, he studied 328:(1099–1100), his brother 265:neither of which survives 254:Patriarchate of Jerusalem 199:William I, the Englishman 150: 140: 127: 109: 104: 94: 84: 76: 68: 44: 37: 30: 2781:Helen J. Nicholson, ed. 2236:Royal 14 C.X ("B"), and 1663:27 November 2018 at the 1133:resurrection of the dead 908: 872:in 1187, and went on to 833: 770:. Patriarch Amalric and 734:; among the others were 3070:12th-century historians 2954:Fiasco at Damascus 1148 2827:Encyclopædia Britannica 1548:SS. Silvestri e Martino 1395:Eutychius of Alexandria 1346:Marino Sanuto the Elder 1256:Historia Ierosolimitana 1243:, and the chronicle of 1042:, especially after the 997:Principality of Antioch 884:in France in 1188 when 804:Bohemond III of Antioch 783:Principality of Antioch 701:chancellor of Jerusalem 497:Hugo de Porta Ravennate 318:Principality of Antioch 281:Historia Ierosolimitana 2913:Margaret Ruth Morgan, 2771:Margaret Ruth Morgan, 2497:John Carl Andressohn, 2402:, introduction, p. 39. 2314:35 (1973), pp. 437–38. 2230:Corpus Christi College 2226:Bibliothèque nationale 2056:John Carl Andressohn, 1907:Hamilton, pp. 229–232. 1872:5/6, 1959–1960; repr. 1813:Hamilton, pp. 150–158. 1354:, during the reign of 1316:Old French translation 1278:Auguste-Arthur Beugnot 1182:massacre of the Latins 1112: 938: 846: 818:, whose older brother 740:archbishop of Caesarea 721:patriarch of Jerusalem 679:Raymond III of Tripoli 654: 320:, and followed by the 305: 223:universities of Europe 168: 136:, Kingdom of Jerusalem 57:Bibliothèque Nationale 2905:Archiv für Diplomatik 2893:117 (1985–86), repr. 2886:65.3 (2004), 352–367. 2837:, "William of Tyre." 2740:'s Flowers of History 2675:Christopher Tyerman, 2668:Christopher Tyerman, 2583:Charles Homer Haskins 2437:Christopher Tyerman, 1870:Archiv für Diplomatik 1611:Charles Homer Haskins 1381:in the 15th century. 1320:A translation of the 1264:Gesta Dei per Francos 1186:Andronicus I Comnenus 1164:ambassadors in 1173. 1098: 993:Walter the Chancellor 924: 841: 732:Third Lateran Council 713:William of Montferrat 631: 593:fell to the crusaders 546:Frederick de la Roche 310:Christian territories 303: 205:at the height of the 89:Frederick de la Roche 3095:12th-century jurists 2765:. Paris, 1879–1880. 2735:J. A. Giles, trans. 1573:Corpus Christianorum 1301:Corpus Christianorum 1109:Hofkirche, Innsbruck 898:Archbishop of Rheims 772:Patriarch of Antioch 540:of the cathedral of 445:Gilbert de la Porrée 273:classical literature 207:Kingdom of Jerusalem 121:Kingdom of Jerusalem 3006:English translation 2987:from Intertext.com 2763:Alexis Paulin Paris 2750:Louis de Mas Latrie 2345:, vol. 1, p. 592ff. 1626:The chapter of the 1442:Christopher Tyerman 1426:Hans Eberhard Mayer 1334:Livre dou conqueste 1180:coincides with the 1101:Godfrey of Bouillon 1064:are spelled simply 1029:possessive pronouns 979:Raymond of Aguilers 971:Fulcher of Chartres 959:twenty-third book. 890:Philip II of France 886:Henry II of England 766:, and the abbot of 509:Jacobus de Boragine 469:William of Soissons 453:Adam de Parvo Ponte 441:Thierry of Chartres 326:Godfrey of Bouillon 3030:Archbishop of Tyre 2942:Excerpts from the 2862:Philip Handyside, 2571:Bernard Hamilton, 2176:Schwinges, p. 128. 1680:, vol. 4, p. 1281. 1556:Pope Alexander III 1552:Antipope Victor IV 1516:27 (1984), p. 462. 1292:Jacques Paul Migne 1282:Auguste Le Prévost 1260:Nicholas Brylinger 1170:Alexius I Comnenus 1113: 1023:confusion between 847: 820:Aimery of Lusignan 779:Pope Alexander III 671:Agnes of Courtenay 655: 306: 191:archbishop of Tyre 169:Willelmus Tyrensis 39:Archbishop of Tyre 3080:Canon law jurists 3046: 3045: 3037:Succeeded by 3015:Religious titles 2968:The Latin Library 2964:Patrologia Latina 2798:Secondary sources 2738:Roger of Wendover 2693:Mediaeval Studies 2654:Steven Runciman, 2546:93 (1978), repr. 2523:Kenneth M. Setton 2477:William of Tyre, 2415:, vol. 2, p. 477. 2354:Steven Runciman, 2312:Mediaeval Studies 2238:Magdalene College 1828:93 (1978), repr. 1795:Hamilton, p. 144. 1636:Vaticanus latinus 1401:Modern assessment 1338:Kingdom of Cyprus 1287:Patrologia Latina 1254:and another uses 1230:Roger of Wendover 1194:Mu'in ad-Din Unur 1158:invasion of Egypt 967:Usama ibn Munqidh 943:conquest of Syria 878:Roger of Wendover 874:capture Jerusalem 808:Baldwin of Ibelin 775:Aimery of Limoges 636:Estoire d'Eracles 604:Manuel I Comnenus 601:Byzantine emperor 599:, grand-niece of 581:siege of Damascus 565:Fatimid Caliphate 534:cathedral at Acre 517:John of Salisbury 457:Hilary of Orléans 322:County of Tripoli 158: 157: 145:Roman Catholicism 80:29 September 1186 21:William I of Tyre 3107: 3020:Preceded by 3012: 3011: 3002: 2990: 2981: 2972: 2930: 2910: 2900: 2876: 2871:Deutsches Archiv 2831: 2823: 2778: 2768: 2755: 2732: 2679:. Penguin, 2006. 2599: 2566:Maya Shatzmiller 2528:Malcolm Barber, 2460: 2459:Babbitt, p. 643. 2457: 2451: 2448: 2442: 2435: 2429: 2422: 2416: 2409: 2403: 2396: 2390: 2387: 2381: 2378: 2372: 2365: 2359: 2352: 2346: 2339: 2333: 2330: 2324: 2321: 2315: 2308: 2302: 2299: 2293: 2290: 2284: 2281: 2275: 2272: 2266: 2261: 2255: 2252: 2246: 2218: 2212: 2205: 2199: 2192: 2186: 2183: 2177: 2174: 2168: 2161: 2155: 2152: 2146: 2143: 2137: 2134: 2128: 2125: 2119: 2114:Malcolm Barber, 2112: 2106: 2103: 2097: 2094: 2088: 2085: 2079: 2076: 2070: 2067: 2061: 2054: 2048: 2041: 2035: 2032: 2026: 2019: 2013: 2006: 2000: 1997: 1991: 1988: 1982: 1975: 1969: 1966: 1960: 1957: 1951: 1948: 1942: 1939: 1933: 1930: 1924: 1914: 1908: 1905: 1899: 1866: 1860: 1857: 1851: 1848: 1842: 1839: 1833: 1820: 1814: 1811: 1805: 1802: 1796: 1793: 1787: 1784: 1778: 1775: 1769: 1768:Hamilton, p. 93. 1766: 1760: 1759:Hamilton p. 158. 1757: 1751: 1748:Maya Shatzmiller 1740: 1734: 1727: 1721: 1718: 1712: 1709: 1703: 1696: 1690: 1687: 1681: 1674: 1668: 1654: 1648: 1624: 1618: 1608: 1602: 1595: 1589: 1582: 1576: 1565: 1559: 1550:, and supported 1536: 1530: 1523: 1517: 1510: 1504: 1497: 1491: 1490:(Penguin: 2006). 1474: 1468: 1464: 1372: 1364:Francesco Pipino 1342:Cilician Armenia 1270:in 1611 and the 1174:John II Comnenus 1154:siege of Ascalon 1121:Peter the Hermit 936: 870:Battle of Hattin 725:Amalric of Nesle 675:immediate family 477:Maurice de Sully 369:cathedral school 314:County of Edessa 234:Byzantine Empire 177: 174: 105:Personal details 49: 28: 27: 3115: 3114: 3110: 3109: 3108: 3106: 3105: 3104: 3050: 3049: 3042: 3033: 3025: 3000: 2988: 2979: 2970: 2938: 2933: 2928: 2908: 2898: 2874: 2805:Thomas Asbridge 2800: 2795: 2788:Janet Shirley, 2776: 2775:. Paris, 1982. 2766: 2753: 2752:. Paris, 1871. 2742:. London, 1849. 2730: 2708: 2706:Primary sources 2703: 2701:Further reading 2698: 2645:Steven Runciman 2616:Hans E. Mayer, 2597: 2493: 2488: 2473: 2468: 2463: 2458: 2454: 2450:Hamilton, p. 6. 2449: 2445: 2436: 2432: 2423: 2419: 2410: 2406: 2397: 2393: 2388: 2384: 2379: 2375: 2366: 2362: 2353: 2349: 2340: 2336: 2332:Vessey, p. 446. 2331: 2327: 2323:Vessey, p. 446. 2322: 2318: 2309: 2305: 2300: 2296: 2291: 2287: 2282: 2278: 2273: 2269: 2262: 2258: 2253: 2249: 2234:British Library 2219: 2215: 2206: 2202: 2193: 2189: 2184: 2180: 2175: 2171: 2162: 2158: 2153: 2149: 2144: 2140: 2135: 2131: 2126: 2122: 2113: 2109: 2104: 2100: 2095: 2091: 2086: 2082: 2077: 2073: 2068: 2064: 2055: 2051: 2042: 2038: 2033: 2029: 2020: 2016: 2007: 2003: 1998: 1994: 1989: 1985: 1976: 1972: 1967: 1963: 1958: 1954: 1949: 1945: 1940: 1936: 1931: 1927: 1915: 1911: 1906: 1902: 1867: 1863: 1858: 1854: 1849: 1845: 1840: 1836: 1821: 1817: 1812: 1808: 1803: 1799: 1794: 1790: 1785: 1781: 1776: 1772: 1767: 1763: 1758: 1754: 1741: 1737: 1728: 1724: 1719: 1715: 1710: 1706: 1698:Hans E. Mayer, 1697: 1693: 1688: 1684: 1675: 1671: 1665:Wayback Machine 1655: 1651: 1632:Vatican Library 1625: 1621: 1609: 1605: 1596: 1592: 1583: 1579: 1566: 1562: 1544:cardinal priest 1537: 1533: 1524: 1520: 1511: 1507: 1498: 1494: 1478:Thomas Asbridge 1475: 1471: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1422:Steven Runciman 1403: 1387: 1366: 1318: 1268:Jacques Bongars 1222:Guy of Bazoches 1214:crusader states 1206: 1150:Knights Templar 1093: 988:Gesta Francorum 937: 931: 923: 921:Latin chronicle 918: 911: 836: 816:Guy of Lusignan 799:age of majority 795: 787:Greek patriarch 697:Miles of Plancy 646:British Library 525: 449:Robert of Melun 298: 238:King Baldwin IV 175: 161:William of Tyre 132: 123: 114: 64: 63:, MS 2631, f.1r 33: 32:William of Tyre 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 3113: 3103: 3102: 3097: 3092: 3087: 3082: 3077: 3072: 3067: 3062: 3044: 3043: 3038: 3035: 3026: 3021: 3017: 3016: 3010: 3009: 3003: 2991: 2982: 2973: 2957: 2951: 2937: 2936:External links 2934: 2932: 2931: 2918: 2911: 2901: 2887: 2877: 2867: 2866:. 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(1911). 2816:Chisholm, Hugh 2812: 2801: 2799: 2796: 2794: 2793: 2786: 2779: 2769: 2756: 2743: 2733: 2720: 2709: 2707: 2704: 2702: 2699: 2697: 2696: 2689: 2680: 2673: 2666: 2659: 2652: 2642: 2635: 2628: 2621: 2614: 2607: 2604:Sacris Erudiri 2600: 2590: 2580: 2569: 2558: 2551: 2540: 2533: 2526: 2515: 2512:Joseph Strayer 2502: 2494: 2492: 2489: 2487: 2486: 2474: 2472: 2469: 2467: 2464: 2462: 2461: 2452: 2443: 2430: 2417: 2404: 2391: 2382: 2373: 2371:, pp. 127–128. 2360: 2347: 2334: 2325: 2316: 2303: 2294: 2285: 2276: 2267: 2256: 2247: 2213: 2200: 2187: 2178: 2169: 2156: 2147: 2138: 2129: 2127:Barber, p. 12. 2120: 2107: 2098: 2089: 2080: 2071: 2062: 2049: 2036: 2027: 2014: 2001: 1992: 1983: 1970: 1961: 1952: 1943: 1934: 1925: 1909: 1900: 1888:Joseph Strayer 1861: 1852: 1843: 1834: 1815: 1806: 1797: 1788: 1779: 1770: 1761: 1752: 1735: 1722: 1713: 1704: 1691: 1682: 1669: 1649: 1619: 1603: 1590: 1577: 1560: 1531: 1518: 1514:Sacris Erudiri 1505: 1492: 1469: 1458: 1456: 1453: 1402: 1399: 1386: 1383: 1379:William Caxton 1375:Middle English 1317: 1314: 1218:James of Vitry 1205: 1202: 1196:, Nur ad-Din, 1092: 1089: 1088: 1087: 1076: 1069: 1050: 1040:ablative cases 1032: 1017:medieval Latin 983:Baldric of Dol 963:August C. Krey 929: 922: 919: 917: 912: 910: 907: 835: 832: 794: 791: 748:bishop of Acre 608:Byzantine navy 585:Second Crusade 524: 521: 505:Martinus Gosia 459:, and learned 297: 294: 156: 155: 152: 148: 147: 142: 138: 137: 129: 125: 124: 115: 111: 107: 106: 102: 101: 96: 92: 91: 86: 82: 81: 78: 74: 73: 70: 66: 65: 50: 42: 41: 35: 34: 31: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3112: 3101: 3098: 3096: 3093: 3091: 3088: 3086: 3083: 3081: 3078: 3076: 3073: 3071: 3068: 3066: 3063: 3061: 3058: 3057: 3055: 3048: 3041: 3032: 3031: 3024: 3018: 3013: 3007: 3004: 2999: 2995: 2992: 2986: 2983: 2977: 2976:Latin version 2974: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2960:Latin version 2958: 2955: 2952: 2950: 2946: 2945: 2940: 2939: 2926: 2922: 2919: 2916: 2912: 2906: 2902: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2885: 2881: 2880:Conor Kostick 2878: 2872: 2868: 2865: 2861: 2858: 2854: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2840: 2836: 2833: 2829: 2828: 2822: 2817: 2813: 2810: 2806: 2803: 2802: 2791: 2787: 2784: 2780: 2774: 2770: 2764: 2760: 2757: 2751: 2747: 2744: 2741: 2739: 2734: 2728: 2724: 2721: 2718: 2714: 2711: 2710: 2694: 2690: 2687: 2686: 2681: 2678: 2674: 2671: 2667: 2664: 2660: 2657: 2653: 2650: 2646: 2643: 2640: 2636: 2633: 2629: 2626: 2622: 2619: 2615: 2612: 2608: 2605: 2601: 2595: 2591: 2588: 2584: 2581: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2556: 2552: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2538: 2534: 2531: 2527: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2513: 2509: 2508: 2503: 2500: 2496: 2495: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2475: 2456: 2447: 2440: 2434: 2427: 2421: 2414: 2408: 2401: 2395: 2386: 2377: 2370: 2364: 2357: 2351: 2344: 2338: 2329: 2320: 2313: 2307: 2298: 2289: 2280: 2271: 2265: 2260: 2251: 2244: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2217: 2210: 2204: 2197: 2191: 2182: 2173: 2166: 2160: 2151: 2142: 2133: 2124: 2117: 2111: 2102: 2093: 2084: 2075: 2066: 2059: 2053: 2046: 2040: 2031: 2024: 2018: 2011: 2005: 1996: 1987: 1980: 1974: 1965: 1956: 1947: 1938: 1929: 1922: 1918: 1913: 1904: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1884: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1865: 1856: 1847: 1838: 1831: 1827: 1826: 1819: 1810: 1801: 1792: 1783: 1774: 1765: 1756: 1749: 1745: 1739: 1732: 1726: 1717: 1708: 1701: 1695: 1686: 1679: 1673: 1666: 1662: 1659: 1653: 1646: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1623: 1616: 1612: 1607: 1600: 1594: 1587: 1581: 1574: 1570: 1564: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1535: 1528: 1522: 1515: 1509: 1502: 1496: 1489: 1485: 1484: 1479: 1473: 1463: 1459: 1452: 1449: 1448: 1443: 1437: 1434: 1429: 1427: 1423: 1417: 1415: 1411: 1410: 1398: 1396: 1392: 1382: 1380: 1376: 1370: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1352: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1313: 1311: 1310:Gerhard Rösch 1307: 1306:Hans E. Mayer 1303: 1302: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1288: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1274: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1248: 1246: 1245:Roger Hoveden 1242: 1241: 1236: 1231: 1227: 1226:Matthew Paris 1223: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1201: 1199: 1195: 1189: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1165: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1146: 1144: 1143: 1136: 1134: 1128: 1126: 1125:Pope Urban II 1122: 1118: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1097: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1074: 1070: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1048: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1021: 1020: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1000: 998: 994: 990: 989: 984: 980: 976: 975:Albert of Aix 972: 968: 964: 960: 957: 952: 951:First Crusade 948: 944: 935: 928: 916: 906: 904: 899: 895: 894:go on crusade 891: 887: 883: 879: 875: 871: 866: 864: 863:Hans E. Mayer 860: 855: 852: 845: 840: 831: 829: 823: 821: 817: 813: 809: 805: 800: 790: 788: 784: 780: 776: 773: 769: 765: 761: 757: 753: 749: 745: 741: 737: 733: 728: 726: 722: 718: 714: 710: 706: 702: 698: 694: 692: 691:Ibelin family 688: 684: 680: 676: 672: 666: 664: 660: 652: 651: 647: 642: 638: 637: 630: 626: 624: 619: 617: 613: 609: 605: 602: 598: 597:Maria Comnena 594: 590: 586: 582: 578: 574: 570: 566: 562: 558: 557:conquer Egypt 553: 551: 547: 543: 539: 535: 531: 520: 518: 514: 510: 506: 502: 498: 494: 490: 486: 482: 478: 474: 473:Peter Lombard 470: 466: 463:("especially 462: 458: 454: 450: 446: 442: 438: 434: 430: 426: 421: 417: 413: 408: 406: 402: 398: 394: 391:and possibly 390: 386: 382: 378: 374: 370: 365: 363: 357: 355: 351: 347: 343: 339: 335: 331: 327: 323: 319: 315: 311: 302: 293: 291: 286: 282: 278: 274: 270: 266: 262: 257: 255: 251: 247: 243: 239: 235: 231: 226: 224: 220: 216: 212: 211:First Crusade 208: 204: 200: 196: 192: 188: 184: 181: 170: 166: 162: 153: 149: 146: 143: 139: 135: 130: 126: 122: 118: 112: 108: 103: 100: 97: 93: 90: 87: 83: 79: 75: 71: 67: 62: 58: 55:translation, 54: 48: 43: 40: 36: 29: 26: 22: 3060:1130s births 3047: 3028: 2943: 2924: 2914: 2904: 2894: 2890: 2883: 2870: 2863: 2856: 2849: 2845: 2838: 2825: 2808: 2789: 2782: 2772: 2758: 2745: 2736: 2722: 2716: 2712: 2692: 2683: 2676: 2669: 2662: 2655: 2648: 2638: 2631: 2624: 2618:The Crusades 2617: 2610: 2603: 2593: 2586: 2572: 2561: 2554: 2547: 2543: 2536: 2529: 2518: 2505: 2498: 2478: 2455: 2446: 2438: 2433: 2425: 2420: 2412: 2407: 2399: 2394: 2385: 2376: 2369:The Crusades 2368: 2363: 2355: 2350: 2342: 2337: 2328: 2319: 2311: 2306: 2297: 2288: 2279: 2270: 2259: 2250: 2242: 2221: 2216: 2208: 2203: 2195: 2190: 2181: 2172: 2164: 2159: 2150: 2141: 2132: 2123: 2115: 2110: 2101: 2092: 2083: 2074: 2065: 2057: 2052: 2044: 2039: 2030: 2022: 2017: 2009: 2004: 1995: 1986: 1978: 1973: 1964: 1955: 1946: 1937: 1928: 1916: 1912: 1903: 1895: 1891: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1864: 1855: 1846: 1837: 1829: 1823: 1818: 1809: 1800: 1791: 1782: 1773: 1764: 1755: 1743: 1738: 1730: 1725: 1716: 1707: 1700:The Crusades 1699: 1694: 1685: 1677: 1672: 1652: 1644: 1639: 1635: 1627: 1622: 1614: 1606: 1598: 1593: 1585: 1580: 1568: 1563: 1539: 1534: 1526: 1521: 1513: 1508: 1500: 1495: 1487: 1481: 1472: 1462: 1445: 1438: 1432: 1430: 1418: 1413: 1407: 1404: 1388: 1349: 1333: 1321: 1319: 1299: 1295: 1285: 1271: 1263: 1255: 1251: 1249: 1238: 1234: 1209: 1207: 1190: 1177: 1166: 1147: 1140: 1137: 1129: 1114: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1046: 1004: 1001: 986: 961: 955: 939: 933: 925: 914: 867: 856: 851:continuators 848: 843: 827: 824: 796: 729: 695: 686: 682: 667: 656: 644: 640: 633: 620: 554: 526: 493:Four Doctors 491:, with the " 425:liberal arts 420:universities 409: 384: 376: 366: 358: 307: 284: 280: 276: 258: 230:King Amalric 227: 215:liberal arts 194: 160: 159: 141:Denomination 25: 3065:1186 deaths 3001:(in French) 2929:(in German) 2909:(in German) 2899:(in French) 2875:(in German) 2777:(in French) 2767:(in French) 2754:(in French) 2731:(in French) 2598:(in French) 1921:J. A. Giles 1385:Other works 1367: [ 1360:Renaissance 1044:preposition 1019:, such as: 719:, when the 461:mathematics 383:. From the 290:Middle Ages 176: 1130 85:Predecessor 72:6 June 1175 3054:Categories 3034:1175–1185 2989:(in Latin) 2980:(in Latin) 2971:(in Latin) 2921:Hans Prutz 2521:(gen. ed. 2411:Runciman, 2232:95 ("C"), 1455:References 1326:Old French 1054:diphthongs 1052:collapsed 1036:accusative 1013:rhetorical 985:, and the 892:agreed to 814:newcomer, 768:Mount Sion 673:, and her 659:Baldwin IV 573:Nur ad-Din 538:archdeacon 377:scholaster 334:Baldwin II 296:Early life 246:chancellor 195:William II 187:chronicler 151:Occupation 77:Term ended 53:Old French 3023:Frederick 2962:from the 2947:from the 2852:6 (2007). 2491:Secondary 2483:A.C. Krey 2428:, p. 361. 2426:God's War 2424:Tyerman, 2400:Chronicon 2243:Chronicon 2222:Chronicon 2220:Huygens, 2209:Chronicon 2207:Huygens, 2023:Chronicon 2021:Huygens, 2010:Chronicon 2008:Huygens, 1919:, trans. 1878:Chronicon 1276:(RHC) by 1025:reflexive 859:Baldwin V 756:Bethlehem 736:Heraclius 485:canon law 481:civil law 362:burgesses 342:Palestine 330:Baldwin I 269:chronicle 219:canon law 203:Jerusalem 117:Jerusalem 95:Successor 2944:Historia 2850:Crusades 2846:Historia 1661:Archived 1645:Historia 1628:Historia 1433:Historia 1391:Muhammad 1322:Historia 1235:Historia 1210:Historia 1178:Historia 1162:Assassin 1142:apologia 1005:Historia 956:Historia 934:Historia 930:— 915:Historia 844:Historia 828:Historia 812:Poitevin 752:Sebastea 709:chancery 705:Nazareth 687:Historia 683:Historia 641:Historia 612:Damietta 577:Damascus 501:Bulgarus 467:") with 429:theology 385:Historia 316:and the 285:Historia 261:Muhammad 180:medieval 3040:Joscius 2594:Latomus 2579:, 2000. 2471:Primary 2466:Sources 2367:Mayer, 1640:Latomus 1362:author 1340:and in 1298:in the 1198:Shirkuh 1107:in the 903:Joscius 760:Tripoli 744:Joscius 717:Sibylla 663:leprosy 616:Saladin 589:Ascalon 583:by the 571:sultan 550:Amalric 532:of the 489:Bologna 437:Orléans 416:Bologna 401:Persian 393:Italian 371:in the 346:Lebanon 221:in the 183:prelate 69:Elected 2966:, via 2761:, ed. 2748:, ed. 2564:, ed. 2510:, ed. 1424:, and 1330:Ernoul 1228:, and 1084:Shawar 1073:dative 1009:calque 882:Gisors 764:Jabala 762:, and 650:London 569:Zengid 507:, and 465:Euclid 405:Arabic 403:, and 389:French 375:. The 354:France 344:, and 338:Israel 2996:from 2725:, in 1886:(ed. 1746:(ed. 1634:(ms. 1554:over 1414:topos 1409:topos 1371:] 1324:into 1117:Bible 909:Works 834:Death 561:Egypt 530:canon 433:Paris 412:Paris 397:Greek 381:Latin 350:Italy 242:leper 189:. As 165:Latin 61:Paris 1643:the 1308:and 1280:and 1071:the 1060:and 1038:and 1027:and 947:Umar 888:and 623:Rome 542:Tyre 483:and 475:and 451:and 443:and 435:and 427:and 414:and 352:and 217:and 185:and 134:Tyre 128:Died 113:1130 110:Born 1546:of 1290:by 1266:by 945:by 544:by 495:", 487:in 431:in 3056:: 2824:. 2807:, 2647:, 2585:, 2575:. 1667:". 1613:, 1571:, 1480:, 1369:it 1224:, 1135:. 1080:sh 1068:); 1062:oe 1058:ae 1047:in 981:, 977:, 973:, 905:. 758:, 754:, 746:, 742:, 738:, 723:, 653:). 648:, 634:L' 559:. 552:. 503:, 499:, 399:, 340:, 292:. 263:, 225:. 173:c. 171:; 167:: 119:, 59:, 1558:. 1066:e 1049:; 1031:; 163:( 23:.

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