Williams syndrome - Knowledge

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unselfish/forgiving, 75% never go unnoticed in a group, and 75% are happy when others do well. Infants with Williams syndrome make normal and frequent eye contact, and young children with Williams will often approach and hug strangers. People affected by Williams syndrome typically have high empathy, showing relative strength in reading people's eyes to gauge intentions, emotions, and mental states. The level of friendliness observed in people with Williams is often inappropriate for the social setting, however, and teens and adults with Williams syndrome often experience social isolation, frustration, and loneliness despite their clear desire to connect to other people.

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scores above this range have been reported in people with smaller genetic deletions. In particular, people with Williams syndrome experience challenges in visual-motor skills and visuospatial construction. Most affected people are unable to spatially orient themselves and many experience difficulty when given a task that requires even the most basic visual problem-solving. Many adults with Williams syndrome cannot complete a simple six-piece puzzle designed for young children, for example. These visuospatial deficits may be related to damage to the dorsal cortical pathway for visual processing.

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described three new patients with the same presentation. This led to the syndrome's full original name, Williams-Beuren syndrome, which is still used in some medical publications. From 1964 to 1975, small research reports broadened medical knowledge of this syndrome's cardiovascular problems. Then in 1975, K. Jones and D. Smith produced a large-scale report on numerous patients with WS, ranging in age from infancy to adulthood, and described the behavioral and observable physical symptoms in greater detail than previously recorded.

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common than originally noted (about 6% of all genetic cases of developmental disability), researchers have begun to hypothesize a previous underdiagnosis of the syndrome. One suggested factor in the increase in epidemiological prevalence estimates is that a substantial minority of individuals with the genetic markers of WS lack the characteristic facial features or the diminished intelligence considered to be diagnostic of the syndrome, and often are not immediately recognized as having the syndrome.

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are very friendly to strangers and love meeting new people, they may have trouble interacting on a deeper level. 73–93% were reported as unreserved with strangers, 67% highly sensitive to rejection, 65% susceptible to teasing, and the statistic for exploitation and abuse was unavailable. There are external problems as well. 91–96% demonstrate inattention, 75% impulsivity, 59–71% hyperactivity, 46–74% tantrums, 32–60% disobedience, and 25–37% fighting and aggressive behavior.

258: 1161: 439:. Facial dysmorphies thought to be characteristic of the syndrome are also present early in development, as are heart murmurs. Research on the development of the syndrome suggests that congenital heart disease is typically present at an early age, often at the infant's first pediatric appointment. Heart problems in infancy often lead to the initial diagnosis of WS. 1012:

In a review of the symptoms and features of the syndrome, Laskari, Smith, and Graham emphasized that many family members of individuals with WS reject use of terminology such as "elfin", as well as descriptions of social symptoms as "cocktail party syndrome". Physicians, family members of individuals

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Behavioral treatments have been shown to be effective. In regard to social skills, it may be effective to channel their nature by teaching basic skills. Some of these are the appropriate way to approach someone, how and when to socialize in settings such as school or the workplace, and warning of the

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Developmental delays are present in most cases of WS, and include delay of language abilities and delayed motor-skill development. People with WS develop language abilities quite late relative to other children, with the child's first word often occurring as late as 3 years of age. Language abilities

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Increased volume and activation of the left auditory cortex has been observed in people with WS, which has been interpreted as a neural correlation of patients' rhythm propensity and fondness of music. Similar sizes of the auditory cortex have been previously reported only in professional musicians.

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The adjective "elfin" may have originated to describe the facial features of people with WS; before its scientific cause was understood, people believed that individuals with the syndrome, who have exceptionally charming and kind personalities, had extraordinary, even magical, powers. This has been

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While these children often come off as happy due to their sociable nature, often there are internal drawbacks to the way they act. 76–86% of these children were reported as believing that they either had few friends or problems with their friends. This is possibly due to the fact that although they

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Despite their physical and cognitive deficits, people with Williams syndrome exhibit impressive social and verbal abilities. Williams patients can be highly verbal relative to their IQ. When children with Williams syndrome are asked to name an array of animals, they may well list a wild assortment

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Williams syndrome has historically been estimated to occur in roughly one in every 20,000 live births, but more recent epidemiological studies have placed the occurrence rate at closer to one in every 7,500 live births, a significantly larger prevalence. As increasing evidence suggests WS is more

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Perhaps the most effective treatment for those with WS is music. Those affected have shown relative strength in regards to music, albeit only in pitch and rhythm tasks. Not only do they show strength in the field, but also a particular fondness for it. Music may help with the internal and external

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confirmatory genetic test has been validated in epidemiological studies and has been demonstrated to be a more effective method of identifying WS than previous methods, which often relied on the presence of cardiovascular problems and facial features (which, while common, are not always present).

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No cure for Williams syndrome has been found. Suggested treatments include avoidance of extra calcium and vitamin D, and treating high levels of blood calcium. Blood-vessel narrowing can be a significant health problem and is treated on an individual basis. Physical therapy is helpful to patients

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Furthermore, cognitive abilities (IQs) of people with WMS typically range from mild to moderate levels of intellectual disability. One study of 306 children with Williams syndrome found IQ scores ranging from 40 to 112 with a mean of 69.32 (the mean IQ score of the general population is 100). IQ

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Williams syndrome is also marked by a delay in the development of motor skills. Infants with WS develop the ability to lift their heads and sit without support months later than typically developing children. These delays continue into childhood, where patients with WS are delayed in learning to

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of a person with Williams syndrome has greater volume than the average person's (though it is smaller than average in childhood). In general, neuroimaging studies demonstrate that people with WS have diminished amygdala reactivity in response to socially frightening stimuli (such as disapproving

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symptoms often persist into adulthood, as well as cardiovascular problems. Adults are typically limited in their ability to live independently or work in competitive employment settings, but this developmental impairment is attributed more to psychological symptoms than physiological problems.

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faces), but demonstrate hyperreactivity in the amygdala when presented with nonsocial fear stimuli (such as frightening animals). This may partially account for the apparent absence of social inhibition observed in people with the syndrome, as well as the prevalence of anxious symptoms (but see

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Frontal-cerebellar pathways, involved in behavioral timing, are often abnormally developed in people with WS, which may be related to their deficits in coordination and execution of fine motor tasks such as drawing and writing. In addition, people with WS often exhibit gross motor difficulties,

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areas. The parietal-dorsal area handles visual processing that supports visual-spatial analysis of the environment, while the ventral is related to semantic recognition of visual stimuli, and the recognition of faces. Thus, people with WS are often able to visually identify and recognize whole

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and his colleagues, who wrote in 1961 of four patients with supravalvular aortic stenosis, mental disability, and facial features including a broad forehead, large chin, low-set, "drooping" cheeks, widely spaced eyes, and wide-set mouth. A year after this report, German physician A. J. Beuren

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According to the Williams Syndrome Association, its diagnosis begins with the recognition of physical symptoms and markers, which is followed by a confirmatory genetic test. The physical signs that often indicate a suspected case of WS include puffiness around the eyes, a long philtrum, and a

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walk. In young children, the observed motor delay is around 5–6 months, though some research suggests that children with WS have a delay in development that becomes more extreme with age. Children with motor delays as a result of WS are particularly behind in the development of coordination,

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Reliance on facial features to identify WS may cause a misdiagnosis of the condition. Among the more reliable features suggestive of WS are congenital heart disease, periorbital fullness ("puffy" eyes), and the presence of a long, smooth philtrum. Less reliable signs of the syndrome include

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test, which examines chromosome 7 and probes for the existence of two copies of the elastin gene. Since 98-99% of individuals with WS lack half of the 7q11.23 region of chromosome 7, where the elastin gene is located, the presence of only one copy of the gene is a strong sign of WS. This

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Among the hallmark traits of people with Williams syndrome is an apparent lack of social inhibition. Dykens and Rosner (1999) found that 100% of those with Williams syndrome were kind-spirited, 90% sought the company of others, 87% empathize with others' pain, 84% are caring, 83% are

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signs and dangers of exploitation. For phobias, cognitive-behavioral approaches, such as therapy, are the recommended treatments. One of the things to be careful of with this approach is to make sure that the patients' "charming" nature does not mask any underlying feelings.

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pattern in the iris. Physiological symptoms that often contribute to a WS diagnosis are cardiovascular problems, particularly aortic or pulmonary stenosis, and feeding disturbance in infants. Developmental delays are often taken as an initial sign of the syndrome, as well.

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Van Strien, J. W.; Lagers-Van Haselen, G. C.; Van Hagen, J. M.; De Coo, I. F. M.; Frens, M. A.; Van Der Geest, J. N. (2007). "Increased Prevalences of Left-handedness and Left-eye Sighting Dominance in People with Williams-Beuren Syndrome".

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Bellugi, U., Lichtenberger, L., Jones, W., Lai, Z., & George, M. S. (2000). I. The neurocognitive profile of Williams Syndrome: a complex pattern of strengths and weaknesses. Journal of cognitive neuroscience, 12(Supplement 1), 7-29.

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for details on the relationship between the amygdala and fear response). Also, some evidence indicates that people with WS exhibit amygdalal hyperactivity when viewing happy facial expressions. They are talkative and eager to please.

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skills. The language used by people with Williams syndrome differs notably from unaffected populations, including people matched for IQ. People with Williams syndrome tend to use speech that is rich in emotional descriptors, high in

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In one experiment, a group of children with Williams syndrome showed no signs of racial bias, unlike children without the syndrome. They did show gender bias, however, to a similar degree to children without the syndrome.

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with joint stiffness and low muscle tone. Developmental and speech therapy can also help children and increase the success of their social interactions. Other treatments are based on a patient's particular symptoms.

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has been reported to occur in children, although no proof has been found of it occurring in adults; adults with WS have a higher risk of developing type-2 diabetes, with some cases apparent as young as 21 years old.

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Morris, Colleen A. (1993-01-01). Pagon, Roberta A.; Adam, Margaret P.; Ardinger, Holly H.; Wallace, Stephanie E.; Amemiya, Anne; Bean, Lora J.H.; Bird, Thomas D.; Fong, Chin-To; Mefford, Heather C. (eds.).

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Adults and adolescents with Williams syndrome typically achieve a below-average height and weight, compared with unaffected populations. As people with WS age, they frequently develop joint limitations and

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Most people with WS are highly verbal relative to their intelligence, and are often very sociable, having what has been described as a "cocktail party"-type personality. People with Williams syndrome

882:, and perhaps other genes may help explain the characteristic difficulties with visual–spatial tasks. Additionally, some evidence shows that haploinsufficiency in several of these genes, including 1917:

Van Der Geest, J. N.; Lagers-Van Haselen, G. C.; Van Hagen, J. M.; Brenner, E.; Govaerts, L. C. P.; De Coo, I. F. M.; Frens, M. A. (2005). "Visual depth processing in Williams–Beuren syndrome".

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objects, and refer to them by name, but struggle with visuospatial construction (seeing an object as being composed of many smaller parts, and recreating it) and orienting themselves in space.

870:). Elastin insufficiency may also contribute to distinct facies, harsh or hoarse voice, hernias, and bladder diverticula often found in those with Williams syndrome. Haploinsufficiency in 1967:

Meyer-Lindenberg, Andreas; Mervis, Carolyn B.; Faith Berman, Karen (2006). "Neural mechanisms in Williams syndrome: A unique window to genetic influences on cognition and behaviour".

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Martens, Marilee A.; Wilson, Sarah J.; Reutens, David C. (2008). "Research Review: Williams syndrome: A critical review of the cognitive, behavioral, and neuroanatomical phenotype".

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such as writing and drawing, response time, and strength and dexterity of the arms. Impaired motor ability persists (and possibly worsens) as children with WS reach adolescence.

241:. Surgery may be done to correct heart problems. Dietary changes or medications may be required for high blood calcium. The syndrome was first described in 1961 by New Zealander 924:

nostrils, a wide mouth, and an elongated neck. Even with significant clinical experience, reliably identifying Williams syndrome based on facial features alone is difficult.

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Morris, CA; Pagon, RA; Adam, MP; Ardinger, HH; Wallace, SE; Amemiya, A; Bean, LJH; Bird, TD; Ledbetter, N; Mefford, HC; Smith, RJH; Stephens, K (2013). "Williams Syndrome".

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Morris, Colleen A.; Demsey, Susan A.; Leonard, Claire O.; Dilts, Constance; Blackburn, Brent L. (1988). "Natural history of Williams syndrome: Physical characteristics".

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Carrasco, Ximena; Castillo, Silvia; Aravena, Teresa; Rothhammer, Paula; Aboitiz, Francisco (2005). "Williams syndrome: Pediatric, neurologic, and cognitive development".

544:, a far greater verbal array than would be expected of children with IQs in the 60s. Some other strengths that have been associated with Williams syndrome are auditory 3160: 413:

People with WS are often affable and hyperverbal, demonstrating the decreased inhibition ability that stems from dorsal-frontal deficits. Some studies suggest that the

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The most common symptoms of Williams syndrome are heart defects and unusual facial features. Other symptoms include failure to gain weight appropriately in infancy (

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Gothelf, D.; Farber, N.; Raveh, E.; Apter, A.; Attias, J. (2006). "Hyperacusis in Williams syndrome: Characteristics and associated neuroaudiologic abnormalities".

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Merla, Giuseppe; Howald, Cédric; Henrichsen, Charlotte N.; Lyle, Robert; Wyss, Carine; Zabot, Marie-Thérèse; Antonarakis, Stylianos E.; Reymond, Alexandre (2006).

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Udwin, Orlee; Yule, William; Martin, Neil (1987). "Cognitive Abilities and Behavioural Characteristics of Children with Idiopathic Infantile Hypercalcaemia".

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definition of having a phobia as compared with 1–4.3% for those with other types of developmental delays. Williams syndrome is also strongly associated with

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that affects many parts of the body. Facial features frequently include a broad forehead, underdeveloped chin, short nose, and full cheeks. Mild to moderate

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People affected by WS are supported by multiple organizations, including the Canadian Association for Williams Syndrome and the Williams Syndrome Registry.

390:, and left frontal cortical regions. This pattern is consistent with the visual-spatial disabilities and problems with behavioral timing often seen in WS. 5429: 3323:

Dykens, Elisabeth M.; Rosner, Beth A.; Ly, Tran; Sagun, Jaclyn (2005). "Music and Anxiety in Williams Syndrome: A Harmonious or Discordant Relationship?".

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recommends annual cardiology evaluations for individuals with WS. Other recommended assessments include ophthalmologic evaluations, an examination for

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Bruno, E; Rossi, N; Thüer, O; Córdoba, R; Alday, L. E. (2003). "Cardiovascular findings, and clinical course, in patients with Williams syndrome".

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Wong D, Ramachandra SS, Singh AK. Dental management of patient with Williams Syndrome - A case report. Contemp Clin Dent. 2015 Jul-Sep;6(3):418-20.

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This is particularly the case in individuals of non-white backgrounds, where typical WS facial features (such as full lips) are more prevalent.

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Dykens, Elisabeth M.; Rosner, Beth A. (1999). "Refining Behavioral Phenotypes: Personality—Motivation in Williams and Prader-Willi Syndromes".

2143:"Genetic influences on sociability: Heightened amygdala reactivity and event-related responses to positive social stimuli in Williams syndrome" 3089:

Tassabehji, M; Metcalfe, K; Karmiloff-Smith, A; Carette, MJ; Grant, J; Dennis, N; Reardon, W; Splitt, M; Read, AP; Donnai, D (January 1999).

1307: 363:, due to inherent subnormal binocular visual function and cognitive deficits in visuospatial construction. People with WS have problems with 1868:

Olsen, R. K.; Kippenhan, J. S.; Japee, S.; Kohn, P.; Mervis, C. B.; Saad, Z. S.; Morris, C. A.; Meyer-Lindenberg, A.; Berman, K. F. (2009).

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Einfeld, Stewart L.; Tonge, Bruce J.; Florio, Tony (1997). "Behavioral and Emotional Disturbance in Individuals with Williams Syndrome".

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Lenhoff, Howard M.; Teele, Rita L.; Clarkson, Patricia M.; Berdon, Walter E. (2010). "John C. P. Williams of Williams-Beuren syndrome".

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Lowery, M. C.; Morris, C. A.; Ewart, A; Brothman, L. J.; Zhu, X. L.; Leonard, C. O.; Carey, J. C.; Keating, M; Brothman, A. R. (1995).

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The earliest observable symptoms of WS include low birth weight, failure to thrive, trouble breastfeeding, nocturnal irritability, and

4255: 2966:"Submicroscopic Deletion in Patients with Williams-Beuren Syndrome Influences Expression Levels of the Nonhemizygous Flanking Genes" 4260: 501: 3223:

Tekendo-Ngongang, Cedrik; Dahoun, Sophie; Nguefack, Seraphin; Gimelli, Stefania; Sloan-Béna, Frédérique; Wonkam, Ambroise (2014).

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Committee On, Genetics (2001). "American Academy of Pediatrics: Health care supervision for children with Williams syndrome".

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Lashkari, A.; Smith, A. K.; Graham, J. M. (1999). "Williams-Beuren Syndrome: An Update and Review for the Primary Physician".

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Williams syndrome is also noteworthy for exhibiting abnormalities in the parietal-dorsal areas of the neocortex, but not the

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Kaplan, P.; Wang, P. P.; Francke, U. (2001). "Williams (Williams Beuren) Syndrome: A Distinct Neurobehavioral Disorder".

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Facial changes including underdeveloped chin structure, intellectual disability, overly friendly nature, short height

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anxiety with which these people are more likely to be afflicted. Notably, the typical person processes music in the

4898: 4107: 4018: 3506: 3225:"Challenges in Clinical Diagnosis of Williams-Beuren Syndrome in Sub-Saharan Africans: Case Reports from Cameroon" 5297: 5240: 4830: 2664:

Tager-Flusberg, H; Sullivan, K (2000). "A componential view of theory of mind: Evidence from Williams syndrome".

2885: 2642: 5291: 5230: 5168: 4558: 3336: 3184:"Strong correlation of elastin deletions, detected by FISH, with Williams syndrome: Evaluation of 235 patients" 2325:

Tsai, Sen-Wei; Wu, Shyi-Kuen; Liou, Ying-Ming; Shu, San-Ging (2008). "Early development in Williams syndrome".

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Mervis, Carolyn B.; Becerra, Angela M. (2007). "Language and communicative development in Williams syndrome".

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Olitsky, S. E.; Sadler, L. S.; Reynolds, J. D. (1997). "Subnormal binocular vision in the Williams syndrome".

963:. Those with WS have reduced activation in these areas, but an increase in the right amygdala and cerebellum. 4785: 4532: 4441: 4380: 4202: 3847: 3091:"Williams syndrome: use of chromosomal microdeletions as a tool to dissect cognitive and physical phenotypes" 297: 196: 2790:"Personality characteristics and behaviour problems in individuals of different ages with Williams syndrome" 5234: 5226: 5182: 4874: 4814: 4749: 4727: 903:

If a physician suspects a case of WS, the diagnosis is confirmed using one of two possible genetic tests:

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Karmiloff-Smith, A.; d'Souza, D.; Dekker, T. M.; Van Herwegen, J.; Xu, F.; Rodic, M.; Ansari, D. (2012).

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Blomberg, S; Rosander, M; Andersson, G (2006). "Fears, hyperacusis and musicality in Williams syndrome".

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and related psychological symptoms such as poor concentration, hyperactivity, and social disinhibition.

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Udwin, O (1990). "A survey of adults with Williams syndrome and idiopathic infantile hypercalcaemia".

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Because of missing multiple genes, many effects on the brain are seen, including abnormalities in the

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Howlin, P; Davies, M; Udwin, O (1998). "Cognitive functioning in adults with Williams syndrome".

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is less than that of the general population, mostly due to the increased rates of heart disease.

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Stromme, P.; Bjomstad, P. G.; Ramstad, K. (2002). "Prevalence Estimation of Williams Syndrome".

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Johnson, Liane B.; Comeau, Michel; Clarke, Kevin D. (2001). "Hyperacusis in Williams Syndrome".

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Kitagawa, Hirochika; Fujiki, Ryoji; Yoshimura, Kimihiro; Oya, Hiroyuki; Kato, Shigeaki (2011).

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such as drawing. Verbal skills are relatively unaffected. Many people with WS have an outgoing

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Dykens, Elisabeth M. (2003). "Anxiety, Fears, and Phobias in Persons with Williams Syndrome".

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with WS syndrome, and WS associations alike have called for the curtailment of such terms.

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Sacks, O.; Schlaug, G.; Jancke, L.; Huang, Y.; Steinmetz, H. (1995). "Musical ability".

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Kapp, M. E.; von Noorden, G. K.; Jenkins, R (1995). "Strabismus in Williams syndrome".

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manner. The different characteristic features have been linked to the loss of specific

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Genetic disorder characterized by abnormal facial features and intellectual disability

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Neuropsychological Assessment and Intervention for Childhood and Adolescent Disorders

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Ophthalmologic issues are common in WS. Up to 75% of subjects in some studies have

300:. Other symptoms may include gastrointestinal problems, such as severe or prolonged 245:. Williams syndrome affects between one in 20,000 and one in 7,500 people at birth. 5390: 5386: 5283: 5160: 5128: 4759: 4610: 4395: 4312: 4302: 4265: 4197: 4172: 4162: 4091: 4041: 3962: 3730: 3722: 3687: 3652: 3634: 3591: 3583: 3452: 3444: 3417: 3397: 3332: 3289: 3252: 3236: 3195: 3110: 3102: 3063: 3026: 2985: 2977: 2928: 2881: 2846: 2801: 2754: 2719: 2693: 2673: 2638: 2548: 2508: 2455: 2412: 2377: 2334: 2291: 2254: 2244: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2113: 2105: 2089: 2062: 2013:

The neuroscience of human relationships: attachment and the developing social brain

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Nikitina, EA; Medvedeva, AV; Zakharov, GA; Savvateeva-Popova, EV (January 2014).

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Fung, Lawrence K.; Quintin, Eve-Marie; Haas, Brian W.; Reiss, Allan L. (2012).

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Wengenroth, Martina; Blatow, Maria; Bendszus, Martin; Schneider, Peter (2010).

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Nursery Realms: Children in the Worlds of Science Fiction, Fantasy, and Horror

3360: 2933: 2908: 2295: 2109: 1930: 1768: 1464:"Williams syndrome and its cognitive profile: the importance of eye movements" 1263: 5450: 5269: 5069: 5030: 5025: 4953: 4939: 4915: 4903: 4891: 4879: 4859: 4764: 4742: 4737: 4715: 4385: 4350: 3927: 3692: 3675: 3248: 3155: 3153: 2582: 1489: 1165: 476: 395: 387: 200: 87: 3639: 3612: 3293: 3067: 2850: 1724: 896: 312:(bed wetting) and urinary difficulties, dental irregularities and defective 5064: 4971: 4967: 4847: 4835: 4819: 4807: 4797: 4700: 4621: 3744: 3701: 3666: 3605: 3466: 3409: 3370: 3344: 3301: 3266: 3075: 3040: 2999: 2942: 2685: 2650: 2560: 2520: 2467: 2424: 2346: 2303: 2268: 2176: 2127: 2074: 1988: 1938: 1903: 1885: 1776: 1753: 1689: 1654: 1507: 1440: 1363: 1271: 1236: 1104: 819: 541: 472: 313: 293: 211: 3209: 3150: 3124: 3031: 3014: 2893: 2858: 2815: 2766: 2731: 2389: 1854: 1819: 1732: 1327: 226:. The diagnosis is typically suspected based on symptoms and confirmed by 5086: 5057: 5052: 4949: 4217: 4192: 4187: 4152: 3968: 3946: 3833: 3531: 3448: 1385: 493: 329: 325: 188: 3648: 3088: 2907:

Santos, Andreia; Meyer-Lindenberg, Andreas; Deruelle, Christine (2010).

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Järvinen-Pasley, Anna; Bellugi, Ursula; Reilly, Judy; Mills, Debra L.;

921: 468: 383: 356: 281: 61: 3862: 3240: 2141:

Haas, B. W.; Mills, D; Yam, A; Hoeft, F; Bellugi, U; Reiss, A (2009).

488:

People with Williams syndrome report higher anxiety levels as well as

5047: 5003: 4695: 4690: 4227: 3957: 3761:

The Boy Who Loved Too Much: A True Story of Pathological Friendliness

3222: 3054:

Francke, U. (1999). "Williams-Beuren syndrome:genes and mechanisms".

452: 444: 399: 360: 270: 206:

Williams syndrome is caused by a genetic abnormality, specifically a

138: 1980: 1870:"Retinotopically defined primary visual cortex in Williams syndrome" 5163: 5113: 5109: 4981: 4660: 4282: 4222: 3979: 3106: 2981: 846: 818:

of genetic material from the chromosomal region 7q11.23. This is a

660: 529: 414: 274: 215: 2839:

Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines

2501:

Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews

2048: 2046: 2044: 2042: 2040: 1966: 1181:

Riccio, Cynthia A.; Sullivan, Jeremy R.; Cohen, Morris J. (2010).

856:

are among the genes typically deleted. Haploinsufficiency for the

443:

are often observed to be deficient until adolescence, in terms of

394:

including trouble walking downstairs, overactive motor reflexes (

5216: 4999: 4672: 3826:

Phil Viardo (Director); Callie Truelove (Self) (September 2023).

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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

863: 858: 834: 780: 773: 766: 759: 632: 525: 521: 406: 238: 3905: 1005:, and other forms of the 'good people' or 'wee folk' present in 261:

Several people with characteristics common of Williams Syndrome.

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is observed in people with WS, with particular challenges with

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team, featured in the US TV series and film of the same name.

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Williams-Beuren Syndrome: Research, Evaluation, and Treatment

1002: 852: 840: 828: 730: 709: 688: 674: 653: 646: 625: 618: 611: 604: 592: 513: 316:, and hormone problems, the most common being hypercalcemia. 301: 223: 3812:

The Mayor: A Chronicle of Williams Syndrome, with Josh Duffy

5351: 5343: 5287: 5273: 5248: 5176: 5146: 5136: 2886:

10.1352/0895-8017(1997)102<0045:BAEDII>2.0.CO;2

2643:

10.1352/0895-8017(1999)104<0158:RBPPIW>2.0.CO;2

723: 702: 695: 681: 667: 639: 537: 3673: 3337:

10.1352/0895-8017(2005)110[346:MAAIWS]2.0.CO;2

1414: 1412: 1410: 1408: 1406: 1249: 292:

People with WS experience many cardiac problems, commonly

273:. People with WS tend to have widely spaced teeth, a long 5132: 3996: 3181: 2963: 2534: 2532: 2530: 2402: 998: 533: 4123:

Pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified

3424: 2367: 1867: 1702: 1622: 1403: 1094: 862:

gene, which codes for the extracellular matrix protein

3387: 2663: 2527: 2281: 1962: 1960: 1958: 1956: 1797: 398:), and hyperactive, involuntary movement of the eyes ( 210:

of about 27 genes from the long arm of one of the two

3676:"Williams syndrome is an epigenome-regulator disease" 3175: 1832: 1592:

Morris, Colleen; Lenhoff, Howard; Wang, Paul (2006).

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and the narrowing of major blood vessels, as well as

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The Language Instinct: How the Mind Creates Language

1757:

Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology

1587: 1585: 1214: 3365:. Seattle (WA): University of Washington, Seattle. 3322: 1953: 1675: 1548: 1418: 1180: 3138:"Williams syndrome – Genetics Home Reference" 2871: 2492: 2836: 2538: 2140: 1835:Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus 1582: 233:Interventions to support people with WS includes 5448: 3619:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 3479: 3167:. Williams Syndrome Association. Archived from 3012: 2709: 2199:Raymond C. Phillips Research and Education Unit 2092:; Reiss, Allan L.; Korenberg, Julie R. (2008). 3708: 3480:Westfahl, Gary; Slusser, George Edgar (1999). 3147:. The U.S. National Library of Medicine. 2010. 2624: 2622: 2620: 826:expression of the 25–27 genes in this region. 5391:46,XX testicular disorders of sex development 4637: 4012: 2705: 2703: 2498: 2324: 997:proposed to be the origin of the folklore of 284:on the eyes of others in social engagements. 4651: 3486:. University of Georgia Press. p. 153. 3279: 3047: 3013:Schubert, Cornelia; Laccone, Franco (2006). 3006: 2957: 2794:Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology 2747:Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology 2628: 2003: 1747: 1461: 1020:, a Canadian actress and singer who won the 5213:Acute myeloblastic leukemia with maturation 3507:"Gabrielle director achieves perfect pitch" 3437:American Journal of Medical Genetics Part C 3019:International Journal of Molecular Medicine 2787: 2617: 2009: 1696: 1598:. Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 1468:Psychology Research and Behavior Management 1055:Characteristics of syndromic ASD conditions 483: 4644: 4630: 4564:Ritvo Autism and Asperger Diagnostic Scale 4019: 4005: 3709:Musolino, Julien; Landau, Barbara (2012). 2712:Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 2700: 2575: 1217:Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 1137:Reference, Genetics Home (December 2014). 1090: 492:development, which may be associated with 336:, but this may be due to a malfunctioning 38: 5477:Syndromes with craniofacial abnormalities 4256:Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder 3734: 3691: 3656: 3638: 3595: 3456: 3256: 3199: 3114: 3030: 2989: 2932: 2805: 2258: 2248: 2189: 2166: 2117: 1893: 1636: 1497: 1479: 1375: 1373: 1353: 1291: 1289: 1210: 1208: 1206: 1204: 1176: 1174: 1136: 1132: 1130: 1128: 1126: 1124: 1122: 1120: 1118: 1116: 1114: 1088: 1086: 1084: 1082: 1080: 1078: 1076: 1074: 1072: 1070: 983:Williams syndrome was first described by 4261:Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder 2581: 2190:Eaton, Will; Sack, Brandon (July 2004). 1561:. John Wiley and Sons. pp. 909–23. 1555:Cassidy SB; Allanson JE (5 April 2010). 1034:. Another is Jeremy Vest, member of the 1028:in 2014 for her performance in the film 1016:One notable person with the syndrome is 502:attention deficit hyperactivity disorder 256: 4447:Multiple complex developmental disorder 3053: 471:, or abnormally increased muscle tone. 5472:Syndromes affecting the nervous system 5449: 4528:Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule 3758: 3430: 3357: 3325:American Journal on Mental Retardation 2970:The American Journal of Human Genetics 2874:American Journal on Mental Retardation 2631:American Journal on Mental Retardation 2445: 2405:Research in Developmental Disabilities 1379: 1370: 1286: 1201: 1187:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 400. 1171: 1111: 1067: 991: 4625: 4000: 3848:GeneReview entry on Williams syndrome 2744: 1321: 1295: 252: 47:An adult male with Williams syndrome. 3798:(Documentary) (in Canadian French). 1149:from the original on 20 January 2017 359:(ocular misalignment), particularly 5326:Desmoplastic small-round-cell tumor 4278:Developmental coordination disorder 3809:Jake Jakubowski (Director) (2022). 2605:from the original on 1 January 2014 2067:10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2004.09.013 13: 5457:Autosomal monosomies and deletions 3558: 3188:American Journal of Human Genetics 3095:American Journal of Human Genetics 2807:10.1111/j.1469-8749.1997.tb07481.x 2759:10.1111/j.1469-8749.1990.tb16912.x 2724:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1987.tb00212.x 2482: 1647:10.1212/01.wnl.0000196643.35395.5f 14: 5503: 4538:Gilliam Asperger's disorder scale 4356:Fetal valproate spectrum disorder 4128:Childhood disintegrative disorder 3841: 3433:"Introduction: Williams syndrome" 1800:American Journal of Ophthalmology 475:, gastrointestinal problems, and 377: 216:inherited from an affected parent 4899:22q11.2 distal deletion syndrome 4108:Pervasive developmental disorder 3542:from the original on 10 May 2016 3377:from the original on 2017-01-18. 2339:10.1111/j.1442-200X.2008.02563.x 1229:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2008.01887.x 1159: 868:supravalvular pulmonary stenosis 277:, and a flattened nasal bridge. 5298:Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans 5241:Acute megakaryoblastic leukemia 5169:Anaplastic large-cell lymphoma 4831:Chromosome 5q deletion syndrome 3524: 3500: 3473: 3351: 3316: 3273: 3216: 3131: 3082: 2900: 2865: 2830: 2781: 2738: 2657: 2439: 2396: 2318: 2275: 2216: 2183: 2134: 2098:Development and Psychopathology 2081: 2010:Cozolino LJ (17 October 2006). 1910: 1861: 1826: 1791: 1669: 1616: 1558:Management of Genetic Syndromes 1539: 1514: 1462:Van Herwegen, Jo (2015-06-03). 1455: 1392:from the original on 2011-12-01 1346:10.32607/20758251-2014-6-1-9-22 1310:from the original on 2008-12-11 969: 4559:Childhood Autism Spectrum Test 3161:"Diagnosing Williams Syndrome" 2159:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5324-08.2009 1243: 941:American Academy of Pediatrics 430: 344:. Also, higher prevalences of 33:Williams–Beuren syndrome (WBS) 1: 5462:Syndromes affecting the heart 5021:Klinefelter syndrome (47,XXY) 4786:1q21.1 copy number variations 4533:Childhood Autism Rating Scale 4381:PTEN hamartoma tumor syndrome 4271:obsessive–compulsive disorder 4203:Pathological demand avoidance 4087:Societal and cultural aspects 2678:10.1016/s0010-0277(00)00069-x 2591:. HarperCollins. p. 53. 2460:10.1080/87565641.2003.9651896 2448:Developmental Neuropsychology 2382:10.1016/s0022-3476(88)80272-5 1847:10.3928/0191-3913-19970101-12 1812:10.1016/s0002-9394(14)71180-8 1678:The Journal of Otolaryngology 1060: 298:supravalvular aortic stenosis 197:supravalvular aortic stenosis 5227:Acute promyelocytic leukemia 5183:Acute lymphoblastic leukemia 4875:17q12 microdeletion syndrome 4750:22q11.2 duplication syndrome 4728:16p11.2 duplication syndrome 3727:10.1080/02643294.2012.702103 3588:10.1097/WCO.0b013e328351823c 3576:Current Opinion in Neurology 2788:Gosch, A; Pankau, R (1997). 2250:10.1371/journal.pone.0012326 930: 889: 455:, though not in vocabulary. 7: 4794:1q21.1 duplication syndrome 4681:1q21.1 duplication syndrome 4523:Autism Diagnostic Interview 4293:Sensory processing disorder 4158:Autism and LGBTQ identities 3563: 3431:Morris, Colleen A. (2010). 2016:. Norton. pp. 289–91. 1969:Nature Reviews Neuroscience 1919:Experimental Brain Research 1296:Dobbs, David (2007-07-08). 1043: 822:deletion, which results in 287: 10: 5508: 4401:Tuberous sclerosis complex 4391:Smith–Lemli–Opitz syndrome 4366:MECP2 duplication syndrome 4346:Cornelia de Lange syndrome 4298:Global developmental delay 4026: 3402:10.1177/088307380201700406 3390:Journal of Child Neurology 3165:Guide to Williams Syndrome 2553:10.1177/088307380101600305 2541:Journal of Child Neurology 2417:10.1016/j.ridd.2005.09.002 1433:10.1177/000992289903800401 978: 814:caused by the spontaneous 334:noise-induced hearing loss 324:People with WS often have 235:special education programs 5467:Syndromes affecting teeth 5369: 5340:Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma 5262: 5191: 5121: 5108: 5099: 5075:XYYYY syndrome (49,XYYYY) 5041:XXXXY syndrome (49,XXXXY) 5036:XXXYY syndrome (49,XXXYY) 4998: 4980: 4966: 4775: 4668: 4659: 4598: 4572: 4546: 4515: 4480:Facilitated communication 4470: 4414: 4321:22q11.2 deletion syndrome 4311: 4246: 4143: 4100: 4034: 3937: 3856: 3759:Latson, Jennifer (2017). 3715:Cognitive Neuropsychology 2934:10.1016/j.cub.2010.02.009 2370:The Journal of Pediatrics 2296:10.1017/S1047951103001124 2110:10.1017/S0954579408000011 1931:10.1007/s00221-005-2355-1 1769:10.1080/13803390490919119 1380:Jasmin, L. (2009-10-14). 1264:10.1007/s00247-010-1909-y 154:1 in 7,500 to 1 in 20,000 150: 137: 129: 109: 101: 93: 77: 67: 51: 46: 37: 29: 24: 4815:Wolf–Hirschhorn syndrome 4790:1q21.1 deletion syndrome 4653:Chromosome abnormalities 4554:Autism-spectrum quotient 4371:Neurofibromatosis type I 3778: 3763:. Simon & Schuster. 3752: 3693:10.1507/endocrj.k10e-393 3512:9 September 2017 at the 3056:Human Molecular Genetics 2327:Pediatrics International 1524:. CHD-UK. Archived from 572: 484:Social and psychological 169:Williams–Beuren syndrome 133:Various types of therapy 5199:Philadelphia chromosome 5070:XYYY syndrome (48,XYYY) 5031:XXXY syndrome (48,XXXY) 5026:XXYY syndrome (48,XXYY) 4911:22q13 deletion syndrome 4686:2q31.1 microduplication 4485:Lancet MMR autism fraud 4427:Critical autism studies 4326:22q13 deletion syndrome 4288:Intellectual disability 4238:Emotional dysregulation 4135:High-functioning autism 3836:: Former Prodigy Media. 3790:Gabrielle Marion-Rivard 3640:10.1073/pnas.1121087109 3294:10.1542/peds.107.5.1192 2851:10.1111/1469-7610.00312 2284:Cardiology in the Young 2147:Journal of Neuroscience 1725:10.1126/science.7732360 1143:Genetics Home Reference 1018:Gabrielle Marion-Rivard 810:Williams syndrome is a 578:Williams syndrome genes 512:of creatures such as a 437:gastroesophageal reflux 181:intellectual disability 5058:Pentasomy X (49,XXXXX) 4990:Turner syndrome (45,X) 4871:Smith–Magenis syndrome 4867:Miller–Dieker syndrome 4802:1p36 deletion syndrome 4495:Rapid prompting method 4437:Double empathy problem 4422:Autism rights movement 3229:Molecular Syndromology 1298:"The Gregarious Brain" 812:microdeletion syndrome 807: 262: 120:fetal alcohol syndrome 111:Differential diagnosis 5065:XYY syndrome (47,XYY) 5053:Tetrasomy X (48,XXXX) 4936:Prader–Willi syndrome 4580:Autism-related topics 4144:Associated conditions 3068:10.1093/hmg/8.10.1947 3032:10.3892/ijmm.18.5.799 1022:Canadian Screen Award 580: 304:, abdominal pain and 260: 237:and various types of 5157:Mantle cell lymphoma 4827:Cri du chat syndrome 4585:Fictional characters 4313:Associated syndromes 3625:(Suppl 2): 17261–5. 3518:The Georgia Straight 3449:10.1002/ajmg.c.30266 2585:(4 September 2007). 2203:Gainesville, Florida 1886:10.1093/brain/awn362 905:Micro-array analysis 185:visual spatial tasks 5143:Follicular lymphoma 4462:Violence and autism 4248:Comorbid conditions 3631:2012PNAS..109S7261K 2925:2010CBio...20.R307S 2241:2010PLoSO...512326W 2192:"Williams Syndrome" 2055:Pediatric Neurology 1717:1995Sci...268..621S 1522:"Williams Syndrome" 1481:10.2147/PRBM.S63474 1421:Clinical Pediatrics 1382:"Williams syndrome" 1252:Pediatric Radiology 1139:"Williams syndrome" 992:Society and culture 243:John C. P. Williams 5382:Uniparental disomy 5377:Fragile X syndrome 5312:Myxoid liposarcoma 5164:t(11 CCND1:14 IGH) 5048:Trisomy X (47,XXX) 4926:genomic imprinting 4706:Distal trisomy 10q 4361:Fragile X syndrome 4168:Autistic catatonia 3938:External resources 3829:Truelove: The Film 3819:: DMJ Productions. 3786:Louise Archambault 3521:, 24 January 2014. 3143:2010-01-22 at the 2513:10.1002/mrdd.20140 550:facial recognition 350:left-eye dominance 332:, which resembles 310:nocturnal enuresis 263: 253:Signs and symptoms 220:autosomal dominant 201:high blood calcium 199:), and periods of 88:high blood calcium 5444: 5443: 5396:Marker chromosome 5365: 5364: 5258: 5257: 5095: 5094: 4962: 4961: 4932:Angelman syndrome 4887:DiGeorge syndrome 4855:Jacobsen syndrome 4843:Williams syndrome 4619: 4618: 4516:Diagnostic scales 4406:Williams syndrome 4331:Angelman syndrome 4213:Special interests 4178:Autistic meltdown 4118:Asperger syndrome 3994: 3993: 3974:Williams Syndrome 3770:978-1-4767-7404-6 3680:Endocrine Journal 3493:978-0-8203-2144-8 3362:Williams Syndrome 3241:10.1159/000369421 2598:978-0-06-133646-1 2090:Galaburda, Albert 2023:978-0-393-70454-9 1609:978-0-8018-8212-8 1568:978-0-470-19141-5 1194:978-0-470-57033-3 1050:List of syndromes 985:J. C. P. Williams 957:superior temporal 824:haploinsufficient 546:short-term memory 518:saber-toothed cat 461:fine motor skills 365:visual processing 267:failure to thrive 161:Williams syndrome 158: 157: 124:DiGeorge syndrome 25:Williams syndrome 19:Medical condition 5499: 5482:Syndromic autism 5387:XX male syndrome 5284:Synovial sarcoma 5161:Multiple myeloma 5129:Burkitt lymphoma 5119: 5118: 5106: 5105: 5009:other karyotypes 4978: 4977: 4760:Cat-eye syndrome 4666: 4665: 4646: 4639: 4632: 4623: 4622: 4611:Sensory friendly 4547:Screening scales 4396:Timothy syndrome 4303:Verbal Dyspraxia 4266:Anxiety disorder 4198:Nonverbal autism 4173:Autistic masking 4163:Autistic burnout 4021: 4014: 4007: 3998: 3997: 3854: 3853: 3837: 3820: 3803: 3774: 3748: 3738: 3705: 3695: 3670: 3660: 3642: 3609: 3599: 3552: 3551: 3549: 3547: 3536:I Am Jeremy Vest 3528: 3522: 3504: 3498: 3497: 3477: 3471: 3470: 3460: 3428: 3422: 3421: 3385: 3379: 3378: 3355: 3349: 3348: 3320: 3314: 3313: 3277: 3271: 3270: 3260: 3220: 3214: 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3217: 3180: 3176: 3159: 3158: 3151: 3145:Wayback Machine 3136: 3132: 3087: 3083: 3062:(10): 1947–54. 3052: 3048: 3011: 3007: 2962: 2958: 2913:Current Biology 2905: 2901: 2870: 2866: 2835: 2831: 2786: 2782: 2743: 2739: 2708: 2701: 2662: 2658: 2627: 2618: 2608: 2606: 2599: 2580: 2576: 2537: 2528: 2497: 2493: 2487: 2483: 2444: 2440: 2401: 2397: 2366: 2362: 2323: 2319: 2280: 2276: 2221: 2217: 2207: 2205: 2194: 2188: 2184: 2139: 2135: 2086: 2082: 2051: 2038: 2028: 2026: 2024: 2008: 2004: 1981:10.1038/nrn1906 1965: 1954: 1915: 1911: 1866: 1862: 1831: 1827: 1796: 1792: 1752: 1748: 1711:(5211): 621–2. 1701: 1697: 1674: 1670: 1638:10.1.1.545.5502 1621: 1617: 1610: 1590: 1583: 1573: 1571: 1569: 1553: 1549: 1544: 1540: 1531: 1529: 1520: 1519: 1515: 1460: 1456: 1417: 1404: 1395: 1393: 1378: 1371: 1326: 1322: 1313: 1311: 1294: 1287: 1248: 1244: 1213: 1202: 1195: 1179: 1172: 1160: 1152: 1150: 1135: 1112: 1093: 1068: 1063: 1046: 994: 981: 972: 945:inguinal hernia 933: 892: 808: 806: 579: 575: 486: 433: 380: 352:seem to occur. 346:left-handedness 290: 271:low muscle tone 255: 247:Life expectancy 228:genetic testing 145:life expectancy 116:Noonan syndrome 20: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5505: 5495: 5494: 5489: 5487:Rare syndromes 5484: 5479: 5474: 5469: 5464: 5459: 5442: 5441: 5439: 5438: 5437: 5436: 5398: 5393: 5384: 5379: 5373: 5371: 5367: 5366: 5363: 5362: 5360: 5359: 5337: 5323: 5309: 5295: 5281: 5266: 5264: 5260: 5259: 5256: 5255: 5253: 5252: 5238: 5224: 5210: 5195: 5193: 5189: 5188: 5186: 5185: 5180: 5166: 5154: 5140: 5125: 5123: 5116: 5103: 5101:Translocations 5097: 5096: 5093: 5092: 5090: 5089: 5084: 5078: 5077: 5072: 5067: 5061: 5060: 5055: 5050: 5044: 5043: 5038: 5033: 5028: 5023: 5017: 5015: 4996: 4995: 4993: 4992: 4986: 4984: 4975: 4964: 4963: 4960: 4959: 4957: 4956: 4946: 4945: 4944: 4943: 4921: 4920: 4919: 4918: 4908: 4907: 4906: 4896: 4895: 4894: 4884: 4883: 4882: 4864: 4863: 4862: 4852: 4851: 4850: 4840: 4839: 4838: 4824: 4823: 4822: 4812: 4811: 4810: 4781: 4779: 4773: 4772: 4770: 4769: 4768: 4767: 4757: 4752: 4747: 4746: 4745: 4735: 4730: 4725: 4720: 4719: 4718: 4711:Patau syndrome 4708: 4703: 4698: 4693: 4688: 4683: 4677: 4675: 4663: 4657: 4656: 4649: 4648: 4641: 4634: 4626: 4617: 4616: 4614: 4613: 4608: 4602: 4600: 4599:Accommodations 4596: 4595: 4593: 4592: 4587: 4582: 4576: 4574: 4570: 4569: 4567: 4566: 4561: 4556: 4550: 4548: 4544: 4543: 4541: 4540: 4535: 4530: 4525: 4519: 4517: 4513: 4512: 4510: 4509: 4508: 4507: 4497: 4492: 4487: 4482: 4476: 4474: 4468: 4467: 4465: 4464: 4459: 4457:TEACCH program 4454: 4452:Neurodiversity 4449: 4444: 4439: 4434: 4432:Discrimination 4429: 4424: 4418: 4416: 4415:Related issues 4412: 4411: 4409: 4408: 4403: 4398: 4393: 4388: 4383: 4378: 4373: 4368: 4363: 4358: 4353: 4348: 4343: 4341:Cohen syndrome 4338: 4333: 4328: 4323: 4317: 4315: 4309: 4308: 4306: 4305: 4300: 4295: 4290: 4285: 4280: 4275: 4274: 4273: 4263: 4258: 4252: 4250: 4244: 4243: 4241: 4240: 4235: 4230: 4225: 4220: 4215: 4210: 4205: 4200: 4195: 4190: 4185: 4180: 4175: 4170: 4165: 4160: 4155: 4149: 4147: 4141: 4140: 4138: 4137: 4132: 4131: 4130: 4125: 4120: 4115: 4113:Classic autism 4104: 4102: 4098: 4097: 4095: 4094: 4089: 4084: 4082:Sex and gender 4079: 4074: 4069: 4064: 4059: 4054: 4049: 4044: 4038: 4036: 4032: 4031: 4024: 4023: 4016: 4009: 4001: 3992: 3991: 3988: 3987: 3976: 3965: 3954: 3942: 3941: 3939: 3935: 3934: 3931: 3930: 3919: 3908: 3897: 3882: 3866: 3861: 3860: 3858: 3857:Classification 3851: 3850: 3843: 3842:External links 3840: 3839: 3838: 3822: 3821: 3805: 3804: 3802:: micro_scope. 3780: 3777: 3776: 3775: 3769: 3754: 3751: 3750: 3749: 3706: 3671: 3610: 3565: 3562: 3560: 3557: 3554: 3553: 3532:"About Jeremy" 3523: 3499: 3492: 3472: 3423: 3380: 3350: 3315: 3272: 3235:(6): 287–292. 3215: 3174: 3171:on 2011-12-16. 3149: 3130: 3107:10.1086/302214 3081: 3046: 3025:(5): 799–806. 3005: 2982:10.1086/506371 2956: 2899: 2864: 2829: 2780: 2737: 2718:(2): 297–309. 2699: 2656: 2616: 2597: 2574: 2526: 2491: 2481: 2438: 2395: 2360: 2317: 2274: 2215: 2182: 2133: 2080: 2036: 2022: 2002: 1952: 1909: 1860: 1825: 1790: 1746: 1695: 1668: 1615: 1608: 1581: 1567: 1547: 1538: 1513: 1454: 1427:(4): 189–208. 1402: 1369: 1320: 1303:New York Times 1285: 1242: 1223:(6): 576–608. 1200: 1193: 1170: 1110: 1065: 1064: 1062: 1059: 1058: 1057: 1052: 1045: 1042: 993: 990: 980: 977: 971: 968: 932: 929: 891: 888: 805: 804: 799: 794: 789: 784: 777: 770: 763: 756: 751: 746: 739: 734: 727: 720: 713: 706: 699: 692: 685: 678: 671: 664: 657: 650: 643: 636: 629: 622: 615: 608: 601: 596: 589: 581: 577: 576: 574: 571: 485: 482: 432: 429: 379: 378:Nervous system 376: 342:absolute pitch 338:auditory nerve 318:Hypothyroidism 306:diverticulitis 289: 286: 254: 251: 193:heart problems 156: 155: 152: 148: 147: 141: 135: 134: 131: 127: 126: 113: 107: 106: 103: 99: 98: 95: 91: 90: 84:Heart problems 81: 75: 74: 71: 65: 64: 55: 49: 48: 44: 43: 35: 34: 31: 27: 26: 18: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5504: 5493: 5490: 5488: 5485: 5483: 5480: 5478: 5475: 5473: 5470: 5468: 5465: 5463: 5460: 5458: 5455: 5454: 5452: 5435: 5431: 5427: 5423: 5419: 5415: 5411: 5407: 5404: 5403: 5402: 5399: 5397: 5394: 5392: 5388: 5385: 5383: 5380: 5378: 5375: 5374: 5372: 5368: 5357: 5353: 5349: 5345: 5341: 5338: 5335: 5331: 5327: 5324: 5321: 5317: 5313: 5310: 5307: 5303: 5299: 5296: 5293: 5289: 5285: 5282: 5279: 5275: 5271: 5270:Ewing sarcoma 5268: 5267: 5265: 5261: 5250: 5246: 5242: 5239: 5236: 5232: 5228: 5225: 5222: 5218: 5214: 5211: 5208: 5204: 5200: 5197: 5196: 5194: 5190: 5184: 5181: 5178: 5174: 5170: 5167: 5165: 5162: 5158: 5155: 5152: 5148: 5144: 5141: 5138: 5134: 5130: 5127: 5126: 5124: 5120: 5117: 5115: 5111: 5107: 5104: 5102: 5098: 5088: 5085: 5083: 5080: 5079: 5076: 5073: 5071: 5068: 5066: 5063: 5062: 5059: 5056: 5054: 5051: 5049: 5046: 5045: 5042: 5039: 5037: 5034: 5032: 5029: 5027: 5024: 5022: 5019: 5018: 5016: 5014: 5010: 5005: 5001: 4997: 4991: 4988: 4987: 4985: 4983: 4979: 4976: 4973: 4969: 4965: 4955: 4954:Proximal 18q- 4951: 4948: 4947: 4941: 4937: 4933: 4930: 4929: 4928: 4927: 4923: 4922: 4917: 4914: 4913: 4912: 4909: 4905: 4902: 4901: 4900: 4897: 4893: 4890: 4889: 4888: 4885: 4881: 4878: 4877: 4876: 4872: 4868: 4865: 4861: 4858: 4857: 4856: 4853: 4849: 4846: 4845: 4844: 4841: 4837: 4834: 4833: 4832: 4828: 4825: 4821: 4818: 4817: 4816: 4813: 4809: 4806: 4805: 4803: 4799: 4795: 4791: 4787: 4783: 4782: 4780: 4778: 4774: 4766: 4763: 4762: 4761: 4758: 4756: 4753: 4751: 4748: 4744: 4741: 4740: 4739: 4738:Down syndrome 4736: 4734: 4731: 4729: 4726: 4724: 4721: 4717: 4714: 4713: 4712: 4709: 4707: 4704: 4702: 4699: 4697: 4694: 4692: 4689: 4687: 4684: 4682: 4679: 4678: 4676: 4674: 4669:Duplications, 4667: 4664: 4662: 4658: 4654: 4647: 4642: 4640: 4635: 4633: 4628: 4627: 4624: 4612: 4609: 4607: 4604: 4603: 4601: 4597: 4591: 4588: 4586: 4583: 4581: 4578: 4577: 4575: 4571: 4565: 4562: 4560: 4557: 4555: 4552: 4551: 4549: 4545: 4539: 4536: 4534: 4531: 4529: 4526: 4524: 4521: 4520: 4518: 4514: 4506: 4503: 4502: 4501: 4498: 4496: 4493: 4491: 4488: 4486: 4483: 4481: 4478: 4477: 4475: 4473: 4472:Controversies 4469: 4463: 4460: 4458: 4455: 4453: 4450: 4448: 4445: 4443: 4440: 4438: 4435: 4433: 4430: 4428: 4425: 4423: 4420: 4419: 4417: 4413: 4407: 4404: 4402: 4399: 4397: 4394: 4392: 4389: 4387: 4386:Rett syndrome 4384: 4382: 4379: 4377: 4374: 4372: 4369: 4367: 4364: 4362: 4359: 4357: 4354: 4352: 4351:Down syndrome 4349: 4347: 4344: 4342: 4339: 4337: 4334: 4332: 4329: 4327: 4324: 4322: 4319: 4318: 4316: 4314: 4310: 4304: 4301: 4299: 4296: 4294: 4291: 4289: 4286: 4284: 4281: 4279: 4276: 4272: 4269: 4268: 4267: 4264: 4262: 4259: 4257: 4254: 4253: 4251: 4249: 4245: 4239: 4236: 4234: 4231: 4229: 4226: 4224: 4221: 4219: 4216: 4214: 4211: 4209: 4206: 4204: 4201: 4199: 4196: 4194: 4191: 4189: 4186: 4184: 4181: 4179: 4176: 4174: 4171: 4169: 4166: 4164: 4161: 4159: 4156: 4154: 4151: 4150: 4148: 4146:and phenomena 4142: 4136: 4133: 4129: 4126: 4124: 4121: 4119: 4116: 4114: 4111: 4110: 4109: 4106: 4105: 4103: 4099: 4093: 4090: 4088: 4085: 4083: 4080: 4078: 4075: 4073: 4070: 4068: 4065: 4063: 4060: 4058: 4055: 4053: 4050: 4048: 4045: 4043: 4040: 4039: 4037: 4033: 4029: 4022: 4017: 4015: 4010: 4008: 4003: 4002: 3999: 3986: 3982: 3981: 3977: 3975: 3971: 3970: 3966: 3964: 3960: 3959: 3955: 3953: 3949: 3948: 3944: 3943: 3940: 3936: 3929: 3925: 3924: 3920: 3918: 3914: 3913: 3909: 3907: 3903: 3902: 3898: 3896: 3892: 3891: 3887: 3883: 3881: 3877: 3876: 3872: 3868: 3867: 3864: 3859: 3855: 3849: 3846: 3845: 3835: 3831: 3830: 3824: 3823: 3818: 3814: 3813: 3807: 3806: 3801: 3797: 3796: 3791: 3787: 3783: 3782: 3772: 3766: 3762: 3757: 3756: 3746: 3742: 3737: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3716: 3712: 3707: 3703: 3699: 3694: 3689: 3685: 3681: 3677: 3672: 3668: 3664: 3659: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3641: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3624: 3620: 3616: 3611: 3607: 3603: 3598: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3582:(2): 112–24. 3581: 3577: 3573: 3568: 3567: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3527: 3520: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3508: 3503: 3495: 3489: 3485: 3484: 3476: 3468: 3464: 3459: 3454: 3450: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3427: 3419: 3415: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3396:(4): 269–71. 3395: 3391: 3384: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3363: 3354: 3346: 3342: 3338: 3334: 3331:(5): 346–58. 3330: 3326: 3319: 3311: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3283: 3276: 3268: 3264: 3259: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3219: 3211: 3207: 3202: 3197: 3193: 3189: 3185: 3178: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3156: 3154: 3146: 3142: 3139: 3134: 3126: 3122: 3117: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3101:(1): 118–25. 3100: 3096: 3092: 3085: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3050: 3042: 3038: 3033: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3009: 3001: 2997: 2992: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2976:(2): 332–41. 2975: 2971: 2967: 2960: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2935: 2930: 2926: 2922: 2919:(7): R307–8. 2918: 2914: 2910: 2903: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2868: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2833: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2808: 2803: 2800:(8): 527–33. 2799: 2795: 2791: 2784: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2753:(2): 129–41. 2752: 2748: 2741: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2706: 2704: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2660: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2637:(2): 158–69. 2636: 2632: 2625: 2623: 2621: 2604: 2600: 2594: 2590: 2589: 2584: 2578: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2547:(3): 177–90. 2546: 2542: 2535: 2533: 2531: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2495: 2485: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2442: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2411:(6): 668–80. 2410: 2406: 2399: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2376:(2): 318–26. 2375: 2371: 2364: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2321: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2278: 2270: 2266: 2261: 2256: 2251: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2235:(8): e12326. 2234: 2230: 2226: 2219: 2204: 2200: 2193: 2186: 2178: 2174: 2169: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2153:(4): 1132–9. 2152: 2148: 2144: 2137: 2129: 2125: 2120: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2084: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2061:(3): 166–72. 2060: 2056: 2049: 2047: 2045: 2043: 2041: 2025: 2019: 2015: 2014: 2006: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1975:(5): 380–93. 1974: 1970: 1963: 1961: 1959: 1957: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1913: 1905: 1901: 1896: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1880:(3): 635–44. 1879: 1875: 1871: 1864: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1829: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1806:(3): 355–60. 1805: 1801: 1794: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1763:(8): 967–76. 1762: 1758: 1750: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1699: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1672: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1639: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1619: 1611: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1596: 1588: 1586: 1570: 1564: 1560: 1559: 1551: 1542: 1528:on 2011-12-11 1527: 1523: 1517: 1509: 1505: 1500: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1482: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1458: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1415: 1413: 1411: 1409: 1407: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1376: 1374: 1365: 1361: 1356: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1324: 1309: 1305: 1304: 1299: 1292: 1290: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1246: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1211: 1209: 1207: 1205: 1196: 1190: 1186: 1185: 1177: 1175: 1167: 1166:public domain 1148: 1144: 1140: 1133: 1131: 1129: 1127: 1125: 1123: 1121: 1119: 1117: 1115: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1091: 1089: 1087: 1085: 1083: 1081: 1079: 1077: 1075: 1073: 1071: 1066: 1056: 1053: 1051: 1048: 1047: 1041: 1039: 1038: 1033: 1032: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1014: 1010: 1008: 1004: 1000: 989: 986: 976: 967: 964: 962: 961:temporal gyri 958: 952: 948: 946: 942: 937: 928: 925: 923: 917: 914: 913:hybridization 912: 906: 901: 898: 887: 885: 881: 877: 873: 869: 865: 861: 860: 855: 854: 849: 848: 843: 842: 837: 836: 831: 830: 825: 821: 817: 813: 803: 800: 798: 795: 793: 790: 788: 785: 783: 782: 778: 776: 775: 771: 769: 768: 764: 762: 761: 757: 755: 752: 750: 747: 745: 744: 740: 738: 735: 733: 732: 728: 726: 725: 721: 719: 718: 714: 712: 711: 707: 705: 704: 700: 698: 697: 693: 691: 690: 686: 684: 683: 679: 677: 676: 672: 670: 669: 665: 663: 662: 658: 656: 655: 651: 649: 648: 644: 642: 641: 637: 635: 634: 630: 628: 627: 623: 621: 620: 616: 614: 613: 609: 607: 606: 602: 600: 597: 595: 594: 590: 588: 587: 583: 582: 570: 566: 562: 558: 556: 551: 547: 543: 539: 535: 531: 527: 523: 519: 515: 509: 505: 503: 499: 495: 491: 481: 478: 477:genitourinary 474: 470: 464: 462: 456: 454: 450: 446: 440: 438: 428: 424: 421: 416: 411: 408: 403: 401: 397: 396:hyperreflexia 391: 389: 388:parietal lobe 385: 375: 373: 370: 366: 362: 358: 353: 351: 347: 343: 339: 335: 331: 327: 322: 319: 315: 311: 307: 303: 299: 295: 294:heart murmurs 285: 283: 278: 276: 272: 268: 259: 250: 248: 244: 240: 236: 231: 229: 225: 221: 217: 213: 212:chromosome 7s 209: 204: 202: 198: 194: 190: 186: 182: 178: 174: 170: 166: 162: 153: 149: 146: 142: 140: 136: 132: 128: 125: 121: 117: 114: 112: 108: 104: 100: 96: 92: 89: 86:, periods of 85: 82: 80: 79:Complications 76: 72: 70: 66: 63: 59: 56: 54: 50: 45: 41: 36: 32: 28: 23: 4924: 4842: 4798:TAR syndrome 4701:Tetrasomy 9p 4405: 4062:Heritability 4052:Epidemiology 3978: 3967: 3956: 3945: 3921: 3910: 3899: 3884: 3869: 3827: 3811: 3794: 3788:(Director); 3760: 3718: 3714: 3686:(2): 77–85. 3683: 3679: 3622: 3618: 3579: 3575: 3544:. 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