Williams syndrome - Knowledge

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unselfish/forgiving, 75% never go unnoticed in a group, and 75% are happy when others do well. Infants with Williams syndrome make normal and frequent eye contact, and young children with Williams will often approach and hug strangers. People affected by Williams syndrome typically have high empathy, showing relative strength in reading people's eyes to gauge intentions, emotions, and mental states. The level of friendliness observed in people with Williams is often inappropriate for the social setting, however, and teens and adults with Williams syndrome often experience social isolation, frustration, and loneliness despite their clear desire to connect to other people.

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scores above this range have been reported in people with smaller genetic deletions. In particular, people with Williams syndrome experience challenges in visual-motor skills and visuospatial construction. Most affected people are unable to spatially orient themselves and many experience difficulty when given a task that requires even the most basic visual problem-solving. Many adults with Williams syndrome cannot complete a simple six-piece puzzle designed for young children, for example. These visuospatial deficits may be related to damage to the dorsal cortical pathway for visual processing.

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described three new patients with the same presentation. This led to the syndrome's full original name, Williams-Beuren syndrome, which is still used in some medical publications. From 1964 to 1975, small research reports broadened medical knowledge of this syndrome's cardiovascular problems. Then in 1975, K. Jones and D. Smith produced a large-scale report on numerous patients with WS, ranging in age from infancy to adulthood, and described the behavioral and observable physical symptoms in greater detail than previously recorded.

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common than originally noted (about 6% of all genetic cases of developmental disability), researchers have begun to hypothesize a previous underdiagnosis of the syndrome. One suggested factor in the increase in epidemiological prevalence estimates is that a substantial minority of individuals with the genetic markers of WS lack the characteristic facial features or the diminished intelligence considered to be diagnostic of the syndrome, and often are not immediately recognized as having the syndrome.

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are very friendly to strangers and love meeting new people, they may have trouble interacting on a deeper level. 73–93% were reported as unreserved with strangers, 67% highly sensitive to rejection, 65% susceptible to teasing, and the statistic for exploitation and abuse was unavailable. There are external problems as well. 91–96% demonstrate inattention, 75% impulsivity, 59–71% hyperactivity, 46–74% tantrums, 32–60% disobedience, and 25–37% fighting and aggressive behavior.

269: 1172: 450:. Facial dysmorphies thought to be characteristic of the syndrome are also present early in development, as are heart murmurs. Research on the development of the syndrome suggests that congenital heart disease is typically present at an early age, often at the infant's first pediatric appointment. Heart problems in infancy often lead to the initial diagnosis of WS. 1023:

In a review of the symptoms and features of the syndrome, Laskari, Smith, and Graham emphasized that many family members of individuals with WS reject use of terminology such as "elfin", as well as descriptions of social symptoms as "cocktail party syndrome". Physicians, family members of individuals

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Behavioral treatments have been shown to be effective. In regard to social skills, it may be effective to channel their nature by teaching basic skills. Some of these are the appropriate way to approach someone, how and when to socialize in settings such as school or the workplace, and warning of the

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Developmental delays are present in most cases of WS, and include delay of language abilities and delayed motor-skill development. People with WS develop language abilities quite late relative to other children, with the child's first word often occurring as late as 3 years of age. Language abilities

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Increased volume and activation of the left auditory cortex has been observed in people with WS, which has been interpreted as a neural correlation of patients' rhythm propensity and fondness of music. Similar sizes of the auditory cortex have been previously reported only in professional musicians.

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The adjective "elfin" may have originated to describe the facial features of people with WS; before its scientific cause was understood, people believed that individuals with the syndrome, who have exceptionally charming and kind personalities, had extraordinary, even magical, powers. This has been

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While these children often come off as happy due to their sociable nature, often there are internal drawbacks to the way they act. 76–86% of these children were reported as believing that they either had few friends or problems with their friends. This is possibly due to the fact that although they

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Despite their physical and cognitive deficits, people with Williams syndrome exhibit impressive social and verbal abilities. Williams patients can be highly verbal relative to their IQ. When children with Williams syndrome are asked to name an array of animals, they may well list a wild assortment

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Williams syndrome has historically been estimated to occur in roughly one in every 20,000 live births, but more recent epidemiological studies have placed the occurrence rate at closer to one in every 7,500 live births, a significantly larger prevalence. As increasing evidence suggests WS is more

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Perhaps the most effective treatment for those with WS is music. Those affected have shown relative strength in regards to music, albeit only in pitch and rhythm tasks. Not only do they show strength in the field, but also a particular fondness for it. Music may help with the internal and external

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confirmatory genetic test has been validated in epidemiological studies and has been demonstrated to be a more effective method of identifying WS than previous methods, which often relied on the presence of cardiovascular problems and facial features (which, while common, are not always present).

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No cure for Williams syndrome has been found. Suggested treatments include avoidance of extra calcium and vitamin D, and treating high levels of blood calcium. Blood-vessel narrowing can be a significant health problem and is treated on an individual basis. Physical therapy is helpful to patients

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Furthermore, cognitive abilities (IQs) of people with WMS typically range from mild to moderate levels of intellectual disability. One study of 306 children with Williams syndrome found IQ scores ranging from 40 to 112 with a mean of 69.32 (the mean IQ score of the general population is 100). IQ

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Williams syndrome is also marked by a delay in the development of motor skills. Infants with WS develop the ability to lift their heads and sit without support months later than typically developing children. These delays continue into childhood, where patients with WS are delayed in learning to

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of a person with Williams syndrome has greater volume than the average person's (though it is smaller than average in childhood). In general, neuroimaging studies demonstrate that people with WS have diminished amygdala reactivity in response to socially frightening stimuli (such as disapproving

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symptoms often persist into adulthood, as well as cardiovascular problems. Adults are typically limited in their ability to live independently or work in competitive employment settings, but this developmental impairment is attributed more to psychological symptoms than physiological problems.

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faces), but demonstrate hyperreactivity in the amygdala when presented with nonsocial fear stimuli (such as frightening animals). This may partially account for the apparent absence of social inhibition observed in people with the syndrome, as well as the prevalence of anxious symptoms (but see

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Frontal-cerebellar pathways, involved in behavioral timing, are often abnormally developed in people with WS, which may be related to their deficits in coordination and execution of fine motor tasks such as drawing and writing. In addition, people with WS often exhibit gross motor difficulties,

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areas. The parietal-dorsal area handles visual processing that supports visual-spatial analysis of the environment, while the ventral is related to semantic recognition of visual stimuli, and the recognition of faces. Thus, people with WS are often able to visually identify and recognize whole

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and his colleagues, who wrote in 1961 of four patients with supravalvular aortic stenosis, mental disability, and facial features including a broad forehead, large chin, low-set, "drooping" cheeks, widely spaced eyes, and wide-set mouth. A year after this report, German physician A. J. Beuren

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According to the Williams Syndrome Association, its diagnosis begins with the recognition of physical symptoms and markers, which is followed by a confirmatory genetic test. The physical signs that often indicate a suspected case of WS include puffiness around the eyes, a long philtrum, and a

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walk. In young children, the observed motor delay is around 5–6 months, though some research suggests that children with WS have a delay in development that becomes more extreme with age. Children with motor delays as a result of WS are particularly behind in the development of coordination,

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Reliance on facial features to identify WS may cause a misdiagnosis of the condition. Among the more reliable features suggestive of WS are congenital heart disease, periorbital fullness ("puffy" eyes), and the presence of a long, smooth philtrum. Less reliable signs of the syndrome include

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test, which examines chromosome 7 and probes for the existence of two copies of the elastin gene. Since 98-99% of individuals with WS lack half of the 7q11.23 region of chromosome 7, where the elastin gene is located, the presence of only one copy of the gene is a strong sign of WS. This

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Among the hallmark traits of people with Williams syndrome is an apparent lack of social inhibition. Dykens and Rosner (1999) found that 100% of those with Williams syndrome were kind-spirited, 90% sought the company of others, 87% empathize with others' pain, 84% are caring, 83% are

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signs and dangers of exploitation. For phobias, cognitive-behavioral approaches, such as therapy, are the recommended treatments. One of the things to be careful of with this approach is to make sure that the patients' "charming" nature does not mask any underlying feelings.

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pattern in the iris. Physiological symptoms that often contribute to a WS diagnosis are cardiovascular problems, particularly aortic or pulmonary stenosis, and feeding disturbance in infants. Developmental delays are often taken as an initial sign of the syndrome, as well.

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Van Strien, J. W.; Lagers-Van Haselen, G. C.; Van Hagen, J. M.; De Coo, I. F. M.; Frens, M. A.; Van Der Geest, J. N. (2007). "Increased Prevalences of Left-handedness and Left-eye Sighting Dominance in People with Williams-Beuren Syndrome".

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Bellugi, U., Lichtenberger, L., Jones, W., Lai, Z., & George, M. S. (2000). I. The neurocognitive profile of Williams Syndrome: a complex pattern of strengths and weaknesses. Journal of cognitive neuroscience, 12(Supplement 1), 7-29.

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for details on the relationship between the amygdala and fear response). Also, some evidence indicates that people with WS exhibit amygdalal hyperactivity when viewing happy facial expressions. They are talkative and eager to please.

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skills. The language used by people with Williams syndrome differs notably from unaffected populations, including people matched for IQ. People with Williams syndrome tend to use speech that is rich in emotional descriptors, high in

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In one experiment, a group of children with Williams syndrome showed no signs of racial bias, unlike children without the syndrome. They did show gender bias, however, to a similar degree to children without the syndrome.

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with joint stiffness and low muscle tone. Developmental and speech therapy can also help children and increase the success of their social interactions. Other treatments are based on a patient's particular symptoms.

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has been reported to occur in children, although no proof has been found of it occurring in adults; adults with WS have a higher risk of developing type-2 diabetes, with some cases apparent as young as 21 years old.

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Morris, Colleen A. (1993-01-01). Pagon, Roberta A.; Adam, Margaret P.; Ardinger, Holly H.; Wallace, Stephanie E.; Amemiya, Anne; Bean, Lora J.H.; Bird, Thomas D.; Fong, Chin-To; Mefford, Heather C. (eds.).

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Adults and adolescents with Williams syndrome typically achieve a below-average height and weight, compared with unaffected populations. As people with WS age, they frequently develop joint limitations and

507:(high sensitivity to certain frequencies of sound). Compared with other children with delays, those with Williams syndrome display a significantly greater number of fears. 35% of these children met the 291:

Most people with WS are highly verbal relative to their intelligence, and are often very sociable, having what has been described as a "cocktail party"-type personality. People with Williams syndrome

893:, and perhaps other genes may help explain the characteristic difficulties with visual–spatial tasks. Additionally, some evidence shows that haploinsufficiency in several of these genes, including 1928:

Van Der Geest, J. N.; Lagers-Van Haselen, G. C.; Van Hagen, J. M.; Brenner, E.; Govaerts, L. C. P.; De Coo, I. F. M.; Frens, M. A. (2005). "Visual depth processing in Williams–Beuren syndrome".

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objects, and refer to them by name, but struggle with visuospatial construction (seeing an object as being composed of many smaller parts, and recreating it) and orienting themselves in space.

881:). Elastin insufficiency may also contribute to distinct facies, harsh or hoarse voice, hernias, and bladder diverticula often found in those with Williams syndrome. Haploinsufficiency in 1978:

Meyer-Lindenberg, Andreas; Mervis, Carolyn B.; Faith Berman, Karen (2006). "Neural mechanisms in Williams syndrome: A unique window to genetic influences on cognition and behaviour".

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Martens, Marilee A.; Wilson, Sarah J.; Reutens, David C. (2008). "Research Review: Williams syndrome: A critical review of the cognitive, behavioral, and neuroanatomical phenotype".

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such as writing and drawing, response time, and strength and dexterity of the arms. Impaired motor ability persists (and possibly worsens) as children with WS reach adolescence.

252:. Surgery may be done to correct heart problems. Dietary changes or medications may be required for high blood calcium. The syndrome was first described in 1961 by New Zealander 935:

nostrils, a wide mouth, and an elongated neck. Even with significant clinical experience, reliably identifying Williams syndrome based on facial features alone is difficult.

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Morris, CA; Pagon, RA; Adam, MP; Ardinger, HH; Wallace, SE; Amemiya, A; Bean, LJH; Bird, TD; Ledbetter, N; Mefford, HC; Smith, RJH; Stephens, K (2013). "Williams Syndrome".

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Morris, Colleen A.; Demsey, Susan A.; Leonard, Claire O.; Dilts, Constance; Blackburn, Brent L. (1988). "Natural history of Williams syndrome: Physical characteristics".

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Carrasco, Ximena; Castillo, Silvia; Aravena, Teresa; Rothhammer, Paula; Aboitiz, Francisco (2005). "Williams syndrome: Pediatric, neurologic, and cognitive development".

555:, a far greater verbal array than would be expected of children with IQs in the 60s. Some other strengths that have been associated with Williams syndrome are auditory 3171: 424:

People with WS are often affable and hyperverbal, demonstrating the decreased inhibition ability that stems from dorsal-frontal deficits. Some studies suggest that the

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The most common symptoms of Williams syndrome are heart defects and unusual facial features. Other symptoms include failure to gain weight appropriately in infancy (

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Gothelf, D.; Farber, N.; Raveh, E.; Apter, A.; Attias, J. (2006). "Hyperacusis in Williams syndrome: Characteristics and associated neuroaudiologic abnormalities".

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Merla, Giuseppe; Howald, Cédric; Henrichsen, Charlotte N.; Lyle, Robert; Wyss, Carine; Zabot, Marie-Thérèse; Antonarakis, Stylianos E.; Reymond, Alexandre (2006).

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Udwin, Orlee; Yule, William; Martin, Neil (1987). "Cognitive Abilities and Behavioural Characteristics of Children with Idiopathic Infantile Hypercalcaemia".

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definition of having a phobia as compared with 1–4.3% for those with other types of developmental delays. Williams syndrome is also strongly associated with

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that affects many parts of the body. Facial features frequently include a broad forehead, underdeveloped chin, short nose, and full cheeks. Mild to moderate

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People affected by WS are supported by multiple organizations, including the Canadian Association for Williams Syndrome and the Williams Syndrome Registry.

401:, and left frontal cortical regions. This pattern is consistent with the visual-spatial disabilities and problems with behavioral timing often seen in WS. 5440: 3334:

Dykens, Elisabeth M.; Rosner, Beth A.; Ly, Tran; Sagun, Jaclyn (2005). "Music and Anxiety in Williams Syndrome: A Harmonious or Discordant Relationship?".

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recommends annual cardiology evaluations for individuals with WS. Other recommended assessments include ophthalmologic evaluations, an examination for

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Bruno, E; Rossi, N; Thüer, O; Córdoba, R; Alday, L. E. (2003). "Cardiovascular findings, and clinical course, in patients with Williams syndrome".

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Wong D, Ramachandra SS, Singh AK. Dental management of patient with Williams Syndrome - A case report. Contemp Clin Dent. 2015 Jul-Sep;6(3):418-20.

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This is particularly the case in individuals of non-white backgrounds, where typical WS facial features (such as full lips) are more prevalent.

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Dykens, Elisabeth M.; Rosner, Beth A. (1999). "Refining Behavioral Phenotypes: Personality—Motivation in Williams and Prader-Willi Syndromes".

2154:"Genetic influences on sociability: Heightened amygdala reactivity and event-related responses to positive social stimuli in Williams syndrome" 3100:

Tassabehji, M; Metcalfe, K; Karmiloff-Smith, A; Carette, MJ; Grant, J; Dennis, N; Reardon, W; Splitt, M; Read, AP; Donnai, D (January 1999).

1318: 374:, due to inherent subnormal binocular visual function and cognitive deficits in visuospatial construction. People with WS have problems with 1879:

Olsen, R. K.; Kippenhan, J. S.; Japee, S.; Kohn, P.; Mervis, C. B.; Saad, Z. S.; Morris, C. A.; Meyer-Lindenberg, A.; Berman, K. F. (2009).

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Einfeld, Stewart L.; Tonge, Bruce J.; Florio, Tony (1997). "Behavioral and Emotional Disturbance in Individuals with Williams Syndrome".

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Lenhoff, Howard M.; Teele, Rita L.; Clarkson, Patricia M.; Berdon, Walter E. (2010). "John C. P. Williams of Williams-Beuren syndrome".

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Lowery, M. C.; Morris, C. A.; Ewart, A; Brothman, L. J.; Zhu, X. L.; Leonard, C. O.; Carey, J. C.; Keating, M; Brothman, A. R. (1995).

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The earliest observable symptoms of WS include low birth weight, failure to thrive, trouble breastfeeding, nocturnal irritability, and

4266: 2977:"Submicroscopic Deletion in Patients with Williams-Beuren Syndrome Influences Expression Levels of the Nonhemizygous Flanking Genes" 4271: 512: 3234:

Tekendo-Ngongang, Cedrik; Dahoun, Sophie; Nguefack, Seraphin; Gimelli, Stefania; Sloan-Béna, Frédérique; Wonkam, Ambroise (2014).

4647: 4457: 4097: 1157: 915: 877:, is associated with connective-tissue abnormalities and cardiovascular disease (specifically supravalvular aortic stenosis and 5472: 4538: 4442: 3151: 1341:"Williams syndrome as a model for elucidation of the pathway genes - the brain - cognitive functions: genetics and epigenetics" 1036: 897:, may contribute to the unique behavioral characteristics, learning disabilities, and other cognitive difficulties seen in WS. 3583:"Conceptualizing neurodevelopmental disorders through a mechanistic understanding of fragile X syndrome and Williams syndrome" 3291:

Committee On, Genetics (2001). "American Academy of Pediatrics: Health care supervision for children with Williams syndrome".

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Lashkari, A.; Smith, A. K.; Graham, J. M. (1999). "Williams-Beuren Syndrome: An Update and Review for the Primary Physician".

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Williams syndrome is also noteworthy for exhibiting abnormalities in the parietal-dorsal areas of the neocortex, but not the

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Kaplan, P.; Wang, P. P.; Francke, U. (2001). "Williams (Williams Beuren) Syndrome: A Distinct Neurobehavioral Disorder".

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Facial changes including underdeveloped chin structure, intellectual disability, overly friendly nature, short height

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anxiety with which these people are more likely to be afflicted. Notably, the typical person processes music in the

4909: 4118: 4029: 3517: 3236:"Challenges in Clinical Diagnosis of Williams-Beuren Syndrome in Sub-Saharan Africans: Case Reports from Cameroon" 5308: 5251: 4841: 2675:

Tager-Flusberg, H; Sullivan, K (2000). "A componential view of theory of mind: Evidence from Williams syndrome".

2896: 2653: 5302: 5241: 5179: 4569: 3347: 3195:"Strong correlation of elastin deletions, detected by FISH, with Williams syndrome: Evaluation of 235 patients" 2336:

Tsai, Sen-Wei; Wu, Shyi-Kuen; Liou, Ying-Ming; Shu, San-Ging (2008). "Early development in Williams syndrome".

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Mervis, Carolyn B.; Becerra, Angela M. (2007). "Language and communicative development in Williams syndrome".

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Olitsky, S. E.; Sadler, L. S.; Reynolds, J. D. (1997). "Subnormal binocular vision in the Williams syndrome".

974:. Those with WS have reduced activation in these areas, but an increase in the right amygdala and cerebellum. 4796: 4543: 4452: 4391: 4213: 3858: 3102:"Williams syndrome: use of chromosomal microdeletions as a tool to dissect cognitive and physical phenotypes" 308: 207: 2801:"Personality characteristics and behaviour problems in individuals of different ages with Williams syndrome" 5245: 5237: 5193: 4885: 4825: 4760: 4738: 914:

If a physician suspects a case of WS, the diagnosis is confirmed using one of two possible genetic tests:

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Karmiloff-Smith, A.; d'Souza, D.; Dekker, T. M.; Van Herwegen, J.; Xu, F.; Rodic, M.; Ansari, D. (2012).

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Blomberg, S; Rosander, M; Andersson, G (2006). "Fears, hyperacusis and musicality in Williams syndrome".

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and related psychological symptoms such as poor concentration, hyperactivity, and social disinhibition.

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Udwin, O (1990). "A survey of adults with Williams syndrome and idiopathic infantile hypercalcaemia".

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Because of missing multiple genes, many effects on the brain are seen, including abnormalities in the

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Howlin, P; Davies, M; Udwin, O (1998). "Cognitive functioning in adults with Williams syndrome".

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is less than that of the general population, mostly due to the increased rates of heart disease.

202:, an openness to engaging with other people, and a happy disposition. Medical issues with teeth, 191: 89: 3399:

Stromme, P.; Bjomstad, P. G.; Ramstad, K. (2002). "Prevalence Estimation of Williams Syndrome".

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Johnson, Liane B.; Comeau, Michel; Clarke, Kevin D. (2001). "Hyperacusis in Williams Syndrome".

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Kitagawa, Hirochika; Fujiki, Ryoji; Yoshimura, Kimihiro; Oya, Hiroyuki; Kato, Shigeaki (2011).

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such as drawing. Verbal skills are relatively unaffected. Many people with WS have an outgoing

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Dykens, Elisabeth M. (2003). "Anxiety, Fears, and Phobias in Persons with Williams Syndrome".

1567: 1536: 1392: 1193: 378:, but this is related to difficulty in dealing with complex spatial relationships rather than 4067: 1041: 1032: 971: 568:(exaggerated rhythm and emotional intensity), and features unusual terms and strange idioms. 565: 5167: 5092: 5031: 4837: 4022: 3722:"Genes, language, and the nature of scientific explanations: The case of Williams syndrome" 3637: 3528: 3026:"Williams-Beuren syndrome: Determination of deletion size using quantitative real-time PCR" 2931: 2247: 2213: 1723: 1047: 1024:

with WS syndrome, and WS associations alike have called for the curtailment of such terms.

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Sacks, O.; Schlaug, G.; Jancke, L.; Huang, Y.; Steinmetz, H. (1995). "Musical ability".

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Kapp, M. E.; von Noorden, G. K.; Jenkins, R (1995). "Strabismus in Williams syndrome".

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manner. The different characteristic features have been linked to the loss of specific

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Genetic disorder characterized by abnormal facial features and intellectual disability

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Neuropsychological Assessment and Intervention for Childhood and Adolescent Disorders

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Ophthalmologic issues are common in WS. Up to 75% of subjects in some studies have

311:. Other symptoms may include gastrointestinal problems, such as severe or prolonged 256:. Williams syndrome affects between one in 20,000 and one in 7,500 people at birth. 5401: 5397: 5294: 5171: 5139: 4770: 4621: 4406: 4323: 4313: 4276: 4208: 4183: 4173: 4102: 4052: 3973: 3741: 3733: 3698: 3663: 3645: 3602: 3594: 3463: 3455: 3428: 3408: 3343: 3300: 3263: 3247: 3206: 3121: 3113: 3074: 3037: 2996: 2988: 2939: 2892: 2857: 2812: 2765: 2730: 2704: 2684: 2649: 2559: 2519: 2466: 2423: 2388: 2345: 2302: 2265: 2255: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2124: 2116: 2100: 2073: 2024:

The neuroscience of human relationships: attachment and the developing social brain

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Nikitina, EA; Medvedeva, AV; Zakharov, GA; Savvateeva-Popova, EV (January 2014).

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Fung, Lawrence K.; Quintin, Eve-Marie; Haas, Brian W.; Reiss, Allan L. (2012).

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Wengenroth, Martina; Blatow, Maria; Bendszus, Martin; Schneider, Peter (2010).

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Nursery Realms: Children in the Worlds of Science Fiction, Fantasy, and Horror

3371: 2944: 2919: 2306: 2120: 1941: 1779: 1475:"Williams syndrome and its cognitive profile: the importance of eye movements" 1274: 5461: 5280: 5080: 5041: 5036: 4964: 4950: 4926: 4914: 4902: 4890: 4870: 4775: 4753: 4748: 4726: 4396: 4361: 3938: 3703: 3686: 3259: 3166: 3164: 2593: 1500: 1176: 487: 406: 398: 211: 98: 3650: 3623: 3304: 3078: 2861: 1735: 907: 323:(bed wetting) and urinary difficulties, dental irregularities and defective 5075: 4982: 4978: 4858: 4846: 4830: 4818: 4808: 4711: 4632: 3755: 3712: 3677: 3616: 3477: 3420: 3381: 3355: 3312: 3277: 3086: 3051: 3010: 2953: 2696: 2661: 2571: 2531: 2478: 2435: 2357: 2314: 2279: 2187: 2138: 2085: 1999: 1949: 1914: 1896: 1787: 1764: 1700: 1665: 1518: 1451: 1374: 1282: 1247: 1115: 830: 552: 483: 324: 304: 222: 3220: 3161: 3135: 3042: 3025: 2904: 2869: 2826: 2777: 2742: 2400: 1865: 1830: 1743: 1338: 237:. The diagnosis is typically suspected based on symptoms and confirmed by 5097: 5068: 5063: 4960: 4228: 4203: 4198: 4163: 3979: 3957: 3844: 3542: 3459: 1396: 504: 340: 336: 199: 3659: 3099: 2918:

Santos, Andreia; Meyer-Lindenberg, Andreas; Deruelle, Christine (2010).

1602: 1491: 430: 268: 5217: 5213: 5019: 4765: 4743: 4733: 4243: 4193: 3235: 2523: 2372: 2099:

Järvinen-Pasley, Anna; Bellugi, Ursula; Reilly, Judy; Mills, Debra L.;

932: 479: 394: 367: 292: 72: 3873: 3251: 2152:

Haas, B. W.; Mills, D; Yam, A; Hoeft, F; Bellugi, U; Reiss, A (2009).

499:

People with Williams syndrome report higher anxiety levels as well as

5058: 5014: 4706: 4701: 4238: 3968: 3772:

The Boy Who Loved Too Much: A True Story of Pathological Friendliness

3233: 3065:

Francke, U. (1999). "Williams-Beuren syndrome:genes and mechanisms".

463: 455: 410: 371: 281: 217:

Williams syndrome is caused by a genetic abnormality, specifically a

149: 1991: 1881:"Retinotopically defined primary visual cortex in Williams syndrome" 5174: 5124: 5120: 4992: 4671: 4293: 4233: 3990: 3117: 2992: 857: 829:

of genetic material from the chromosomal region 7q11.23. This is a

671: 540: 425: 285: 226: 2850:

Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines

2512:

Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews

2059: 2057: 2055: 2053: 2051: 1977: 1192:

Riccio, Cynthia A.; Sullivan, Jeremy R.; Cohen, Morris J. (2010).

867:

are among the genes typically deleted. Haploinsufficiency for the

454:

are often observed to be deficient until adolescence, in terms of

405:

including trouble walking downstairs, overactive motor reflexes (

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Phil Viardo (Director); Callie Truelove (Self) (September 2023).

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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

874: 869: 845: 791: 784: 777: 770: 643: 536: 532: 417: 249: 3916: 1016:, and other forms of the 'good people' or 'wee folk' present in 272:

Several people with characteristics common of Williams Syndrome.

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is observed in people with WS, with particular challenges with

2917: 1051:

team, featured in the US TV series and film of the same name.

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Williams-Beuren Syndrome: Research, Evaluation, and Treatment

1013: 863: 851: 839: 741: 720: 699: 685: 664: 657: 636: 629: 622: 615: 603: 524: 327:, and hormone problems, the most common being hypercalcemia. 312: 234: 3823:

The Mayor: A Chronicle of Williams Syndrome, with Josh Duffy

5362: 5354: 5298: 5284: 5259: 5187: 5157: 5147: 2897:

10.1352/0895-8017(1997)102<0045:BAEDII>2.0.CO;2

2654:

10.1352/0895-8017(1999)104<0158:RBPPIW>2.0.CO;2

734: 713: 706: 692: 678: 650: 548: 3684: 3348:

10.1352/0895-8017(2005)110[346:MAAIWS]2.0.CO;2

1425: 1423: 1421: 1419: 1417: 1260: 303:

People with WS experience many cardiac problems, commonly

284:. People with WS tend to have widely spaced teeth, a long 5143: 4007: 3192: 2974: 2545: 2543: 2541: 2413: 1009: 544: 4134:

Pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified

3435: 2378: 1878: 1713: 1633: 1414: 1105: 873:

gene, which codes for the extracellular matrix protein

3398: 2674: 2538: 2292: 1973: 1971: 1969: 1967: 1808: 409:), and hyperactive, involuntary movement of the eyes ( 221:

of about 27 genes from the long arm of one of the two

3687:"Williams syndrome is an epigenome-regulator disease" 3186: 1843: 1603:

Morris, Colleen; Lenhoff, Howard; Wang, Paul (2006).

1565: 307:

and the narrowing of major blood vessels, as well as

3863: 3580: 2599:

The Language Instinct: How the Mind Creates Language

1768:

Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology

1598: 1596: 1225: 3376:. Seattle (WA): University of Washington, Seattle. 3333: 1964: 1686: 1559: 1429: 1191: 3149:"Williams syndrome – Genetics Home Reference" 2882: 2503: 2847: 2549: 2151: 1846:Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus 1593: 244:Interventions to support people with WS includes 5459: 3630:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 3490: 3178:. Williams Syndrome Association. Archived from 3023: 2720: 2210:Raymond C. Phillips Research and Education Unit 2103:; Reiss, Allan L.; Korenberg, Julie R. (2008). 3719: 3491:Westfahl, Gary; Slusser, George Edgar (1999). 3158:. The U.S. National Library of Medicine. 2010. 2635: 2633: 2631: 837:expression of the 25–27 genes in this region. 5402:46,XX testicular disorders of sex development 4648: 4023: 2716: 2714: 2509: 2335: 1008:proposed to be the origin of the folklore of 295:on the eyes of others in social engagements. 4662: 3497:. University of Georgia Press. p. 153. 3290: 3058: 3024:Schubert, Cornelia; Laccone, Franco (2006). 3017: 2968: 2805:Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology 2758:Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology 2639: 2014: 1758: 1472: 1031:, a Canadian actress and singer who won the 5224:Acute myeloblastic leukemia with maturation 3518:"Gabrielle director achieves perfect pitch" 3448:American Journal of Medical Genetics Part C 3030:International Journal of Molecular Medicine 2798: 2628: 2020: 1707: 1609:. Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 1479:Psychology Research and Behavior Management 1066:Characteristics of syndromic ASD conditions 494: 4655: 4641: 4575:Ritvo Autism and Asperger Diagnostic Scale 4030: 4016: 3720:Musolino, Julien; Landau, Barbara (2012). 2723:Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 2711: 2586: 1228:Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 1148:Reference, Genetics Home (December 2014). 1101: 503:development, which may be associated with 347:, but this may be due to a malfunctioning 49: 5488:Syndromes with craniofacial abnormalities 4267:Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder 3745: 3702: 3667: 3649: 3606: 3467: 3267: 3210: 3125: 3041: 3000: 2943: 2816: 2269: 2259: 2200: 2177: 2128: 1904: 1647: 1508: 1490: 1386: 1384: 1364: 1302: 1300: 1221: 1219: 1217: 1215: 1187: 1185: 1147: 1143: 1141: 1139: 1137: 1135: 1133: 1131: 1129: 1127: 1125: 1099: 1097: 1095: 1093: 1091: 1089: 1087: 1085: 1083: 1081: 994:Williams syndrome was first described by 4272:Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder 2592: 2201:Eaton, Will; Sack, Brandon (July 2004). 1572:. John Wiley and Sons. pp. 909–23. 1566:Cassidy SB; Allanson JE (5 April 2010). 1045:. Another is Jeremy Vest, member of the 1039:in 2014 for her performance in the film 1027:One notable person with the syndrome is 513:attention deficit hyperactivity disorder 267: 4458:Multiple complex developmental disorder 3064: 482:, or abnormally increased muscle tone. 14: 5483:Syndromes affecting the nervous system 5460: 4539:Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule 3769: 3441: 3368: 3336:American Journal on Mental Retardation 2981:The American Journal of Human Genetics 2885:American Journal on Mental Retardation 2642:American Journal on Mental Retardation 2456: 2416:Research in Developmental Disabilities 1390: 1381: 1297: 1212: 1198:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 400. 1182: 1122: 1078: 1002: 4636: 4011: 3859:GeneReview entry on Williams syndrome 2755: 1332: 1306: 263: 58:An adult male with Williams syndrome. 3809:(Documentary) (in Canadian French). 1160:from the original on 20 January 2017 370:(ocular misalignment), particularly 5337:Desmoplastic small-round-cell tumor 4289:Developmental coordination disorder 3820:Jake Jakubowski (Director) (2022). 2616:from the original on 1 January 2014 2078:10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2004.09.013 24: 5468:Autosomal monosomies and deletions 3569: 3199:American Journal of Human Genetics 3106:American Journal of Human Genetics 2818:10.1111/j.1469-8749.1997.tb07481.x 2770:10.1111/j.1469-8749.1990.tb16912.x 2735:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1987.tb00212.x 2493: 1658:10.1212/01.wnl.0000196643.35395.5f 25: 5514: 4549:Gilliam Asperger's disorder scale 4367:Fetal valproate spectrum disorder 4139:Childhood disintegrative disorder 3852: 3444:"Introduction: Williams syndrome" 1811:American Journal of Ophthalmology 486:, gastrointestinal problems, and 388: 227:inherited from an affected parent 4910:22q11.2 distal deletion syndrome 4119:Pervasive developmental disorder 3553:from the original on 10 May 2016 3388:from the original on 2017-01-18. 2350:10.1111/j.1442-200X.2008.02563.x 1240:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2008.01887.x 1170: 879:supravalvular pulmonary stenosis 288:, and a flattened nasal bridge. 5309:Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans 5252:Acute megakaryoblastic leukemia 5180:Anaplastic large-cell lymphoma 4842:Chromosome 5q deletion syndrome 3535: 3511: 3484: 3362: 3327: 3284: 3227: 3142: 3093: 2911: 2876: 2841: 2792: 2749: 2668: 2450: 2407: 2329: 2286: 2227: 2194: 2145: 2109:Development and Psychopathology 2092: 2021:Cozolino LJ (17 October 2006). 1921: 1872: 1837: 1802: 1680: 1627: 1569:Management of Genetic Syndromes 1550: 1525: 1473:Van Herwegen, Jo (2015-06-03). 1466: 1403:from the original on 2011-12-01 1357:10.32607/20758251-2014-6-1-9-22 1321:from the original on 2008-12-11 980: 4570:Childhood Autism Spectrum Test 3172:"Diagnosing Williams Syndrome" 2170:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5324-08.2009 1254: 952:American Academy of Pediatrics 441: 355:. Also, higher prevalences of 44:Williams–Beuren syndrome (WBS) 13: 1: 5473:Syndromes affecting the heart 5032:Klinefelter syndrome (47,XXY) 4797:1q21.1 copy number variations 4544:Childhood Autism Rating Scale 4392:PTEN hamartoma tumor syndrome 4282:obsessive–compulsive disorder 4214:Pathological demand avoidance 4098:Societal and cultural aspects 2689:10.1016/s0010-0277(00)00069-x 2602:. HarperCollins. p. 53. 2471:10.1080/87565641.2003.9651896 2459:Developmental Neuropsychology 2393:10.1016/s0022-3476(88)80272-5 1858:10.3928/0191-3913-19970101-12 1823:10.1016/s0002-9394(14)71180-8 1689:The Journal of Otolaryngology 1071: 309:supravalvular aortic stenosis 208:supravalvular aortic stenosis 5238:Acute promyelocytic leukemia 5194:Acute lymphoblastic leukemia 4886:17q12 microdeletion syndrome 4761:22q11.2 duplication syndrome 4739:16p11.2 duplication syndrome 3738:10.1080/02643294.2012.702103 3599:10.1097/WCO.0b013e328351823c 3587:Current Opinion in Neurology 2799:Gosch, A; Pankau, R (1997). 2261:10.1371/journal.pone.0012326 941: 900: 466:, though not in vocabulary. 7: 4805:1q21.1 duplication syndrome 4692:1q21.1 duplication syndrome 4534:Autism Diagnostic Interview 4304:Sensory processing disorder 4169:Autism and LGBTQ identities 3574: 3442:Morris, Colleen A. (2010). 2027:. Norton. pp. 289–91. 1980:Nature Reviews Neuroscience 1930:Experimental Brain Research 1307:Dobbs, David (2007-07-08). 1054: 833:deletion, which results in 298: 10: 5519: 4412:Tuberous sclerosis complex 4402:Smith–Lemli–Opitz syndrome 4377:MECP2 duplication syndrome 4357:Cornelia de Lange syndrome 4309:Global developmental delay 4037: 3413:10.1177/088307380201700406 3401:Journal of Child Neurology 3176:Guide to Williams Syndrome 2564:10.1177/088307380101600305 2552:Journal of Child Neurology 2428:10.1016/j.ridd.2005.09.002 1444:10.1177/000992289903800401 989: 825:caused by the spontaneous 345:noise-induced hearing loss 335:People with WS often have 246:special education programs 5478:Syndromes affecting teeth 5380: 5351:Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma 5273: 5202: 5132: 5119: 5110: 5086:XYYYY syndrome (49,XYYYY) 5052:XXXXY syndrome (49,XXXXY) 5047:XXXYY syndrome (49,XXXYY) 5009: 4991: 4977: 4786: 4679: 4670: 4609: 4583: 4557: 4526: 4491:Facilitated communication 4481: 4425: 4332:22q11.2 deletion syndrome 4322: 4257: 4154: 4111: 4045: 3948: 3867: 3770:Latson, Jennifer (2017). 3726:Cognitive Neuropsychology 2945:10.1016/j.cub.2010.02.009 2381:The Journal of Pediatrics 2307:10.1017/S1047951103001124 2121:10.1017/S0954579408000011 1942:10.1007/s00221-005-2355-1 1780:10.1080/13803390490919119 1391:Jasmin, L. (2009-10-14). 1275:10.1007/s00247-010-1909-y 165:1 in 7,500 to 1 in 20,000 161: 148: 140: 120: 112: 104: 88: 78: 62: 57: 48: 40: 35: 4826:Wolf–Hirschhorn syndrome 4801:1q21.1 deletion syndrome 4664:Chromosome abnormalities 4565:Autism-spectrum quotient 4382:Neurofibromatosis type I 3789: 3774:. Simon & Schuster. 3763: 3704:10.1507/endocrj.k10e-393 3523:9 September 2017 at the 3067:Human Molecular Genetics 2338:Pediatrics International 1535:. CHD-UK. Archived from 583: 495:Social and psychological 180:Williams–Beuren syndrome 144:Various types of therapy 18:Williams–Beuren syndrome 5210:Philadelphia chromosome 5081:XYYY syndrome (48,XYYY) 5042:XXXY syndrome (48,XXXY) 5037:XXYY syndrome (48,XXYY) 4922:22q13 deletion syndrome 4697:2q31.1 microduplication 4496:Lancet MMR autism fraud 4438:Critical autism studies 4337:22q13 deletion syndrome 4299:Intellectual disability 4249:Emotional dysregulation 4146:High-functioning autism 3847:: Former Prodigy Media. 3801:Gabrielle Marion-Rivard 3651:10.1073/pnas.1121087109 3305:10.1542/peds.107.5.1192 2862:10.1111/1469-7610.00312 2295:Cardiology in the Young 2158:Journal of Neuroscience 1736:10.1126/science.7732360 1154:Genetics Home Reference 1029:Gabrielle Marion-Rivard 821:Williams syndrome is a 589:Williams syndrome genes 523:of creatures such as a 448:gastroesophageal reflux 192:intellectual disability 5069:Pentasomy X (49,XXXXX) 5001:Turner syndrome (45,X) 4882:Smith–Magenis syndrome 4878:Miller–Dieker syndrome 4813:1p36 deletion syndrome 4506:Rapid prompting method 4448:Double empathy problem 4433:Autism rights movement 3240:Molecular Syndromology 1309:"The Gregarious Brain" 823:microdeletion syndrome 818: 273: 131:fetal alcohol syndrome 122:Differential diagnosis 5076:XYY syndrome (47,XYY) 5064:Tetrasomy X (48,XXXX) 4947:Prader–Willi syndrome 4591:Autism-related topics 4155:Associated conditions 3079:10.1093/hmg/8.10.1947 3043:10.3892/ijmm.18.5.799 1033:Canadian Screen Award 591: 315:, abdominal pain and 271: 248:and various types of 5168:Mantle cell lymphoma 4838:Cri du chat syndrome 4596:Fictional characters 4324:Associated syndromes 3636:(Suppl 2): 17261–5. 3529:The Georgia Straight 3460:10.1002/ajmg.c.30266 2596:(4 September 2007). 2214:Gainesville, Florida 1897:10.1093/brain/awn362 916:Micro-array analysis 196:visual spatial tasks 5154:Follicular lymphoma 4473:Violence and autism 4259:Comorbid conditions 3642:2012PNAS..109S7261K 2936:2010CBio...20.R307S 2252:2010PLoSO...512326W 2203:"Williams Syndrome" 2066:Pediatric Neurology 1728:1995Sci...268..621S 1533:"Williams Syndrome" 1492:10.2147/PRBM.S63474 1432:Clinical Pediatrics 1393:"Williams syndrome" 1263:Pediatric Radiology 1150:"Williams syndrome" 1003:Society and culture 254:John C. P. Williams 5393:Uniparental disomy 5388:Fragile X syndrome 5323:Myxoid liposarcoma 5175:t(11 CCND1:14 IGH) 5059:Trisomy X (47,XXX) 4937:genomic imprinting 4717:Distal trisomy 10q 4372:Fragile X syndrome 4179:Autistic catatonia 3949:External resources 3840:Truelove: The Film 3830:: DMJ Productions. 3797:Louise Archambault 3532:, 24 January 2014. 3154:2010-01-22 at the 2524:10.1002/mrdd.20140 561:facial recognition 361:left-eye dominance 343:, which resembles 321:nocturnal enuresis 274: 264:Signs and symptoms 231:autosomal dominant 212:high blood calcium 210:), and periods of 99:high blood calcium 5455: 5454: 5407:Marker chromosome 5376: 5375: 5269: 5268: 5106: 5105: 4973: 4972: 4943:Angelman syndrome 4898:DiGeorge syndrome 4866:Jacobsen syndrome 4854:Williams syndrome 4630: 4629: 4527:Diagnostic scales 4417:Williams syndrome 4342:Angelman syndrome 4224:Special interests 4189:Autistic meltdown 4129:Asperger syndrome 4005: 4004: 3985:Williams Syndrome 3781:978-1-4767-7404-6 3691:Endocrine Journal 3504:978-0-8203-2144-8 3373:Williams Syndrome 3252:10.1159/000369421 2609:978-0-06-133646-1 2101:Galaburda, Albert 2034:978-0-393-70454-9 1620:978-0-8018-8212-8 1579:978-0-470-19141-5 1205:978-0-470-57033-3 1061:List of syndromes 996:J. C. P. Williams 968:superior temporal 835:haploinsufficient 557:short-term memory 529:saber-toothed cat 472:fine motor skills 376:visual processing 278:failure to thrive 172:Williams syndrome 169: 168: 135:DiGeorge syndrome 36:Williams syndrome 30:Medical condition 16:(Redirected from 5510: 5493:Syndromic autism 5398:XX male syndrome 5295:Synovial sarcoma 5172:Multiple myeloma 5140:Burkitt lymphoma 5130: 5129: 5117: 5116: 5020:other karyotypes 4989: 4988: 4771:Cat-eye syndrome 4677: 4676: 4657: 4650: 4643: 4634: 4633: 4622:Sensory friendly 4558:Screening scales 4407:Timothy syndrome 4314:Verbal Dyspraxia 4277:Anxiety disorder 4209:Nonverbal autism 4184:Autistic masking 4174:Autistic burnout 4032: 4025: 4018: 4009: 4008: 3865: 3864: 3848: 3831: 3814: 3785: 3759: 3749: 3716: 3706: 3681: 3671: 3653: 3620: 3610: 3563: 3562: 3560: 3558: 3547:I Am Jeremy Vest 3539: 3533: 3515: 3509: 3508: 3488: 3482: 3481: 3471: 3439: 3433: 3432: 3396: 3390: 3389: 3366: 3360: 3359: 3331: 3325: 3324: 3288: 3282: 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1192–204. 3289: 3285: 3232: 3228: 3191: 3187: 3170: 3169: 3162: 3156:Wayback Machine 3147: 3143: 3098: 3094: 3073:(10): 1947–54. 3063: 3059: 3022: 3018: 2973: 2969: 2924:Current Biology 2916: 2912: 2881: 2877: 2846: 2842: 2797: 2793: 2754: 2750: 2719: 2712: 2673: 2669: 2638: 2629: 2619: 2617: 2610: 2591: 2587: 2548: 2539: 2508: 2504: 2498: 2494: 2455: 2451: 2412: 2408: 2377: 2373: 2334: 2330: 2291: 2287: 2232: 2228: 2218: 2216: 2205: 2199: 2195: 2150: 2146: 2097: 2093: 2062: 2049: 2039: 2037: 2035: 2019: 2015: 1992:10.1038/nrn1906 1976: 1965: 1926: 1922: 1877: 1873: 1842: 1838: 1807: 1803: 1763: 1759: 1722:(5211): 621–2. 1712: 1708: 1685: 1681: 1649:10.1.1.545.5502 1632: 1628: 1621: 1601: 1594: 1584: 1582: 1580: 1564: 1560: 1555: 1551: 1542: 1540: 1531: 1530: 1526: 1471: 1467: 1428: 1415: 1406: 1404: 1389: 1382: 1337: 1333: 1324: 1322: 1305: 1298: 1259: 1255: 1224: 1213: 1206: 1190: 1183: 1171: 1163: 1161: 1146: 1123: 1104: 1079: 1074: 1057: 1005: 992: 983: 956:inguinal hernia 944: 903: 819: 817: 590: 586: 497: 444: 391: 363:seem to occur. 357:left-handedness 301: 282:low muscle tone 266: 258:Life expectancy 239:genetic testing 156:life expectancy 127:Noonan syndrome 31: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5516: 5506: 5505: 5500: 5498:Rare syndromes 5495: 5490: 5485: 5480: 5475: 5470: 5453: 5452: 5450: 5449: 5448: 5447: 5409: 5404: 5395: 5390: 5384: 5382: 5378: 5377: 5374: 5373: 5371: 5370: 5348: 5334: 5320: 5306: 5292: 5277: 5275: 5271: 5270: 5267: 5266: 5264: 5263: 5249: 5235: 5221: 5206: 5204: 5200: 5199: 5197: 5196: 5191: 5177: 5165: 5151: 5136: 5134: 5127: 5114: 5112:Translocations 5108: 5107: 5104: 5103: 5101: 5100: 5095: 5089: 5088: 5083: 5078: 5072: 5071: 5066: 5061: 5055: 5054: 5049: 5044: 5039: 5034: 5028: 5026: 5007: 5006: 5004: 5003: 4997: 4995: 4986: 4975: 4974: 4971: 4970: 4968: 4967: 4957: 4956: 4955: 4954: 4932: 4931: 4930: 4929: 4919: 4918: 4917: 4907: 4906: 4905: 4895: 4894: 4893: 4875: 4874: 4873: 4863: 4862: 4861: 4851: 4850: 4849: 4835: 4834: 4833: 4823: 4822: 4821: 4792: 4790: 4784: 4783: 4781: 4780: 4779: 4778: 4768: 4763: 4758: 4757: 4756: 4746: 4741: 4736: 4731: 4730: 4729: 4722:Patau syndrome 4719: 4714: 4709: 4704: 4699: 4694: 4688: 4686: 4674: 4668: 4667: 4660: 4659: 4652: 4645: 4637: 4628: 4627: 4625: 4624: 4619: 4613: 4611: 4610:Accommodations 4607: 4606: 4604: 4603: 4598: 4593: 4587: 4585: 4581: 4580: 4578: 4577: 4572: 4567: 4561: 4559: 4555: 4554: 4552: 4551: 4546: 4541: 4536: 4530: 4528: 4524: 4523: 4521: 4520: 4519: 4518: 4508: 4503: 4498: 4493: 4487: 4485: 4479: 4478: 4476: 4475: 4470: 4468:TEACCH program 4465: 4463:Neurodiversity 4460: 4455: 4450: 4445: 4443:Discrimination 4440: 4435: 4429: 4427: 4426:Related issues 4423: 4422: 4420: 4419: 4414: 4409: 4404: 4399: 4394: 4389: 4384: 4379: 4374: 4369: 4364: 4359: 4354: 4352:Cohen syndrome 4349: 4344: 4339: 4334: 4328: 4326: 4320: 4319: 4317: 4316: 4311: 4306: 4301: 4296: 4291: 4286: 4285: 4284: 4274: 4269: 4263: 4261: 4255: 4254: 4252: 4251: 4246: 4241: 4236: 4231: 4226: 4221: 4216: 4211: 4206: 4201: 4196: 4191: 4186: 4181: 4176: 4171: 4166: 4160: 4158: 4152: 4151: 4149: 4148: 4143: 4142: 4141: 4136: 4131: 4126: 4124:Classic autism 4115: 4113: 4109: 4108: 4106: 4105: 4100: 4095: 4093:Sex and gender 4090: 4085: 4080: 4075: 4070: 4065: 4060: 4055: 4049: 4047: 4043: 4042: 4035: 4034: 4027: 4020: 4012: 4003: 4002: 3999: 3998: 3987: 3976: 3965: 3953: 3952: 3950: 3946: 3945: 3942: 3941: 3930: 3919: 3908: 3893: 3877: 3872: 3871: 3869: 3868:Classification 3862: 3861: 3854: 3853:External links 3851: 3850: 3849: 3833: 3832: 3816: 3815: 3813:: micro_scope. 3791: 3788: 3787: 3786: 3780: 3765: 3762: 3761: 3760: 3717: 3682: 3621: 3576: 3573: 3571: 3568: 3565: 3564: 3543:"About Jeremy" 3534: 3510: 3503: 3483: 3434: 3391: 3361: 3326: 3283: 3246:(6): 287–292. 3226: 3185: 3182:on 2011-12-16. 3160: 3141: 3118:10.1086/302214 3092: 3057: 3036:(5): 799–806. 3016: 2993:10.1086/506371 2967: 2910: 2875: 2840: 2791: 2748: 2729:(2): 297–309. 2710: 2667: 2627: 2608: 2585: 2537: 2502: 2492: 2449: 2406: 2371: 2328: 2285: 2226: 2193: 2144: 2091: 2047: 2033: 2013: 1963: 1920: 1871: 1836: 1801: 1757: 1706: 1679: 1626: 1619: 1592: 1578: 1558: 1549: 1524: 1465: 1438:(4): 189–208. 1413: 1380: 1331: 1314:New York Times 1296: 1253: 1234:(6): 576–608. 1211: 1204: 1181: 1121: 1076: 1075: 1073: 1070: 1069: 1068: 1063: 1056: 1053: 1004: 1001: 991: 988: 982: 979: 943: 940: 902: 899: 816: 815: 810: 805: 800: 795: 788: 781: 774: 767: 762: 757: 750: 745: 738: 731: 724: 717: 710: 703: 696: 689: 682: 675: 668: 661: 654: 647: 640: 633: 626: 619: 612: 607: 600: 592: 588: 587: 585: 582: 496: 493: 443: 440: 390: 389:Nervous system 387: 353:absolute pitch 349:auditory nerve 329:Hypothyroidism 317:diverticulitis 300: 297: 265: 262: 204:heart problems 167: 166: 163: 159: 158: 152: 146: 145: 142: 138: 137: 124: 118: 117: 114: 110: 109: 106: 102: 101: 95:Heart problems 92: 86: 85: 82: 76: 75: 66: 60: 59: 55: 54: 46: 45: 42: 38: 37: 29: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5515: 5504: 5501: 5499: 5496: 5494: 5491: 5489: 5486: 5484: 5481: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5469: 5466: 5465: 5463: 5446: 5442: 5438: 5434: 5430: 5426: 5422: 5418: 5415: 5414: 5413: 5410: 5408: 5405: 5403: 5399: 5396: 5394: 5391: 5389: 5386: 5385: 5383: 5379: 5368: 5364: 5360: 5356: 5352: 5349: 5346: 5342: 5338: 5335: 5332: 5328: 5324: 5321: 5318: 5314: 5310: 5307: 5304: 5300: 5296: 5293: 5290: 5286: 5282: 5281:Ewing sarcoma 5279: 5278: 5276: 5272: 5261: 5257: 5253: 5250: 5247: 5243: 5239: 5236: 5233: 5229: 5225: 5222: 5219: 5215: 5211: 5208: 5207: 5205: 5201: 5195: 5192: 5189: 5185: 5181: 5178: 5176: 5173: 5169: 5166: 5163: 5159: 5155: 5152: 5149: 5145: 5141: 5138: 5137: 5135: 5131: 5128: 5126: 5122: 5118: 5115: 5113: 5109: 5099: 5096: 5094: 5091: 5090: 5087: 5084: 5082: 5079: 5077: 5074: 5073: 5070: 5067: 5065: 5062: 5060: 5057: 5056: 5053: 5050: 5048: 5045: 5043: 5040: 5038: 5035: 5033: 5030: 5029: 5027: 5025: 5021: 5016: 5012: 5008: 5002: 4999: 4998: 4996: 4994: 4990: 4987: 4984: 4980: 4976: 4966: 4965:Proximal 18q- 4962: 4959: 4958: 4952: 4948: 4944: 4941: 4940: 4939: 4938: 4934: 4933: 4928: 4925: 4924: 4923: 4920: 4916: 4913: 4912: 4911: 4908: 4904: 4901: 4900: 4899: 4896: 4892: 4889: 4888: 4887: 4883: 4879: 4876: 4872: 4869: 4868: 4867: 4864: 4860: 4857: 4856: 4855: 4852: 4848: 4845: 4844: 4843: 4839: 4836: 4832: 4829: 4828: 4827: 4824: 4820: 4817: 4816: 4814: 4810: 4806: 4802: 4798: 4794: 4793: 4791: 4789: 4785: 4777: 4774: 4773: 4772: 4769: 4767: 4764: 4762: 4759: 4755: 4752: 4751: 4750: 4749:Down syndrome 4747: 4745: 4742: 4740: 4737: 4735: 4732: 4728: 4725: 4724: 4723: 4720: 4718: 4715: 4713: 4710: 4708: 4705: 4703: 4700: 4698: 4695: 4693: 4690: 4689: 4687: 4685: 4680:Duplications, 4678: 4675: 4673: 4669: 4665: 4658: 4653: 4651: 4646: 4644: 4639: 4638: 4635: 4623: 4620: 4618: 4615: 4614: 4612: 4608: 4602: 4599: 4597: 4594: 4592: 4589: 4588: 4586: 4582: 4576: 4573: 4571: 4568: 4566: 4563: 4562: 4560: 4556: 4550: 4547: 4545: 4542: 4540: 4537: 4535: 4532: 4531: 4529: 4525: 4517: 4514: 4513: 4512: 4509: 4507: 4504: 4502: 4499: 4497: 4494: 4492: 4489: 4488: 4486: 4484: 4483:Controversies 4480: 4474: 4471: 4469: 4466: 4464: 4461: 4459: 4456: 4454: 4451: 4449: 4446: 4444: 4441: 4439: 4436: 4434: 4431: 4430: 4428: 4424: 4418: 4415: 4413: 4410: 4408: 4405: 4403: 4400: 4398: 4397:Rett syndrome 4395: 4393: 4390: 4388: 4385: 4383: 4380: 4378: 4375: 4373: 4370: 4368: 4365: 4363: 4362:Down syndrome 4360: 4358: 4355: 4353: 4350: 4348: 4345: 4343: 4340: 4338: 4335: 4333: 4330: 4329: 4327: 4325: 4321: 4315: 4312: 4310: 4307: 4305: 4302: 4300: 4297: 4295: 4292: 4290: 4287: 4283: 4280: 4279: 4278: 4275: 4273: 4270: 4268: 4265: 4264: 4262: 4260: 4256: 4250: 4247: 4245: 4242: 4240: 4237: 4235: 4232: 4230: 4227: 4225: 4222: 4220: 4217: 4215: 4212: 4210: 4207: 4205: 4202: 4200: 4197: 4195: 4192: 4190: 4187: 4185: 4182: 4180: 4177: 4175: 4172: 4170: 4167: 4165: 4162: 4161: 4159: 4157:and phenomena 4153: 4147: 4144: 4140: 4137: 4135: 4132: 4130: 4127: 4125: 4122: 4121: 4120: 4117: 4116: 4114: 4110: 4104: 4101: 4099: 4096: 4094: 4091: 4089: 4086: 4084: 4081: 4079: 4076: 4074: 4071: 4069: 4066: 4064: 4061: 4059: 4056: 4054: 4051: 4050: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4033: 4028: 4026: 4021: 4019: 4014: 4013: 4010: 3997: 3993: 3992: 3988: 3986: 3982: 3981: 3977: 3975: 3971: 3970: 3966: 3964: 3960: 3959: 3955: 3954: 3951: 3947: 3940: 3936: 3935: 3931: 3929: 3925: 3924: 3920: 3918: 3914: 3913: 3909: 3907: 3903: 3902: 3898: 3894: 3892: 3888: 3887: 3883: 3879: 3878: 3875: 3870: 3866: 3860: 3857: 3856: 3846: 3842: 3841: 3835: 3834: 3829: 3825: 3824: 3818: 3817: 3812: 3808: 3807: 3802: 3798: 3794: 3793: 3783: 3777: 3773: 3768: 3767: 3757: 3753: 3748: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3718: 3714: 3710: 3705: 3700: 3696: 3692: 3688: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3670: 3665: 3661: 3657: 3652: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3635: 3631: 3627: 3622: 3618: 3614: 3609: 3604: 3600: 3596: 3593:(2): 112–24. 3592: 3588: 3584: 3579: 3578: 3552: 3548: 3544: 3538: 3531: 3530: 3526: 3522: 3519: 3514: 3506: 3500: 3496: 3495: 3487: 3479: 3475: 3470: 3465: 3461: 3457: 3453: 3449: 3445: 3438: 3430: 3426: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3407:(4): 269–71. 3406: 3402: 3395: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3374: 3365: 3357: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3342:(5): 346–58. 3341: 3337: 3330: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3310: 3306: 3302: 3298: 3294: 3287: 3279: 3275: 3270: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3237: 3230: 3222: 3218: 3213: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3189: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3167: 3165: 3157: 3153: 3150: 3145: 3137: 3133: 3128: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3112:(1): 118–25. 3111: 3107: 3103: 3096: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3061: 3053: 3049: 3044: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3020: 3012: 3008: 3003: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2987:(2): 332–41. 2986: 2982: 2978: 2971: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2946: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2930:(7): R307–8. 2929: 2925: 2921: 2914: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2879: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2844: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2819: 2814: 2811:(8): 527–33. 2810: 2806: 2802: 2795: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2764:(2): 129–41. 2763: 2759: 2752: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2717: 2715: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2671: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2648:(2): 158–69. 2647: 2643: 2636: 2634: 2632: 2615: 2611: 2605: 2601: 2600: 2595: 2589: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2558:(3): 177–90. 2557: 2553: 2546: 2544: 2542: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2506: 2496: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2453: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2422:(6): 668–80. 2421: 2417: 2410: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2387:(2): 318–26. 2386: 2382: 2375: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2332: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2289: 2281: 2277: 2272: 2267: 2262: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2246:(8): e12326. 2245: 2241: 2237: 2230: 2215: 2211: 2204: 2197: 2189: 2185: 2180: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2164:(4): 1132–9. 2163: 2159: 2155: 2148: 2140: 2136: 2131: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2095: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2072:(3): 166–72. 2071: 2067: 2060: 2058: 2056: 2054: 2052: 2036: 2030: 2026: 2025: 2017: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1986:(5): 380–93. 1985: 1981: 1974: 1972: 1970: 1968: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1924: 1916: 1912: 1907: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1891:(3): 635–44. 1890: 1886: 1882: 1875: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1840: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1817:(3): 355–60. 1816: 1812: 1805: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1774:(8): 967–76. 1773: 1769: 1761: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1710: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1683: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1650: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1630: 1622: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1607: 1599: 1597: 1581: 1575: 1571: 1570: 1562: 1553: 1539:on 2011-12-11 1538: 1534: 1528: 1520: 1516: 1511: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1493: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1469: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1426: 1424: 1422: 1420: 1418: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1387: 1385: 1376: 1372: 1367: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1335: 1320: 1316: 1315: 1310: 1303: 1301: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1257: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1222: 1220: 1218: 1216: 1207: 1201: 1197: 1196: 1188: 1186: 1178: 1177:public domain 1159: 1155: 1151: 1144: 1142: 1140: 1138: 1136: 1134: 1132: 1130: 1128: 1126: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1102: 1100: 1098: 1096: 1094: 1092: 1090: 1088: 1086: 1084: 1082: 1077: 1067: 1064: 1062: 1059: 1058: 1052: 1050: 1049: 1044: 1043: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1025: 1021: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1000: 997: 987: 978: 975: 973: 972:temporal gyri 969: 963: 959: 957: 953: 948: 939: 936: 934: 928: 925: 924:hybridization 923: 917: 912: 909: 898: 896: 892: 888: 884: 880: 876: 872: 871: 866: 865: 860: 859: 854: 853: 848: 847: 842: 841: 836: 832: 828: 824: 814: 811: 809: 806: 804: 801: 799: 796: 794: 793: 789: 787: 786: 782: 780: 779: 775: 773: 772: 768: 766: 763: 761: 758: 756: 755: 751: 749: 746: 744: 743: 739: 737: 736: 732: 730: 729: 725: 723: 722: 718: 716: 715: 711: 709: 708: 704: 702: 701: 697: 695: 694: 690: 688: 687: 683: 681: 680: 676: 674: 673: 669: 667: 666: 662: 660: 659: 655: 653: 652: 648: 646: 645: 641: 639: 638: 634: 632: 631: 627: 625: 624: 620: 618: 617: 613: 611: 608: 606: 605: 601: 599: 598: 594: 593: 581: 577: 573: 569: 567: 562: 558: 554: 550: 546: 542: 538: 534: 530: 526: 520: 516: 514: 510: 506: 502: 492: 489: 488:genitourinary 485: 481: 475: 473: 467: 465: 461: 457: 451: 449: 439: 435: 432: 427: 422: 419: 414: 412: 408: 407:hyperreflexia 402: 400: 399:parietal lobe 396: 386: 384: 381: 377: 373: 369: 364: 362: 358: 354: 350: 346: 342: 338: 333: 330: 326: 322: 318: 314: 310: 306: 305:heart murmurs 296: 294: 289: 287: 283: 279: 270: 261: 259: 255: 251: 247: 242: 240: 236: 232: 228: 224: 223:chromosome 7s 220: 215: 213: 209: 205: 201: 197: 193: 189: 185: 181: 177: 173: 164: 160: 157: 153: 151: 147: 143: 139: 136: 132: 128: 125: 123: 119: 115: 111: 107: 103: 100: 97:, periods of 96: 93: 91: 90:Complications 87: 83: 81: 77: 74: 70: 67: 65: 61: 56: 52: 47: 43: 39: 34: 19: 4935: 4853: 4809:TAR syndrome 4712:Tetrasomy 9p 4416: 4073:Heritability 4063:Epidemiology 3989: 3978: 3967: 3956: 3932: 3921: 3910: 3895: 3880: 3838: 3822: 3805: 3799:(Director); 3771: 3729: 3725: 3697:(2): 77–85. 3694: 3690: 3633: 3629: 3590: 3586: 3555:. 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